WO2021012537A1 - 一种坡面修复方法 - Google Patents

一种坡面修复方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2021012537A1
WO2021012537A1 PCT/CN2019/119954 CN2019119954W WO2021012537A1 WO 2021012537 A1 WO2021012537 A1 WO 2021012537A1 CN 2019119954 W CN2019119954 W CN 2019119954W WO 2021012537 A1 WO2021012537 A1 WO 2021012537A1
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Prior art keywords
slope
loam
matrix
substrate
mass
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PCT/CN2019/119954
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
沈奕锋
张波
张玉倩
刘江丰
崔为保
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江苏绿岩生态技术股份有限公司
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Priority to US16/966,440 priority Critical patent/US11834805B2/en
Publication of WO2021012537A1 publication Critical patent/WO2021012537A1/zh

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
    • A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D17/00—Excavations; Bordering of excavations; Making embankments
    • E02D17/20—Securing of slopes or inclines
    • E02D17/202—Securing of slopes or inclines with flexible securing means
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
    • A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
    • A01G24/12—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material containing soil minerals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
    • A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
    • A01G24/12—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material containing soil minerals
    • A01G24/15—Calcined rock, e.g. perlite, vermiculite or clay aggregates
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
    • A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
    • A01G24/18—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material containing inorganic fibres, e.g. mineral wool
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
    • A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
    • A01G24/30—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing synthetic organic compounds
    • A01G24/35—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing synthetic organic compounds containing water-absorbing polymers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
    • A01G24/40—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor characterised by their structure
    • A01G24/44—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor characterised by their structure in block, mat or sheet form
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D17/00—Excavations; Bordering of excavations; Making embankments
    • E02D17/20—Securing of slopes or inclines
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
    • E02D5/74—Means for anchoring structural elements or bulkheads
    • E02D5/76—Anchorings for bulkheads or sections thereof in as much as specially adapted therefor
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D2300/00—Materials
    • E02D2300/0026—Metals
    • E02D2300/0029—Steel; Iron
    • E02D2300/0034—Steel; Iron in wire form
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D2300/00—Materials
    • E02D2300/0079—Granulates

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the technical field of water and soil resource conservation, and specifically relates to a slope repair method.
  • the soil structure of the original slope of the mountain is mainly: fully weathered layer, strong weathered layer, weakly weathered layer and bedrock.
  • the disturbance of general human factors has caused the destruction of the fully weathered layer and the strong weathered layer.
  • the "loam-like substrate” refers to an artificial substrate that is close to the natural loam structure.
  • the loam-like substrate is conventionally used in this field to be laid on the surface of the mountain, which is conducive to plant growth and water and soil conservation, and realizes the greening of the mountain.
  • the current mountain greening project usually uses the model of spraying + artificial maintenance.
  • the spraying method of mountain greening can only create a surface part (humus layer), which has a weak bonding force with the rock (soil) surface, and the support strength of the matrix skeleton is low and incomplete, and it resists rain erosion and wind.
  • the external force is not strong, and the effect of vegetation restoration on the underdeveloped bare rock high slope is not ideal.
  • the growth of herbaceous plants is faster than that of woody plants, resulting in a small number of woody plants, and their roots cannot remove the matrix layer on the bedrock surface. Hoop bundles, forming a lack of matrix collapse, and the thickness of the matrix is decreasing year by year. It is difficult to guarantee the goal of vegetation restoration, and it is difficult to achieve integration with the surrounding mountains.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to provide a slope repair method, and its preparation method and application.
  • the present invention provides a slope repair method, which includes the following steps:
  • the loam-like substrate includes plant seeds; the mass of the plant seeds in the loam-like substrate is not less than 0.04kg/m 2
  • the plant seeds are calculated according to the mass ratio of tree seeds: shrub seeds: herb seeds: 2.5 to 3.5: 4 to 6: 1.5 to 2.5.
  • the hard protective net in step (2) is a galvanized iron wire mesh, and the model of the galvanized iron wire mesh is 14-16#.
  • the hard protective net is fixed by an anchor rod
  • the diameter of the anchor rod is 8-10mm
  • the anchoring length of the anchor rod is 10-15cm
  • the slope distance between every two anchor rods It is 400 ⁇ 600cm.
  • main anchor bolts are arranged along the slope crest line at a slope surface spacing of 0.8 to 1.2 meters at the steep side of the slope surface, and the diameter of the main anchor bolts is 8 to 10 mm;
  • the anchoring length of the main anchor is 10-15 cm.
  • a plant mat is filled between the hard protective net and the slope in step (2); the specification of the plant mat is 55-65cm ⁇ 30-40cm ⁇ 12-16cm; the slope of every two plant mats The spacing is 150 ⁇ 250cm.
  • the loam-like substrate in step (3) includes topsoil, organic fertilizer, activated carbon, fiber, water retaining agent, binder, matrix additives and plant seeds;
  • the quality of the topsoil in the loam-like substrate is 110 ⁇ 130kg/m 2 ;
  • the mass of the organic fertilizer in the loam-like matrix is 3 to 5 kg/m 2 ;
  • the mass of the activated carbon in the loam-like matrix is 0.3 to 0.5 kg/m 2 ;
  • the mass of fiber in the loam-like matrix is 3 to 5 kg/m 2 ;
  • the mass of the water retaining agent in the loam-like matrix is 0.02 to 0.03 kg/m 2 ;
  • the binder is in the type
  • the mass of the loam substrate is 0.01 to 0.016 kg/m 2 ;
  • the mass of the substrate additive in the loam-like substrate is 0.005 to 0.015 kg/m 2 ;
  • the mass of the plant seeds in the loam-like substrate is 0.04 ⁇ 0.05
  • the matrix additive includes a degradable polymer material mixture, red jade clay, vermiculite and medical stone; the degradable polymer material mixture is prepared from raw materials including the following parts by mass: 10-15 parts of starch, 0.5- gibberellin 1.5 parts, 0.2-0.8 parts of chitin and 80-90 parts of water; the mass ratio of the degradable polymer material mixture, red jade soil, vermiculite and medical stone is 2: (0.5-1.5): (0.5-1.5) : (1 ⁇ 4).
  • the loam-like substrate in step (3) includes a bottom loam-like substrate and a surface loam-like substrate; the vertical thickness of the slope of the bottom loam-like substrate is 8-12 cm; the total vertical thickness of the loam-like substrate It is 12-16cm.
  • the mass ratio of the degradable polymer material mixture, red jade soil, vermiculite and medical stone in the matrix additive is 2:(0.5 ⁇ 1.5):(0.5 ⁇ 1.5): (2 ⁇ 4).
  • the mass ratio of the degradable polymer material mixture, red jade soil, vermiculite and medical stone in the matrix additive is 2: (0.5 ⁇ 1.5): (0.5 ⁇ 1.5): (1 ⁇ 3).
  • the loam-like substrate after spraying the loam-like substrate, it also includes artificial maintenance for a period of 1 to 2 years.
  • the present invention provides a slope restoration method, which includes the following steps: (1) pretreating the slope surface so that the pretreatment slope does not exceed ⁇ 8-12cm on average per linear meter; (2) Hang a hard protective net on the slope surface after pretreatment, and the distance between the hard protective net and the slope is 3 to 4 cm; the mesh hole diameter of the hard protective net is 4 to 6 cm; Spray a loam-like substrate on the slope surface of a good hard protective net, the loam-like substrate includes plant seeds; the mass of the plant seeds in the loam-like substrate is not less than 0.04kg/m 2 ; the plant seeds According to the mass ratio of tree seeds: shrub seeds: herb seeds: 2.5 ⁇ 3.5:4 ⁇ 6:1.5 ⁇ 2.5.
  • the method provided by the invention can effectively restore mountain vegetation, and only requires 1 to 2 years of artificial maintenance after restoration to form a cyclic and stable ecosystem without artificial maintenance.
  • Figure 1 is the comparison result of the vegetation coverage of the loam-like substrate spraying and ordinary spraying after different construction methods in Example 3 of the present invention
  • Example 3 is a sample survey of the comprehensive management project of the geological environment and ecological environment of the closed mine in the Dongjiao Mountain of Xishan District, Wuxi City in Example 3 of the present invention
  • Example 3 is the measurement result of the soil thickness in the comprehensive management project of the geological environment and ecology of the closed mine in the Dongjiao Mountain of Xishan District, Wuxi City in Example 3 of the present invention
  • Figure 4 is the measurement and evaluation result of the hydrological effect and infiltration rate of the mountain slope after treatment in Example 3 of the present invention.
  • Fig. 5 is the result of measuring and analyzing the root reinforcement and anchoring effect of the treated mountain slope in Example 3 of the present invention.
  • the invention provides a slope repair method.
  • the slope surface preferably includes mountain slope surfaces, highway and railway high steep slopes, river embankment dam slope protection, etc., and more preferably includes mountain slope surfaces.
  • the slope repair method of the present invention includes the following steps:
  • the loam-like substrate includes plant seeds; the mass of the plant seeds in the loam-like substrate is not less than 0.04kg/m 2
  • the plant seeds are calculated according to the mass ratio of tree seeds: shrub seeds: herb seeds: 2.5 to 3.5: 4 to 6: 1.5 to 2.5.
  • the invention pre-processes the slope surface first, removes loose stones and sundries on the slope surface, ensures the slope surface is flat, and lays a solid foundation for paving the wire mesh.
  • the pretreatment is preferably such that the unevenness per linear meter of the pre-processed slope does not exceed ⁇ 8-12 cm on average; more preferably, the pre-processing is preferably such that the pre-processed slope per linear meter The unevenness does not exceed ⁇ 10cm on average.
  • the present invention preferably adopts measures such as densifying bolts or digging transverse trenches to roughen the surface to prevent the substrate from sliding down. For individual reverse slopes, it can be backfilled with ecological plant mats.
  • the present invention hangs a hard protective net on the pretreated slope surface.
  • the distance between the rigid protective net and the slope surface is 3 to 4 cm, more preferably 3.5 cm.
  • the mesh diameter of the hard protective net is preferably 4-6 cm, more preferably 5 cm.
  • the material of the hard protective net is preferably a metal net, more preferably a galvanized iron wire net.
  • the model of the galvanized iron wire mesh is preferably 14-16# (the diameter range of the iron wire is 1.626-2mm).
  • the hard protective net is preferably fixed by an anchor rod.
  • the diameter of the anchor rod is preferably 8-10 mm; the anchoring length of the anchor rod is preferably 10-15 cm.
  • the anchor rods are preferably distributed in a rhombus shape, and the slope distance between every two anchor rods is preferably 400-600 cm, more preferably 500 cm.
  • the present invention when the slope surface is a mountain slope surface, the present invention preferably sets the main anchor bolts along the slope crest line at a slope surface spacing of 0.8 to 1.2 meters (more preferably 1 meter) at the steep side of the slope surface.
  • the diameter of the main anchor is preferably 8-10 mm; the anchoring length of the main anchor is preferably 10-15 cm.
  • L-shaped anchors for individual uneven slope surfaces.
  • the L-shaped anchors can ensure that the metal mesh is attached to the slope surface, and the L-shaped anchors are fastened, thereby completing the slope base Laying of institutions.
  • a plant mat is preferably filled between the hard protective net and the slope surface.
  • the specification of the plant mat is preferably 55-65cm ⁇ 30-40cm ⁇ 12-16cm, more preferably 60cm ⁇ 35cm ⁇ 14cm; the plant mat is preferably placed in a rhombus shape, and the slope distance between every two plant mats is 150 ⁇ 250cm. Laying plant mats can better create site conditions for vegetation growth.
  • the present invention sprays the loam-like substrate on the slope surface where the hard protective net is hung.
  • the loam-like substrate preferably includes plant seeds; the mass of the plant seeds in the loam-like substrate is preferably not less than 0.04 kg/m 2 .
  • the plant seeds are calculated according to the mass ratio of tree seeds: shrub seeds: herb seeds, preferably 2.5-3.5:4-6:1.5-2.5, and more preferably 3:5:2.
  • the mass ratio of evergreen tree seeds to deciduous tree seeds in the plant seeds is preferably 3 to 5: 5 to 7, more preferably 4: 6;
  • the species is not particularly limited, and it is suitable for the local climatic environment of the slope to be repaired, and all plant seeds can be obtained from commercially available channels.
  • all seeds are preferably subjected to a germination test and germination treatment before use. For example, a quarantine report must be provided for alien species, and the quality of gramineous plant seeds should not be lower than the secondary standard specified in GB 6142-2008.
  • the loam-like substrate preferably includes topsoil, organic fertilizer, activated carbon, fiber, water retaining agent, binder, matrix additive and plant seeds.
  • the mass of the topsoil in the loam-like matrix is preferably 110 to 130 kg/m 2 , more preferably 120 kg/m 2 ; the mass of the organic fertilizer in the loam-like matrix is preferably 3 to 5 kg/m 2 , More preferably 4kg/m 2 ; the mass of the activated carbon in the loam-like substrate is preferably 0.3-0.5 kg/m 2 , more preferably 0.4 kg/m 2 ; the fiber is in the loam-like substrate
  • the mass of the water retaining agent is preferably 3 to 5 kg/m 2 , more preferably 4 kg/m 2 ; the mass of the water retaining agent in the loam-like matrix is preferably 0.02 to 0.03 kg/m 2 , more preferably 0.025 kg/m 2 ;
  • the mass of the binder in the loam-like matrix is preferably 0.01
  • the matrix additives preferably include a mixture of degradable polymer materials, red jade clay, vermiculite and medical stone.
  • the mass ratio of the degradable polymer material mixture, red jade soil, vermiculite and medical stone is preferably 2: (0.5 to 1.5): (0.5 to 1.5): (1 to 4).
  • the degradable polymer material mixture is preferably prepared from raw materials including the following parts by mass: 10-15 parts by mass of starch, 0.5-1.5 parts by gibberellin, 0.2-0.8 parts by chitin, and 80-90 parts by water More preferably, the degradable polymer material mixture is prepared from raw materials including the following parts by mass: 15 parts of starch, 1 part of gibberellin, 0.5 parts of chitin and 85.5 parts of water.
  • the loam-like substrate preferably includes a bottom loam substrate and a surface loam substrate.
  • the vertical thickness of the slope of the bottom loam substrate is preferably 8-12 cm; when the slope is a soil slope, the vertical thickness of the bottom loam substrate is preferably 8-10 cm; when the slope is a rocky slope When facing, the vertical thickness of the slope of the bottom loam substrate is preferably 10-12 cm.
  • the total vertical thickness of the slope of the loam-like substrate is preferably 12-16 cm, more preferably 13-15 cm.
  • the mass ratio of the degradable polymer material mixture, red jade soil, vermiculite and medical stone in the matrix additive is preferably 2: (0.5 ⁇ 1.5): (0.5 ⁇ 1.5): (2 to 4), more preferably 2:1:1:3.
  • the mass ratio of the degradable polymer material mixture, red jade soil, vermiculite and medical stone in the matrix additive is preferably 2:(0.5 ⁇ 1.5):(0.5 ⁇ 1.5): (1 to 3), more preferably 2:1:1:2.
  • Slope surface restoration according to the above method provided by the present invention can rebuild the soil structure, control the growth ratio of arbor, irrigation, and wood, effectively prevent rain erosion, has excellent water holding capacity and water permeability, good slope shape suitability, tree seeds After 1 to 2 years of growth (generally, it takes 1 year in southern China and 2 years in northern China), that is, without manual management and protection, the similarity with the surrounding mountains will reach more than 90% after three years.
  • the specific method is: dividing the type of slope rock mass structure, and judging the failure form of the slope according to the slope rock mass structure type, using limit equilibrium analysis and deformation analysis to calculate the shear strength, analyzing the stability of the slope, and analyzing the stress of the rock mass.
  • Force conditions such as rock mass, blasting force, engineering force, groundwater action, etc., judge the trend of slope stability from the aspect of geological genesis, obtain the stability of the slope, if the stability is not good, strengthen the slope Measures.
  • Metal nets (with a diameter of 4-6cm) are buried in the intercepting ditch or soil on the top of the slope, and they are spread from top to bottom to the slope shoulder.
  • the lap distance is not less than 10cm, fixed with thin iron wire, keep a gap of 3 ⁇ 4cm between the metal mesh surface and the slope surface, at the steep side of the slope surface, use 1 piece/m along the slope top line
  • add L-shaped anchors to ensure that the metal mesh adheres to the slope of the slope. On the surface, the L-shaped anchors are fastened, thereby completing the laying of the slope base mechanism.
  • loam-like matrix formula table shown in Table 1 add the loam-like matrix additive as the main component, and then mix the topsoil, organic fertilizer, fiber, and binder to form a loam-like matrix after fully mixing.
  • the water content of the loam-like matrix is controlled between the best water content of the soil and the plastic limit water content of the soil, and it is stored for later use.
  • Topsoil Topsoil rich in humus and good physical properties. The topsoil planting soil is sieved with a diameter of 100mm to avoid reducing harmful substances in the wetland;
  • Organic fertilizer decomposed manure with a moisture content of less than 30%;
  • Activated carbon industrial type, water content is less than 15%; mainly used for adsorption of trace heavy metals and water retention;
  • Fibres select grass fibers with a length of 2 ⁇ 4.5cm and a width of 2 ⁇ 3mm;
  • Water-retaining agent powder, pH 3-9, water absorption rate>400g water/g, water absorption rate ⁇ 20min, insoluble in water;
  • Binder degradable polymer material, soluble in water, the viscosity of the base layer is greater than 1500CPS, and the viscosity of the surface layer is greater than 800CPS;
  • the required matrix bulk density 0.75g/cm 3 ⁇ 1.25g/cm 3 ; water content 30%-35%; organic matter not less than 10%; nitrogen content not less than 3.0g/kg; total phosphorus not less than 1.2g/kg; total potassium not less than 8.0g/kg; pH value 5.5-8; electrical conductivity (EC): 0.38ms/cm ⁇ 4.2ms/cm, soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) not less than 140mmol/kg.
  • the seeds were prepared according to the standard of arbor, shrub and grass ratio of 3:5:2 and the dosage less than 0.05kg/m 2 . All seeds must undergo germination test and germination treatment before use. If they are alien species, quarantine reports must be provided. The quality of gramineous plant seeds should not be lower than the secondary standard specified in GB6142-2008.
  • the seeds are mixed into the surface loam matrix, and the special spraying equipment is used to send the surface material to the spray nozzle, followed by a second spray.
  • the second spray is ended.
  • the maintenance includes covering non-woven fabrics, watering, fertilizing, pest control, reseeding, and later monitoring.
  • the southern area generally can form a circular and stable ecosystem without artificial maintenance within one year, and the northern area generally within two years.
  • the difference between this project and Example 1 lies in the preparation method of the loam-like substrate and the spraying method of the loam-like substrate.
  • the preparation method of loam-like substrate is as follows:
  • the degradable polymer material mixture, red jade clay, vermiculite, and medical stone are fully stirred and mixed evenly at a weight ratio of 2:1:1:2 to form a surface matrix additive.
  • loam-like matrix formula table shown in Table 2 add surface matrix additives as the main components, and then mix the topsoil, organic fertilizer, fiber, and binder to form a loam-like matrix after thorough mixing.
  • the moisture content of the loam-like matrix is controlled between the best moisture content of the soil and the plastic limit moisture content of the soil, and it is stored for later use.
  • Topsoil Topsoil rich in humus and good physical properties. The topsoil planting soil is sieved with a diameter of 100mm to avoid reducing harmful substances in the wetland;
  • Organic fertilizer decomposed manure with a moisture content of less than 30%;
  • Activated carbon industrial type, water content is less than 15%;
  • Fibres select grass fibers with a length of 3 ⁇ 5cm and a width of 2 ⁇ 3mm;
  • Water retention agent powder, pH 3-9, water absorption rate>400g water/g, water absorption rate ⁇ 20min, insoluble in water;
  • Binder Degradable polymer material (such as polyethylene polymer material), soluble in water, and the surface viscosity is greater than 800CPS;
  • the required matrix bulk density matrix bulk density 0.75g/cm 3 ⁇ 1.0g/cm 3 ; water content 31% ⁇ 35%; polymer materials, red jade soil, vermiculite, medical stone and other minerals
  • the material weight ratio is 2:1:1:2; the pores of the matrix particles are strengthened, the roots of woody plants can easily extend into the soil, and the anti-transpiration ability of the surface of the matrix is enhanced.
  • the composite soil mixed with plant fibers is exposed to strong ultraviolet rays. Surface tension will narrow the surface gap. On the contrary, in the night with high humidity or weak light, open the gap, absorb the humidity and store it.
  • the degradable polymer material mixture, red jade clay, vermiculite, and medical stone are fully stirred and mixed evenly at a weight ratio of 2:1:1:3 to form the bottom matrix additive.
  • loam-like matrix formula table shown in Table 3 add the bottom matrix additive as the main component, and then mix the topsoil, organic fertilizer, fiber, and binder to form a loam-like matrix after thorough mixing.
  • the moisture content of the loam-like matrix is controlled between the best moisture content of the soil and the plastic limit moisture content of the soil, and it is stored for later use.
  • Topsoil topsoil rich in humus and good physical properties
  • Organic fertilizer decomposed manure with a moisture content of less than 30%;
  • Activated carbon industrial type, water content is less than 15%;
  • Fibres select grass fibers with a length of 3 ⁇ 5cm and a width of 2 ⁇ 3mm;
  • Binder polymer material (such as polyethylene polymer material), soluble in water, the viscosity of the base layer is greater than 1500CPS;
  • Water-retaining agent powder, pH 3-9, water absorption rate>400g water/g, water absorption rate ⁇ 20min, insoluble in water;
  • matrix bulk density 1.0g/cm 3 ⁇ 1.25g/cm 3 ; water content 30% ⁇ 31%; polymer materials, red jade soil, vermiculite, medical stone and other minerals
  • the material weight ratio is 2:1:1:3; strengthen the structure of the matrix particle skeleton strength.
  • the amount of viscose is 1.5 times that of the surface layer, and it strongly adheres to the rock surface until three years later, the roots of the trees and shrubs penetrate into the rock mass (or convex and concave), forming a natural anchoring state.
  • the slope surface of the mountain is processed, and the structure layer formed includes:
  • 1Subbase It mainly simulates the strongly weathered layer (leaching layer) of the soil, which has high-strength anti-erosion ability and can make the matrix better adhere to the bedrock of the mine slope.
  • 2Surface layer mainly simulates the fully weathered layer of soil (humus layer), which is rich in minerals, air, water, organic matter, etc., which is good for seed germination and soil and water conservation.
  • the quality ratio between the base layer and the surface layer is about 3:1; the base layer and the surface layer can provide sufficient water and nutrients for plants for long-term growth; for arid and semi-arid areas, especially special areas, the implementation of management work is targeted Solving the problem can effectively increase the overwintering rate and greening rate of vegetation.
  • the soil matrix seeds are contained in the surface layer, and they have certain strength and stability.
  • the litter formed after plant growth interacts with the loam-like substrate to form a new organic matter layer, which becomes the nutrient source for the later growth of plants, and establishes a cyclic and stable ecosystem without artificial maintenance.
  • the spraying method of loam-like substrate is as follows:
  • Adopt systematic spray attachment equipment to realize spray attachment process After mechanical stirring, the loam-like base layer is sprayed on the rock (soil) surface of the anchoring net with an air compressor, the thickness is 5-6cm, and the thickness of the rock surface recess can be increased by 1 to 2cm.
  • Coverage is an important visual indicator to measure the restoration of damaged mountain slope vegetation. The large coverage value indicates that the newly established plant community is good and the environment is improved.
  • the coverage survey method uses a combination of drone and manual survey. Comparison of vegetation coverage after different methods of spraying and ordinary spraying on loam-like substrates is shown in Figure 1. It can be seen from Figure 1: 1 The vegetation coverage increased rapidly at the beginning after the construction of the two processes, and the vegetation coverage basically stabilized with the change of time. 2The vegetation coverage of the loam-like substrate after spraying construction is higher than that of ordinary spraying construction.
  • the diversity survey method adopts the same method.
  • the survey plots are selected from a 5 ⁇ 5m 2 plot, and the sampling points on the slope surface shall not be less than 10% of the total area.
  • Four locations were selected on the different high-rise slopes of the mountain as sample plot selection points (one time at a height of 30 meters, no less than 5 points each time). Two times a year (in winter and summer), the comprehensive management project of geological environment and ecological management of closed mines in the eastern suburbs of Xishan District, Wuxi City is sampled and investigated.
  • Table 4 and Figure 2 show that woody plants are relatively stable in the first to two years, and then the data gradually become larger; the growth of herbs is slower, and suddenly accelerates in the seventh year, which is caused by wind or bird transmission. It can be proved that the plants were artificially changed in the first two years. Later, the influence of the substrate soil environment and the interference of the natural environment merged, and the plant community was closer to the wild state.
  • the mountain slope restoration method provided by the present invention changes the appearance of damaged mountains. New plant communities are formed and succeeded to their natural state. In addition, wind and birds bring surrounding species to the community. Gradually wild state. From the second year onwards, there is no need for manual maintenance to achieve permanent restoration, and it is integrated with the original mountain appearance, and the similarity increases year by year.
  • Plant height growth is the main technical index to measure damaged mountain restoration.
  • data such as plant height and growth of arbor and shrub species were investigated, and the results are shown in Table 5.
  • Table 5 shows that the growth of the measured woody plants in these nine years is stable, and also shows that the species used are reasonable.
  • the present invention focuses on species with strong local tolerance, not only paying attention to the function, role, size, adaptability, periodicity, control, and continuity of plants, but also paying attention to the impact of plants on the natural environment.
  • the groundwater in the damaged mountain slope affects the stability of the slope in many ways, and pore water pressure is an important way. Pore water pressure changes the stress state and mechanical shape of the slope rock and soil particles, which can easily reduce the stability of the slope and even trigger the slope instability.
  • the roots of woody plants in nature penetrate into the rock (soil), and their transpiration can significantly reduce soil pore water pressure and protect the stability of slopes.
  • the leaves of trees and shrubs hinder the effect of rainfall, and absorb and evaporate through the leaf surface, which reduces the infiltration (into the soil) of rainwater.
  • the root system in the substrate strips water from the soil, and the water enters the atmosphere through transpiration, reducing pore water pressure.
  • the root system binds the soil particles on the slope, and the fibers and mineral particles in the matrix increase the roughness of the slope and reduce the probability of soil erosion.
  • the invention measures and evaluates the hydrological effect and infiltration amount of the mountain slope after treatment.
  • the results are shown in Figure 4.
  • Figure 4 shows that the mountain slope restoration method provided by the present invention has good erosion control performance, can increase flow resistance, minimize soil loss, reduce runoff turbidity (NTU), rich pore structure, water retention and seepage Performance, and hydrological-mechanical effects.
  • NTU runoff turbidity
  • loam-like soil matrix is rich in pore structure, has water retention and water permeability, and meets the requirements of vegetation growth. In the interaction with the near-ground atmosphere and the surface to shallow soil, the vegetation exhibits corresponding hydrological-mechanical effects, forming certain erosion resistance properties on the slope.
  • loam-like substrate spraying technology it can be applied immediately without fine grading and extensive soil treatment, reducing the overall cost.
  • the roots of the trees are distributed in the substrate, which can be regarded as a flexible fiber-containing material, and the root-soil mixture can be regarded as a three-dimensional fiber-containing soil.
  • the root-soil mixture incorporated into the root system can increase the cohesion and internal friction angle of the soil, and improve the mechanical properties of the soil. Due to the large difference between the modulus of deformation of the soil and the root system, the deformation of the root system is much smaller than the deformation of the soil body. In order to coordinate between the root system and the soil body, restrain and limit the deformation of the soil body. " ⁇ c, which greatly increases the shear strength ⁇ of the soil with roots Improve the stability of the slope.
  • trees After the plant community is formed, trees have vertical root systems in the soil. They have high tensile and shear strength, which promotes the ability of the root-soil complex to resist sliding.
  • the vertical root system integrates the unstable surface layer with the stable rock (soil) layer that has not been damaged and has bearing capacity, and transfers the slope stress to the lower rock (soil) layer to form anchoring and resistance.
  • the present invention measures and analyzes the root reinforcement and anchoring effect of the mountain slope after treatment, and the result is shown in Fig. 5.
  • Figure 5 shows that the method for repairing mountain slopes provided by the present invention can improve the reinforcement and anchoring effects of plant roots.

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Abstract

一种坡面修复方法，属于水土资源保持技术领域。所述坡面修复方法包括：(1)预处理坡面，使预处理后的坡面每延米凹凸度平均不超过为±8～12cm；(2)在预处理后的坡面上挂硬质防护网，硬质防护网与坡面的间距为3～4cm；硬质防护网的网孔孔径为4～6cm；(3)向挂好硬质防护网的坡面上喷施类壤土基质，类壤土基质中包括植物种子；植物种子在类壤土基质中的质量不小于0.04kg/m 2；植物种子按乔木种子：灌木种子：草本植物种子的质量比例计为：2.5～3.5：4～6：1.5～2.5。该方法能有效恢复山体植被，且修复后只需要1～2年的人工养护，即可形成无需人工养护的循环稳定生态系统。

Description

一种坡面修复方法
本申请要求于2019年7月25日提交中国专利局、申请号为CN201910677398.5、发明名称为“一种坡面修复方法”的中国专利申请的优先权，其全部内容通过引用结合在本申请中。
技术领域
本发明属于水土资源保持技术领域，具体涉及一种坡面修复方法。
背景技术
自然情况下山体原坡面的土层结构主要是：全风化层、强风化层、弱风化层和基岩，一般人为因素扰动造成了对全风化层和强风化层的破坏。
“类壤土基质”是指接近自然壤土结构的人工基质。本领域常规使用类壤土基质铺设于山体表面，利于植物生长发育及水土保持，实现山体绿化。
目前的山体绿化工程通常使用喷播+人工养护的模式。喷播的山体绿化方法从土壤结构上说，只能营造出表层部分(腐殖质层)，表层部分与岩(土)面结合力弱，基质骨架支撑强度低且不完整，抵抗雨水冲蚀和风等外力作用不强，在不发育的裸岩高边坡上植被修复效果不理想，草本植物生长快于木本植物生长，造成木本植物数量很少，其根系无法将基岩面上的基质层箍束，形成基质塌落缺失，基质厚度逐年减少，植被修复目标难以保证，与周边山貌融为一体较难实现。
发明内容
有鉴于背景技术中存在的问题，本发明的目的在于提供一种坡面修复方法，及其制备方法和应用。
本发明提供了一种坡面修复方法，包括如下步骤：
(1)预处理坡面，使预处理后的坡面每延米凹凸度平均不超过为±8～12cm；
(2)在预处理后的坡面上挂硬质防护网，所述硬质防护网与坡面的间距为3～4cm；所述硬质防护网的网孔孔径为4～6cm；
(3)向挂好硬质防护网的坡面上喷施类壤土基质，所述类壤土基质 中包括植物种子；所述植物种子在所述类壤土基质中的质量不小于0.04kg/m 2；所述植物种子按乔木种子：灌木种子：草本植物种子的质量比例计为：2.5～3.5：4～6：1.5～2.5。
优选的，步骤(2)所述硬质防护网为镀锌铁丝网，所述镀锌铁丝网的型号为14～16#。
优选的，步骤(2)所述硬质防护网通过锚杆固定，所述锚杆的直径为8～10mm；所述锚杆的锚固长度为10～15cm；每两个锚杆的坡面间距为400～600cm。
优选的，当所述坡面为山体坡面时，在坡面陡边处沿坡顶线以0.8～1.2米的坡面间距设置主锚钉，所述主锚钉的直径为8～10mm；所述主锚钉的锚固长度为10～15cm。
优选的，步骤(2)所述硬质防护网与坡面之间填充有植物垫；所述植物垫的规格为55～65cm×30～40cm×12～16cm；每两个植物垫的坡面间距为150～250cm。
优选的，步骤(3)所述类壤土基质包括表土、有机肥、活性炭、纤维物、保水剂、粘结剂、基质添加剂和植物种子；所述表土在所述类壤土基质中的质量为110～130kg/m 2；所述有机肥在所述类壤土基质中的质量为3～5kg/m 2；所述活性炭在所述类壤土基质中的质量为0.3～0.5kg/m 2；所述纤维物在所述类壤土基质中的质量为3～5kg/m 2；所述保水剂在所述类壤土基质中的质量为0.02～0.03kg/m 2；所述粘结剂在所述类壤土基质中的质量为0.01～0.016kg/m 2；所述基质添加剂在所述类壤土基质中的质量为0.005～0.015kg/m 2；所述植物种子在所述类壤土基质中的质量为0.04～0.05kg/m 2；
所述基质添加剂包括可降解高分子材料混合物、赤玉土、蛭石和麦饭石；所述可降解高分子材料混合物由包括如下质量份的原料制备得到：淀粉10～15份，赤霉素0.5～1.5份，甲壳质0.2～0.8份和水80～90份；所述可降解高分子材料混合物、赤玉土、蛭石和麦饭石的质量比为2：(0.5～1.5)：(0.5～1.5)：(1～4)。
优选的，步骤(3)所述类壤土基质包括底层类壤土基质和表层类壤土基质；所述底层类壤土基质的坡面垂直厚度为8～12cm；所述类壤土基质的总坡面垂直厚度为12～16cm。
优选的，在所述底层类壤土基质的配料中，所述基质添加剂中的可降解高分子材料混合物、赤玉土、蛭石和麦饭石的质量比为2：(0.5～1.5)：(0.5～1.5)：(2～4)。
优选的，在所述表层类壤土基质的配料中，所述基质添加剂中的可降解高分子材料混合物、赤玉土、蛭石和麦饭石的质量比为2：(0.5～1.5)：(0.5～1.5)：(1～3)。
优选的，喷施类壤土基质后，还包括为期1～2年的人工养护。
有益效果：本发明提供了一种坡面修复方法，包括如下步骤：(1)预处理坡面，使预处理后的坡面每延米凹凸度平均不超过为±8～12cm；(2)在预处理后的坡面上挂硬质防护网，所述硬质防护网与坡面的间距为3～4cm；所述硬质防护网的网孔孔径为4～6cm；(3)向挂好硬质防护网的坡面上喷施类壤土基质，所述类壤土基质中包括植物种子；所述植物种子在所述类壤土基质中的质量不小于0.04kg/m 2；所述植物种子按乔木种子：灌木种子：草本植物种子的质量比例计为：2.5～3.5：4～6：1.5～2.5。本发明提供的方法能有效恢复山体植被，且修复后只需要1～2年的人工养护，即可形成无需人工养护的循环稳定生态系统。
说明书附图
图1为本发明实施例3对类壤土基质喷附和普通喷播不同方法施工后植被覆盖的比较结果；
图2为本发明实施例3对无锡市锡山区东郊山关闭矿山地质环境生态综合治理项目取样调查中，物种数量变化情况；
图3为本发明实施例3对无锡市锡山区东郊山关闭矿山地质环境生态综合治理项目中土壤厚度进行测量的结果；
图4为本发明实施例3对处理后山体坡面的水文作用和入渗量进行测量和评价的结果；
图5为本发明实施例3对处理后山体坡面的根系加筋作用和锚固作用进行测定和分析的结果。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例和附图对本发明进一步说明。
本发明提供了一种坡面修复方法。在本发明中，所述坡面优选包括山体坡面、公路和铁路高陡度边坡、河堤大坝护坡等，更优选包括山体坡面。
本发明所述坡面修复方法包括如下步骤：
(1)预处理坡面，使预处理后的坡面每延米凹凸度平均不超过为±8～12cm；
(2)在预处理后的坡面上挂硬质防护网，所述硬质防护网与坡面的间距为3～4cm；所述硬质防护网的网孔孔径为4～6cm；
(3)向挂好硬质防护网的坡面上喷施类壤土基质，所述类壤土基质中包括植物种子；所述植物种子在所述类壤土基质中的质量不小于0.04kg/m 2；所述植物种子按乔木种子：灌木种子：草本植物种子的质量比例计为：2.5～3.5：4～6：1.5～2.5。
本发明先预处理坡面，清除坡面松散块石及杂物，确保坡面平整，为铺平铁丝网打好基础。在本发明中，所述预处理优选使预处理后的坡面每延米凹凸度平均不超过为±8～12cm；更优选的，所述预处理优选使预处理后的坡面每延米凹凸度平均不超过为±10cm。对于光滑岩面，本发明优选通过加密锚杆或挖掘横沟等措施进行加糙处理，以免基材下滑。对于个别反坡，可用生态植物垫回填处理。
坡面预处理后，本发明在预处理后的坡面上挂硬质防护网。在本发明中，所述硬质防护网与坡面的间距为3～4cm，更优选为3.5cm。所述硬质防护网的网孔孔径优选为4～6cm，更优选为5cm。在本发明中，所述硬质防护网的材质优选为金属网，更优选为镀锌铁丝网。在本发明中，所述镀锌铁丝网的型号优选为14～16#(铁丝的直径范围为1.626～2mm)。
在本发明中，所述硬质防护网优选通过锚杆固定。所述锚杆的直径优 选为8～10mm；所述锚杆的锚固长度优选为10～15cm。在本发明中，所述锚杆优选呈菱形分布，每两个锚杆的坡面间距优选为400～600cm，更优选为500cm。在本发明中，当所述坡面为山体坡面时，本发明优选在坡面的陡边处沿坡顶线以0.8～1.2米(更优选为1米)的坡面间距设置主锚钉，所述主锚钉的直径优选为8～10mm；所述主锚钉的锚固长度优选为10～15cm。在本发明中，对于个别不平顺的边坡坡面，优选增设L型锚钉，L型锚能确保金属网贴附边坡的坡面，L型锚钉紧固，由此完成边坡基体机构的敷设。
在本发明中，所述硬质防护网与坡面之间优选填充有植物垫。所述植物垫的规格优选为55～65cm×30～40cm×12～16cm，更优选为60cm×35cm×14cm；所述植物垫优选呈菱形放置，每两个植物垫的坡面间距为150～250cm。铺设植物垫可以更好地为植被生长创造立地条件。
硬质防护网挂好后，本发明向挂好硬质防护网的坡面上喷施类壤土基质。在本发明中，所述类壤土基质中优选包括植物种子；所述植物种子在所述类壤土基质中的质量优选不小于0.04kg/m 2。在本发明中，所述植物种子按乔木种子：灌木种子：草本植物种子的质量比例计，优选为2.5～3.5：4～6：1.5～2.5，更优选为3：5：2。在本发明更具体的方案中，所述植物种子中常绿树木种子与落叶树木种子的质量比例优选为3～5：5～7，更优选为4：6；本发明对所选种子的具体种属不作特别限定，适于待修复坡面当地气候环境，且能够从市售渠道获得的植物种子均可。在本发明中，所有种子在使用前优选进行发芽试验与催芽处理，如系外来物种必须提供检疫报告，禾本科植物种子质量应不低于GB 6142-2008规定的二级标准。
在本发明中，所述类壤土基质优选包括表土、有机肥、活性炭、纤维物、保水剂、粘结剂、基质添加剂和植物种子。所述表土在所述类壤土基质中的质量优选为110～130kg/m 2，更优选为120kg/m 2；所述有机肥在所述类壤土基质中的质量优选为3～5kg/m 2，更优选为4kg/m 2；所述活性炭在所述类壤土基质中的质量优选为0.3～0.5kg/m 2，更优选为0.4kg/m 2；所述纤维物在所述类壤土基质中的质量优选为3～5kg/m 2，更优选为4kg/m 2； 所述保水剂在所述类壤土基质中的质量优选为0.02～0.03kg/m 2，更优选为0.025kg/m 2；所述粘结剂在所述类壤土基质中的质量优选为0.01～0.016kg/m 2，更优选为0.013kg/m 2；所述基质添加剂在所述类壤土基质中的质量优选为0.005～0.015kg/m 2，更优选为0.01kg/m 2；所述植物种子在所述类壤土基质中的质量优选为0.04～0.05kg/m 2，更优选为0.045kg/m 2。
在本发明中，所述基质添加剂优选包括可降解高分子材料混合物、赤玉土、蛭石和麦饭石。所述可降解高分子材料混合物、赤玉土、蛭石和麦饭石的质量比优选为2：(0.5～1.5)：(0.5～1.5)：(1～4)。在本发明中，所述可降解高分子材料混合物优选由包括如下质量份的原料制备得到：淀粉10～15份，赤霉素0.5～1.5份，甲壳质0.2～0.8份和水80～90份；更优选的，所述可降解高分子材料混合物由包括如下质量份的原料制备得到：淀粉15份，赤霉素1份，甲壳质0.5份和水85.5份。
在本发明中，所述类壤土基质优选包括底层类壤土基质和表层类壤土基质。所述底层类壤土基质的坡面垂直厚度优选为8～12cm；当坡面为土质坡面时，所述底层类壤土基质的坡面垂直厚度优选为8～10cm；当坡面为岩质坡面时，所述底层类壤土基质的坡面垂直厚度优选为10～12cm。在本发明中，所述类壤土基质的总坡面垂直厚度优选为12～16cm，更优选为13～15cm。
在本发明所述底层类壤土基质的配料中，所述基质添加剂中的可降解高分子材料混合物、赤玉土、蛭石和麦饭石的质量比优选为2：(0.5～1.5)：(0.5～1.5)：(2～4)，更优选为2：1：1：3。在本发明所述表层类壤土基质的配料中，所述基质添加剂中的可降解高分子材料混合物、赤玉土、蛭石和麦饭石的质量比优选为2：(0.5～1.5)：(0.5～1.5)：(1～3)，更优选为2：1：1：2。
按本发明提供的上述方法进行坡面修复，能重建土层结构，控制乔、灌、木生长比例，有效预防雨水侵蚀，具有优良的持水性和渗水性，坡体形状适合性良好，树木种子生长1～2年后(一般，在中国南方需要1年 时间，中国北方需要2年时间)，即无需人工管护，三年后与周边山貌相似度达90％以上。
下面结合具体实施例进一步阐明本发明，本实施例在以本发明技术方案为前提下进行实施，应理解这些方式仅用于说明本发明而不用于限制本发明的范围。
实施例1
(1)施工前准备阶段
1.1坡面稳定性分析
对拟治理的矿山边坡工程进行地质调查和勘测，查明边坡基本特征、岩土物理力学特性。具体方式为：划分边坡岩体结构类型，并根据坡岩体结构类型判断边坡破坏形式，采用极限平衡分析和变形分析法计算抗剪强度，分析边坡的稳定性，分析岩体的受力条件，如岩体自重、爆破力、工程作用力、地下水作用等，从地质成因方面判断边坡稳定性的变化趋势，获取边坡的稳定性，若稳定性不佳，对边坡进行加固措施。
1.2边坡排险与削坡减载
对过于高陡的边坡进行削坡减载，适当降低其高度和坡度(坡度以≤73度为宜)，采用机械为主人工为辅的方法进行坡面清理整平，坡顶处按1∶0.5～0.75进行削坡，排险将坡面整平后不得有较大的凸起和凹陷，如有危岩坡面应与周围平顺连接。
1.3坡面水文勘测与水系排布
对原坡面水系自然径流情况充分调研，结合施工情况设计坡面水系，设置排水系统与灌溉系统，在平整施工结束后进行坡脚排水沟布设，以防止雨水冲击坡面土壤侵害植被，减少水土流失。
1.4生境调研与植物品种选用
收集当地山体或边坡植物群落、气象等资料，充分考虑植物物种多样 性，选择有利于植被恢复的先锋植物和适合本地生长的植物品种(优先考虑乡土物种)。根据坡面景观需求，添加坡面平台设置及植物品种色叶搭配。
(2)边坡基体机构敷设
2.1坡面预处理
清除坡面松散块石及杂物，确保坡面平整，为铺平铁丝网打好基础。施工前预处理后的坡面每延米凹凸度平均不超过为±8～12cm；对于光滑岩面，需要通过加密锚杆或挖掘横沟等措施进行加糙处理，以免基材下滑。对于个别反坡，可用生态植物垫回填。
2.2边坡基体机构敷设
在边坡坡面进行挂网与锚杆施工，金属网(孔径4～6cm)在坡面顶埋入截水沟或土中，自上而下平铺到坡肩，相邻金属网之间采取平接方式，搭接距离不小于10cm，用细铁丝固定，金属网面和坡面之间保持3～4cm的空隙，在边坡坡面陡边处，沿坡顶线以1枚/米的方式设置主锚钉，且通过铁丝牢固连接，实现金属网贴附边坡的坡面，对于个别不平顺的边坡坡面增设L型锚钉，L型锚确保金属网贴附边坡的坡面，L型锚钉紧固，由此完成边坡基体机构敷设。
(3)类壤土基质配制
3.1基质配制
按表1所示类壤土基质配方表，将类壤土基质添加剂作为主要成分添加，再取表土、有机肥、纤维物、粘结剂进行拌和，经充分混合均匀后形成类壤土基质，拌合后的类壤土基质含水率控制在土体最佳含水率与土体塑限含水率之间，储存备用。
表1 类壤土基质配方表
Figure PCTCN2019119954-appb-000001
表1中，各组分的规格如下：
表土：富含腐殖质及物理性能良好的表土，表层种植土孔径100mm过筛，避免过湿地中的还原性有害物质的土壤；
有机肥：腐熟的粪便，含水量低于30％；
活性炭：工业类，含水量低于15％；主要用作吸附微量重金属及保水；
纤维物：选用草纤维长2～4.5cm，宽2～3mm；
保水剂：粉末状，pH值3～9，吸水倍率>400g水/g，吸水速率<20min，不溶于水；
粘结剂：可降解高分子材料，能溶于水，底基层黏度大于1500CPS，表层黏度大于800CPS；
视坡面状况调节要求配制的基质容重：0.75g/cm 3～1.25g/cm 3；含水量30％-35％；有机质不小于10％；含氮不小于3.0g/kg；全磷不小于1.2g/kg；全钾不小于8.0g/kg；pH值5.5～8；电导率(EC)：0.38ms/cm～4.2ms/cm，土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)不小于140mmol/kg。
3.2喷播种子制备
按照前述1.4所选用植物品种，按照乔、灌、草比例3:5:2、用量少于0.05kg/m 2的标准制备种子。所有种子均要在使用前进行发芽试验与催 芽处理，如系外来物种必须提供检疫报告，禾本科植物种子质量应不低于GB6142-2008规定的二级标准。
(4)类壤土基质喷播实施治理修复
4.1类壤土基质底基层(模拟淋溶层、强风化层)喷播
由专业人员操作，使用特制喷播设备将类壤土基质底基层物质送至喷射管口，在喷射管口加入水与底基层物质混合后喷射在坡面和金属网上，使底基层平均厚度达到一定标准(一般土质坡面为8～10cm，岩质坡面适当增厚)。
4.2类壤土基质表层(模拟腐殖质层，全风化层)喷播
当第一次喷射的底基层平均厚度达到标准后，将种子混合到表层类壤土基质内，使用特制喷播设备将表层物质送至喷射管口，紧接着进行二次喷射。当两次喷射的类壤土基质混合物平均厚度积累到12～16cm时，结束第二次喷射。
(5)后续养护
类壤土基质喷播结束后的一段时间内，需要进行人工养护，养护内容包括覆盖无纺布、浇水、施肥、病虫防治、补种和后期监测等。采用本技术系统进行矿山治理修复后，南方地区一般在1年内，北方地区一般在2年内可形成无需人工养护的循环稳定生态系统。
实施例2
无锡市锡山区东郊山关闭矿山地质环境生态综合治理项目。该项目与实施例1的区别在于，类壤土基质的制备方法和类壤土基质的喷附方法。
其中，类壤土基质的制备方法如下：
(1)表层基质添加剂的制备：
室温条件下(25℃)掺配淀粉、赤霉素、甲壳质、水，按质量比为13：1：0.5：85.5进行混合，混合时先将按比例称量的淀粉溶于水中，搅拌均匀，待全部溶解后按比例称量的甲壳质加入到淀粉水溶液中，搅拌均 匀最后加入按比例称量的赤霉素，形成可降解高分子材料混合物。
室温条件下将可降解高分子材料混合物、赤玉土、蛭石、麦饭石按重量比2:1:1:2充分搅拌均匀混合形成表层基质添加剂。
(2)表层类壤土基质的制备：
按表2所示类壤土基质配方表，将表层基质添加剂作为主要成分添加，再取表土、有机肥、纤维物、粘结剂进行拌和，经充分混合均匀后形成类壤土基质，拌合后的类壤土基质含水率控制在土体最佳含水率与土体塑限含水率之间，储存备用。
表2 表层类壤土基质配方表
Figure PCTCN2019119954-appb-000002
表2中，各组分的规格如下：
表土：富含腐殖质及物理性能良好的表土，表层种植土孔径100mm过筛，避免过湿地中的还原性有害物质的土壤；
有机肥：腐熟的粪便，含水量低于30％；
活性炭：工业类，含水量低于15％；
纤维物：选用草纤维长3～5cm，宽2～3mm；
保水剂：粉末状，pH值3～9，吸水倍率>400g水/g，吸水速率<20min，不溶于水；
粘结剂：可降解高分子材料(如聚乙烯类高分子材料)，能溶于水，表层黏度大于800CPS；
视坡面状况调节要求配制的基质容重：基质容重0.75g/cm 3～1.0g/cm 3；含水量31％～35％；高分子材料、赤玉土、蛭石、麦饭石等多种矿物质重量比2:1:1:2；强化基质颗粒骨架孔隙营造，木本植物根系易伸入土壤，基质表面抗蒸腾能力加强，掺入植物纤维的复合土体在强紫外线照射下，基质界面表面张力会缩小表面缝隙，反之，在湿度大的夜晚或光线较弱的情况下，打开缝隙，吸取湿度并储存。
(3)底层基质添加剂的制备
室温条件下(25℃)掺配淀粉、赤霉素、甲壳质、水，按质量比为13：1：0.5：85.5进行混合，混合时先将按比例称量的淀粉溶于水中，搅拌均匀，待全部溶解后按比例称量的甲壳质加入到淀粉水溶液中，搅拌均匀最后加入按比例称量的赤霉素，形成可降解高分子材料混合物。
室温条件下将可降解高分子材料混合物、赤玉土、蛭石、麦饭石按重量比2:1:1:3充分搅拌均匀混合形成底层基质添加剂。
(4)底层类壤土基质的制备：
按表3所示类壤土基质配方表，将底层基质添加剂作为主要成分添加，再取表土、有机肥、纤维物、粘结剂进行拌和，经充分混合均匀后形成类壤土基质，拌合后的类壤土基质含水率控制在土体最佳含水率与土体塑限含水率之间，储存备用。
表3 底层类壤土基质配方表
Figure PCTCN2019119954-appb-000003
表3中，各组分的规格如下：
表土：富含腐殖质及物理性能良好的表土；
有机肥：腐熟的粪便，含水量低于30％；
活性炭：工业类，含水量低于15％；
纤维物：选用草纤维长3～5cm，宽2～3mm；
粘结剂：高分子材料(如聚乙烯类高分子材料)，能溶于水，底基层黏度大于1500CPS；
保水剂：粉末状，pH值3～9，吸水倍率>400g水/g，吸水速率<20min，不溶于水；
视坡面状况调节要求配制的基质容重：基质容重1.0g/cm 3～1.25g/cm 3；含水量30％～31％；高分子材料、赤玉土、蛭石、麦饭石等多种矿物质重量比2：1:1:3；强化基质颗粒骨架强度营造。粘胶用量为表层的1.5倍，强力粘附与岩面上，直至三年后乔灌木根系扎入岩体(或凸凹处)，形成自然的锚固状态。
按本实施例所述方法处理山体坡面，形成的结构层包括：
①底基层：主要是模拟土壤的强风化层(淋溶层)，具有高强度的抗冲刷能力，可以使基质更好地粘附于矿山边坡基岩上。
②表层：主要是模拟土壤的全风化层(腐殖质层)，含有较丰富的矿物质、空气、水、有机物等，利于种子萌发和水土保持。
底基层和表层的质量比例约为3:1；底基层和表层能为植物提供充足的水分和养分，供植物长期生长；对于干旱、半干旱区尤其是特殊区域实施治理工作，具有针对性地解决问题，能有效提高植被的越冬率和返青率。
土壤基质种子包含在表层中，且自身具有一定的强度和稳定性。植物生长后形成的凋落物与类壤土基质相互作用，将形成新的有机质层，成为植物后期生长的养分来源，建立无需人工养护的循环稳定的生态系统。
类壤土基质的喷附方法如下：
(1)喷底层类壤土基质
采取系统化喷附设备实现喷附工艺。机械搅拌后的类壤土底基层，用 空压机喷附在锚固网的岩(土)面上，厚度在5～6cm，岩面凹处，厚度可增加1～2cm。
(2)喷类表层类壤土基质
底层类壤土基质喷附结束一周，进行表层类壤土基质的喷附。将草种及树种处理搅拌后，喷附在底层上，厚度在7～9cm。
实施例3
测定实施例2所述山体坡面修复方法的应用效果。
(1)覆盖度：覆盖度是衡量破损山体边坡植被修复的重要直观指标，覆盖度数值大，说明新建立的植物群落好，环境改善。
覆盖度调查方法采用无人机和人工调查相结合的方法。对类壤土基质喷附和普通喷播不同方法施工后植被覆盖进行比较，结果见图1。由图1可知：①两种工艺施工后植被覆盖度在开始时候增加的很快，随着时间的变化，植被覆盖度基本趋于稳定。②类壤土基质喷附施工后比普通喷播施工后的植被覆盖度要高。
(2)多样性：群落演替中的多样性是一个重要指标，也是衡量矿山修复治理成果的主要指标。破损山体新的植被群落的建立和正常演替要尊重自然规律，比例也要参照自然状况。
多样性调查方法采用样方法。调查样方选取5×5m 2的样地，坡面取样点不少于总面积的10％。在山体的不同高层坡面上各选取四个位置作为样地选择点(以30米高程取一次，每次不少于5个点)。每年二次(冬季、夏季)对无锡市锡山区东郊山关闭矿山地质环境生态综合治理项目取样调查，结果见表4和图2。
表4 乔灌木数量随时间变化情况(100m 2)
单位：棵 第一年 第二年 第三年 第五年 第七年 第九年
刺槐 20 16 13 12 9 9
臭椿 11 10 9 8 7 7
大叶女贞 51 43 40 36 33 32
石楠 31 25 22 21 19 19
火棘 20 19 18 16 15 15
表4和图2表明：木本植物在第一至二年较稳定，以后数据逐步的变大；草本增长较慢，在第七年突然加快，经分析为风力或飞禽传播所致。可以证明，在前两年植物是人工改变的，后来基质土壤环境的影响和自然环境的干涉融合，植物群落更接近野生状态。
本发明提供的山体坡面修复方法(尤其是类壤土基质的使用)，改变了破损山体的面貌，新的植物群落形成并向自然状态演替，加之风力和飞禽带来周边的物种，使得群落逐步野生状态。从第二年开始无需人工养护达到永久性修复，与原山貌融为一体，相似度逐年提高。
株高生长量是衡量破损山体修复的主要技术指标。本发明对乔灌木物种株高生长量等数据进行了调查，结果见表5。
表5 乔灌木物种株高生长量随时间变化情况
单位：cm 第一年 第二年 第三年 第五年 第七年 第九年
刺槐 50 120 210 420 620 900
臭椿 40 150 250 400 600 800
大叶女贞 30 80 120 150 185 220
石楠 25 40 60 110 130 150
火棘 26 40 80 140 160 170
海桐 12 30 55 80 100 130
表5表明：量取的木本植物在这九年内其生长量都是稳固的，也说明采用的物种是合理的。
本发明在植物的选择上，以本地耐性强的物种为主，既注意到植物的功能、作用、大小、适应性、周期性、防治、延续性，还注重植物对自然环境的影响。
(3)对无锡市锡山区东郊山关闭矿山地质环境生态综合治理项目土壤厚度进行测量，结果见图3。图3中，喷附基质结束时10～12cm，现在(处理9年后)厚度15～18cm，表明植壤土层在逐年长厚，供给植物体系养分所需。
枯枝落叶和腐草经过增加了土壤有机质的厚度、滞留的灰尘和动物排泄物、根系生长挤压，也增加了土壤厚度。随着植物群落的演替，土壤层在逐年“长”厚。
(4)水土保持：
①水文作用
破损山体边坡中的地下水以多种方式影响边坡的稳定性，孔隙水压力是一个重要途径。孔隙水压力改变边坡岩土颗粒应力状态和力学形状，易降低边坡的稳定性甚至可触发边坡失稳。自然界的木本植物根系扎入岩(土)中，它们的蒸腾作用可显著减小土壤孔隙水压力，保护坡体稳定的作用明显。乔木、灌木的叶片阻碍了降雨作用，通过叶面吸收和蒸发，使得渗透(入土壤)的雨水减少。基质中根系把土壤中的水分剥离，水分通过蒸腾作用进入大气，减少孔隙水压力。根系箍束了坡面的土壤颗粒，基质中的纤维和矿物质颗粒加大了坡面的粗糙度，降低了土壤被冲蚀的概率。
②入渗量
水分进入土壤形成土壤水。实验方法：染色失踪渗透试验，模拟的总降雨量200L，开挖土层深度：0-30cm。增加了土壤有机质含量，改善了土壤结构，具有优良的保肥性能；含有丰富的孔隙结构，促进土质疏松，改善了土壤的透水透气性；提高了植被覆盖度，减少表层土壤流失，表现出几乎完美的侵蚀控制性能。
本发明对处理后山体坡面的水文作用和入渗量进行测量和评价。结果见图4。图4表明：本发明提供的山体坡面修复方法具有良好的侵蚀控制性能，能增加流动阻力，使土壤损失最小化，降低径流的浊度(NTU)，含有丰富的孔隙结构，具备保水及渗水性能，以及水文-机械效应。
类壤土基质含有丰富的孔隙结构，具备保水及渗水性能，满足植被生长要求。在与近地面大气和与表层至浅层土壤的相互作用中，植被表现出相应的水文-机械效应，在边坡上形成一定的抗冲蚀性状。使用类壤土基质喷附技术，不需要精细分级和广泛的土壤处理，就可以立即应用，降低了总体成本。
(5)生物防护
①植物根系的加筋作用
类壤土基质技术喷附后，树木根系在基质中匍匐分布，可以看成一种柔性含纤维材料，根土混合体可看成是三维含纤维土。掺入根系的根土混合体相对原土体而言，能够提高土体的内聚力和内摩擦角，改善了土体的力学性质。由于土体和根系的变形模量相差大，根系的变形远小于土体的变形，根系和土体间为了协调，约束限制土体的变形，根系的存在为土层提供了附加“粘聚力”△c，使含根土体的抗剪强度τ大大提高
Figure PCTCN2019119954-appb-000004
提高了边坡的稳定性。
②植物根系的锚固作用
植物群落形成后，树木在土体中存在垂直根系。它们具有较高的抗拉、抗剪强度，促使根土复合体的抵抗滑动的能力增强。垂直根系使不稳定的表层与未遭到破坏影响同时有承载力的稳定岩(土)层形成整体，把坡面应力传递到下部岩(土)层，形成锚固作用和抵抗力。
本发明对处理后山体坡面的根系加筋作用和锚固作用进行测定和分析，结果见图5。图5表明：本发明提供的山体坡面修复方法能提高植物根系的加筋作用和锚固作用。
以上实施例的说明只是用于帮助理解本发明的方法及其核心思想。应当指出，对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说，在不脱离本发明原理的前提下，还可以对本发明进行若干改进和修饰，这些改进和修饰也落入本发明权利要求的保护范围内。对这些实施例的多种修改对本领域的专业技术人员来说是显而易见的，本文中所定义的一般原理可以在不脱离本发明的 精神或范围的情况下在其它实施例中实现。因此，本发明将不会被限制于本文所示的这些实施例，而是要符合与本文所公开的原理和新颖特点相一致的最宽的范围。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种坡面修复方法，其特征在于，包括如下步骤：
    (1)预处理坡面，使预处理后的坡面每延米凹凸度平均不超过为±8～12cm；
    (2)在预处理后的坡面上挂硬质防护网，所述硬质防护网与坡面的间距为3～4cm；所述硬质防护网的网孔孔径为4～6cm；
    (3)向挂好硬质防护网的坡面上喷施类壤土基质，所述类壤土基质中包括植物种子；所述植物种子在所述类壤土基质中的质量不小于0.04kg/m 2；所述植物种子按乔木种子：灌木种子：草本植物种子的质量比例计为：2.5～3.5：4～6：1.5～2.5。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的坡面修复方法，其特征在于，步骤(2)所述硬质防护网为镀锌铁丝网，所述镀锌铁丝网的型号为14～16#。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的坡面修复方法，其特征在于，步骤(2)所述硬质防护网通过锚杆固定，所述锚杆的直径为8～10mm；所述锚杆的锚固长度为10～15cm；每两个锚杆的坡面间距为400～600cm。
  4. 根据权利要求3所述的坡面修复方法，其特征在于，当所述坡面为山体坡面时，在坡面陡边处沿坡顶线以0.8～1.2米的坡面间距设置主锚钉，所述主锚钉的直径为8～10mm；所述主锚钉的锚固长度为10～15cm。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的坡面修复方法，其特征在于，步骤(2)所述硬质防护网与坡面之间填充有植物垫；所述植物垫的规格为55～65cm×30～40cm×12～16cm；每两个植物垫的坡面间距为150～250cm。
  6. 根据根据权利要求1所述的坡面修复方法，其特征在于，步骤(3)所述类壤土基质包括表土、有机肥、活性炭、纤维物、保水剂、粘结剂、基质添加剂和植物种子；所述表土在所述类壤土基质中的质量为110～130kg/m 2；所述有机肥在所述类壤土基质中的质量为3～5kg/m 2；所述活性炭在所述类壤土基质中的质量为0.3～0.5kg/m 2；所述纤维物在所述类壤土基质中的质量为3～5kg/m 2；所述保水剂在所述类壤土基质中的质 量为0.02～0.03kg/m 2；所述粘结剂在所述类壤土基质中的质量为0.01～0.016kg/m 2；所述基质添加剂在所述类壤土基质中的质量为0.005～0.015kg/m 2；所述植物种子在所述类壤土基质中的质量为0.04～0.05kg/m 2；
    所述基质添加剂包括可降解高分子材料混合物、赤玉土、蛭石和麦饭石；所述可降解高分子材料混合物由包括如下质量份的原料制备得到：淀粉10～15份，赤霉素0.5～1.5份，甲壳质0.2～0.8份和水80～90份；所述可降解高分子材料混合物、赤玉土、蛭石和麦饭石的质量比为2：(0.5～1.5)：(0.5～1.5)：(1～4)。
  7. 根据根据权利要求6所述的坡面修复方法，其特征在于，步骤(3)所述类壤土基质包括底层类壤土基质和表层类壤土基质；所述底层类壤土基质的坡面垂直厚度为8～12cm；所述类壤土基质的总坡面垂直厚度为12～16cm。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的坡面修复方法，其特征在于，在所述底层类壤土基质的配料中，所述基质添加剂中的可降解高分子材料混合物、赤玉土、蛭石和麦饭石的质量比为2：(0.5～1.5)：(0.5～1.5)：(2～4)。
  9. 根据根据权利要求7所述的坡面修复方法，其特征在于，在所述表层类壤土基质的配料中，所述基质添加剂中的可降解高分子材料混合物、赤玉土、蛭石和麦饭石的质量比为2：(0.5～1.5)：(0.5～1.5)：(1～3)。
  10. 根据权利要求1～9任意一项所述的坡面修复方法，其特征在于，喷施类壤土基质后，还包括为期1～2年的人工养护。
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CN114158456B (zh) * 2021-11-26 2023-05-16 中冶南方都市环保工程技术股份有限公司 一种重金属矿山边坡喷播材料及其制备方法与应用
CN114988942A (zh) * 2022-05-26 2022-09-02 宏大爆破工程集团有限责任公司 矿山植被恢复用生物土壤及其制备方法
CN114988942B (zh) * 2022-05-26 2023-09-15 宏大爆破工程集团有限责任公司 矿山植被恢复用生物土壤及其制备方法
CN115413439A (zh) * 2022-08-29 2022-12-02 中煤长江基础建设有限公司 边坡修复结构及修复方法
CN115413439B (zh) * 2022-08-29 2023-11-24 中煤长江基础建设有限公司 边坡修复结构及修复方法
CN115849845A (zh) * 2022-11-11 2023-03-28 贵州大学 一种竹材磷石膏生态砖及其制备方法
CN115652967A (zh) * 2022-12-27 2023-01-31 北方工程设计研究院有限公司 一种陡峭边坡水土保持生态修复系统和方法
CN116523183A (zh) * 2023-07-03 2023-08-01 中南大学 一种废弃矿山高陡边坡安全与生态修复综合评价方法
CN116523183B (zh) * 2023-07-03 2023-10-20 中南大学 一种废弃矿山高陡边坡安全与生态修复综合评价方法

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