WO2020260800A1 - Method for producing solid fuels from end-of-life wood or waste wood - Google Patents

Method for producing solid fuels from end-of-life wood or waste wood Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2020260800A1
WO2020260800A1 PCT/FR2020/051046 FR2020051046W WO2020260800A1 WO 2020260800 A1 WO2020260800 A1 WO 2020260800A1 FR 2020051046 W FR2020051046 W FR 2020051046W WO 2020260800 A1 WO2020260800 A1 WO 2020260800A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
wood
biomass
life
waste
steam cracking
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/FR2020/051046
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Jean-Luc DESPRES
Thomas Habas
Adriana QUINTERO-MARQUEZ
Frédéric MARTEL
Original Assignee
Europeenne De Biomasse
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Europeenne De Biomasse filed Critical Europeenne De Biomasse
Priority to EP20742357.5A priority Critical patent/EP3986991A1/en
Publication of WO2020260800A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020260800A1/en

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L5/00—Solid fuels
    • C10L5/40—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin
    • C10L5/44—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin on vegetable substances
    • C10L5/442—Wood or forestry waste
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
    • B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE
    • B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
    • B09B3/40—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless involving thermal treatment, e.g. evaporation
    • B09B3/45—Steam treatment, e.g. supercritical water gasification or oxidation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • C10B53/00—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form
    • C10B53/02—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form of cellulose-containing material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L9/00—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion
    • C10L9/08—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion by heat treatments, e.g. calcining
    • C10L9/083—Torrefaction
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L9/00—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion
    • C10L9/08—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion by heat treatments, e.g. calcining
    • C10L9/086—Hydrothermal carbonization
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • D21C1/00—Pretreatment of the finely-divided materials before digesting
    • D21C1/02—Pretreatment of the finely-divided materials before digesting with water or steam
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • D21C3/00—Pulping cellulose-containing materials
    • D21C3/22—Other features of pulping processes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
    • Y02W30/20—Waste processing or separation
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
    • Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
    • Y02W30/78—Recycling of wood or furniture waste

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of recycling end-of-life wood or waste wood. More particularly, it relates to a process for upgrading biomass consisting of end-of-life wood or waste wood by steam cracking with a view to the manufacture of solid fuels. It makes it possible to recover processed wood intended for material recycling, landfill or incineration.
  • biomass Apart from biomass, river or dam hydraulics, and geothermal energy, these renewable energies are intermittent unless the means of energy storage are developed. And only biomass constitutes primary energy that can be transported to its place of transformation into heat and / or electricity. But biomass is in fact a low density, variable and perishable energy.
  • the so-called “A” wood is composed of uncoated, untreated wood packaging waste.
  • the so-called “B” wood is composed of non-hazardous wood waste containing a small amount of additives or other materials; glued wood, wood having received a surface treatment (preservation, finish) or a coating (wallpaper, melamine, polypropylene ).
  • this category includes panels, furniture wood, demolition wood free of rubble, etc ...
  • C wood is made up of hazardous waste (creosote wood for example) destroyed in a special waste incineration plant or used in cement kilns.
  • OSB, MDF, HDF plywood or particle board
  • type B wood which today is intended for material recycling, landfilling or incineration.
  • type A wood when it is used in combustion, it is only crushed, without being granulated.
  • Steam cracking differs from hydrothermal pretreatment, also known as aqueous fractionation, solvolysis, hydrothermolysis or hydrothermal treatment, in that the latter involves using water at high temperature and pressure to promote the disintegration and separation of the gas. lignocellulosic matrix. This technique is not suitable for the production of black granules since the products obtained are predominantly liquid.
  • Pyrolysis is the chemical decomposition of an organic compound by intense heating in the absence of oxygen.
  • the compounds obtained after pyrolysis differ in their characteristics of those obtained by steam cracking. Steam cracking cannot be likened to a pyrolysis technique in that it employs a steam explosion and is carried out in the presence of oxygen.
  • US2013 / 225714A1 relates to a method of modifying a molecular structure of a biomass feedstock comprising converting a treated biomass feedstock into a product, using a microorganism.
  • the treated biomass feedstock having been prepared using a biomass treatment method, including a steam explosion method.
  • US2015 / 196893A1 describes a biorefining process for co-producing activated carbon from various biomass streams. This process uses pyrolysis methods.
  • the method according to the invention allows the production of solid fuels from lignocellulosic biomass consisting of wood A and / or wood B. It consists of a process for upgrading lignocellulosic biomass consisting at least in part of wood from end of life or non-granulable wood-waste after grinding, characterized in that a preparation step of said biomass is applied, consisting in removing at least part of the elements other than wood, then in carrying out a treatment step thermal by steam cracking followed by a granulation step.
  • the present invention therefore proposes a new approach for recovering wood that is transformed, aged or more generally considered to be at the end of its life and intended for material recycling, landfill or incineration.
  • the processed wood generally exhibits a modification of the lignocellulosic fibers which makes them not very usable. Indeed, waste wood is drier and its intrinsic characteristics are different from that of young wood.
  • the effect of steam treatment makes it possible to break down the other components present in wood (glues, resins, additives, etc.) and therefore to participate in a granulometric standardization of the product and a homogeneous distribution of these molecules avoiding singular zones which could be zones of less good granulation efficiency.
  • the heat treatment in addition to chemically degrading certain exogenous molecules results in a dark coloration of the product (future black granulate). This coloring attenuates the presence of dyes and pigments added to the wood A and B, and contributes to its acceptance by the user.
  • the process for preparing granules by steam cracking has the advantage of producing granules with a uniform and constant visual appearance, which is a mark of quality for the consumer.
  • the process more generally allows better granulation than in the case of the preparation of white granules from the same substrate.
  • the process avoids the use of additives or the use of expensive resinous supplemental natural wood to promote the cohesion of the pellets.
  • An object of the invention relates to a process for upgrading lignocellulosic biomass consisting at least in part of end-of-life wood or non-granulable waste wood after grinding, characterized in that a step of preparing said is applied. biomass consisting in eliminating at least some of the elements other than wood, then in carrying out a heat treatment step by steam cracking followed by a granulation step.
  • end-of-life wood or wood-waste we mean any processed or aged wood, more particularly wood qualified as wood A or wood B according to the ADEME classification. This wood cannot be granulated directly after grinding.
  • the purpose of the wood preparation stage is to reduce the final contaminant content.
  • contaminant any substance detected in a place where it is not normally found. In the case of contaminated wood, it is any substance that is not naturally found in the wood. Examples of contaminants frequently found in wood are paint, plastic (coating, decoration, handle, buttons, etc.), metals (nails, hinges, locks, etc.), glass, adjuvants such as glue, resins, polymers, phytosanitary products, melamine, etc ...
  • Wood preparation consists of removing residues of glass or metals or plastics or mineral residues. It can be implemented by optical, densimetric, magnetic or mechanical sorting. These treatments can be carried out manually or automatically.
  • the treatment consists in removing certain excessively contaminated wood. Indeed, it is recommended to carry out a selection of wood A and B, and especially a fine selection of wood B to avoid the presence of too many exogenous elements which are not binding for granulation, in particular plastics. Obviously, the presence of inert materials (ironwork metals, glass, etc.) as well as polymers (plastic plating, PVC fields, etc.) should be avoided. Also the supply chain should include sorting and selection operations. Afterwards, the process will have to include a good phase of securing the tools (grinding, iron removal, de-stoning to remove heavy material pollutants, possibly sorting and visual verification), then the process becomes classic again with possibly drying, then steam cracking and granulation.
  • the producers of black pellets obtained from wood A or wood B are industrialists who seek to optimize the production of biofuels by using local resources from the recovery and valorisation sectors of end-of-life wood, thus benefiting from a tariff of lower purchase, but still easy use of the product in biomass boilers, and economically replacing coal or gas, to date inexpensive fuels, and participating in a circular ecology that respects the environment.
  • the users of the black pellets obtained from wood A or wood B are all users of biomass boilers.

Abstract

The present invention relates to the field of recycling end-of-life wood or waste wood. More specifically, it relates to a method for reusing a biomass consisting of end-of-life wood or waste wood by steam cracking with a view to manufacturing solid fuels. It enables processed wood intended for material recycling, landfill or incineration to be reused.

Description

PROCEDE DE PRODUCTION DE COMBUSTIBLES SOLIDES A PARTIR DE BOIS DE FIN DE VIE OU DE BOIS-DECHET PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SOLID FUELS FROM END-OF-LIFE WOOD OR WOOD-WASTE
La présente invention a trait au domaine du recyclage des bois de fin de vie ou du bois-déchet. Plus particulièrement, elle concerne un procédé de valorisation d'une biomasse constituée de bois de fin de vie ou de bois-déchet par vapocraquage en vue de la fabrication de combustibles solides. Elle permet de valoriser les bois transformés destinés au recyclage matière, à l'enfouissement ou à l'incinération. The present invention relates to the field of recycling end-of-life wood or waste wood. More particularly, it relates to a process for upgrading biomass consisting of end-of-life wood or waste wood by steam cracking with a view to the manufacture of solid fuels. It makes it possible to recover processed wood intended for material recycling, landfill or incineration.
Domaine de l'invention Field of the invention
La production d'énergie (électrique et thermique) d'origine renouvelable peut se faire à partir de l'environnement (soleil, vent, marée, houle, géothermie, hydraulique) ou à partir de biomasse. A part la biomasse, l'hydraulique de rivière ou de barrage, et la géothermie, ces énergies renouvelables sont intermittentes sauf si les moyens de stockage de l'énergie se développaient. Et seule la biomasse constitue une énergie primaire transportable sur son lieu de transformation en chaleur et/ou électricité. Mais la biomasse est en fait une énergie peu dense, variable et périssable. The production of energy (electrical and thermal) of renewable origin can be done from the environment (sun, wind, tide, swell, geothermal energy, hydraulic) or from biomass. Apart from biomass, river or dam hydraulics, and geothermal energy, these renewable energies are intermittent unless the means of energy storage are developed. And only biomass constitutes primary energy that can be transported to its place of transformation into heat and / or electricity. But biomass is in fact a low density, variable and perishable energy.
La transformation de biomasse ligno-cellulosique (bois, résidus agricoles, coproduits de l'agriculture et de l'agro-industrie) en un composé dense énergétiquement, transportable et facilement stockable permet de développer et consolider une filière industrielle d'énergie stationnaire (biocombustible utilisé en un point fixe, le foyer, contrairement aux biocarburants) et de réduire les impacts environnementaux (émission CO2 fossile, avec une biomasse sans fertilisants ni phytosanitaires). Le traitement thermique de la biomasse par vapocraquage permet cette densification de l'énergie. Toutefois, la multiplication des projets de valorisation de biomasse génère des tensions fortes sur les filières d'approvisionnements en bois notamment. Les usages actuels vers le bois fibre (panneau de particules et papeterie), voire sur le bois de construction ou d'ameublement massif tirent les prix vers le haut. Par ailleurs, les politiques environnementales visent à augmenter le recyclage des produits en fin de vie, et à limiter voire interdire les solutions d'enfouissements des déchets de filière. C'est pourquoi la plupart des coproduits organiques issus de la biomasse terminent en unité de valorisation énergétique, c'est-à-dire en incinérateur. The transformation of lignocellulosic biomass (wood, agricultural residues, co-products from agriculture and agro-industry) into an energetically dense compound, transportable and easily storable allows the development and consolidation of an industrial stationary energy sector (biofuel used at a fixed point, the focus, unlike biofuels) and reduce environmental impacts (fossil CO 2 emissions, with biomass without fertilizers or phytosanitary products). The thermal treatment of biomass by steam cracking allows this energy densification. However, the proliferation of biomass recovery projects generates strong tensions in the wood supply chains in particular. Current uses for fiberwood (particle board and stationery), or even for solid construction wood or furniture, are pushing prices up. In addition, environmental policies aim to increase the recycling of end-of-life products, and to limit or even ban landfill solutions for waste from the sector. This is why most organic co-products from biomass end up in an energy recovery unit, that is to say in an incinerator.
Les professionnels de la filière bois utilisent une classification d'usage distinguant les bois dit « A », les bois dit « B » et les bois dit « C ». Il semblerait que cette classification ait été élaborée par l'ADEME. Professionals in the timber industry use a usage classification distinguishing between so-called "A" timber, "B" timber and "C" timber. It seems that this classification was drawn up by ADEME.
Le bois dit « A » est composé de déchets d'emballages en bois non revêtus, non traités. Le bois dit « B » est composé de déchets de bois non dangereux contenant une faible quantité d'adjuvants ou autres matières ; bois collés, bois ayant reçu un traitement en surface (préservation, finition) ou un revêtement (papier peint, mélamine, polypropylène...). A ce titre, cette catégorie rassemble les panneaux, les bois d'ameublement, les bois de démolition exempts de gravats, etc... The so-called “A” wood is composed of uncoated, untreated wood packaging waste. The so-called “B” wood is composed of non-hazardous wood waste containing a small amount of additives or other materials; glued wood, wood having received a surface treatment (preservation, finish) or a coating (wallpaper, melamine, polypropylene ...). As such, this category includes panels, furniture wood, demolition wood free of rubble, etc ...
Le bois dit « C » est composé quant à lui de déchets dangereux (bois créosotés par exemple) détruits en usine d'incinération de déchets spéciaux ou utilisés dans les fours de cimenterie. The so-called “C” wood is made up of hazardous waste (creosote wood for example) destroyed in a special waste incineration plant or used in cement kilns.
Aujourd'hui, les bois de type A ou B les plus susceptibles d'être employés comme biocombustibles abondants à faible coût sont constitués de bois-fibre naturel mais aussi de panneaux de particules, de contreplaqués, d'agglomérés, ainsi que d'adjuvants organiques (résines, colles, papiers encollés comme la mélamine, vernis, polymères plastiques...). Ces produits ainsi que la forme des déchets de bois employés ne se prêtent pas à fournir le média favorisant une granulation après un broyage, à moins d'y adjoindre des quantités significatives d'additifs liants et coûteux. Today, the type A or B woods most likely to be used as abundant low-cost biofuels consist of natural wood-fiber but also of particle board, plywood, chipboard, as well as additives. organic (resins, glues, sized papers such as melamine, varnish, plastic polymers, etc.). These products, as well as the form of the waste wood employed, do not lend themselves to providing the medium for promoting granulation after grinding, unless they add significant amounts of binding and expensive additives.
De plus, les bois de type A dit « d'emballage », pourtant formés majoritairement de planches (palettes, caisses) comportent parfois quelques éléments type agglomérés (pied de palette), ou contreplaqué ou panneaux de particules (OSB, MDF, HDF). Cette présence est suffisante pour décourager les industriels des granulés blancs (white pellet) de fabriquer leur produit à partir de bois A. De plus, des colorations liées au bois (palettes colorées, marquages, etc...) sont proscrites dans le granulé blanc final à destination du consommateur particulier qui attend un produit premium, blanc-beige. Sauf à modifier le procédé (ce qui le rendrait plus coûteux) notamment par l'emploi d'additifs liants, et à diluer le bois A avec d'autres bois naturels type résineux (plus liants mais plus coûteux), il n'y a pas de solution idéale. D'autant que le taux d'additif liant est limité à 2 ou 3% selon les normes de white pellets revendiquées. In addition, type A wood called "packaging", yet formed mainly of boards (pallets, crates) sometimes include some elements such as agglomerates (pallet foot), or plywood or particle board (OSB, MDF, HDF) . This presence is sufficient to discourage white pellet manufacturers from manufacturing their product from wood A. In addition, wood-related colorings (colored pallets, markings, etc.) are prohibited in the white pellet. final intended for private consumers who expect a premium, white-beige product. Except for modifying the process (which would make it more expensive) in particular by the use of binding additives, and diluting wood A with other natural resinous type woods (more binders but more expensive), there is no need to no ideal solution. The more so as the rate of binder additive is limited to 2 or 3% according to the standards of white pellets claimed.
Il n'existe pas, à ce jour, de filière de valorisation des bois de type B, qui sont aujourd'hui destinés au recyclage matière, à l'enfouissement ou à l'incinération. Quant au bois de type A, lorsqu'il est utilisé en combustion, il est seulement broyé, sans être granulé. To date, there is no recovery channel for type B wood, which today is intended for material recycling, landfilling or incineration. As for type A wood, when it is used in combustion, it is only crushed, without being granulated.
Le vapocraquage diffère d'un prétraitement hydrothermique, aussi appelé fractionnement aqueux, solvolyse, hydrothermolyse ou traitement hydrothermique, en ce que ce dernier consiste à utiliser de l'eau à haute température et à haute pression afin de promouvoir la désintégration et la séparation de la matrice lignocellulosique. Cette technique n'est pas adaptée à la production de granulés noirs puisque les produits obtenus sont majoritairement liquides. Steam cracking differs from hydrothermal pretreatment, also known as aqueous fractionation, solvolysis, hydrothermolysis or hydrothermal treatment, in that the latter involves using water at high temperature and pressure to promote the disintegration and separation of the gas. lignocellulosic matrix. This technique is not suitable for the production of black granules since the products obtained are predominantly liquid.
La pyrolyse est la décomposition chimique d'un composé organique par chauffage intense en absence d'oxygène. Les composés obtenus après pyrolyse diffèrent dans leurs caractéristiques de ceux obtenus par vapocraquage. Le vapocraquage ne peut être assimilé à une technique de pyrolyse en ce qu'il emploie une explosion à la vapeur et se fait en présence d'oxygène. Pyrolysis is the chemical decomposition of an organic compound by intense heating in the absence of oxygen. The compounds obtained after pyrolysis differ in their characteristics of those obtained by steam cracking. Steam cracking cannot be likened to a pyrolysis technique in that it employs a steam explosion and is carried out in the presence of oxygen.
Etat de la technique State of the art
Le brevet US2013/225714A1 concerne un procédé de modification d'une structure moléculaire d'une charge d'alimentation de biomasse comprenant la conversion d'une charge d'alimentation de biomasse traitée en un produit, en utilisant un micro-organisme. La charge d'alimentation de biomasse traitée ayant été préparée en utilisant une méthode de traitement de biomasse et notamment d'une méthode d'explosion à la vapeur. US2013 / 225714A1 relates to a method of modifying a molecular structure of a biomass feedstock comprising converting a treated biomass feedstock into a product, using a microorganism. The treated biomass feedstock having been prepared using a biomass treatment method, including a steam explosion method.
Le brevet US2015/196893A1 décrit un procédé de bioraffinage pour coproduire du charbon actif à partir de divers flux de biomasse. Ce procédé utilise des méthodes de pyrolyses. US2015 / 196893A1 describes a biorefining process for co-producing activated carbon from various biomass streams. This process uses pyrolysis methods.
Inconvénients de l'art antérieur Disadvantages of the prior art
L'art antérieur propose des solutions qui ne sont pas totalement satisfaisantes car soit elles requièrent l'utilisation de biomasse initiale non fossilisée, soit utilisent un procédé de pyrolyse qui ne permet pas de produire des granulés noirs. The prior art proposes solutions which are not completely satisfactory because either they require the use of initial non-fossilized biomass, or use a pyrolysis process which does not make it possible to produce black granules.
Exposé de l'invention Disclosure of the invention
De manière tout à fait surprenante et à l'encontre des pratiques actuelles, les inventeurs proposent d'utiliser les bois A et B pour faire des granulés par vapocraquage. Completely surprisingly and contrary to current practices, the inventors propose to use woods A and B to make granules by steam cracking.
Le procédé selon l'invention permet la production de combustibles solides à partir de biomasse ligno-cellulosique constituée de bois A et/ou de bois B. Il consiste en un procédé de valorisation de biomasse ligno-cellulosique constituée au moins en partie de bois de fin de vie ou de bois-déchets non granulable après broyage, caractérisé en ce que l'on applique une étape de préparation de ladite biomasse consistant à éliminer au moins une partie des éléments autres que le bois, puis à procéder à une étape de traitement thermique par vapocraquage suivie d'une étape de granulation. The method according to the invention allows the production of solid fuels from lignocellulosic biomass consisting of wood A and / or wood B. It consists of a process for upgrading lignocellulosic biomass consisting at least in part of wood from end of life or non-granulable wood-waste after grinding, characterized in that a preparation step of said biomass is applied, consisting in removing at least part of the elements other than wood, then in carrying out a treatment step thermal by steam cracking followed by a granulation step.
Avantages de l'invention Advantages of the invention
La présente invention propose donc une nouvelle approche de valorisation des bois transformés, vieillis ou plus généralement considérés comme en fin de vie et destinés au recyclage matière, à l'enfouissement ou à l'incinération. Les bois transformés présentent généralement une modification des fibres ligno-cellulosiques qui les rend peu exploitables. En effet, le bois-déchet est plus sec et ses caractéristiques intrinsèques sont différentes de celle d'un bois jeune. The present invention therefore proposes a new approach for recovering wood that is transformed, aged or more generally considered to be at the end of its life and intended for material recycling, landfill or incineration. The processed wood generally exhibits a modification of the lignocellulosic fibers which makes them not very usable. Indeed, waste wood is drier and its intrinsic characteristics are different from that of young wood.
L'utilisation du vapocraquage comme solution déstructurante et entraînant des modifications chimiques et physiques favorise la granulation des bois de manière générale, notamment par des migrations de la lignine liante et collante dans les fibres, élément clef d'une granulation favorisée. Le vapocraquage permet en effet de restaurer les qualités des lignines. The use of steam cracking as a destructuring solution leading to chemical and physical modifications promotes the granulation of wood in general, in particular by migrations of the binding and sticky lignin in the fibers, a key element of a favored granulation. Steam cracking makes it possible to restore the qualities of the lignins.
En sus de l'effet connu du vapocraquage pour réduire les fibres en poudre et homogénéiser les biomasses, l'effet du traitement à la vapeur permet de déstructurer les autres composants présents dans le bois (colles, résines, additifs, etc...) et donc de participer à une standardisation granulométrique du produit et une répartition homogène de ces molécules évitant des zones singulières qui pourraient être des zones de moins bonne efficacité de la granulation. Par ailleurs, le traitement thermique en sus de dégrader chimiquement certaines molécules exogènes entraîne une coloration sombre du produit (futur granulé noir). Cette prise de coloration atténue la présence des colorants et pigments rajoutés dans le bois A et B, et participe à son acceptation par l'utilisateur. In addition to the known effect of steam cracking to reduce fibers to powder and homogenize biomasses, the effect of steam treatment makes it possible to break down the other components present in wood (glues, resins, additives, etc.) and therefore to participate in a granulometric standardization of the product and a homogeneous distribution of these molecules avoiding singular zones which could be zones of less good granulation efficiency. Moreover, the heat treatment in addition to chemically degrading certain exogenous molecules results in a dark coloration of the product (future black granulate). This coloring attenuates the presence of dyes and pigments added to the wood A and B, and contributes to its acceptance by the user.
Le procédé de préparation de granulés par vapocraquage a l'avantage de produire des granulés dont l'apparence visuelle est homogène et constante, ce qui est une marque de qualité pour le consommateur. The process for preparing granules by steam cracking has the advantage of producing granules with a uniform and constant visual appearance, which is a mark of quality for the consumer.
Le procédé permet plus généralement une meilleure granulation que dans le cas de la préparation de granulés blancs à partir du même substrat. The process more generally allows better granulation than in the case of the preparation of white granules from the same substrate.
Le procédé évite l'emploi d'additifs ou l'utilisation de bois naturel supplémentaire résineux coûteux pour favoriser la cohésion des granulés. The process avoids the use of additives or the use of expensive resinous supplemental natural wood to promote the cohesion of the pellets.
Enfin, le procédé utilisant les bois A et bois B favorise les filières locales qui récupèrent et valorisent ces bois vieillis plutôt que de les incinérer. Finally, the process using A wood and B wood favors local industries that recover and enhance this aged wood rather than incinerating it.
DESCRIPTION DETAILLEE DE L'INVENTION DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Un objet de l'invention concerne un procédé de valorisation de biomasse ligno-cellulosique constituée au moins en partie de bois de fin de vie ou de bois-déchets non granulable après broyage caractérisé en ce que l'on applique une étape de préparation de ladite biomasse consistant à éliminer au moins une partie des éléments autres que le bois, puis à procéder à une étape de traitement thermique par vapocraquage suivie d'une étape de granulation. Par « bois de fin de vie ou bois-déchets », on entend tout bois transformé ou vieilli, plus particulièrement le bois qualifié de bois A ou bois B selon la classification de l'ADEME. Ce bois n'est pas granulable directement après broyage. An object of the invention relates to a process for upgrading lignocellulosic biomass consisting at least in part of end-of-life wood or non-granulable waste wood after grinding, characterized in that a step of preparing said is applied. biomass consisting in eliminating at least some of the elements other than wood, then in carrying out a heat treatment step by steam cracking followed by a granulation step. By “end-of-life wood or wood-waste”, we mean any processed or aged wood, more particularly wood qualified as wood A or wood B according to the ADEME classification. This wood cannot be granulated directly after grinding.
L'étape de préparation du bois a pour objectif de réduire la teneur finale en contaminants. The purpose of the wood preparation stage is to reduce the final contaminant content.
Par « contaminant », on entend toute substance décelée dans un lieu où elle ne se trouve pas normalement. Dans le cas d'un bois contaminé, il s'agit de toute substance qui ne se trouve pas naturellement dans le bois. Des exemples de contaminants trouvés fréquemment dans le bois sont la peinture, le plastique (revêtement, décoration, poignée, boutons...), les métaux (clous, charnière, serrure...), le verre, les adjuvants de types colles, résines, polymères, produits phytosanitaires, la mélamine, etc... By "contaminant" is meant any substance detected in a place where it is not normally found. In the case of contaminated wood, it is any substance that is not naturally found in the wood. Examples of contaminants frequently found in wood are paint, plastic (coating, decoration, handle, buttons, etc.), metals (nails, hinges, locks, etc.), glass, adjuvants such as glue, resins, polymers, phytosanitary products, melamine, etc ...
La préparation du bois consiste à supprimer les résidus de verre ou métaux ou plastiques ou résidus minéraux. Elle peut être mise en œuvre par tri optique, densimétrique, magnétique ou mécanique. Ces traitements peuvent être réalisés manuellement ou de manière automatisée. Wood preparation consists of removing residues of glass or metals or plastics or mineral residues. It can be implemented by optical, densimetric, magnetic or mechanical sorting. These treatments can be carried out manually or automatically.
De manière générale, ces traitements doivent être simples à mettre en œuvre et peu coûteux pour que le procédé de production de granulés noirs soit économiquement viable. In general, these treatments must be simple to implement and inexpensive for the process for producing black granules to be economically viable.
Il est possible notamment que le traitement consiste à écarter certains bois trop contaminés. En effet, il est préconisé d'effectuer une sélection des bois A et B, et surtout une sélection fine du bois B pour éviter la présence de trop d'éléments exogènes non liants pour la granulation, notamment les plastiques. De manière évidente, la présence d'inertes (métaux de serrurerie, verre, etc..) ainsi que de polymères (plaquage de plastique, champs de PVC ...) est à proscrire. Aussi la chaîne d'approvisionnement devra inclure des opérations de tri et de sélection. Après, le procédé devra inclure une bonne phase de sécurisation des outils (broyage, déferraillage, épierrage pour retirer les polluants matériels lourds, éventuellement tri et vérification visuelle), puis le procédé redevient classique avec éventuellement un séchage, puis un vapocraquage et une granulation. It is possible in particular that the treatment consists in removing certain excessively contaminated wood. Indeed, it is recommended to carry out a selection of wood A and B, and especially a fine selection of wood B to avoid the presence of too many exogenous elements which are not binding for granulation, in particular plastics. Obviously, the presence of inert materials (ironwork metals, glass, etc.) as well as polymers (plastic plating, PVC fields, etc.) should be avoided. Also the supply chain should include sorting and selection operations. Afterwards, the process will have to include a good phase of securing the tools (grinding, iron removal, de-stoning to remove heavy material pollutants, possibly sorting and visual verification), then the process becomes classic again with possibly drying, then steam cracking and granulation.
Bien que cette possibilité ne soit pas privilégiée, il est envisageable, pour les bois les plus contaminés, d'ajouter certains additifs et/ou d'effectuer un mélange par du bois naturel noble comme le résineux ; ces solutions ont un coût et entraînent des contraintes différentes, qu'il faut évaluer et à chiffrer en termes de bénéfice/risque avant de les mettre en œuvre. Although this possibility is not privileged, it is possible, for the most contaminated woods, to add certain additives and / or to mix with noble natural wood such as coniferous; these solutions have a cost and entail different constraints, which must be evaluated and quantified in terms of benefit / risk before implementing them.
Les producteurs des granulés noirs obtenus à partir de bois A ou bois B sont les industriels qui cherchent à optimiser la production de biocombustibles en utilisant des ressources locales des filières de récupération et valorisation des bois en fin de vie, bénéficiant ainsi d'un tarif d'achat plus faible, mais toujours l'utilisation facile du produit dans des chaudières à biomasse, et remplaçant économiquement le charbon ou le gaz, à ce jour des combustibles peu chers, et participant à une écologie circulaire et respectueuse de l'environnement. The producers of black pellets obtained from wood A or wood B are industrialists who seek to optimize the production of biofuels by using local resources from the recovery and valorisation sectors of end-of-life wood, thus benefiting from a tariff of lower purchase, but still easy use of the product in biomass boilers, and economically replacing coal or gas, to date inexpensive fuels, and participating in a circular ecology that respects the environment.
Les utilisateurs des granulés noirs obtenus à pa rtir de bois A ou bois B sont tous les utilisateurs de chaudière à biomasse. The users of the black pellets obtained from wood A or wood B are all users of biomass boilers.

Claims

REVENDICATIONS
1. Procédé de valorisation de biomasse ligno-cellulosique constituée au moins en partie de bois de fin de vie ou de bois-déchets non granulable après broyage, caractérisé en ce que l'on applique une étape de préparation de ladite biomasse consistant à éliminer au moins une partie des éléments autres que le bois, puis à procéder à une étape de traitement thermique par vapocraquage suivie d'une étape de granulation. 1. Process for upgrading lignocellulosic biomass consisting at least in part of end-of-life wood or non-granulable waste wood after grinding, characterized in that a step of preparation of said biomass is applied consisting of eliminating at at least some of the elements other than wood, then to proceed to a step of heat treatment by steam cracking followed by a step of granulation.
2. Procédé selon la revendication 1 dans lequel ladite étape de préparation consiste à supprimer les résidus de verre ou métaux ou plastiques ou résidus minéraux par tri optique, densimétrique, magnétique ou mécanique. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein said preparation step consists in removing glass or metal or plastic residues or mineral residues by optical, densimetric, magnetic or mechanical sorting.
3. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 ou 2 dans lequel ladite biomasse est constituée exclusivement de bois de fin de vie ou de bois-déchets non granulable après broyage. 3. Method according to one of claims 1 or 2 wherein said biomass consists exclusively of end-of-life wood or non-granulable waste wood after grinding.
PCT/FR2020/051046 2019-06-24 2020-06-17 Method for producing solid fuels from end-of-life wood or waste wood WO2020260800A1 (en)

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