EP3963028A1 - Method for treating solid biomass by steam cracking integrating the energy of the co-products - Google Patents

Method for treating solid biomass by steam cracking integrating the energy of the co-products

Info

Publication number
EP3963028A1
EP3963028A1 EP20731914.6A EP20731914A EP3963028A1 EP 3963028 A1 EP3963028 A1 EP 3963028A1 EP 20731914 A EP20731914 A EP 20731914A EP 3963028 A1 EP3963028 A1 EP 3963028A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
energy
steam cracking
steam
biomass
bark
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP20731914.6A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Jean-Luc DESPRES
Thomas Habas
Adriana QUINTERO-MARQUEZ
Frédéric MARTEL
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Europeenne de Biomasse SAS
Original Assignee
Europeenne de Biomasse SAS
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Europeenne de Biomasse SAS filed Critical Europeenne de Biomasse SAS
Publication of EP3963028A1 publication Critical patent/EP3963028A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10BDESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • C10B53/00Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form
    • C10B53/02Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form of cellulose-containing material
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10BDESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • C10B49/00Destructive distillation of solid carbonaceous materials by direct heating with heat-carrying agents including the partial combustion of the solid material to be treated
    • C10B49/02Destructive distillation of solid carbonaceous materials by direct heating with heat-carrying agents including the partial combustion of the solid material to be treated with hot gases or vapours, e.g. hot gases obtained by partial combustion of the charge
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21CPRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • D21C1/00Pretreatment of the finely-divided materials before digesting
    • D21C1/02Pretreatment of the finely-divided materials before digesting with water or steam
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10LFUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L5/00Solid fuels
    • C10L5/40Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin
    • C10L5/44Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin on vegetable substances
    • C10L5/442Wood or forestry waste
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/10Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of processes for transforming solid biomass by steam cracking into a substrate for green chemistry and biotechnologies. More specifically, the invention relates to a process for the treatment of solid biomass by steam cracking in which the energy contained in the evaporates and in the water vapor generated is kept within the system or used for other types of industries such as than electricity production.
  • biomass constitutes primary energy that can be transported to its place of transformation into heat and / or electricity.
  • biomass is a low density, variable and perishable energy.
  • woodchips related sawmill products (sawdust) or wood pellets without modification.
  • sawdust wood pellets
  • These renewable materials are very low in density (it takes 5 to 8 volumes of wafers to produce the energy equivalent of a single volume of coal), which involves an oversized supply chain and tools, not to mention the variability of contents of the supplies that impact the operation of the boiler (humidity, ash, heavy metals, organic, nitrogen, chlorine, sulfur, dust).
  • the wood pellet (or “white pellet”) is more standardized, but it is expensive, and does not withstand exposure to water and outdoor conditions.
  • the production of biogas requires the management of diluted liquid effluents, or wet solids that are difficult to transport, and of localized use, often of small size.
  • lignocellulosic biomass wood, agricultural residues, agricultural and agro-industrial co-products
  • This solid biofuel also called “black pellets” (or “black pellet”) can advantageously replace coal, or even fuel oil and gas in boilers.
  • Steam cracking differs from hydrothermal pretreatment, also known as aqueous fractionation, solvolysis, hydrothermolysis or hydrothermal treatment, in that the latter involves using water at high temperature and pressure to promote the disintegration and separation of the gas. lignocellulosic matrix. This technique is not suitable for the production of black granules since the products obtained are predominantly liquid.
  • the process for preparing black granules schematically comprises 3 steps: 1) preparation of the raw material (grinding, drying, etc.), 2) steam cracking and 3) granulation, all of which consume energy.
  • VOCs volatile organic compounds
  • document US2014 / 309475 discloses a solid biomass treatment process integrating the energy of the co-products comprising a steam cracking step as well as a step of injecting the volatiles produced into the steam cracking chamber with steam cracking and an external energy source in the boiler to produce clean water vapor for steam cracking.
  • the method further comprises a step according to which the combustion to supply the boiler is carried out using treated biomass and evaporates resulting from steam cracking.
  • the energy for the production of steam cracking being produced at least in part by the combustion of said recycled organic compounds.
  • Document US2012 / 085023A1 relates to a solid biomass treatment process integrating the energy of the co-products.
  • the disclosed process comprises a biomass steam cracking step in which the volatile organic compounds, produced in the steam cracking chamber, are injected with the steam cracking steam directly into the boiler to produce clean water steam intended for the steam cracking.
  • Document US2017 / 314758A1 describes a process comprising a biomass steam cracking step in which the volatile organic compounds produced in the steam cracking chamber are injected with the steam cracking steam directly into the boiler to produce water vapor suitable for steam cracking. .
  • the inventors propose to optimize the use of the co-products of the transformation process to reduce the production costs of the black granules. More specifically, it is proposed to burn the evaporates in a biomass boiler generating compressed steam used for steam cracking (recycling), and which can also be used by another local consumer (industrialist using steam, or electrician turbining the steam to manufacture electricity).
  • the invention consists of a process for the production of solid combustible material integrating the energy of the co-products comprising a biomass steam cracking step characterized in that:
  • the efficiency of this process can also be increased by condensing the combustion water vapors from the evaporates to dry the biomass before steam cracking.
  • the method according to the invention makes it possible to use available energy sources that are usually not used to reduce the energy balance of the overall process and make it more ecological.
  • the reduction in the material yield of the biomass entering the steam cracking (generally between 5% and 15%) is not totally lost because it generates energy.
  • This process comprises the optimized recovery of the energy available within the device for transforming biomass by steam cracking, namely:
  • the originality of the process according to the invention is therefore to use the energy contained in the evaporates and in the water vapor to conserve / save the overall energy of the process, instead of letting it escape.
  • This energy recycling loop is particularly suitable for steam cracking because this combustion method produces a large amount of water vapor unlike other methods such as roasting, pyrolysis, etc. which operate in a dry atmosphere.
  • This process is particularly advantageous when applied to a treatment of biomass producing large amounts of VOCs, for example when the severity of the steam cracking conditions is high. It should be noted that the severity is generally controlled to avoid the production of large quantities of VOCs which reduce the yield of the process since the evaporates are co-products not used in conventional processes.
  • the energy balance incorporates the energy associated with evaporates and water vapor rather than counting it in losses. This process therefore allows the implementation of severe conditions since the losses of combustible materials are in fact compensated since they are used to produce energy.
  • the wood introduced into the system is previously treated to remove the bark, these bark are introduced into the boiler.
  • the bark which is the least interesting fraction for the targeted applications (often less caloric, more mineralized and potentially contaminated by pollutants), then becomes a residual co-product that can be exploited by burning it in the boiler serving in particular to produce steam for steam cracking, or intended for other industrial needs.
  • Such a method of treating solid biomass including the recycling of the evaporates and of the water vapor, or even of the bark, is therefore particularly advantageous from an industrial, economic and ecological point of view since it provides an energy saving which can range from up to 30% compared to a process allowing the energy of the water vapor and the potential of the evaporates to escape.
  • the invention relates to a method for treating solid biomass integrating the energy of the co-products comprising a biomass steam cracking step, characterized in that: the volatile organic compounds produced in the steam cracking chamber are injected with the steam cracking steam, directly in the boiler to produce clean water vapor intended for steam cracking and possibly another energy consumer;
  • the energy for the production of steam cracking being produced at least in part by the combustion of said recycled volatile organic compounds.
  • water vapor associated with VOCs produced during steam cracking can also be recycled to produce energy by direct introduction into the combustion chamber of the boiler (just like VOCs).
  • the boiler has two compartments; a first combustion zone in which the hearth with the flame is located (lower part) and a second zone which corresponds to the vapor exchange zone (upper part).
  • first combustion zone in which the hearth with the flame is located
  • second zone which corresponds to the vapor exchange zone
  • the energy for the production of steam cracking steam is produced in mixed mode comprising the combustion of the recycled VOCs and the combustion of a main external energy source.
  • the energy for the production of steam cracking steam is produced by the combustion of VOCs as well as by condensation of the water vapor available in the boiler, and possibly an external energy source.
  • the invention relates to a method for treating solid biomass integrating the energy of the co-products comprising a biomass steam cracking step, characterized in that: the volatile organic compounds produced in the steam cracking chamber are injected, with the steam from steam cracking, directly in the boiler to produce clean water vapor intended for steam cracking and possibly another energy consumer;
  • the energy for the production of steam cracking being produced at least in part by the combustion of said recycled volatile organic compounds
  • the energy for the production of steam cracking vapor being produced at least in part by introducing into the combustion chamber at least part or all of the vapor accompanying the VOCs; this water vapor is preferably introduced immediately and directly into the combustion chamber of the boiler to minimize energy loss.
  • the energy for the production of steam cracking vapor can be produced at least in part by the condensation of at least part or all of the vapor accompanying the VOCs;
  • the energy for the production of steam cracking steam may at least in part come from an external energy source
  • the energy contained in the water vapor can be recovered by condensation.
  • the biomass thus treated is used for the production of combustible material with a high calorific value, in particular in black granules.
  • the biomass thus treated is used as a pulverulent substrate for applications in green chemistry and in biotechnology.
  • the invention relates to the use of the biomass treated according to the process of the invention either to produce combustible material with a high calorific value, or as a pulverulent substrate for applications in green chemistry and in biotechnology.
  • solid combustible material within the meaning of the invention is understood to mean a powder (black powder) or black granules (black pellet) obtained by compression of the black powder, this powder and these granules consisting of steam cracked biomass.
  • Black granules with high calorific value can be obtained thanks to a process for transforming biomass by steam cracking under severe conditions.
  • such a method is implemented as follows:
  • the wood fragments collected in powder form at the outlet of the separator are then dried until their humidity level reaches 10%, before being optionally compacted in the form of granules intended to be used as fuel. It is possible to humidify the wood fragments obtained after separation in order to facilitate granulation.
  • the solid combustible material with high calorific value (black granules) obtained by implementing the process as defined above has a calorific value greater than or equal to 5 MWh / t, preferably greater than or equal to 5.6 MWh / t. It exhibits an increase in mass of less than or equal to 10% after complete immersion in a container of water for one hour and draining for 30 minutes.
  • This combustible material can be used in industrial furnaces, and domestic boilers and stoves.
  • the condensation of lignocellulosic biomass by steam cracking produces an evaporate which must be cleaned of VOCs and this requires energy and specific washing equipment.
  • the advantage of the process according to the invention is that the energy of the co-products is recycled, namely that the evaporates are burnt and that the energy produced by the combustion VOCs in the form of water vapor is reused as well as other available clean water vapor, in particular that resulting from steam cracking.
  • the process further comprises a step of condensing at least part of the combustion water vapors of the evaporates for drying the biomass before steam cracking.
  • the vapors of water from the combustion of the evaporates can be condensed: by transferring their heat through hot loops to pulsed air, they supply a current for drying the raw material, which allows a reduction in humidity.
  • the biomass returns drier to steam cracking.
  • the amount of energy consumed to heat the biomass is then lower because there is much less water to heat (5 to 10% instead of 40 to 50% water).
  • the steam-cracked product leaves between 5 and 10%, therefore granulatable and delivering a black granule which is more energy dense.
  • the method further comprises a step of condensing at least part of the steam cracking water vapors for drying the biomass before steam cracking.
  • biomass within the meaning of the invention, is meant lignocellulosic biomass originating both from agricultural and forestry residues, by-products of wood processing and from dedicated crops. It may be in particular wood chips, with or without bark. The quality of this raw material will directly influence the quality and characteristics energies of solid combustible material. For example, the most widely used woods are hardwoods and softwoods.
  • sites for the production of black granules by steam cracking are sites for the production of steam from biomass: we can therefore select the best wood or parts of wood for the manufacture of the pellets, and the less noble are burnt for endogenous energy.
  • the bark obtained from the debarking of the biomass is valorized, as fuel making it possible to supply the boiler for the production of steam.
  • the purpose of the debarking is to reduce the minerals in the black granules (located mainly in the bark) and to extract the least calorific fraction of the wood, the bark, to generate more energetic black granules.
  • the fact of burning the bark residues in the boiler makes it possible to recover the energy they contain and to increase the overall efficiency of the process by reducing the losses of raw material.
  • the steam cracked biomass consists of wood and the method according to the invention further comprises:
  • the biomass introduced into the boiler comprises bark.
  • Figure 1 Diagram showing an embodiment of the method according to the invention integrating the recycling of the energy of the co-products.
  • the manufacture of black granules replaces the grinding-refining used during the manufacture of white granules (or white pellet) by steam cracking which consumes electrical energy and mainly thermal energy from steam.
  • the manufacturing process for manufacturing black granulate produces energy not previously used and which the present process according to the invention makes it possible to use. Indeed, the outgoing product sees the energy of the evaporates (approximately 180 kWh / tonne of black granulate) and bark (approximately 260 kWh / tonne of black granule) recovered in the form of thermal energy, i.e. 440 kWh / tonne of granule. black.
  • the condensation of the water, brought by the humidity of the bark, as well as that resulting from the combustion of the bark and the evaporates, makes it possible to generate 80 kWh / tonne of black granulate.
  • the steam cracking which is a carrier fluid which transfers its sensible heat and retains its latent heat, also generates 290 kWh / tonne of black granulate.
  • thermal energy needs for the production of black granules are covered at 64% by renewable resources (evaporate co-products and bark) and by thermal integration (combustion and condensation energy, recycling of vapor flows).
  • the process for preparing the black granule therefore has an energy saving of 27% compared to that of the white granule, which must use additional exogenous energy resources.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
  • Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention relates to the field of methods for transforming solid biomass by steam cracking into a substrate for green chemistry and biotechnology. More specifically, the invention relates to a method for treating solid biomass by steam cracking in which the energy contained in the evaporates and in the steam generated is retained within the system or used for other types of industries such as electricity generation.

Description

PROCEDE DE TRAITEMENT DE BIOMASSE SOLIDE PAR VAPOCRAQUAGE INTEGRANT SOLID BIOMASS TREATMENT PROCESS BY INTEGRATED VAPOCRAQUAGE
L'ENERGIE DES COPRODUITS THE ENERGY OF CO-PRODUCTS
La présente invention a trait au domaine des procédés de transformation de la biomasse solide par vapocraquage en substrat pour la chimie verte et les biotechnologies. Plus précisément, l'invention concerne un procédé de traitement de biomasse solide par vapocraquage dans lequel l'énergie contenue dans les évaporats et dans la vapeur d'eau générés est conservée au sein du système ou utilisée pour d'autre types d'industries tels que la production d'électricité. The present invention relates to the field of processes for transforming solid biomass by steam cracking into a substrate for green chemistry and biotechnologies. More specifically, the invention relates to a process for the treatment of solid biomass by steam cracking in which the energy contained in the evaporates and in the water vapor generated is kept within the system or used for other types of industries such as than electricity production.
Domaine technique Technical area
La production d'énergie (électrique et thermique) d'origine renouvelable peut se faire à partir de l'environnement (soleil, vent, marée, houle, géothermie, hydraulique) ou à partir de biomasse. L'hydraulique de rivière ou de barrage, et la géothermie sont à ce jour des énergies renouvelables intermittentes, faute de moyens de stockage de l'énergie. Dans ce contexte, seule la biomasse constitue une énergie primaire transportable sur son lieu de transformation en chaleur et/ou électricité. Toutefois, la biomasse est une énergie peu dense, variable et périssable. The production of energy (electrical and thermal) of renewable origin can be done from the environment (sun, wind, tide, swell, geothermal energy, hydraulic) or from biomass. River or dam hydraulics, and geothermal energy are currently intermittent renewable energies, due to a lack of energy storage means. In this context, only biomass constitutes primary energy that can be transported to its place of transformation into heat and / or electricity. However, biomass is a low density, variable and perishable energy.
En effet, une manière d'exploiter la biomasse consiste à utiliser des plaquettes forestières, des produits connexes de scierie (sciure) ou des granulés de bois sans modification. Ces matières renouvelables sont très peu denses (il faut 5 à 8 volumes de plaquettes pour produire l'équivalent d'énergie d'un seul volume de charbon), ce qui implique une chaîne logistique et des outils surdimensionnés, sans parler de la variabilité des contenus des approvisionnements qui impacte le fonctionnement de la chaudière (humidité, cendres, métaux lourds, organiques, azote, chlore, soufre, poussières). Le granulé de bois (ou « white pellet ») est plus normalisé, mais il est cher, et ne résiste pas à l'exposition à l'eau et aux conditions extérieures. Enfin, la production de biogaz nécessite la gestion d'effluents liquides dilués, ou de solides humides peu transportables, et d'une utilisation localisée, souvent de taille réduite. Indeed, one way of exploiting biomass is to use woodchips, related sawmill products (sawdust) or wood pellets without modification. These renewable materials are very low in density (it takes 5 to 8 volumes of wafers to produce the energy equivalent of a single volume of coal), which involves an oversized supply chain and tools, not to mention the variability of contents of the supplies that impact the operation of the boiler (humidity, ash, heavy metals, organic, nitrogen, chlorine, sulfur, dust). The wood pellet (or “white pellet”) is more standardized, but it is expensive, and does not withstand exposure to water and outdoor conditions. Finally, the production of biogas requires the management of diluted liquid effluents, or wet solids that are difficult to transport, and of localized use, often of small size.
Pour contrevenir à ces problèmes, la biomasse ligno-cellulosique (bois, résidus agricoles, coproduits de l'agriculture et de l'agro-industrie) peut être transformée en un composé dense énergétiquement, transportable et facilement stockable qui permettrait de développer et consolider une filière industrielle d'énergie stationnaire (biocombustible utilisé en un point fixe, le foyer, contrairement aux biocarburants) et de réduire les impacts environnementaux (émission de C02 fossile, avec une biomasse sans fertilisants, ni phytosanitaires). Ce biocombustible solide, aussi appelé « granulés noirs » (ou « black pellet ») peut avantageusement remplacer le charbon, voire le fioul et le gaz dans des chaudières. To overcome these problems, lignocellulosic biomass (wood, agricultural residues, agricultural and agro-industrial co-products) can be transformed into an energetically dense compound, transportable and easily stored which would allow the development and consolidation of a stationary energy industrial sector (biofuel used at a fixed point, the home, unlike biofuels) and reduce environmental impacts (emission of fossil C02, with biomass without fertilizers or phytosanitary). This solid biofuel, also called “black pellets” (or “black pellet”) can advantageously replace coal, or even fuel oil and gas in boilers.
Il existe plusieurs moyens de densifier et stabiliser la biomasse ligno-cellulosique, notamment la carbonisation, la torréfaction et le vapocraquage. La première, qui permet de fabriquer du charbon de bois, implique un prix de la matière élevé du fait de perte importante de rendement (de l'ordre de 70 à 80%), et est réservée à des usages à haut prix de vente tels que le barbecue. La torréfaction est une technologie présentant un rendement acceptable (10% à 20% de perte), mais le prix reste prohibitif, et la technologie n'est pas mature. A ce jour, seul le vapocraquage semble viable techniquement, et économiquement à condition de contenir les coûts de production. Cette technologie permet de fabriquer des « granulés noirs » (ou « black pellets »). There are several ways to densify and stabilize lignocellulosic biomass, including carbonization, roasting, and steam cracking. The first, which makes it possible to manufacture charcoal, implies a high material price due to significant loss of yield (of the order of 70 to 80%), and is reserved for uses with high selling price such as barbecue. Roasting is a technology with an acceptable yield (10% to 20% loss), but the price remains prohibitive, and the technology is not mature. To date, only steam cracking seems technically viable, and economically, provided production costs are contained. This technology makes it possible to manufacture “black pellets” (or “black pellets”).
Le vapocraquage diffère d'un prétraitement hydrothermique, aussi appelé fractionnement aqueux, solvolyse, hydrothermolyse ou traitement hydrothermique, en ce que ce dernier consiste à utiliser de l'eau à haute température et à haute pression afin de promouvoir la désintégration et la séparation de la matrice lignocellulosique. Cette technique n'est pas adaptée à la production de granulés noirs puisque les produits obtenus sont majoritairement liquides. Steam cracking differs from hydrothermal pretreatment, also known as aqueous fractionation, solvolysis, hydrothermolysis or hydrothermal treatment, in that the latter involves using water at high temperature and pressure to promote the disintegration and separation of the gas. lignocellulosic matrix. This technique is not suitable for the production of black granules since the products obtained are predominantly liquid.
Le procédé de préparation de granulés noirs comprend schématiquement 3 étapes : 1) préparation de la matière première (broyage, séchage...), 2) vapocraquage et 3) granulation, toutes consommatrices d'énergie. The process for preparing black granules schematically comprises 3 steps: 1) preparation of the raw material (grinding, drying, etc.), 2) steam cracking and 3) granulation, all of which consume energy.
Dans le cas d'une usine fabriquant du black pellet de biomasse vapocraquée, il entre dans le vapocraqueur une biomasse séchée et de la vapeur propre d'eau chaude sous pression. Les deux flux sortant à l'issue du vapocraquage sont : In the case of a plant manufacturing black pellet of steam cracked biomass, a dried biomass and clean steam of pressurized hot water enter the steam cracker. The two streams leaving after steam cracking are:
• un flux solide de biomasse vapocraquée qui va être granulée, et • a solid stream of steam cracked biomass which will be granulated, and
• un flux gazeux de vapeur de plus faible pression contenant des composés organiques volatils (COV), appelés évaporats, issus du traitement de la biomasse. • a gaseous vapor stream of lower pressure containing volatile organic compounds (VOCs), called evaporates, resulting from the treatment of biomass.
Un des problèmes associés à la combustion de biomasse par vapocraquage est la production de ces évaporats chargés en COV qui peuvent être toxiques pour l'environnement. Il est donc nécessaire de traiter les évaporats pour éliminer les COV avant de libérer une vapeur d'eau propre hors du système. Pour ce faire, il est habituel de brûler les évaporats de sorte à ce que les COV se décomposent en CO2 et CO, molécules qui peuvent alors être libérées dans l'atmosphère sans danger pour l'environnement, sous forme de fumées blanches (vapeur d'eau). One of the problems associated with the combustion of biomass by steam cracking is the production of these evaporates loaded with VOCs which can be toxic to the environment. It is therefore necessary to treat the evaporates to remove VOCs before releasing clean water vapor out of the system. To do this, it is usual to burn the evaporates so that the VOCs decompose into CO2 and CO, molecules which can then be released into the atmosphere without endangering the environment, in the form of white fumes (vapor d 'water).
Etat de la technique State of the art
Des procédés de l'état de la technique font état de l'utilisation de l'énergie de coproduits dans des procédés de condensation de la biomasse. Prior art methods disclose the use of co-product energy in biomass condensation methods.
A titre d'exemple, le document US2014/309475 divulgue un procédé de traitement de biomasse solide intégrant l'énergie des co-produits comprenant une étape de vapocraquage ainsi qu'une étape d'injection des volatiles produits dans l'enceinte de vapocraquage avec de la vapeur de vapocraquage et une source d'énergétique extérieure dans la chaudière pour produire de la vapeur d'eau propre destinée au vapocraquage. Le procédé comprend en outre une étape selon laquelle la combustion pour alimenter la chaudière se fait à partir de biomasse traitée et d'évaporats issu du vapocraquage. L'énergie pour la production de vapeur de vapocraquage étant produite au moins en partie par la combustion desdits composés organiques recyclés. By way of example, document US2014 / 309475 discloses a solid biomass treatment process integrating the energy of the co-products comprising a steam cracking step as well as a step of injecting the volatiles produced into the steam cracking chamber with steam cracking and an external energy source in the boiler to produce clean water vapor for steam cracking. The method further comprises a step according to which the combustion to supply the boiler is carried out using treated biomass and evaporates resulting from steam cracking. The energy for the production of steam cracking being produced at least in part by the combustion of said recycled organic compounds.
Le document US2012/085023A1 concerne un procédé de traitement de biomasse solide intégrant l'énergie des co-produits. Le procédé divulgué comprend une étape de vapocraquage de biomasse dont les composés organiques volatils, produits dans l'enceinte de vapocraquage, sont injectés avec la vapeur de vapocraquage directement dans la chaudière pour produire de la vapeur d'eau propre destiné au vapocraquage. Document US2012 / 085023A1 relates to a solid biomass treatment process integrating the energy of the co-products. The disclosed process comprises a biomass steam cracking step in which the volatile organic compounds, produced in the steam cracking chamber, are injected with the steam cracking steam directly into the boiler to produce clean water steam intended for the steam cracking.
Le document US2017/314758A1 décrit un procédé comprenant une étape de vapocraquage de biomasse dont les composés organiques volatils produits dans l'enceinte de vapocraquage sont injectés, avec la vapeur de vapocraquage directement dans la chaudière pour produire de la vapeur d'eau propre au vapocraquage. Document US2017 / 314758A1 describes a process comprising a biomass steam cracking step in which the volatile organic compounds produced in the steam cracking chamber are injected with the steam cracking steam directly into the boiler to produce water vapor suitable for steam cracking. .
Les solutions de l'art antérieur présentent donc des limites et il reste souhaitable de diminuer les coûts de production de granulés noirs pour permettre leur utilisation industrielle. The solutions of the prior art therefore have limitations and it remains desirable to reduce the production costs of black granules to allow their industrial use.
Exposé de l'invention Disclosure of the invention
Les inventeurs proposent d'optimiser l'utilisation des coproduits du procédé de transformation pour réduire les coûts de production des granulés noirs. Plus précisément, il est proposé de brûler les évaporats dans une chaudière à biomasse générant de la vapeur comprimée servant au vapocraquage (recyclage), et pouvant aussi servir à un autre consommateur local (industriel utilisant de la vapeur, ou électricien turbinant la vapeur pour fabriquer de l'électricité). The inventors propose to optimize the use of the co-products of the transformation process to reduce the production costs of the black granules. More specifically, it is proposed to burn the evaporates in a biomass boiler generating compressed steam used for steam cracking (recycling), and which can also be used by another local consumer (industrialist using steam, or electrician turbining the steam to manufacture electricity).
Il est plus généralement proposé d'utiliser l'énergie associée aux évaporats et à la vapeur d'eau par introduction dans la chambre de combustion des composés organiques volatiles et d'au moins une partie de la vapeur d'eau recyclés et condensation de la vapeur d'eau. It is more generally proposed to use the energy associated with the evaporates and the water vapor by introducing volatile organic compounds and at least part of the recycled water vapor into the combustion chamber and condensing the vapor. water vapour.
Les autres types de production de matière combustible à partir de biomasse nécessitent des chaleurs sèches (granulés blancs ou torréfaction) qui utilisent souvent du gaz fossile. Le bilan environnemental est donc dégradé pour ces deux derniers types de production de biocombustible solide. Ces procédés ne génèrent pas de vapeur d'eau. Other types of fuel production from biomass require dry heat (white pellets or roasting) which often use fossil gas. The environmental balance is therefore degraded for these last two types of solid biofuel production. These processes do not generate water vapor.
Ainsi, l'invention consiste en un procédé de production de matière combustible solide intégrant l'énergie des coproduits comprenant une étape de vapocraquage de biomasse caractérisé en ce que : Thus, the invention consists of a process for the production of solid combustible material integrating the energy of the co-products comprising a biomass steam cracking step characterized in that:
• les composés organiques volatils produits dans l'enceinte de vapocraquage sont injectés, avec la vapeur de vapocraquage, directement dans la chambre de combustion de la chaudière pour produire de la vapeur d'eau propre destinée au vapocraquage et éventuellement à un autre consommateur d'énergie ; • the volatile organic compounds produced in the steam cracking chamber are injected, along with the steam cracking steam, directly into the combustion chamber of the boiler to produce clean water vapor intended for steam cracking and possibly another energy consumer;
• l'énergie pour la production de vapeur de vapocraquage est produite au moins en partie par l'introduction directement dans la chambre de combustion composés organiques volatils et de la vapeur d'eau recyclés. • the energy for the production of steam cracking is produced at least in part by the introduction directly into the combustion chamber of volatile organic compounds and recycled water vapor.
Le rendement de ce procédé peut être également être augmenté en condensant les vapeurs d'eau de combustion des évaporats pour sécher la biomasse avant vapocraquage. The efficiency of this process can also be increased by condensing the combustion water vapors from the evaporates to dry the biomass before steam cracking.
De plus, il est possible d'écorcer le bois utilisé comme matière première, ou de récupérer des écorces à partir d'une source externe et de brûler ces écorces dans la chaudière. In addition, it is possible to debark the wood used as a raw material, or to recover bark from an external source and burn these bark in the boiler.
Avantages de l'invention Advantages of the invention
Le procédé selon l'invention permet d'utiliser des sources d'énergie disponibles et habituellement non utilisées pour diminuer le bilan énergétique du procédé global et le rendre plus écologique. Ainsi, la réduction de rendement matière de la biomasse entrant dans le vapocraquage (généralement comprise entre 5% et 15%) n'est pas totalement perdue car elle génère de l'énergie. The method according to the invention makes it possible to use available energy sources that are usually not used to reduce the energy balance of the overall process and make it more ecological. Thus, the reduction in the material yield of the biomass entering the steam cracking (generally between 5% and 15%) is not totally lost because it generates energy.
Ce procédé comprend la récupération optimisée de l'énergie disponible au sein du dispositif de transformation de la biomasse par vapocraquage à savoir : This process comprises the optimized recovery of the energy available within the device for transforming biomass by steam cracking, namely:
l'énergie contenue dans les COV des évaporats générés par vapocraquage ; cette énergie est libérée par combustion des composés organiques volatils ; the energy contained in the VOCs of the evaporates generated by steam cracking; this energy is released by combustion of volatile organic compounds;
l'énergie contenue dans la vapeur d'eau accompagnant les évaporats (vapeur de vapocraquage), qui est soit introduite directement dans la chambre de combustion, soit récupérée par condensation ; the energy contained in the water vapor accompanying the evaporates (steam cracking vapor), which is either introduced directly into the combustion chamber or recovered by condensation;
l'énergie contenue dans la vapeur d'eau fabriquée par la combustion des évaporats, et récupérée par condensation ; the energy contained in the water vapor produced by the combustion of the evaporates, and recovered by condensation;
et éventuellement, de la même manière, l'énergie contenue dans les écorces et libérée par combustion, ainsi que la vapeur d'eau fabriquée lors de cette combustion et récupérée par condensation. L'originalité du procédé selon l'invention est donc d'utiliser l'énergie contenue dans les évaporats et dans la vapeur d'eau pour conserver/économiser l'énergie globale du procédé, au lieu de la laisser s'échapper. and optionally, in the same way, the energy contained in the bark and released by combustion, as well as the water vapor produced during this combustion and recovered by condensation. The originality of the process according to the invention is therefore to use the energy contained in the evaporates and in the water vapor to conserve / save the overall energy of the process, instead of letting it escape.
Cette boucle de recyclage de l'énergie est particulièrement adaptée au vapocraquage du fait que ce mode de combustion produit une grande quantité de vapeur d'eau contrairement aux autres méthodes telles que la torréfaction, la pyrolyse... qui fonctionnent en atmosphère sèche. This energy recycling loop is particularly suitable for steam cracking because this combustion method produces a large amount of water vapor unlike other methods such as roasting, pyrolysis, etc. which operate in a dry atmosphere.
Le fait d'utiliser l'énergie interne au système notamment pour le séchage des granulés et sous forme de vapeur d'eau introduite pour le vapocraquage augmente le rendement du procédé et le rend plus écologique. The fact of using the energy internal to the system in particular for drying the granules and in the form of water vapor introduced for the steam cracking increases the efficiency of the process and makes it more ecological.
Ce procédé est particulièrement avantageux lorsqu'il est appliqué à un traitement de la biomasse produisant de grandes quantités de COV, par exemple lorsque la sévérité des conditions de vapocraquage est élevée. Il est à noter que la sévérité est généralement contrôlée pour éviter la production de grandes quantités de COV qui diminuent le rendement du procédé puisque les évaporats sont des coproduits non utilisés dans les procédés classiques. Ici, le bilan énergétique intègre l'énergie associée aux évaporats et à la vapeur d'eau plutôt que de la comptabiliser dans les pertes. Ce procédé autorise donc la mise en œuvre de conditions sévères puisque les pertes de matières combustibles sont en fait compensées puisqu' utilisées pour produire de l'énergie. This process is particularly advantageous when applied to a treatment of biomass producing large amounts of VOCs, for example when the severity of the steam cracking conditions is high. It should be noted that the severity is generally controlled to avoid the production of large quantities of VOCs which reduce the yield of the process since the evaporates are co-products not used in conventional processes. Here, the energy balance incorporates the energy associated with evaporates and water vapor rather than counting it in losses. This process therefore allows the implementation of severe conditions since the losses of combustible materials are in fact compensated since they are used to produce energy.
De manière avantageuse, lorsque le bois introduit dans le système est préalablement traité pour enlever l'écorces, ces écorces sont introduites dans la chaudière. L'écorce, qui est la fraction la moins intéressante pour les applications visées (souvent moins calorique, plus minéralisée et potentiellement contaminée par des polluants), devient alors un coproduit résiduel qu'il est possible d'exploiter en le brûlant dans la chaudière servant notamment à produire de la vapeur d'eau pour le vapocraquage, ou destinée à d'autres besoins industriels. Un tel procédé de traitement de la biomasse solide incluant le recyclage des évaporats et de la vapeur d'eau, voire des écorces, est donc particulièrement avantageux d'un point de vue industriel, économique et écologique puisqu'il procure un gain énergétique pouvant aller jusqu'à 30% par rapport à un procédé laissant échapper l'énergie de la vapeur d'eau et celle potentielle des évaporats. Advantageously, when the wood introduced into the system is previously treated to remove the bark, these bark are introduced into the boiler. The bark, which is the least interesting fraction for the targeted applications (often less caloric, more mineralized and potentially contaminated by pollutants), then becomes a residual co-product that can be exploited by burning it in the boiler serving in particular to produce steam for steam cracking, or intended for other industrial needs. Such a method of treating solid biomass including the recycling of the evaporates and of the water vapor, or even of the bark, is therefore particularly advantageous from an industrial, economic and ecological point of view since it provides an energy saving which can range from up to 30% compared to a process allowing the energy of the water vapor and the potential of the evaporates to escape.
DESCRIPTION DETAILLEE DE L'INVENTION DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
L'invention concerne un procédé de traitement de biomasse solide intégrant l'énergie des coproduits comprenant une étape de vapocraquage de biomasse, caractérisé en ce que : les composés organiques volatils produits dans l'enceinte de vapocraquage sont injectés, avec la vapeur de vapocraquage, directement dans la chaudière pour produire de la vapeur d'eau propre destinée au vapocraquage et éventuellement à un autre consommateur d'énergie; The invention relates to a method for treating solid biomass integrating the energy of the co-products comprising a biomass steam cracking step, characterized in that: the volatile organic compounds produced in the steam cracking chamber are injected with the steam cracking steam, directly in the boiler to produce clean water vapor intended for steam cracking and possibly another energy consumer;
l'énergie pour la production de vapeur de vapocraquage étant produite au moins en partie par la combustion desdits composés organiques volatils recyclés. the energy for the production of steam cracking being produced at least in part by the combustion of said recycled volatile organic compounds.
Il est précisé que la vapeur d'eau associée aux COV produite lors du vapocraquage peut elle aussi être recyclée pour produire de l'énergie par introduction directe dans la chambre de combustion de la chaudière (tout comme les COV). It is specified that the water vapor associated with VOCs produced during steam cracking can also be recycled to produce energy by direct introduction into the combustion chamber of the boiler (just like VOCs).
Il est précisé que la chaudière comporte deux compartiments ; une première zone de combustion dans laquelle se trouve le foyer avec la flamme (partie inférieure) et une seconde zone qui correspond à la zone d'échange des vapeurs (partie supérieure). Ainsi, lorsque l'on injecte les COV et la vapeur d'eau pour combustion « directement dans la chaudière », on entend dans la zone de combustion. It is specified that the boiler has two compartments; a first combustion zone in which the hearth with the flame is located (lower part) and a second zone which corresponds to the vapor exchange zone (upper part). Thus, when VOCs and water vapor for combustion are injected “directly into the boiler”, we mean in the combustion zone.
Dans un mode de réalisation particulier, l'énergie pour la production de vapeur de vapocraquage est produite en mode mixte comprenant la combustion des COV recyclés et la combustion d'une source énergétique extérieure principale. Dans un mode de réalisation particulier alternatif, l'énergie pour la production de vapeur de vapocraquage est produite par la combustion des COV ainsi que par condensation de la vapeur d'eau disponible dans la chaudière, et éventuellement une source énergétique extérieure. In a particular embodiment, the energy for the production of steam cracking steam is produced in mixed mode comprising the combustion of the recycled VOCs and the combustion of a main external energy source. In one embodiment particularly alternative, the energy for the production of steam cracking steam is produced by the combustion of VOCs as well as by condensation of the water vapor available in the boiler, and possibly an external energy source.
Ainsi, l'invention concerne un procédé de traitement de biomasse solide intégrant l'énergie des coproduits comprenant une étape de vapocraquage de biomasse, caractérisé en ce que : les composés organiques volatils produits dans l'enceinte de vapocraquage sont injectés, avec la vapeur de vapocraquage, directement dans la chaudière pour produire de la vapeur d'eau propre destinée au vapocraquage et éventuellement à un autre consommateur d'énergie ; Thus, the invention relates to a method for treating solid biomass integrating the energy of the co-products comprising a biomass steam cracking step, characterized in that: the volatile organic compounds produced in the steam cracking chamber are injected, with the steam from steam cracking, directly in the boiler to produce clean water vapor intended for steam cracking and possibly another energy consumer;
l'énergie pour la production de vapeur de vapocraquage étant produite au moins en partie par la combustion desdits composés organiques volatils recyclés, the energy for the production of steam cracking being produced at least in part by the combustion of said recycled volatile organic compounds,
l'énergie pour la production de vapeur de vapocraquage étant produite au moins en partie par l'introduction dans la chambre de combustion d'au moins une partie ou de toute la vapeur accompagnant les COV ; cette vapeur d'eau est préférentiellement introduite immédiatement et directement dans la chambre de combustion de la chaudière pour minimiser la perte d'énergie. the energy for the production of steam cracking vapor being produced at least in part by introducing into the combustion chamber at least part or all of the vapor accompanying the VOCs; this water vapor is preferably introduced immediately and directly into the combustion chamber of the boiler to minimize energy loss.
De plus, dans des modes de mise en œuvre particuliers, In addition, in particular modes of implementation,
l'énergie pour la production de vapeur de vapocraquage peut être produite au moins en partie par la condensation d'au moins une partie ou de toute la vapeur accompagnant les COV ; the energy for the production of steam cracking vapor can be produced at least in part by the condensation of at least part or all of the vapor accompanying the VOCs;
l'énergie pour la production de vapeur de vapocraquage peut au moins en partie provenir d'une source énergétique extérieure ; the energy for the production of steam cracking steam may at least in part come from an external energy source;
l'énergie contenue dans la vapeur d'eau peut être récupérée par condensation. the energy contained in the water vapor can be recovered by condensation.
Ces modes de mise en œuvre peuvent être combinés entre eux. These modes of implementation can be combined with one another.
Dans un mode de réalisation particulier, la biomasse ainsi traitée sert à la production de matière combustible à haut pouvoir calorifique, notamment en granulé noirs. Dans un autre mode de réalisation particulier, la biomasse ainsi traitée est utilisée en tant que substrat pulvérulent pour des applications en chimie verte et en biotechnologies. In a particular embodiment, the biomass thus treated is used for the production of combustible material with a high calorific value, in particular in black granules. In another particular embodiment, the biomass thus treated is used as a pulverulent substrate for applications in green chemistry and in biotechnology.
Ainsi, l'invention concerne l'utilisation de la biomasse traitée selon le procédé de l'invention soit pour produire de la matière combustible à haut pouvoir calorifique, soit en tant que substrat pulvérulent pour des applications en chimie verte et en biotechnologies. Thus, the invention relates to the use of the biomass treated according to the process of the invention either to produce combustible material with a high calorific value, or as a pulverulent substrate for applications in green chemistry and in biotechnology.
Par « matière combustible solide » au sens de l'invention, on entend une poudre (black powder) ou des granulés noirs (black pellet) obtenus par compression de la black powder, cette poudre et ces granulés étant constitués de biomasse vapocraquée. The term “solid combustible material” within the meaning of the invention is understood to mean a powder (black powder) or black granules (black pellet) obtained by compression of the black powder, this powder and these granules consisting of steam cracked biomass.
Des granulés noirs à haut pouvoir calorifique peuvent être obtenus grâce à un procédé de transformation de la biomasse par vapocraquage en conditions sévères. Dans un mode de réalisation particulier, un tel procédé est mis en œuvre comme suit : Black granules with high calorific value can be obtained thanks to a process for transforming biomass by steam cracking under severe conditions. In a particular embodiment, such a method is implemented as follows:
- obtention, à partir de plaquettes de bois, de fragments de bois dont la dimension est comprise entre 0,5 et 14 mm et présentant un taux d'humidité compris entre 5 et 27% ; - Obtaining, from wood chips, fragments of wood whose size is between 0.5 and 14 mm and having a moisture content of between 5 and 27%;
- introduction en continu d'un volume prédéterminé par minute desdits fragments de bois dans un réacteur sous pression, ledit réacteur étant alimenté en vapeur d'eau sensiblement saturée dont la pression est comprise entre 10 et 25 bars et la température est comprise entre 180 et 220°C ; - Continuous introduction of a predetermined volume per minute of said wood fragments into a pressurized reactor, said reactor being supplied with substantially saturated water vapor, the pressure of which is between 10 and 25 bars and the temperature is between 180 and 220 ° C;
- exposition des fragments de bois introduits dans ledit réacteur à ladite vapeur d'eau pendant une durée suffisante pour obtenir un vapocraquage comprise entre 5 et 30 minutes, la valeur de ladite durée d'exposition et la valeur de la température de ladite vapeur sensiblement saturée étant sélectionnées de sorte que le facteur de sévérité soit compris entre 3 et 5, de préférence entre 3,5 et 4; exposure of the wood fragments introduced into said reactor to said water vapor for a period sufficient to obtain a steam cracking of between 5 and 30 minutes, the value of said exposure time and the value of the temperature of said substantially saturated vapor being selected so that the severity factor is between 3 and 5, preferably between 3.5 and 4;
- extraction en continu dudit réacteur d'un même volume prédéterminé de fragments de bois par minute, au travers d'une pluralité d'orifices débouchant dans un conduit sensiblement à la pression atmosphérique, de sorte à provoquer une décompression explosive desdits fragments de bois extraits dudit réacteur dans ledit conduit ; - Continuous extraction from said reactor of the same predetermined volume of wood fragments per minute, through a plurality of orifices opening into a duct substantially at atmospheric pressure, so as to cause explosive decompression of said extracted wood fragments from said reactor in said conduit;
- séparation desdits fragments de bois décompressés et de la vapeur résiduelle extraite dudit réacteur, lesdits fragments de bois obtenus après séparation formant ladite matière combustible sous forme de poudre. - Separation of said decompressed wood fragments and of the residual vapor extracted from said reactor, said wood fragments obtained after separation forming said combustible material in powder form.
Les fragments de bois récoltés sous forme de poudre à la sortie du séparateur sont ensuite séchés jusqu'à ce que leur taux humidité atteigne 10%, avant d'être éventuellement compactés sous forme de granulés destinés à être utilisés comme combustible. Il est possible de procéder à une humidification des fragments de bois obtenus après séparation afin de faciliter la granulation. The wood fragments collected in powder form at the outlet of the separator are then dried until their humidity level reaches 10%, before being optionally compacted in the form of granules intended to be used as fuel. It is possible to humidify the wood fragments obtained after separation in order to facilitate granulation.
Le Facteur de Sévérité du traitement est défini par la formule : FS=Logl0(temps(min)*exp((T°C-100) /14.75)). Plus la température est élevée et plus la durée de traitement est longue, plus la sévérité augmente, plus on constate de transformation dans le produit, plus on perd de la matière carbonée dans les évaporats. The Treatment Severity Factor is defined by the formula: FS = Log10 (time (min) * exp ((T ° C-100) /14.75)). The higher the temperature and the longer the treatment time, the more the severity increases, the more transformation is observed in the product, the more carbonaceous material is lost in the evaporates.
La matière combustible solide à haut pouvoir calorifique (granulés noirs) obtenue par mise en œuvre du procédé tel que défini précédemment présente un pouvoir calorifique supérieur ou égal à 5 MWh/t, de préférence supérieur ou égale à 5,6 MWh/t. Elle présente une augmentation en masse inférieure ou égale à 10% après immersion complète dans un récipient d'eau pendant une heure et égouttage pendant 30 minutes. Cette matière combustible est utilisable dans les fours industriels, et les chaudières et poêles domestiques. La condensation d'une biomasse ligno-cellulosique par vapocraquage produit un évaporat qui doit être nettoyé des COV et cela demande de l'énergie et des équipements de lavage spécifiques. L'avantage du procédé selon l'invention est que l'énergie des coproduits est recyclée à savoir que les évaporats sont brûlés et que l'énergie produite par la combustion des COV sous forme de vapeur d'eau est réutilisée ainsi que les autres vapeurs d'eau propres disponibles, en particulier celle résultant du vapocraquage. The solid combustible material with high calorific value (black granules) obtained by implementing the process as defined above has a calorific value greater than or equal to 5 MWh / t, preferably greater than or equal to 5.6 MWh / t. It exhibits an increase in mass of less than or equal to 10% after complete immersion in a container of water for one hour and draining for 30 minutes. This combustible material can be used in industrial furnaces, and domestic boilers and stoves. The condensation of lignocellulosic biomass by steam cracking produces an evaporate which must be cleaned of VOCs and this requires energy and specific washing equipment. The advantage of the process according to the invention is that the energy of the co-products is recycled, namely that the evaporates are burnt and that the energy produced by the combustion VOCs in the form of water vapor is reused as well as other available clean water vapor, in particular that resulting from steam cracking.
Il est à noter que la nature des effluents dépend de la méthode utilisée pour condenser la biomasse. Le vapocraquage produit des effluents chargés en COV riches en énergie ainsi qu'une quantité importante de vapeur d'eau (par rapport aux méthodes alternatives de condensation de la biomasse). Cette spécificité justifie pleinement un intérêt à recycler cette énergie disponible. Cela est d'autant plus vrai lorsque les conditions appliquées pour le vapocraquage sont sévères. It should be noted that the nature of the effluents depends on the method used to condense the biomass. Steam cracking produces energy-rich VOC-laden effluents as well as a significant amount of water vapor (compared to alternative methods of biomass condensation). This specificity fully justifies an interest in recycling this available energy. This is all the more true when the conditions applied for the steam cracking are severe.
D'autre part, dans une chaudière pilotée, les paramètres seront ajustés en fonction de la pression et/ou des caractéristiques chimiques de l'effluent produit. Une chaudière adossée à un vapocraqueur aura donc un mode de fonctionnement spécifique. On the other hand, in a controlled boiler, the parameters will be adjusted according to the pressure and / or the chemical characteristics of the effluent produced. A boiler backed by a steam cracker will therefore have a specific operating mode.
Dans un mode de réalisation préféré de l'invention, le procédé comprend en outre une étape de condensation d'au moins une partie des vapeurs d'eau de combustion des évaporats pour séchage de la biomasse avant vapocraquage. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the process further comprises a step of condensing at least part of the combustion water vapors of the evaporates for drying the biomass before steam cracking.
En effet, les vapeurs d'eau de combustion des évaporats peuvent être condensées : en cédant leur chaleur par des boucles chaudes à de l'air pulsé, elles alimentent un courant de séchage de la matière première, qui permet une réduction d'humidité. Ainsi la biomasse rentre plus sèche au vapocraquage. La quantité d'énergie consommée pour réchauffer la biomasse est alors plus faible car il y a beaucoup moins d'eau à chauffer (5 à 10% au lieu de 40 à 50% d'eau). Le produit vapocraqué sort entre 5 et 10%, donc granulable et délivrant un granulé noir plus dense énergétiquement. In fact, the vapors of water from the combustion of the evaporates can be condensed: by transferring their heat through hot loops to pulsed air, they supply a current for drying the raw material, which allows a reduction in humidity. Thus, the biomass returns drier to steam cracking. The amount of energy consumed to heat the biomass is then lower because there is much less water to heat (5 to 10% instead of 40 to 50% water). The steam-cracked product leaves between 5 and 10%, therefore granulatable and delivering a black granule which is more energy dense.
Dans un autre mode de réalisation préféré, le procédé comprend en outre une étape de condensation d'au moins une partie des vapeurs d'eau de vapocraquage pour séchage de la biomasse avant vapocraquage. In another preferred embodiment, the method further comprises a step of condensing at least part of the steam cracking water vapors for drying the biomass before steam cracking.
Si l'énergie générée sous forme de vapeur d'eau dans la chaudière, notamment par combustion des COV, n'est pas totalement mobilisée pour la production de vapeur d'eau de vapocraquage ou pour le séchage de la biomasse, il est possible de la mettre à disposition d'un autre consommateur d'énergie local tel qu'un industriel utilisant de la vapeur ou un électricien turbinant la vapeur pour produire de l'énergie et situé à proximité de l'unité de vapocraquage. "A proximité" s'entend d'une distance permettant le transport de l'énergie par sous forme de vapeur, donc via un système relié. If the energy generated in the form of water vapor in the boiler, in particular by combustion of VOCs, is not fully mobilized for the production of steam cracking water or for drying the biomass, it is possible to make it available to another local energy consumer, such as an industrialist using steam or an electrician using steam to produce energy and located near the steam cracking unit. "Nearby" means a distance allowing the transport of energy in the form of steam, therefore via a connected system.
Par « biomasse » au sens de l'invention, on entend la biomasse ligno-cellulosique provenant aussi bien de résidus agricoles et forestiers, de sous-produits de transformation du bois que de cultures dédiées. Il peut s'agir en particulier de plaquettes de bois, avec ou sans écorces. La qualité de cette matière première influencera directement la qualité et les caractéristiques énergétiques de la matière combustible solide. A titre d'exemple, les bois les plus utilisés sont les feuillus et les résineux. By “biomass” within the meaning of the invention, is meant lignocellulosic biomass originating both from agricultural and forestry residues, by-products of wood processing and from dedicated crops. It may be in particular wood chips, with or without bark. The quality of this raw material will directly influence the quality and characteristics energies of solid combustible material. For example, the most widely used woods are hardwoods and softwoods.
De plus amples intégrations énergétiques sont possibles puisque par définition les sites de production de granulés noirs par vapocraquage sont des sites de production de vapeur à partir de biomasse : on peut donc sélectionner les meilleurs bois ou parties de bois pour la fabrication des granulés, et les moins nobles sont brûlés pour l'énergie endogène. Further energy integrations are possible since by definition the sites for the production of black granules by steam cracking are sites for the production of steam from biomass: we can therefore select the best wood or parts of wood for the manufacture of the pellets, and the less noble are burnt for endogenous energy.
Dans un mode de réalisation avantageux, les écorces issues de l'écorçage de la biomasse sont valorisées, en tant que combustible permettant d'alimenter la chaudière pour la production de vapeur. L'écorçage a pour objectif de réduire les minéraux dans les granulés noirs (localisés majoritairement dans l'écorce) et d'extraire la fraction la moins calorifique du bois, l'écorce, pour engendrer des granulés noirs plus énergétiques. De plus, le fait de brûler les résidus d'écorces dans la chaudière permet de valoriser l'énergie qu'elles contiennent et d'augmenter le rendement global du procédé en diminuant les pertes de matière première. In an advantageous embodiment, the bark obtained from the debarking of the biomass is valorized, as fuel making it possible to supply the boiler for the production of steam. The purpose of the debarking is to reduce the minerals in the black granules (located mainly in the bark) and to extract the least calorific fraction of the wood, the bark, to generate more energetic black granules. In addition, the fact of burning the bark residues in the boiler makes it possible to recover the energy they contain and to increase the overall efficiency of the process by reducing the losses of raw material.
Dans un mode de réalisation particulier, la biomasse vapocraquée est constituée de bois et le procédé selon l'invention comprend en outre : In a particular embodiment, the steam cracked biomass consists of wood and the method according to the invention further comprises:
i) une étape la séparation des écorces de ladite biomasse avant vapocraquage et ii) une étape de combustion desdites écorces dans ladite chaudière. i) a step of separating the bark from said biomass before steam cracking and ii) a step of burning said bark in said boiler.
Il est également possible d'introduire dans la chaudière des écorces résiduelles et autres biomasses et coproduits peu valorisables en granulés noirs ou provenant d'un autre procédé en tant que matière première combustible pour la production d'énergie et de vapeur d'eau condensable. It is also possible to introduce into the boiler residual bark and other biomass and co-products that are not very valuable in black granules or coming from another process as a combustible raw material for the production of energy and of condensable water vapor.
Ainsi, dans un mode de réalisation particulier, la biomasse introduite dans la chaudière comprend des écorces. Thus, in a particular embodiment, the biomass introduced into the boiler comprises bark.
BREVE DESCRIPTION DES FIGURES BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
Figure 1 : Schéma représentant un mode de mise en œuvre du procédé selon l'invention intégrant le recyclage de l'énergie des coproduits. Figure 1: Diagram showing an embodiment of the method according to the invention integrating the recycling of the energy of the co-products.
EXEMPLE EXAMPLE
La fabrication du granulé noir (ou black pellet) remplace le broyage-affinage utilisé lors de la fabrication du granulé blanc (ou white pellet) par le vapocraquage qui consomme de l'énergie électrique et majoritairement de l'énergie thermique de la vapeur. Le procédé de fabrication fabrication de granulé noir produit de l'énergie non utilisée antérieurement et que le présent procédé selon l'invention permet de valoriser. En effet, le produit sortant voit l'énergie des évaporats (environ 180 kWh / tonne de granulé noir) et des écorces (environ 260 kWh/ tonne de granulé noir) récupérées sous forme d'énergie thermique, soit 440 kWh/ tonne de granulé noir. Par ailleurs, la condensation de l'eau, amenée par l'humidité des écorces, ainsi que celle issue de la combustion des écorces et des évaporats, permet de générer 80 kWh/ tonne de granulé noir. Enfin, la vapeur de vapocraquage, qui est un fluide vecteur qui cède sa chaleur sensible et conserve sa chaleur latente, génère aussi 290 kWh/ tonne de granulé noir. The manufacture of black granules (or black pellet) replaces the grinding-refining used during the manufacture of white granules (or white pellet) by steam cracking which consumes electrical energy and mainly thermal energy from steam. The manufacturing process for manufacturing black granulate produces energy not previously used and which the present process according to the invention makes it possible to use. Indeed, the outgoing product sees the energy of the evaporates (approximately 180 kWh / tonne of black granulate) and bark (approximately 260 kWh / tonne of black granule) recovered in the form of thermal energy, i.e. 440 kWh / tonne of granule. black. In addition, the condensation of the water, brought by the humidity of the bark, as well as that resulting from the combustion of the bark and the evaporates, makes it possible to generate 80 kWh / tonne of black granulate. Finally, the steam cracking, which is a carrier fluid which transfers its sensible heat and retains its latent heat, also generates 290 kWh / tonne of black granulate.
Au final ce sont 810 kWh/ tonne de granulé noir d'énergie qui sont récupérées lors de la valorisation des évaporats et des écorces (et 500 kWh/ tonne de granulé noir pour les évaporats seuls, spécifiques du granulé noir, sans tenir compte de la valorisation des écorces, qui peut aussi avoir lieu avec le granulé blanc). Les besoins énergétiques pour la production du granulé noir sont de 830 kWh/ tonne de granulé noir pour le séchage et de 430 kWh/ tonne de granulé noir pour le vapocraquage, soit 1260 kWh/ tonne de granulé noir. In the end, 810 kWh / tonne of black energy granulate are recovered during the recovery of the evaporates and bark (and 500 kWh / tonne of black granulate for the evaporates alone, specific to the black granulate, without taking into account the recovery of the bark, which can also take place with the white granulate). The energy requirements for the production of black granulate are 830 kWh / tonne of black granulate for drying and 430 kWh / tonne of black granulate for steam cracking, or 1260 kWh / tonne of black granulate.
Ainsi, les besoins énergétiques thermiques pour la production de granulé noir sont couverts à 64% par des ressources renouvelables (coproduits évaporats et écorces) et par l'intégration thermique (énergie de combustion et de condensation, recyclage des flux de vapeur). Thus, the thermal energy needs for the production of black granules are covered at 64% by renewable resources (evaporate co-products and bark) and by thermal integration (combustion and condensation energy, recycling of vapor flows).
Dans le cas du granulé blanc, le séchage seul (environ 830 kWh aussi) est couvert par seulement 310 kWh de valorisation des écorces, soit 37% de couverture énergétique thermique. In the case of white granules, drying alone (around 830 kWh also) is covered by only 310 kWh of bark recovery, or 37% of thermal energy coverage.
Le procédé de préparation du granulé noir présente donc un gain énergétique de 27% par rapport) celui du granulé blanc qui doit utiliser des ressources énergétiques supplémentaires exogènes. The process for preparing the black granule therefore has an energy saving of 27% compared to that of the white granule, which must use additional exogenous energy resources.

Claims

REVENDICATIONS
1. Procédé de traitement de biomasse solide intégrant l'énergie des coproduits comprenant une étape de vapocraquage et caractérisé en ce que : 1. A method of treating solid biomass integrating the energy of the co-products comprising a steam cracking step and characterized in that:
• les composés organiques volatils produits dans l'enceinte de vapocraquage sont injectés, avec la vapeur de vapocraquage, directement dans la chambre de combustion de la chaudière pour produire de la vapeur d'eau propre destinée au vapocraquage et éventuellement à un autre consommateur d'énergie ; • the volatile organic compounds produced in the steam cracking chamber are injected, along with the steam cracking steam, directly into the combustion chamber of the boiler to produce clean water steam intended for the steam cracking and possibly to another consumer of energy;
• l'énergie pour la production de vapeur de vapocraquage étant produite au moins en partie par l'introduction dans la chambre de combustion desdits composés organiques volatils et d'au moins une partie de la vapeur d'eau recyclés • the energy for the production of steam cracking being produced at least in part by the introduction into the combustion chamber of said volatile organic compounds and at least part of the recycled water vapor
et comprenant, en outre, une étape de condensation d'au moins une partie des vapeurs d'eau provenant du vapocraquage et issues de la combustion des évaporats pour séchage de ladite biomasse avant vapocraquage. and further comprising a step of condensing at least part of the water vapors originating from the steam cracking and resulting from the combustion of the evaporates for drying said biomass before steam cracking.
2. Procédé selon la revendication 1 dans lequel l'énergie pour la production de vapeur de vapocraquage est également produite par la combustion d'une source énergétique extérieure. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the energy for the production of steam cracking steam is also produced by the combustion of an external energy source.
3. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 2 dans lequel ledit autre consommateur d'énergie est choisi parmi un industriel utilisant de la vapeur ou un électricien turbinant la vapeur pour produire de l'énergie. 3. Method according to one of claims 1 to 2 wherein said other energy consumer is chosen from an industrialist using steam or an electrician turbining the steam to produce energy.
4. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes dans lequel la biomasse est une matière première ligno-cellulosique telle que le bois entier ou le bois sans écorce. 4. Method according to one of the preceding claims, in which the biomass is a lignocellulosic raw material such as whole wood or wood without bark.
5. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes dans lequel ladite biomasse est constituée de bois et comprend en outre : 5. Method according to one of the preceding claims wherein said biomass consists of wood and further comprises:
i) une étape de séparation des écorces de ladite biomasse avant vapocraquage et ii) une étape de combustion desdites écorces dans ladite chaudière. i) a step of separating the bark from said biomass before steam cracking and ii) a step of burning said bark in said boiler.
6. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes dans lequel ladite biomasse introduite dans ladite chaudière comprend des écorces. 6. Method according to one of the preceding claims wherein said biomass introduced into said boiler comprises bark.
EP20731914.6A 2019-05-03 2020-04-30 Method for treating solid biomass by steam cracking integrating the energy of the co-products Withdrawn EP3963028A1 (en)

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