WO2020252984A1 - 超重力环境悬挂式多场耦合作用下材料性能测试系统 - Google Patents

超重力环境悬挂式多场耦合作用下材料性能测试系统 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2020252984A1
WO2020252984A1 PCT/CN2019/110031 CN2019110031W WO2020252984A1 WO 2020252984 A1 WO2020252984 A1 WO 2020252984A1 CN 2019110031 W CN2019110031 W CN 2019110031W WO 2020252984 A1 WO2020252984 A1 WO 2020252984A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
cavity
furnace
heat insulation
insulation layer
shell
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PCT/CN2019/110031
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
韦华
王江伟
林伟岸
张泽
陈云敏
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Zhejiang University
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Zhejiang University
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N2203/0014—Type of force applied
    • G01N2203/0026—Combination of several types of applied forces
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
    • G01N2203/022—Environment of the test
    • G01N2203/0222—Temperature
    • G01N2203/0226—High temperature; Heating means

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the technical field of material performance testing, in particular to a system and method for testing material performance under the coupling action of a suspended volume force-face force-temperature in a supergravity environment.
  • the gas inlet temperature before the turbine has developed from 1400-1500K in the 1970s to 1600-1750K at the beginning of this century. Up to 2000-2200K, which puts forward higher performance requirements for the core hot end components of the engine.
  • the high-pressure turbine blades have long been in service under coupled loading conditions such as high temperature, high pressure, high speed, and alternating load.
  • the turbine blades When in service, the turbine blades rotate at a high speed around the axis of the engine. Its function is to use gas expansion to do work and convert the potential energy and thermal energy of the gas into mechanical power of the rotor. Therefore, the turbine blades mainly bear centrifugal load, thermal load, and aerodynamic load during service. Coupling with vibration load.
  • the centrifugal stress generated by the centrifugal load belongs to the volume force.
  • the bending and torsion structure blades that make the stacking line and the radial line do not completely overlap, at the same time generate radial tensile stress, torsional stress and bending stress.
  • the thermal stress generated by thermal load is closely related to geometric constraints.
  • the aerodynamic force generated by aerodynamic load is a kind of surface distributed pressure, which belongs to area force, which acts on each surface of the blade and is unevenly distributed along the blade height and width direction. Therefore, the turbine blades undergo shear deformation, tensile deformation and torsion deformation simultaneously under the combined action of radial tensile stress, torsional stress, bending stress and thermal stress, which is obviously different from the deformation behavior under uniaxial stress in the laboratory. .
  • the solid phase diffusion of atoms is the root cause of the evolution of the microstructure during the service process of the material.
  • the dynamic coupling of volume force-face force-temperature generated by the high-speed rotation of the blade significantly increases the diffusion rate of atoms at defects such as interfaces, dislocations, and cavities.
  • the evolution of the microstructure is different from the axial force.
  • the precipitated phases with different densities under the action of supergravity, due to their elastic modulus, thermal expansion, etc. produce complex and incompatible plastic deformations between the precipitated phases, which further increases the drive for the relative movement of materials of different densities. Force, and then generate huge internal stress in the material, causing the damage mechanism of the material to be significantly different from the damage mechanism of the material under the action of surface force.
  • the present invention pioneered to provide a simple assembly, convenient use, high safety factor, and can be used in supergravity conditions.
  • Material performance testing system this device is suitable for 1g-2500g high gravity environment, the temperature is from room temperature to 1600°C, and the maximum surface force provided is 300kN.
  • the invention includes a hoisting airtight cabin, a load-bearing frame, a high-temperature furnace, a mechanical testing device, and a buffer device; the hoisting airtight cabin is fixedly installed with a load-bearing frame and a high-temperature furnace, the load-bearing frame is covered outside the high-temperature furnace, and the buffer device is installed in the high-temperature furnace At the bottom of the inner, the upper and lower ends of the mechanical testing device are connected to the top of the bearing frame and the bottom of the high-temperature furnace, and the sample connection is installed at the end of the mechanical testing device.
  • the hoisting sealed cabin includes an upper sealed dome and a hoisting sealed cavity.
  • the hoisting sealed cavity is provided with a cavity inside, the upper end of the cavity is open, and the two side walls of the hoisting sealed cavity are outwardly connected with cabin lifting lugs 13.
  • the cabin lugs on both sides are hingedly connected to the rotating arm of the gondola of the ultragravity centrifuge, and the upper sealed dome is connected to the cavity opening end surface of the lifting sealed cavity by bolts and connected in a sealed manner; the upper sealed dome is provided with There is a host interface.
  • the host interface is used to connect the vacuum system's air extraction interface, the pressure gauge interface to monitor the pressure in the furnace, the safety valve interface to control the pressure in the furnace, the heating electrode interface flange of the heating system, the temperature measurement system, and the deformation measurement Vacuum connection cable socket.
  • the load-bearing frame includes a tie rod fixing dome, a fixing ring and a column.
  • the two fixing rings are arranged up and down in parallel and opposite each other.
  • the two fixing rings are fixedly connected by a plurality of columns to form a cylindrical shell, and the upper fixing ring is fixed
  • a tie rod fixed dome is installed.
  • the tie rod fixed dome is an arc-shaped boss structure.
  • the lower fixing ring is fixed to the inner bottom surface of the hoisting sealed cavity cavity by bolts.
  • the tie rod fixed dome and the column are fixed by two fixed rings to prevent deformation under stress.
  • the tie rod fixed dome adopts a circular arc design; the top of the mechanical testing device is installed on the tie rod fixed dome, and the lower end is connected to the sample after passing through the high temperature furnace.
  • the high-temperature furnace is fixed in the high-gravity test cabin, and the high-temperature furnace includes an upper furnace body, a middle furnace body, a lower furnace body, a heat insulation layer, a high-strength furnace tube, and a heating element which are arranged and connected from top to bottom.
  • the upper furnace body is mainly composed of the upper heat insulation cover, the upper cavity shell, the upper cavity middle shell, the upper cavity heat insulation layer, the upper cavity lower fixed cover, the upper cavity shell, the upper cavity
  • the middle shell and the heat insulation layer of the upper cavity are installed from the outside to the inside to form a three-layer structure of the upper furnace.
  • the upper heat insulation cover and the lower fixed cover of the upper cavity are respectively installed on the upper and lower ends of the three-layer structure of the upper furnace so that the upper furnace three
  • the layer structure is fixedly connected.
  • the middle furnace body is mainly composed of the middle heat insulation cover , Middle cavity shell, middle cavity middle shell, middle cavity heat insulation layer, middle cavity bottom fixed cover, middle cavity shell, middle cavity middle shell, middle cavity heat insulation layer are installed from outside to inside respectively A three-layer structure of the middle furnace is formed.
  • the middle heat insulation cover and the lower fixed cover of the middle cavity are respectively installed at the upper and lower ends of the three-layer structure of the middle furnace so that the three-layer structure of the middle furnace is fixedly connected.
  • the furnace body is mainly composed of a lower heat insulation cover, a lower cavity shell, a lower cavity middle shell, a lower cavity heat insulation layer, and a lower fixed cover of the lower cavity.
  • the lower cavity shell, the lower cavity middle shell, and the lower cavity partition The thermal layers are installed from the outside to the inside to form a three-layer structure of the lower furnace.
  • the lower heat insulation cover and the lower fixed cover of the lower cavity are respectively installed on the upper and lower ends of the three-layer structure of the lower furnace so that the three-layer structure of the lower furnace is fixedly connected, and the lower cavity There are gaps between the shell and the middle shell of the lower cavity and between the middle shell of the lower cavity and the heat insulation layer of the lower cavity as the air heat insulation layer; the lower fixed cover of the middle cavity of the middle furnace body and the lower partition of the lower furnace body
  • the heating covers are fixedly connected; the furnace body carrier is placed at the bottom of the lower cavity insulation layer of the lower furnace body, the high-strength furnace tube is placed on the furnace body carrier, and the outside of the high-strength furnace tube is respectively connected to the upper cavity of the upper furnace body
  • the heat insulation layer is filled between the heat insulation layer, the middle cavity heat insulation layer of the middle furnace body
  • the groove is equipped with a spiral heating element, and the spiral groove is provided with a heat dissipation channel on the side facing the inner wall of the high strength furnace tube, and the heat generated by the heating element is uniformly radiated to the center of the high strength furnace tube through the heat dissipation channel;
  • the mechanical testing device includes a high-temperature pull rod, a chuck, a sample, a lock nut, and a face force loading block; the upper end of the high-temperature pull rod is fixed on the top of the load-bearing frame through screw holes and bolts, and the lower end of the high-temperature pull rod is fixed with the upper end of the chuck.
  • the lower end of the head clamps the upper end of the sample, and the lower end of the sample is fixedly connected by the lock nut and the surface force loading block; the lower part of the high temperature tie rod and the sample are placed in the high strength furnace tube of the high temperature furnace, and the surface force loading block passes through the high temperature furnace
  • the high-strength furnace tube extends into the buffer device.
  • the heating element During the working process, the heating element generates heat.
  • the high-strength furnace tube is heated by radiation to form a high-temperature zone in the center of the high-strength furnace tube.
  • the heating element at different heights is changed in the high-strength furnace tube. Space, adjust the heating temperature of different height positions, so as to form a uniform temperature zone or a non-uniform temperature gradient zone.
  • the high-temperature furnace When the high-temperature furnace is installed and used, first fix the lower fixed cover of the lower cavity to the bottom of the hoisting sealed cabin by bolts, and install the furnace body carrier on the lower fixed cover of the lower cavity, the lower cavity shell, the lower cavity middle shell, and the lower cavity
  • the body heat insulation layer is connected with the lower fixed cover of the lower cavity by bolts
  • the lower heat insulation cover is connected with the lower fixed cover of the middle cavity by bolts
  • the middle shell of the middle cavity, the heat insulation layer of the middle cavity, and the lower fixed cover of the middle cavity pass through
  • the bolts are connected with the lower fixed cover of the middle cavity, and then are connected with the lower fixed cover of the upper cavity and the middle heat insulation cover through the bolts.
  • the performance test process of the sample material under the coupling effect of the suspended volume force-face force-temperature in the super-gravity environment is completed under the requirements of high temperature resistance, special atmosphere environment, and super-gravity.
  • this The invented and designed test device solves the technical impact brought about by supergravity, conforms to the concept of high strength and light weight, has a modular structure design, a short experimental preparation period, and a safe and reliable test process.
  • volume force-face force-temperature The coupling effect of volume force-face force-temperature is shown in Figure 10.
  • sample 6 under the rotation of the ultragravity centrifuge, sample 6 generates centrifugal force F 1 and F shear stress through its own weight.
  • the face force loading block 4-5 is in the centrifugal force
  • a constant radial tensile stress F 2 is applied to the sample 6, that is, the area force.
  • Change the rotation speed of the ultragravity centrifuge change the volume force F 1 and the bending stress of F; change the weight of the surface force loading block 4-5, change the area force F 2 .
  • the invention has the ability to simulate the service environment of high-speed rotating devices such as aeroengines, aerospace engines, gas turbines, etc., that is, in the process of simulating high-speed rotation, the sample must withstand high-speed rotation in addition to the engine start and stop cycle high-temperature gas erosion and temperature alternation.
  • the centrifugal stress and axial dynamic load are examples of high-speed rotating devices such as aeroengines, aerospace engines, gas turbines, etc.
  • the centrifugal stress generated by the weight of the sample under high-speed rotation ( ⁇ is the density, ⁇ is the speed, r is the radius of rotation, rtip is the radius of curvature of the blade tip) at the top section of the sample is zero, gradually increasing along the direction of the sample to the pumping direction, the centrifugal pull at the root section of the sample
  • the tensile stress is the largest, which creates a very high centrifugal stress gradient inside the sample. If the shape of the sample is complicated, the connecting line of the center of gravity of each section of the sample does not completely coincide with the axis of rotation. When rotating, the sample bears not only the centrifugal force, but also the huge centrifugal force and bending moment.
  • the present invention can simulate the real stress state in the service process of high-speed rotating components, that is, the stress state in a dynamic coupling environment of various stresses such as centrifugal stress, thermal stress, vibration stress, and shear stress generated by the sample's own weight. , So as to have the ability to test material properties under complex stress conditions.
  • the features of the invention are:
  • the device can work under 1g-2500g super-gravity environment.
  • the experimental temperature of the high-temperature furnace ranges from room temperature to 1600°C.
  • the centrifugal force generated by the rotating sample of the centrifugal host machine through its own weight.
  • the surface force loading block exerts a constant radial tensile stress on the sample under the action of centrifugal force, that is, the area force.
  • Changing the rotating speed of the centrifugal main unit and changing the volume force; changing the weight of the surface force loading block can change the area force exerted on the sample.
  • Figure 1 is an overall structure diagram of the material performance testing system of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is an overall cross-sectional view of the hoisting sealed cabin 1 as a suspended experimental cabin according to the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the upper sealing dome 11;
  • Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the dome 2-1 fixed by the tie rod;
  • Fig. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of a bracket formed by a fixed ring 3-2 and a post 3-3;
  • Figure 6 is a front view of the high temperature heating device
  • Figure 7 is a structural cross-sectional view of the high-strength furnace tube 317 and a partial enlarged view thereof;
  • Figure 8 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the heating element
  • FIG. 9 is a front view of the mechanical testing device 4.
  • Fig. 10 is a schematic diagram of force application under the supergravity material performance testing system of the present invention.
  • the implemented system includes a hoisting sealed cabin 1, a bearing frame 2, a high-temperature furnace 3, a mechanical testing device 4, and a buffer device 5.
  • the hoisting sealed cabin 1 has a bearing frame 2 and a high-temperature furnace 3 fixedly installed inside ,
  • the bearing frame 2 is covered outside the high-temperature furnace 3
  • the buffer device 5 is installed at the bottom of the high-temperature furnace 3
  • the upper and lower ends of the mechanical testing device 4 are connected to the top of the bearing frame 2 and the bottom of the high-temperature furnace 3
  • the sample 6 is connected and installed At the end of the mechanical testing device 4.
  • the hoisting airtight cabin 1 includes an upper sealing dome 11 and a hoisting airtight cavity 12.
  • the hoisting airtight cavity 12 is provided with a cavity inside, the upper end of the cavity is open, and both side walls of the hoisting airtight cavity 12 face outwards
  • the cabin lifting lugs 13 are connected.
  • the cabin lifting lugs on both sides are hingedly connected to the swing arm of the ultra-gravity centrifuge.
  • the upper sealing dome 11 is connected to the opening end surface of the lifting sealing cavity 12 by bolts and sealed To connect, the hoisting sealing cavity 12 and the upper sealing dome 11 are sealed with double-layer fluorine rubber to improve the sealing performance;
  • the hoisting sealed cabin 1 provides a sealed carrier for the coupling environment of volume force-face force-temperature.
  • the hoisting airtight cabin 1 is connected to the supergravity centrifuge through the cabin lifting lugs, and the stable operation of the internal structure is ensured during the experiment.
  • the material of the hoisting sealed cavity 12 is selected from lightweight high-strength materials.
  • the lightweight high-strength material is specifically TC4 titanium alloy, and the surface of the cavity is electropolished.
  • the upper sealing dome 11 is provided with a host interface 11-1, which is used to connect the vacuum system's air extraction interface, a pressure gauge interface for monitoring the pressure in the furnace, and a safety valve for controlling the pressure in the furnace.
  • a host interface 11-1 which is used to connect the vacuum system's air extraction interface, a pressure gauge interface for monitoring the pressure in the furnace, and a safety valve for controlling the pressure in the furnace.
  • Interface heating electrode interface flange of heating system, temperature measurement system, vacuum connection cable socket for deformation measurement.
  • the main function of the load-bearing frame 2 is to support the tensile force and fix the internal cables. It is installed in the hoisting sealed cabin 1 and covered above the high-temperature furnace 3.
  • the bearing frame 2 includes a tie rod fixing dome 2-1, a fixing ring 2-2 and a column 2-3.
  • the two fixing rings 2-2 are arranged in parallel up and down, and the two fixing rings 2 -2 is fixedly connected by multiple columns 2-3 to form a cylindrical shell to prevent deformation under stress.
  • the upper fixing ring 2-2 is fixedly installed with a tie rod fixed dome 2-1, and the tie rod fixed dome 2-1 is round
  • the arc boss structure, the lower fixing ring 2-2 is fixed to the inner bottom surface of the lifting seal cavity 12 by bolts, the tie rod fixing dome 2-1 and the column 2-3 are fixed by two fixing rings 2-2 to prevent damage
  • the tie rod fixed dome 2-1 adopts a circular arc design to increase the strength
  • the top of the mechanical testing device 4 is installed on the tie rod fixed dome 2-1, and the lower end passes through the high temperature furnace 3 and is connected to the sample 6.
  • the main function of the high-temperature furnace 3 is to provide the thermal environment required for the sample test, and is installed inside the hoisting sealed cabin 1 and covered under the bearing frame 2.
  • the high-temperature furnace 3 is fixed in the high-gravity test cabin.
  • the high-temperature furnace 3 includes an upper furnace body, a middle furnace body, a lower furnace body, a thermal insulation layer 316, and a high-strength furnace which are arranged and connected from top to bottom.
  • the lower cavity heat insulation layer 314 and the lower cavity lower fixed cover 315 form the shell of a cylindrical high-temperature furnace 3 composed of three furnace bodies, which are mainly used to fix the high-temperature furnace 3 in a supergravity environment, and It protects the furnace body under the gravity environment, forming a high-temperature furnace as a whole.
  • the upper furnace body is mainly composed of upper heat insulation cover 31, upper cavity shell 32, upper cavity middle shell 33, upper cavity heat insulation layer 34, upper cavity lower fixed cover 35, upper cavity shell 32, upper cavity
  • the middle shell 33 and the upper cavity heat insulation layer 34 are installed from the outside to the inside to form a three-layer structure of the upper furnace.
  • the upper heat insulation cover 31 and the lower fixed cover 35 of the upper cavity are respectively installed on the upper and lower ends of the three-layer structure of the upper furnace.
  • the upper furnace three-layer structure is fixedly connected, and the upper heat insulation cover 31 is used to fix the upper furnace three-layer structure of the upper furnace body and has the function of heat insulation; the upper cavity shell 32 and the upper cavity middle shell 33 and the upper cavity There is a gap between the middle shell 33 and the upper cavity heat insulation layer 34 as an air heat insulation layer, and the air heat insulation layer plays a role of heat insulation and heat preservation to prevent heat loss in the furnace;
  • the middle furnace body is mainly composed of middle heat insulation cover 36, middle cavity shell 37, middle cavity middle shell 38, middle cavity heat insulation layer 39, middle cavity lower fixed cover 310, middle cavity shell 37, middle cavity
  • middle shell 38 and the middle cavity heat insulation layer 39 are installed from the outside to the inside to form a middle furnace three-layer structure.
  • the middle heat insulation cover 36 and the middle cavity lower fixed cover 310 are respectively installed at the upper and lower ends of the middle furnace three-layer structure so that The three-layer structure of the middle furnace is fixedly connected.
  • the middle heat insulation cover 36 is used to fix the middle furnace three-layer structure of the middle furnace body and has the function of heat insulation; the middle heat insulation cover 36 has the function of heat insulation and heat preservation to prevent heat from acting in supergravity Downward conduction; between the middle cavity shell 37 and the middle cavity middle shell 38, and between the middle cavity middle shell 38 and the middle cavity heat insulation layer 39, there are gaps as the air heat insulation layer, and the air heat insulation layer starts To prevent heat loss in the furnace; the upper cavity lower fixed cover 35 of the upper furnace body and the middle heat insulation cover 36 of the middle furnace body are fixedly connected by bolts, and the upper cavity lower fixed cover 35 and the middle partition The hot lid 36 is connected to connect the upper furnace body and the middle furnace body;
  • the lower furnace body is mainly composed of a lower heat insulation cover 311, a lower cavity shell 312, a lower cavity middle shell 313, a lower cavity heat insulation layer 314, a lower cavity lower fixed cover 315, a lower cavity shell 312, a lower cavity
  • the middle shell 313 and the lower cavity heat insulation layer 314 are installed from the outside to the inside to form a three-layer structure of the lower furnace.
  • the lower heat insulation cover 311 and the lower fixed cover 315 of the lower cavity are respectively installed on the upper and lower ends of the lower furnace three-layer structure so that The three-layer structure of the lower furnace is fixedly connected.
  • the lower heat insulation cover 311 is used to fix the lower furnace three-layer structure of the lower furnace body and has the function of heat insulation; the lower heat insulation cover 311 has the function of heat insulation and heat preservation to prevent heat from being affected by supergravity Conduction downwards, the lower fixed cover 315 of the lower cavity is used to fix the high-temperature furnace 3 at the bottom of the hoisting sealed cabin 1.
  • the air heat insulation layer plays a role of heat insulation Function to prevent heat loss in the furnace;
  • the middle cavity lower fixed cover 310 of the middle furnace body and the lower heat insulation cover 311 of the lower furnace body are fixedly connected by bolts, and the middle cavity lower fixed cover 310 and the lower heat insulation cover 311 are connected To connect the middle furnace body and the lower furnace body;
  • the whole furnace body passes through four places: upper heat insulation cover 31, upper cavity lower fixed cover 35, middle heat insulation cover 36, middle cavity lower fixed cover 310, lower heat insulation cover 311 and lower cavity lower fixed cover 315.
  • the body is strengthened to improve the rigidity and strength of the entire furnace body in a super-gravity environment, and to prevent deformation and damage of the furnace body during operation.
  • the upper cavity lower fixed cover 35 and the middle heat insulation cover 36, the middle cavity lower fixed cover 310 and the lower heat insulation cover 311 are connected by high-strength bolts, which facilitate installation and maintenance.
  • the furnace body supporting body 319 is placed at the bottom of the lower cavity insulation layer 314 of the lower furnace body, the high-strength furnace tube 317 is placed on the furnace body supporting body 319, and the furnace body supporting body 319 is placed on the bottom surface of the high gravity test cabin.
  • the supporting body 319 is used to support the weight of the entire furnace body and the compressive stress generated under the action of supergravity, and at the same time heat insulation to prevent heat from being conducted to the bottom of the hoisting airtight cabin 1 under the supergravity.
  • the high-strength furnace tube 317 is filled with heat insulation and heat insulation between the upper cavity heat insulation layer 34 of the upper furnace body, the middle cavity heat insulation layer 39 of the middle furnace body, and the lower cavity heat insulation layer 314 of the lower furnace body.
  • the high-strength furnace tube 317 has a spiral groove 318-1 processed inside, as shown in Figure 7, the spiral groove 318-1 is equipped with a spiral heating element 318, as shown in Figure 8, a spiral concave
  • the groove 318-1 is provided with a heat dissipation channel 318-2 on the side facing the inner wall of the high-strength furnace tube 317, and the heat generated by the heating element 318 is uniformly radiated to the center of the high-strength furnace tube 317 through the heat dissipation channel 318-2.
  • the heating element 318 generates heat during the working process.
  • the high-strength furnace tube 317 is heated by radiation, and a high-temperature zone is formed in the center of the high-strength furnace tube 317.
  • the pitch of the spiral groove 318-1 is changed.
  • the body 318 is spaced between the high-strength furnace tubes 317, and the heating temperature of different height positions is adjusted, so that a uniform temperature zone or a non-uniform temperature gradient zone can be formed.
  • the structure of the high-strength furnace tube 317 and the heating element 318 of the present invention is designed so that the heating element 318 can prevent the heating element from falling off in a supergravity environment, and the heating effect can be adjusted by adjusting the pitch of the spiral groove at different positions.
  • the furnace shells 32, 33, 36, 37, 312, 313 are made of aerospace lightweight and high-strength materials, with 2 layers of heat shields and a layer of insulation, and a vacuum environment is used to prevent heat radiation and effectively prevent high temperature conduction.
  • the thermal insulation layer 316 is composed of a material with low thermal conductivity and uses mullite to prevent heat from being transferred to the outside of the furnace through conduction.
  • the high-strength furnace tube 317 is made of ceramics with high strength and low thermal conductivity.
  • the pitch of the spiral grooves processed by the high-strength furnace tube 317 the heating element 318 is easily pulled up and deformed under high gravity conditions, or even breaks.
  • a series of changes brought about by the heating element 318 must also be considered, such as preventing the deformation and movement of the heating element 318 (fracture in severe cases) under high gravity conditions, thereby affecting the overall operation of the device.
  • heating element 318 The selection of heating element 318: The maximum temperature allowed for different heating elements 318 is different from the requirements of the use environment. It is necessary to determine the heating element 318 based on the specific use conditions of the device (maximum working temperature, vacuum environment and supergravity environment) Types of. Such as iron-chromium-aluminum heating alloy wire and platinum wire.
  • the furnace body of the high-temperature furnace 3 is designed as a three-layer split type, and each layer is individually reinforced with an insulation layer.
  • the furnace body carrying body 319 supports the weight of the entire high-strength furnace tube 317, the heat insulation layer, and the super gravity generated during the sample process.
  • the furnace body carrying body 319 is fixed to the bottom of the hoisting sealed cabin 1 by high-strength bolts.
  • the lower fixed cover 315 of the lower chamber is first fixed to the bottom of the lifting sealed cabin (1) by bolts, the furnace body carrier 319 is installed on the lower fixed cover 315 of the lower chamber, and the lower chamber shell 312,
  • the lower cavity middle shell 313 and the lower cavity heat insulation layer 314 are connected to the lower cavity lower fixed cover 315 by bolts,
  • the lower heat insulation cover 311 is connected to the middle cavity lower fixed cover 310 by bolts,
  • the middle cavity heat insulation layer 39 and the middle cavity lower fixing cover 310 are connected to the middle cavity lower fixing cover 310 by bolts, and then to the upper cavity lower fixing cover 35 and the middle heat insulation cover 36 by bolts.
  • the mullite heat insulation layer 316 is directly placed between the ceramic high-strength furnace tube 317 and the lower cavity heat insulation layer 314, the middle cavity heat insulation layer 39, and the upper cavity heat insulation layer 34.
  • the thermal insulation layer 316 of mullite can not only serve as a buffer but also insulate heat.
  • the high-temperature furnace 3 can be used repeatedly, and only needs to replace the appropriate heating element 318 and high-strength furnace tube 317 to meet different experimental requirements, and has the advantages of simple structure and high safety factor.
  • the main function of the mechanical testing device 4 is to provide a mechanical environment and a fixed sample required for sample testing.
  • the mechanical testing device 4 includes a high-temperature pull rod 4-1, a chuck 4-2, a sample 6, a lock nut 4-4, and a force loading block 4-5; the upper end of the high-temperature pull rod 4-1 passes through a screw Holes 4-6 and bolts are fixed on the top of load-bearing frame 2, the lower end of high-temperature pull rod 4-1 is fixed to the upper end of chuck 4-2, the lower end of chuck 4-2 clamps the upper end of sample 6, and the lower end of sample 6 is locked
  • the tightening nut 4-4 and the surface force loading block 4-5 are fixedly connected, and the sample 6 is connected to the high temperature pull rod 4-1 through the chuck 4-2, and is connected to the surface force loading block 4-5 through the lock nut 4-4;
  • the lower part of the high-temperature pull rod 4-1 and the sample 6 are placed in the high-strength furnace tube 317 of the high-temperature furnace 3, and the face force loading block 4-5 passes through the high-strength furnace tube 317
  • the high-temperature pull rod 4-1 and the chuck 4-2 are made of high-temperature alloy materials, and different thread sizes can be provided to meet the needs of different samples. Change at will.
  • the material of chuck 4-2 is high-temperature alloy.
  • the buffer device 5 adopts the technical solution of the invention content in the Chinese patent with the application date of 2019.4.10, the application number of 2019102853393, and the invention title of "A buffer device for capturing high-temperature flying fracture samples in a supergravity environment".
  • the buffer device 5 is placed inside the furnace body carrier 319 of the high-temperature furnace 3 or replaces the furnace body carrier 319.
  • the upper support body 3 faces upwards/towards the mechanical testing device 4, which is used to test the fracture from the mechanical testing device 4 Samples are taken, and placing the samples will damage the bottom of the hoisting sealed cabin 1.
  • the commonly used samples for specific implementation can be standard endurance, tensile, creep and fatigue samples.
  • the first step According to the experimental conditions, determine the heating temperature of the high-temperature furnace 3, the rotating speed of the centrifugal main machine and the mass of the surface force loading block 47.
  • Step 2 Determine the size of the collet 43 and the lock nut according to the size of the sample 6.
  • the third step connect the sample 6 to the tie rod 41 through the chuck 43 first, and then connect to the face force loading block 47 through a lock nut.
  • Step 4 Weld three strain gauges on the sample 6 in sequence to test the strain of the sample 6 during the experiment; weld a thermocouple to measure and control the temperature of the high-temperature furnace 3.
  • Step 5 Install the mechanical testing device 4 on the bearing frame 2 through nuts.
  • Step 7 Hingely connect the hoisting airtight cabin 1 to the rotating arm of the ultra-gravity centrifuge through the cabin lifting lugs 11-3.
  • Step 8 The three strain gauges and a thermocouple extension wire welded on the sample 6 are connected to the cabin interface 1-1 along the tie rod 41, and then connected to the ground test system through the electric slip ring connection on the main shaft.
  • Step 9 Start the vacuum system to make the vacuum in the hoisting chamber 1 reach 10 -2 Pa.
  • Step 10 When the vacuum degree in the hoisting airtight chamber 1 reaches 10 -2 Pa, start the heating of the high temperature furnace 3.
  • Step 11 When the temperature of the high-temperature furnace 3 reaches the experimental setting temperature, start the centrifugal host.
  • the twelfth step when the rotating speed of the centrifugal main engine reaches the rotating speed set in the experiment, a mechanical performance test environment of volume force-face force-temperature coupling is formed in the high temperature furnace 3.
  • the thirteenth step During the experiment, the temperature and strain signals are transmitted to the signal collector in real time, and the signal collector converts the obtained analog signals into digital signals, which are then connected to the signal slip ring through the wiring rack, and finally connected to the ground measurement and control center, thereby Obtain the stress-strain curve of sample 6 during the experiment.
  • the working process of the mechanical performance test of the device of the present invention is as follows:
  • the first step connect the sample 6 to the lower end of the tie rod 41 with the clamp 43, and weld the thermocouple 44 and the strain gauge to the sample 6;
  • Step 2 place the high-gravity experiment cabin in the hanging basket of the centrifuge, place a high-temperature furnace in the high-gravity experiment cabin, place a buffer device 5 at the bottom of the cavity of the high-temperature furnace, and place a bearing frame on the top of the cavity of the high-temperature furnace 3. 2. Place the mechanical testing device 4 between the bearing frame and the buffer device in the inner cavity of the high temperature furnace, and install the sample 6 that needs to be heated;
  • Step 3 Connect the wire of the thermocouple welded on the surface of the sample 6 to the signal collector.
  • the signal collector will receive the temperature and strain analog signals and convert the analog signals into digital signals;
  • Step 4 The three independent circuits of strong electricity on the ground are respectively connected to the upper, middle and lower heating zones of the high-strength furnace tube 317 of the high-temperature furnace 3, so that the upper, middle, and bottom three high-strength furnace tubes 317 of the high-temperature furnace 3
  • the heating zones are heated independently, and different heating temperatures are set in different heating zones;
  • the temperature control is specifically as follows: the sample to be tested for mechanical properties is installed in the high-strength furnace tube 317 of the high-temperature furnace 3, and a temperature sensor is installed.
  • the temperature sensor is connected to the signal collector, and the output wire of the signal collector is conductive with weak signals through the wiring rack Slip ring connection, and then connected to the ground measurement and control center;
  • the high temperature furnace 3 is equipped with three independent strong current circuits, and the three independent strong current circuits control and heat the internal heating elements 318 at different heights for high temperature heating, and three independent circuits on the ground
  • the conductive slip ring of the main shaft of the centrifuge is connected to the wiring rack of the high gravity experiment cabin; the conductive slip ring of the main shaft of the centrifuge is connected with the power supply cabinet. That is, through the wiring rack, connect the first strong current independent circuit to the upper heating zone of the high temperature furnace 3, connect the second strong current independent circuit to the heating zone in the high temperature furnace, and connect the third strong current independent circuit to the high temperature furnace. Heating
  • three independent temperature control temperature extension wires for controlling the high temperature furnace 3 are connected to the signal collector, and the signal collector converts the received temperature signal from an analog signal to a digital signal; the digital signal passes through the wiring rack and the signal slip ring Connect, and then connect with the ground measurement and control center.
  • the high-strength furnace tube 317 is used as a furnace tube, and heating uses a heating wire to generate heat, and the high-strength furnace tube 317 is heated by heat conduction.
  • the temperature gradient and uniform temperature zone required for the high-strength furnace tube 317 are realized by the layout of the heating wire to form a uniform temperature field in the furnace, and at the same time bear the pressure generated by the high-strength furnace tube 317 and avoid the heat conduction to the peripheral components. Thermal influence.
  • the furnace temperature is controlled by a temperature sensor fixed or welded on the sample to be tested through a temperature controller and a measurement and control system.
  • Step 5 Install a tachometer on the centrifuge shaft, connect the tachometer signal line installed on the centrifuge shaft with the weak signal guide centrifuge main shaft guide centrifuge main shaft conductive slip ring, and use three thermocouples on the heating device to control the high temperature The real-time temperature and heating rate of the furnace, use a tachometer to control the speed of the centrifuge, and use the following formula to calculate the stress F applied to the sample 6:
  • the stress state of the sample is as follows: it is simultaneously subjected to temperature, centrifugal stress generated by its own weight and surface force generated by the surface force loading block, and then real-time drawing obtains the stress-strain of the sample under the stress state curve.
  • the present invention can independently control the temperature of three different regions of the high temperature furnace 3 through thermocouples, realize uniform temperature heating or gradient heating, and can adjust the distribution of the set temperature.
  • the centrifugal force can be dynamically changed by controlling the speed, and then the surface force that can be applied to the sample;
  • thermocouples to achieve uniform temperature heating or gradient heating, and then the temperature distribution of sample 6 can be set according to needs.

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Abstract

一种超重力环境悬挂式多场耦合作用下材料性能测试系统，包括吊装密封舱（1）、承力架（2）、高温炉（3）、力学测试装置（4）、缓冲装置（5）；吊装密封舱（1）内部固定安装有承力架（2）和高温炉（3），承力架（2）罩在高温炉（3）外，缓冲装置（5）安装于高温炉（3）内的底部，力学测试装置（4）上下两端连接在承力架（2）顶部和高温炉（3）底部内，试样（6）连接安装在力学测试装置（4）末端。该系统解决了高速旋转状态下体积力-面力-温度耦合作用下材料动态性能测试的难题，结构简单，操作方便且安全可靠。

Description

超重力环境悬挂式多场耦合作用下材料性能测试系统 技术领域
本发明涉及材料性能测试技术领域，尤其涉及一种超重力环境下悬挂式体积力-面力-温度耦合作用下材料性能测试系统及方法。
背景技术
随着现代航空发动机推重比增加和涡轮级数减少，涡轮前燃气进口温度从上世纪70年代的1400-1500K发展到本世纪初的1600-1750K，推重比12-15发动机涡轮前燃气进口温度将高达2000-2200K，这对发动机核心热端部件提出了更高的性能要求。高压涡轮工作叶片作为热端部件关键组成部分之一，服役时长期工作在高温、高压、高转速、交变负载等耦合加载条件下。
服役时涡轮工作叶片绕发动机轴线高速旋转，其作用是利用燃气膨胀做功，将燃气的位能和热能转换为转子的机械功，所以服役过程中涡轮工作叶片主要承受离心载荷、热载荷、气动载荷和振动载荷的耦合作用。离心载荷产生的离心应力，属于体积力，使积叠线与径向线不完全重合的弯扭结构叶片，同时产生径向拉应力、扭转应力和弯曲应力。热载荷产生的热应力与几何约束密切相关，几何约束越多，热应力越大，尤其气膜孔处的应力集中，将显著减低叶片的疲劳寿命。气动载荷产生的气动力，是一种表面分布压力，属于面积力，作用在叶片各个表面，沿叶高和叶宽方向呈不均匀分布。因此，涡轮工作叶片在径向拉应力、扭转应力、弯曲应力和热应力的耦合作用下同时发生剪切变形、拉伸变形和扭曲变形，这显然不同于实验室单轴应力状态下的变形行为。
原子固相扩散是导致材料服役过程中微观组织演化的根本原因，叶片高速旋转产生的体积力-面力-温度动态耦合显著增加原子在界面、位错、空洞等缺陷处的扩散速率，使其显微结构演化不同于轴向面力作用。同时，密度不同的析出相在超重力作用下，由于其弹性模量、热膨胀性等不同在各析出相之间产生复杂的互不协调的塑性变形，进一步增大不同密度物质间相对运动的驱动力，进而在材料内部产生巨大的内应力，致使材料的损伤机制显著不同于面力作用下材料损伤机制。
发明内容
为了针对解决上述高速旋转状态下体积力-面力-温度耦合作用下材料动态 性能测试的难题，本发明首创提供了一种装配简单、使用方便、安全系数高，且可用于超重力工况的材料性能测试系统，该装置适合1g-2500g超重力环境下，温度从室温-1600℃，提供的最大面力为300kN。
本发明采用的技术方案：
本发明包括吊装密封舱、承力架、高温炉、力学测试装置、缓冲装置；吊装密封舱内部固定安装有承力架和高温炉，承力架罩在高温炉外，缓冲装置安装于高温炉内的底部，力学测试装置上下两端连接在承力架顶部和高温炉底部内，试样连接安装在力学测试装置末端。
所述的吊装密封舱包括上密封穹顶和吊装密封腔体，吊装密封腔体内部设有腔体，腔体上端开口，吊装密封腔体的两侧侧壁向外连接有舱体吊耳13，两侧的舱体吊耳铰接连接到超重力离心机的吊篮转臂上，上密封穹顶通过螺栓安装连接到吊装密封腔体的腔体开口端面并密封连接；所述的上密封穹顶上设有主机接口，主机接口用于连接真空系统的抽气接口、监测炉内压力的压力表接口、控制炉内压力的安全阀接口、加热系统的加热电极接口法兰、测温系统、变形测量的真空连接电缆插口。
所述的承力架包括拉杆固定穹顶、固定环和立柱，两个固定环分别上下平行相对布置，两个固定环之间通过多根立柱固定连接形成柱形壳体，上部的固定环上固定安装有拉杆固定穹顶，拉杆固定穹顶为圆弧凸台结构，下部的固定环通过螺栓固定于吊装密封腔体腔体的内底面，拉杆固定穹顶和立柱由两个固定环固定，防止受力变形，拉杆固定穹顶采用圆弧设计；力学测试装置顶端安装于拉杆固定穹顶上，下端穿过高温炉后连接到试样上。
所述的高温炉固定于超重力试验舱中，所述的高温炉包括从上到下依次布置连接的上炉体、中炉体、下炉体以及隔热保温层、高强度炉管、发热体和炉体承载体；上炉体主要由上隔热盖、上腔体外壳、上腔体中壳、上腔体隔热层、上腔体下固定盖组成，上腔体外壳、上腔体中壳、上腔体隔热层分别从外到内安装形成上炉三层结构，上隔热盖和上腔体下固定盖分别安装于上炉三层结构的上端和下端使得上炉三层结构固定连接，上腔体外壳和上腔体中壳之间以及上腔体中壳和上腔体隔热层之间均有间隙作为空气隔热层；中炉体主要由中隔热盖、中腔体外壳、中腔体中壳、中腔体隔热层、中腔体下固定盖组成，中腔体外壳、中腔体中壳、中腔体隔热层分别从外到内安装形成中炉三层结构，中隔热盖和中腔体下固定盖分别安装于中炉三层结构的上端和下端使得中炉三层结构固定连接，中腔体外壳和中腔体中壳之间以及中腔体中壳和中腔体隔热层之间均有间隙作为空气隔热层；上炉体的上腔体下固定盖和中炉体的中隔热盖 之间固定连接；下炉体主要由下隔热盖、下腔体外壳、下腔体中壳、下腔体隔热层、下腔体下固定盖组成，下腔体外壳、下腔体中壳、下腔体隔热层分别从外到内安装形成下炉三层结构，下隔热盖和下腔体下固定盖分别安装于下炉三层结构的上端和下端使得下炉三层结构固定连接，下腔体外壳和下腔体中壳之间以及下腔体中壳和下腔体隔热层之间均有间隙作为空气隔热层；中炉体的中腔体下固定盖和下炉体的下隔热盖之间固定连接；炉体承载体置于下炉体的下腔体隔热层底部，高强度炉管置于炉体承载体上，高强度炉管外分别和上炉体的上腔体隔热层、中炉体的中腔体隔热层、下炉体的下腔体隔热层之间填充有隔热保温层；高强度炉管内部加工有螺旋状凹槽，螺旋状凹槽装有螺旋状的发热体，螺旋状凹槽在朝向高强度炉管内壁的一侧开设有散热通道，通过散热通道将发热体产生的热量均匀辐射到高强度炉管中央；
所述的力学测试装置包括高温拉杆、夹头、试样、锁紧螺母和面力加载块；高温拉杆上端通过螺孔和螺栓固定在承力架顶部，高温拉杆下端和夹头上端固定，夹头下端装夹住试样的上端，试样下端经锁紧螺母和面力加载块固定连接；高温拉杆的下部和试样置于高温炉的高强度炉管内，面力加载块穿过高温炉的高强度炉管伸入到缓冲装置中。
工作过程中发热体产生热量，通过辐射加热高强度炉管，在高强度炉管中央形成高温区，通过改变不同高度位置的螺旋状凹槽螺距进而改变不同高度位置的发热体在高强度炉管间距，调整不同高度位置的加热温度，从而可以实现形成均匀的温度区或非均匀的温度梯度区。
高温炉安装使用时，先将下腔体下固定盖通过螺栓固定于吊装密封舱底部，炉体承载体安装于下腔体下固定盖上，下腔体外壳、下腔体中壳、下腔体隔热层通过螺栓与下腔体下固定盖连接，下隔热盖通过螺栓与中腔体下固定盖连接，中腔体中壳、中腔体隔热层、中腔体下固定盖通过螺栓与中腔体下固定盖连接，再通过螺栓与上腔体下固定盖、中隔热盖连接。
将莫来石的隔热保温层直接放置在陶瓷的高强度炉管和下腔体隔热层、中腔体隔热层、上腔体隔热层之间，既可以起到缓冲作用又可以隔绝热量。
超重力环境下悬挂式体积力-面力-温度耦合作用下的试样材料性能测试过程是在抗高温条件、特殊气氛环境、超重力等要求下完成的，考虑到此装置的运行环境，本发明设计的测试装置解决了超重力带来的技术影响，符合高强度轻质量的理念，结构模块化设计，实验准备周期短，测试过程安全可靠。
体积力-面力-温度耦合作用如图10所示，实验过程中，超重力离心机旋转下，试样6通过自重产生离心力F 1和F 剪切应力，面力加载块4-5在离心力作用下 对试样6施加一个恒定的径向拉应力F 2，即面积力。改变超重力离心机的旋转转速，改变体积力F 1和F 弯曲应力；改变面力加载块4-5重量，改变面积力F 2。
将力学测试装置4放置在高温炉3里，对试样施加温度载荷，这样就形成一个体积力-面力-温度耦合作用材料性能测试环境，工作原理如图10所示。
本发明的技术特点和效果优势：
本发明具有模拟航空发动机、航天发动机、燃气轮机等高速旋转装置服役环境的能力，即模拟高速旋转过程中试样除了承受发动机起动、停车循环高温燃气冲刷和温度交变外，还要承受高速旋转产生的离心应力和轴向动态载荷。
其中，高速旋转下试样自重产生的离心应力
Figure PCTCN2019110031-appb-000001
(ρ为密度，ω为转速，r为旋转半径，rtip为叶片尖端曲率半径)在试样顶端截面处为零，沿试样向转抽方向逐渐增大，在试样根部截面处的离心拉伸应力最大，由此在试样内部产生极高的离心应力梯度。如果试样形状复杂，试样各截面重心连线与旋转轴不完全重合，旋转时试样除承受离心力外，同时也承受巨大的离心力弯矩。所以，本发明能够模拟高速旋转部件服役过程中的真实受力状态，即试样自重产生的离心应力、热应力、振动应力、扭矩产生的剪切应力等多种应力动态耦合环境下的应力状态，从而具备测试复杂应力状态下材料性能的能力。本发明的特点为：
(1)该装置能在1g-2500g超重力环境下工作。
(2)高温炉实验温度从室温-1600℃。
(3)装置提供的最大面力为300kN。
(4)在材料力学性能测试过程中，离心主机旋转试样通过自重产生离心力。面力加载块在离心力作用下对试样施加一个恒定的径向拉应力，即面积力。改变离心主机转速，改变体积力；改变面力加载块重量，可以改变施加在试样上的面积力。
(5)根据高温炉的炉丝类型，可以实现室温-1600℃的高温测试环境。
附图说明
图1是本发明材料性能测试系统的整体结构图；
图2是本发明作为悬挂式实验舱的吊装密封舱1的整体剖视图；
图3是上密封穹顶11的结构示意图；
图4是拉杆固定穹顶2-1的结构示意图；
图5是固定环3-2和立柱3-3构成的支架的结构示意图；
图6是高温加热装置的主视图；
图7为高强度炉管317的结构剖视图及其局部放大图；
图8为发热体的结构示意图；
图9是力学测试装置4的主视图；
图10是本发明超重力材料性能测试系统下的施力原理图。
图中：吊装密封舱1、承力架2、高温炉3、力学测试装置4、缓冲装置5、试样6、上密封穹顶11、吊装密封腔体12、舱体吊耳13、主机接口11-1；上隔热盖31、上腔体外壳32、上腔体中壳33、上腔体隔热层34、上腔体下固定盖35、中隔热盖36、中腔体外壳37、中腔体中壳38、中腔体隔热层39、中腔体下固定盖310、下隔热盖311、下腔体外壳312、下腔体中壳313、下腔体隔热层314、下腔体下固定盖315、隔热保温层316、高强度炉管317、发热体318、炉体承载体319；拉杆41、固线结构42、夹头43、热电偶44、紧缩螺母46、面力加载块47；42-1.固定螺孔；43-1.第一固定环；43-2第二固定环；43-3固定瓷座；43-4瓷座保护件。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和实施例对本发明作进一步说明。
如图1所示，具体实施的系统包括吊装密封舱1、承力架2、高温炉3、力学测试装置4、缓冲装置5；吊装密封舱1内部固定安装有承力架2和高温炉3，承力架2罩在高温炉3外，缓冲装置5安装于高温炉3内的底部，力学测试装置4上下两端连接在承力架2顶部和高温炉3底部内，试样6连接安装在力学测试装置4末端。
具体实施的系统具体为：
如图2所示，吊装密封舱1包括上密封穹顶11和吊装密封腔体12，吊装密封腔体12内部设有腔体，腔体上端开口，吊装密封腔体12的两侧侧壁向外连接有舱体吊耳13，两侧的舱体吊耳铰接连接到超重力离心机的吊篮转臂上，上密封穹顶11通过螺栓安装连接到吊装密封腔体12的腔体开口端面并密封连接，吊装密封腔体12与上密封穹顶11密封采用双层氟橡胶提高密封性；
吊装密封舱1为体积力-面力-温度耦合作用环境提供一个密封载体。吊装密封舱1通过舱体吊耳与超重力离心机相联，实验过程中，保证内部结构的稳定 运行。根据高G值下压力容器标准设计，为满足超重力下的强度要求，吊装密封腔体12材料选用轻质高强材料，轻质高强材料具体为TC4钛合金，腔体表面采用电抛光处理。
如图3所示，上密封穹顶11上设有主机接口11-1，主机接口11-1用于连接真空系统的抽气接口、监测炉内压力的压力表接口、控制炉内压力的安全阀接口、加热系统的加热电极接口法兰、测温系统、变形测量的真空连接电缆插口。
承力架2主要功能是起到支撑拉伸力和固定内部电缆线的作用，安装在吊装密封舱1的内部，罩在高温炉3的上方。
如图4和图5所示，承力架2包括拉杆固定穹顶2-1、固定环2-2和立柱2-3，两个固定环2-2分别上下平行相对布置，两个固定环2-2之间通过多根立柱2-3固定连接形成柱形壳体，防止受力变形，上部的固定环2-2上固定安装有拉杆固定穹顶2-1，拉杆固定穹顶2-1为圆弧凸台结构，下部的固定环2-2通过螺栓固定于吊装密封腔体12腔体的内底面，拉杆固定穹顶2-1和立柱2-3由两个固定环2-2固定，防止受力变形，拉杆固定穹顶2-1采用圆弧设计，增加强度；力学测试装置4顶端安装于拉杆固定穹顶2-1上，下端穿过高温炉3后连接到试样6上。
高温炉3主要功能是提供试样测试所需的热环境，安装在吊装密封舱1的内部，罩在承力架2的下方。
如图6所示，高温炉3固定于超重力试验舱中，高温炉3包括从上到下依次布置连接的上炉体、中炉体、下炉体以及隔热保温层316、高强度炉管317、发热体318和炉体承载体319；上隔热盖31、上腔体外壳32、上腔体中壳33、上腔体隔热层34、上腔体下固定盖35、中隔热盖36、中腔体外壳37、中腔体中壳38、中腔体隔热层39、中腔体下固定盖310、下隔热盖311、下腔体外壳312、下腔体中壳313、下腔体隔热层314、下腔体下固定盖315组成一个三个炉体构成的圆筒状高温炉3的外壳，主要用来在超重力环境下固定高温炉3，且在超重力环境下起到保护炉体的作用，总体形成了一个高温炉。
上炉体主要由上隔热盖31、上腔体外壳32、上腔体中壳33、上腔体隔热层34、上腔体下固定盖35组成，上腔体外壳32、上腔体中壳33、上腔体隔热层34分别从外到内安装形成上炉三层结构，上隔热盖31和上腔体下固定盖35分别安装于上炉三层结构的上端和下端使得上炉三层结构固定连接，上隔热盖31用来固定上炉体的上炉三层结构且起到隔热保温作用；上腔体外壳32和上腔体中壳33之间以及上腔体中壳33和上腔体隔热层34之间均有间隙作为空气隔热层，空气隔热层起到隔热保温的作用防止炉内热量散失；
中炉体主要由中隔热盖36、中腔体外壳37、中腔体中壳38、中腔体隔热层39、中腔体下固定盖310组成，中腔体外壳37、中腔体中壳38、中腔体隔热层39分别从外到内安装形成中炉三层结构，中隔热盖36和中腔体下固定盖310分别安装于中炉三层结构的上端和下端使得中炉三层结构固定连接，中隔热盖36用来固定中炉体的中炉三层结构且起到隔热保温作用；中隔热盖36具有隔热保温作用，防止热量在超重力作用下向下传导；中腔体外壳37和中腔体中壳38之间以及中腔体中壳38和中腔体隔热层39之间均有间隙作为空气隔热层，空气隔热层起到隔热保温的作用防止炉内热量散失；上炉体的上腔体下固定盖35和中炉体的中隔热盖36之间通过螺栓固定连接，上腔体下固定盖35和中隔热盖36连接用来连接上炉体和中炉体；
下炉体主要由下隔热盖311、下腔体外壳312、下腔体中壳313、下腔体隔热层314、下腔体下固定盖315组成，下腔体外壳312、下腔体中壳313、下腔体隔热层314分别从外到内安装形成下炉三层结构，下隔热盖311和下腔体下固定盖315分别安装于下炉三层结构的上端和下端使得下炉三层结构固定连接，下隔热盖311用来固定下炉体的下炉三层结构且起到隔热保温作用；下隔热盖311具有隔热保温作用，防止热量在超重力作用下向下传导，下腔体下固定盖315用来将高温炉3固定在吊装密封舱1的底部。下腔体外壳312和下腔体中壳313之间以及下腔体中壳313和下腔体隔热层314之间均有间隙作为空气隔热层，空气隔热层起到隔热保温的作用防止炉内热量散失；中炉体的中腔体下固定盖310和下炉体的下隔热盖311之间通过螺栓固定连接，中腔体下固定盖310和下隔热盖311连接用来连接中炉体和下炉体；
整个炉体通过上隔热盖31、上腔体下固定盖35、中隔热盖36、中腔体下固定盖310、下隔热盖311和下腔体下固定盖315四个地方对炉体进行加强，提高整个炉体在超重力环境下的刚度和强度，防止炉体运行过程中变形和破坏。上腔体下固定盖35和中隔热盖36、中腔体下固定盖310和下隔热盖311之间通过高强螺栓联接，方便安装及维护。
炉体承载体319置于下炉体的下腔体隔热层314底部，高强度炉管317置于炉体承载体319上，炉体承载体319置于超重力试验舱底面上，炉体承载体319用来支撑整个炉体重量，以及超重力作用下产生的压应力，同时隔热，防止热量在超重力下通过热传导到吊装密封舱1的底部。高强度炉管317外分别和上炉体的上腔体隔热层34、中炉体的中腔体隔热层39、下炉体的下腔体隔热层314之间填充有隔热保温层316；高强度炉管317内部加工有螺旋状凹槽318-1，如图7所示，螺旋状凹槽318-1装有螺旋状的发热体318，如图8所示，螺旋状 凹槽318-1在朝向高强度炉管317内壁的一侧开设有散热通道318-2，通过散热通道318-2将发热体318产生的热量均匀辐射到高强度炉管317中央。
工作过程中发热体318产生热量，通过辐射加热高强度炉管317，在高强度炉管317中央形成高温区，通过改变不同高度位置的螺旋状凹槽318-1螺距进而改变不同高度位置的发热体318在高强度炉管317间距，调整不同高度位置的加热温度，从而可以实现形成均匀的温度区或非均匀的温度梯度区。
本发明的高强度炉管317和发热体318的结构设计，这样能发热体318防止发热体在超重力环境下脱落，并且还能通过调整螺旋状凹槽不同位置处的螺距调整加热效果。
具体实施中，炉壳32、33、36、37、312、313采用航空航天轻质高强材料，设置2层隔热屏和一层保温层，利用真空环境防止热辐射，并有效防止高温传导。
隔热保温层316为由低热导率材料组成，采用莫来石，防止热量通过传导传递到炉外。
高强度炉管317采用高强度、低导热系数的陶瓷制作。
高强度炉管317加工的螺旋状凹槽螺距：发热体318在超重力条件下容易拉升变形，甚至断裂。需考虑发热体318布局设计外还得考虑发热体318所带来的一系列变化影响，如防止在超重力条件下发热体318变形移动(严重时断裂)，从而影响设备的整体运行。
发热体318的选型：不同的发热体318允许使用的最高温度和对使用环境的要求不一样，需结合此装置的具体使用条件(最高工作温度、真空环境和超重力环境)确定发热体318类型。如铁铬铝电热合金丝和铂金丝等。
为防止超重力下高强度炉管317自重造成的变形，高温炉3炉体设计为三层分体式，每层单独加固保温层。
炉体承载体319支撑整个高强度炉管317、保温层的重量，以及试样过程中产生的超重力，炉体承载体319是通过高强螺栓固定在吊装密封舱1底部。
高温炉3安装使用时，先将下腔体下固定盖315通过螺栓固定于吊装密封舱(1)底部，炉体承载体319安装于下腔体下固定盖315上，下腔体外壳312、下腔体中壳313、下腔体隔热层314通过螺栓与下腔体下固定盖315连接，下隔热盖311通过螺栓与中腔体下固定盖310连接，中腔体中壳38、中腔体隔热层39、中腔体下固定盖310通过螺栓与中腔体下固定盖310连接，再通过螺栓与上腔体下固定盖35、中隔热盖36连接。
将莫来石的隔热保温层316直接放置在陶瓷的高强度炉管317和下腔体隔 热层314、中腔体隔热层39、上腔体隔热层34之间。莫来石的隔热保温层316既可以起到缓冲作用又可以隔绝热量。
高温炉3可重复使用，仅需要通过更换合适的发热体318和高强度炉管317以满足不同的实验要求，具有结构简单且安全系数较高的优点。
力学测试装置4主要功能是提供试样测试所需的力学环境和固定试样。
如图9所示，力学测试装置4包括高温拉杆4-1、夹头4-2、试样6、锁紧螺母4-4和面力加载块4-5；高温拉杆4-1上端通过螺孔4-6和螺栓固定在承力架2顶部，高温拉杆4-1下端和夹头4-2上端固定，夹头4-2下端装夹住试样6的上端，试样6下端经锁紧螺母4-4和面力加载块4-5固定连接，试样6通过夹头4-2与高温拉杆4-1相连，通过锁紧螺母4-4与面力加载块4-5相连；高温拉杆4-1的下部和试样6置于高温炉3的高强度炉管317内，面力加载块4-5穿过高温炉3的高强度炉管317伸入到缓冲装置5的上支撑体中。
高温拉杆4-1和夹头4-2采用高温合金材料，且可提供不同螺纹尺寸，以满足不同的试样需求，可实现
Figure PCTCN2019110031-appb-000002
之间随便更换。夹头4-2材料选用高温合金。
具体实施中，缓冲装置5采用申请日为2019.4.10，申请号为2019102853393、发明名称为《一种超重力环境下捕获高温飞断样品的缓冲装置》的中国专利中发明内容处的技术方案。缓冲装置5置于高温炉3的炉体承载体319内部或者代替炉体承载体319，上支撑体3端口朝上/朝向力学测试装置4，用以对从力学测试装置4断裂而下来的试样进行承接，放置试样对吊装密封舱1底部造成损坏。
具体实施的试样常见的可以为标准的持久、拉伸、蠕变和疲劳试样。
本发明装置使用和运行过程：
以蠕变试样作为实验对象，实验场景为例进行说明。
实验前，根据实验温度、体积力和面力确定高温炉3的加热温度、离心主机转速和面力加载块47的质量。下面详细说明该发明的使用和运行过程：
第一步：根据实验条件，确定高温炉3的加热温度、离心主机转速和面力加载块47的质量。
第二步：根据试样6尺寸，确定夹头43和紧锁螺母的尺寸。
第三步：将试样6首先通过夹头43与拉杆41相连，然后通过紧锁螺母与面力加载块47相连。
第四步：在试样6上依次焊接三个应变片，用于测试实验过程中试样6的应变；焊接一个热电偶，用于测控高温炉3的温度。
第五步：将力学测试装置4通过螺母安装在承力架2上。
第七步：将吊装密封舱1通过舱体吊耳11-3与超重力离心机的转臂铰接相联。
第八步：在焊接在试样6上的三个应变片和一个热电偶延长导线沿拉杆41与舱体接口1-1相连，再通过主机轴上的电滑环连接与地面测试系统连接。
第九步：启动真空系统，使吊装密封舱1内的真空度达到10 -2Pa。
第十步：当吊装密封舱1内的真空度达到10 -2Pa后，启动高温炉3的加热。
第十一步：当高温炉3的温度达到实验设定温度后，启动离心主机。
第十二步：当离心主机转速达到实验设定的转速后，就在高温炉3内形成一个体积力-面力-温度耦合作用的力学性能测试环境。
第十三步：实验过程中，温度和应变信号实时传给信号采集器，信号采集器将获得模拟信号转变为数字信号，再通过布线架与信号滑环连接，最后与地面测控中心连接，从而获得实验过程中试样6的应力应变曲线。
本发明装置的力学性能测试工作过程如下：
第一步：用夹头43将试样6连接到拉杆41下端，将热电偶44和应变片焊接在试样6上；
第二步：然后将超重力实验舱置于离心机的吊篮中，在超重力实验舱内放置高温炉，高温炉内腔底部放置缓冲装置5，在高温炉3内腔顶部放置承力架2，在高温炉内腔的承力架和缓冲装置之间放置所述力学测试装置4，安装上需要加热的试样6；
第三步：将焊接在试样6表面测温的热电偶的导线和信号采集器连接，信号采集器将接收温度和应变的模拟信号，并将模拟信号转变为数字信号；
第四步：地面三个强电独立回路分别连接到高温炉3的高强度炉管317的上、中、下加热区，使得高温炉3的高强度炉管317的上、中、下三个加热区分别独立加热，在不同的加热区设置不同的加热温度；
温度控制具体如下：高温炉3的高强度炉管317内安装待力学性能测试的试样，并设置有温度传感器，温度传感器连接信号采集器，信号采集器输出的导线通过布线架与弱信号导电滑环连接，再与地面测控中心连接；高温炉3设置有三路强电独立回路，三路强电独立回路控制加热内部不同高度位置的发热体318进行高温加热，将地面三个强电独立回路通过离心离心机主轴导电滑环接入超重力实验舱的布线架；离心离心机主轴导电滑环和供电柜连接。即通过布线架，将第一个强电独立回路和高温炉3上加热区连接，将第二个强电独立回路和高温炉中加热区连接，将第三个强电独立回路和高温炉下加热区连接。
具体实施中，将控制高温炉3的三个独立控温温度延长导线接入信号采集 器，信号采集器将接受的温度信号，从模拟信号转变为数字信号；数字信号通过布线架与信号滑环连接，再与地面测控中心连接。
高强度炉管317作为炉管，加热利用加热丝产生热量，通过热传导加热高强度炉管317。高强度炉管317所需温度梯度及均温区由加热丝布局实现，在炉膛中形成均匀的温度场，同时承受超重力过程加高强度炉管317所产生的压力以及避免热传导对外围部件的热影响。炉温由固定或焊接在待测是试样上的温度传感器通过控温仪和测控系统控制。
第五步：离心机转轴上安装转速计，将安装在离心机转轴上的转速计信号线与弱信号导离心机主轴导离心机主轴导电滑环连接，利用加热装置上三个热电偶控制高温炉的实时温度和加热速率，利用转速计控制离心机转速，利用以下公式计算施加在试样6上的应力F：
F＝m·a＝m·R(2πN/60) 2
其中，m为试样6的质量；a为离心加速度，R为试样6到离心机转轴轴线的有效距离；N为离心机的转速。
本发明在试样测试过程中，试样受力状态为：同时受到温度，自重产生的离心应力和面力加载块产生的面力，进而实时绘制获得试样在受力状态下的应力-应变曲线。
本发明能通过热电偶能独立控制高温炉3的三个不同区域的温度，实现均温加热或梯度加热，进而能调节设置温度的分布。
通过力学测试装置4进行测试，具有以下工作方式：
(1)通过焊接在试样工作段的应变片，能实时获得试样在受力状态下的应力-应变曲线，进而能测试获得离心力-高温耦合作用下材料的动态应力-应变曲线，获得材料力学性能结果；
(2)实验过程中离心力可以通过控制转速动态变化，进而能施加在试样上的面力；
(3)通过改变面力加载块重量，改变施加在试样上的面力；
(4)通过热电偶能独立控制加热装置三区不同的温度，实现均温加热或梯度加热，进而能根据需要设置试样6的温度分布。

Claims (6)

  1. 一种超重力环境悬挂式多场耦合作用下材料性能测试系统，其特征在于：包括吊装密封舱(1)、承力架(2)、高温炉(3)、力学测试装置(4)、缓冲装置(5)；吊装密封舱(1)内部固定安装有承力架(2)和高温炉(3)，承力架(2)罩在高温炉(3)外，缓冲装置(5)安装于高温炉(3)内的底部，力学测试装置(4)上下两端连接在承力架(2)顶部和高温炉(3)底部内，试样(6)连接安装在力学测试装置(4)末端；
    所述的高温炉(3)固定于超重力试验舱中，所述的高温炉(3)包括从上到下依次布置连接的上炉体、中炉体、下炉体以及隔热保温层(316)、高强度炉管(317)、发热体(318)和炉体承载体(319)；上炉体主要由上隔热盖(31)、上腔体外壳(32)、上腔体中壳(33)、上腔体隔热层(34)、上腔体下固定盖(35)组成，上腔体外壳(32)、上腔体中壳(33)、上腔体隔热层(34)分别从外到内安装形成上炉三层结构，上隔热盖(31)和上腔体下固定盖(35)分别安装于上炉三层结构的上端和下端使得上炉三层结构固定连接，上腔体外壳(32)和上腔体中壳(33)之间以及上腔体中壳(33)和上腔体隔热层(34)之间均有间隙作为空气隔热层；中炉体主要由中隔热盖(36)、中腔体外壳(37)、中腔体中壳(38)、中腔体隔热层(39)、中腔体下固定盖(310)组成，中腔体外壳(37)、中腔体中壳(38)、中腔体隔热层(39)分别从外到内安装形成中炉三层结构，中隔热盖(36)和中腔体下固定盖(310)分别安装于中炉三层结构的上端和下端使得中炉三层结构固定连接，中腔体外壳(37)和中腔体中壳(38)之间以及中腔体中壳(38)和中腔体隔热层(39)之间均有间隙作为空气隔热层；上炉体的上腔体下固定盖(35)和中炉体的中隔热盖(36)之间固定连接；下炉体主要由下隔热盖(311)、下腔体外壳(312)、下腔体中壳(313)、下腔体隔热层(314)、下腔体下固定盖(315)组成，下腔体外壳(312)、下腔体中壳(313)、下腔体隔热层(314)分别从外到内安装形成下炉三层结构，下隔热盖(311)和下腔体下固定盖(315)分别安装于下炉三层结构的上端和下端使得下炉三层结构固定连接，下腔体外壳(312)和下腔体中壳(313)之间以及下腔体中壳(313)和下腔体隔热层(314)之间均有间隙作为空气隔热层；中炉体的中腔体下固定盖(310)和下炉体的下隔热盖(311)之间固定连接；炉体承载体(319)置于下炉体的下腔体隔热层(314)底部，高强度炉管(317)置于炉体承载体(319)上，高强度炉管(317)外分别和上炉体的上腔体隔热层(34)、中炉体的中腔体隔热层(39)、下炉体的下腔体 隔热层(314)之间填充有隔热保温层(316)；高强度炉管(317)内部加工有螺旋状凹槽(318-1)，螺旋状凹槽(318-1)装有螺旋状的发热体(318)，螺旋状凹槽(318-1)在朝向高强度炉管(317)内壁的一侧开设有散热通道(318-2)，通过散热通道(318-2)将发热体(318)产生的热量均匀辐射到高强度炉管(317)中央；
    所述的力学测试装置(4)包括高温拉杆(4-1)、夹头(4-2)、试样(6)、锁紧螺母(4-4)和面力加载块(4-5)；高温拉杆(4-1)上端通过螺孔(4-6)和螺栓固定在承力架(2)顶部，高温拉杆(4-1)下端和夹头(4-2)上端固定，夹头(4-2)下端装夹住试样(6)的上端，试样(6)下端经锁紧螺母(4-4)和面力加载块(4-5)固定连接；高温拉杆(4-1)的下部和试样(6)置于高温炉(3)的高强度炉管(317)内，面力加载块(4-5)穿过高温炉(3)的高强度炉管(317)伸入到缓冲装置(5)中。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的一种超重力环境悬挂式多场耦合作用下材料性能测试系统，其特征在于：所述的吊装密封舱(1)包括上密封穹顶(11)和吊装密封腔体(12)，吊装密封腔体(12)内部设有腔体，腔体上端开口，吊装密封腔体(12)的两侧侧壁向外连接有舱体吊耳13，两侧的舱体吊耳铰接连接到超重力离心机的吊篮转臂上，上密封穹顶(11)通过螺栓安装连接到吊装密封腔体(12)的腔体开口端面并密封连接；所述的上密封穹顶(11)上设有主机接口(11-1)，主机接口(11-1)用于连接真空系统的抽气接口、监测炉内压力的压力表接口、控制炉内压力的安全阀接口、加热系统的加热电极接口法兰、测温系统、变形测量的真空连接电缆插口。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的一种超重力环境悬挂式多场耦合作用下材料性能测试系统，其特征在于：所述的承力架(2)包括拉杆固定穹顶(2-1)、固定环(2-2)和立柱(2-3)，两个固定环(2-2)分别上下平行相对布置，两个固定环(2-2)之间通过多根立柱(2-3)固定连接形成柱形壳体，上部的固定环(2-2)上固定安装有拉杆固定穹顶(2-1)，拉杆固定穹顶(2-1)为圆弧凸台结构，下部的固定环(2-2)通过螺栓固定于吊装密封腔体(12)腔体的内底面，拉杆固定穹顶(2-1)和立柱(2-3)由两个固定环(2-2)固定，防止受力变形，拉杆固定穹顶(2-1)采用圆弧设计；力学测试装置(4)顶端安装于拉杆固定穹顶(2-1)上，下端穿过高温炉(3)后连接到试样(6)上。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的一种超重力环境悬挂式多场耦合作用下材料性能测试系统，其特征在于：工作过程中发热体(318)产生热量，通过辐射加热高强度炉管(317)，在高强度炉管(317)中央形成高温区，通过改变不同高度 位置的螺旋状凹槽(318-1)螺距进而改变不同高度位置的发热体(318)在高强度炉管(317)间距，调整不同高度位置的加热温度，从而可以实现形成均匀的温度区或非均匀的温度梯度区。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的一种超重力环境悬挂式多场耦合作用下材料性能测试系统，其特征在于：高温炉(3)安装使用时，先将下腔体下固定盖(315)通过螺栓固定于吊装密封舱(1)底部，炉体承载体(319)安装于下腔体下固定盖(315)上，下腔体外壳(312)、下腔体中壳(313)、下腔体隔热层(314)通过螺栓与下腔体下固定盖(315)连接，下隔热盖(311)通过螺栓与中腔体下固定盖(310)连接，中腔体中壳(38)、中腔体隔热层(39)、中腔体下固定盖(310)通过螺栓与中腔体下固定盖(310)连接，再通过螺栓与上腔体下固定盖(35)、中隔热盖(36)连接。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的一种超重力环境悬挂式多场耦合作用下材料性能测试系统，其特征在于：将莫来石的隔热保温层(316)直接放置在陶瓷的高强度炉管(317)和下腔体隔热层(314)、中腔体隔热层(39)、上腔体隔热层(34)之间，既可以起到缓冲作用又可以隔绝热量。
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