WO2020244278A1 - Novel crescent for internal gear pump and preparation method therefor - Google Patents

Novel crescent for internal gear pump and preparation method therefor Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2020244278A1
WO2020244278A1 PCT/CN2020/080126 CN2020080126W WO2020244278A1 WO 2020244278 A1 WO2020244278 A1 WO 2020244278A1 CN 2020080126 W CN2020080126 W CN 2020080126W WO 2020244278 A1 WO2020244278 A1 WO 2020244278A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
internal gear
gear pump
crescent plate
nickel
niobium diselenide
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PCT/CN2020/080126
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French (fr)
Chinese (zh)
Inventor
焦生炉
卢昊
权江涛
彭玉兴
朱真才
周涛
王年
姜伟
李剑锋
连旭日
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徐州圣邦机械有限公司
中国矿业大学
圣邦集团有限公司
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Publication of WO2020244278A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020244278A1/en

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    • B22F1/0003—
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
    • B22F1/17—Metallic particles coated with metal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/02—Compacting only
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/12—Both compacting and sintering
    • B22F3/14—Both compacting and sintering simultaneously
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F5/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
    • B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
    • B22F9/04—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from solid material, e.g. by crushing, grinding or milling
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
    • B22F9/16—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes
    • B22F9/18—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds
    • B22F9/24—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds starting from liquid metal compounds, e.g. solutions
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04C—ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04C15/00—Component parts, details or accessories of machines, pumps or pumping installations, not provided for in groups F04C2/00 - F04C14/00
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04C—ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04C2/00—Rotary-piston machines or pumps
    • F04C2/08—Rotary-piston machines or pumps of intermeshing-engagement type, i.e. with engagement of co-operating members similar to that of toothed gearing
    • F04C2/10—Rotary-piston machines or pumps of intermeshing-engagement type, i.e. with engagement of co-operating members similar to that of toothed gearing of internal-axis type with the outer member having more teeth or tooth-equivalents, e.g. rollers, than the inner member
    • F04C2/101—Rotary-piston machines or pumps of intermeshing-engagement type, i.e. with engagement of co-operating members similar to that of toothed gearing of internal-axis type with the outer member having more teeth or tooth-equivalents, e.g. rollers, than the inner member with a crescent-shaped filler element, located between the inner and outer intermeshing members
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
    • B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
    • B22F9/04—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from solid material, e.g. by crushing, grinding or milling
    • B22F2009/043—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from solid material, e.g. by crushing, grinding or milling by ball milling
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
    • B22F9/16—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes
    • B22F9/18—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds
    • B22F9/24—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds starting from liquid metal compounds, e.g. solutions
    • B22F2009/245—Reduction reaction in an Ionic Liquid [IL]
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a novel internal gear pump crescent plate and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of powder metallurgy.
  • the technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a new type of internal gear pump crescent plate, which can effectively improve the mechanical properties, wear resistance, and environmental adaptability of the crescent plate.
  • the present invention designs a new type of internal gear pump crescent plate, which is made of copper powder and nickel-coated niobium diselenide, wherein the mass of copper powder accounts for 85%-95%, the mass proportion of nickel-coated niobium diselenide is 5%-15%.
  • the mass proportion of copper powder is 85%, and the mass proportion of nickel-coated niobium diselenide is 15%.
  • the mass ratio of nickel to niobium diselenide is 1:1.
  • the purity of the copper powder and the purity of the nickel-coated niobium diselenide are both greater than 99%.
  • the technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a method for preparing a new type of internal gear pump crescent plate, which includes the following steps:
  • Step A1 Weigh the copper powder and nickel-coated niobium diselenide according to the mass percentage ratio, and use a planetary ball mill for uniform mixing to obtain mixed ingredients;
  • Step A2 Put the mixed ingredients into the mold and shake them evenly, and press to shape them to obtain molding materials;
  • Step A3. Pass an inert gas into the enclosed space, place the molding material in the enclosed space, and perform pressureless sintering of the molding material according to preset sintering parameters to obtain an internal gear pump crescent plate.
  • the sintering parameters are as follows:
  • Sintering temperature is 750°C ⁇ 900°C, heating rate is 9°C/min ⁇ 11°C/min, pressure is 300MPa ⁇ 500Mpa, holding time is 100min ⁇ 150min;
  • the sintering parameters are as follows:
  • the sintering temperature is 800°C
  • the heating rate is 10°C/min
  • the pressure is 400Mpa
  • the holding time is 120min;
  • the inert gas is argon.
  • the preparation of the nickel-coated niobium diselenide includes the following steps:
  • Step B Add NbSe 2 to deionized water for a preset duration of ultrasound to obtain a uniformly dispersed NbSe 2 solution;
  • Step B2. Add NiSO 4 and EDTA ⁇ 2Na ⁇ 2H2O to the NbSe 2 solution, and stir the ultrasonic for a preset time to obtain a primary solution;
  • Step B3. Drop the hydrazine hydrate solution into the primary solution, and continue to stir for a preset time at a preset temperature to obtain a solution product;
  • Step B4 Centrifuge the solution product, wash it with distilled water for a preset number of times, and then dry it in a vacuum oven at a preset temperature for a preset time to obtain nickel-coated niobium diselenide particles.
  • the new internal gear pump crescent plate designed by the present invention and its preparation method adopts a new component structure to prepare the ratio.
  • the prepared crescent plate has excellent physical and mechanical properties, high strength, low friction coefficient, and wear resistance. Good abrasion performance and other advantages; and based on a new preparation method designed for composition ratio, the whole process has simple process, strong operability, and relatively low cost, and has a wide range of uses in the mechanical manufacturing industry.
  • Figure 1 is a 500 times metallographic photo of the internal gear pump crescent plate prepared in Example 3;
  • Fig. 2a is a schematic diagram of the comparison between the pure copper crescent plate and the examples 1 to 4 based on the friction coefficient at room temperature;
  • 2b is a schematic diagram of comparison of the wear rate of pure copper crescent plate and Examples 1 to 4 based on the room temperature state;
  • Figure 3a is a scan of the wear scar of the pure copper crescent plate at room temperature
  • Figure 3b is a scan of the wear scar in Example 1 based on room temperature
  • Figure 3c is a scan of the wear scar in Example 3 based on room temperature
  • Fig. 3d is a scanning diagram of the wear scar of Example 4 based on the room temperature state.
  • Solid lubricating materials are used in harsh environmental conditions such as wide range, high load, ultra-high vacuum, strong oxidation or reduction, strong radiation, etc., which can significantly reduce the friction factor of friction parts, and reduce or avoid the occurrence of contact friction during the movement of parts Wear and tear, prolong its service life. Therefore, in the anti-friction and anti-wear design of mechanical parts, solid lubricating materials have the same important position as the parts materials themselves. This copper-based self-lubricating composite material can be used for important parts such as crescent plates in internal gear pumps.
  • the copper-based self-lubricating composite material containing solid lubricant has the characteristics of base copper and solid lubricant, and can be widely used in industrial fields.
  • NbSe 2 is a layered compound material with a hexagonal crystal structure. Covalent bonds, metal bonds, and ionic bonds coexist. This weak bond combination between layers is similar to layered graphite. It has self-lubricating effect and high temperature resistance. With high strength and good stability, it can be used under severe working conditions such as heavy load and vacuum.
  • By covering the surface of NbSe 2 with a layer of nickel not only the bonding strength of the interface between NbSe 2 and the copper matrix can be improved, but also the hardness of the material and the anti-friction and wear resistance can be improved.
  • the crescent plate is made of copper powder and nickel-coated niobium diselenide.
  • the mass of copper powder accounts for 85% to 95%.
  • the mass ratio of niobium diselenide is 5% to 15%; in practical applications, the purity of copper powder and the purity of nickel-coated niobium diselenide are both greater than 99%; for the ratio of different components, copper can be specifically designed
  • the mass ratio of the powder is 85%, and the mass ratio of the nickel-coated niobium diselenide is 15%.
  • the mass ratio of nickel and niobium diselenide is 1:1. Ni-coated niobium diselenide.
  • the nickel-coated niobium diselenide is prepared according to the following steps B1 to B4.
  • Step B1 The NbSe 2 is added to the preset length of ultrasonic deionized water to obtain a uniform dispersion of NbSe 2 solution; actual applications, such as ultrasound said 0.1gNbSe 2 60min 50ml was added to the deionized water to obtain a uniform dispersion of NbSe 2 solution.
  • Step B2. Add NiSO 4 and EDTA ⁇ 2Na ⁇ 2H2O to the NbSe 2 solution, and stir the ultrasonic for a preset time to obtain the primary solution; in practical applications, such as adding 0.16g NiSO 4 and 0.08g EDTA ⁇ 2Na ⁇ 2H2O to the NbSe 2 In the solution, stir and ultrasonic for 15min to obtain the primary solution.
  • Step B3. Drop the hydrazine hydrate solution into the primary solution, and continue to stir at the preset temperature for a preset time to obtain the solution product; in practical applications, such as dropping 2ml of hydrazine hydrate solution into the primary solution, and Stirring was continued for 120 min at 30°C to obtain a solution product.
  • Step B4 Centrifuge the solution product, wash it with distilled water for a preset number of times, and then dry it in a vacuum oven at a preset temperature for a preset time to obtain nickel-coated niobium diselenide particles; in practical applications, such as for solution products Carry out centrifugal treatment, wash with distilled water 3 times, and then dry in a vacuum oven at 60°C for 8 hours to obtain nickel-coated niobium diselenide particles.
  • the designed internal gear pump crescent plate is prepared.
  • Step A1 Weigh the copper powder and nickel-coated niobium diselenide according to the mass percentage ratio, and use a planetary ball mill for uniform mixing to obtain mixed ingredients.
  • Step A2 Put the mixed ingredients into the mold and shake them evenly, and press to shape to obtain the molding material.
  • Step A3. Pass inert gas into the confined space and place the molding material in the confined space.
  • preset sintering parameters perform pressureless sintering of the molding material to obtain the crescent plate of the internal gear pump; in actual application, inert gas design Argon gas is used for the access of confined spaces.
  • step A3 is in actual application, according to the following sintering parameters:
  • the sintering temperature is 750°C ⁇ 900°C
  • the heating rate is 9°C/min ⁇ 11°C/min
  • the pressure is 300MPa ⁇ 500Mpa
  • the holding time is 100min ⁇ 150min.
  • Pressureless sintering is performed on the molding material in the confined space to obtain the internal gear pump crescent plate; and in the specific operation, the sintering temperature can be set at 800°C, the heating rate is 10°C/min, the pressure is 400Mpa, and the holding time is 120min.
  • Step A1 According to the mass percentage of copper powder 95%, nickel-coated niobium diselenide 5%, weigh the copper powder and nickel-coated niobium diselenide, and use a planetary ball mill for uniform mixing to obtain mixed ingredients, wherein, ball mill The speed is 250r/min, and the mixing time is 12h.
  • Step A2 Put the mixed ingredients into the mold and shake them evenly, and press to shape to obtain the molding material.
  • Step A3. Pass argon gas into the enclosed space, and place the molding material in the enclosed space, according to the following sintering parameters:
  • the sintering temperature is 800°C
  • the heating rate is 10°C/min
  • the pressure is 400Mpa
  • the holding time is 120min.
  • the tribological performance was carried out on the CETRRMT-2Multi-SpecimenTestSystem friction tester.
  • the experimental parameters were load 500g, speed 200r/min, time 30min, and temperature at room temperature.
  • the new internal gear pump crescent plate designed by the present invention has excellent mechanical properties at normal temperature, low friction coefficient and low wear rate, and has excellent wear resistance at normal temperature while realizing self-lubrication; as shown in Figure 1
  • the metallographic photo shows its microstructure. As shown in Figure 2a, it can be seen that the friction coefficients of Examples 1, 2, 3, and 4 are lower than those of pure copper, and Figure 2b shows that Examples 1, 2, The wear rates of 3 and 4 are lower than those of pure copper.
  • the new internal gear pump crescent plate designed by the present invention is prepared with a new component structure.
  • the prepared crescent plate has excellent physical and mechanical properties, high strength, low friction coefficient, and wear resistance. Good performance and other advantages; and based on a new preparation method designed for the composition ratio, the whole process has simple process, strong operability, and relatively low cost, and has a wide range of uses in the mechanical manufacturing industry.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Rotary Pumps (AREA)
  • Details And Applications Of Rotary Liquid Pumps (AREA)

Abstract

Disclosed is a crescent for an internal gear pump, which is prepared from copper powder and nickel-coated niobium diselenide, wherein the copper powder is in an amount of 85% to 95% by mass, and the nickel-coated niobium diselenide is in an amount of 5% to 15% by mass. Also disclosed is a method for preparing the crescent, comprising the following successive steps: material blending, press forming, and pressureless sintering in a hermetic space. With novel components and ratios, the method prepares a crescent for an internal gear pump having excellent physical and mechanical properties and having the advantages of high strength, low friction coefficient, and good abrasion resistance. Moreover, with novel components and ratios, the preparation method features a simple process, high operability, and low cost, and has wide potential for application in the machinery manufacturing industry.

Description

一种新型内齿轮泵月牙板及其制备方法A new type of internal gear pump crescent plate and preparation method thereof 技术领域Technical field
本发明涉及一种新型内齿轮泵月牙板及其制备方法，属于粉末冶金技术领域。The invention relates to a novel internal gear pump crescent plate and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of powder metallurgy.
背景技术Background technique
在现代工业生产中，对于机械设备中零件摩擦的工作过程，由于在各类不同条件下，摩擦零部件很少具有自润滑功能，摩擦磨损是造成材料损耗的重要原因之一，通过使用润滑材料，减少摩擦与磨损，以尽可能地减少无用的能量消耗，延长摩擦件的使用寿命，降低使用成本，节省能源等，摩擦学者、润滑工程师、设计者和工程师通过润滑以达到减摩抗磨的理论与实例研究一直没有停止过。In modern industrial production, for the working process of parts friction in mechanical equipment, because friction parts rarely have self-lubricating function under various conditions, friction and wear are one of the important reasons for material loss. Through the use of lubricating materials , To reduce friction and wear, in order to reduce useless energy consumption as much as possible, extend the service life of friction parts, reduce use costs, save energy, etc., tribologists, lubrication engineers, designers and engineers achieve friction and wear resistance through lubrication Theory and case studies have never stopped.
发明内容Summary of the invention
本发明所要解决的技术问题是提供一种新型内齿轮泵月牙板，能够有效提高月牙板的机械性能、耐磨损性能、以及环境适应性。The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a new type of internal gear pump crescent plate, which can effectively improve the mechanical properties, wear resistance, and environmental adaptability of the crescent plate.
本发明为了解决上述技术问题采用以下技术方案：本发明设计了一种新型内齿轮泵月牙板，月牙板由铜粉和镍包覆二硒化铌制成，其中，铜粉的质量占比为85％～95％，镍包覆二硒化铌的质量占比为5％～15％。In order to solve the above technical problems, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions: The present invention designs a new type of internal gear pump crescent plate, which is made of copper powder and nickel-coated niobium diselenide, wherein the mass of copper powder accounts for 85%-95%, the mass proportion of nickel-coated niobium diselenide is 5%-15%.
作为本发明的一种优选技术方案：所述月牙板中，铜粉的质量占比为85％，镍包覆二硒化铌的质量占比为15％。As a preferred technical solution of the present invention, in the crescent plate, the mass proportion of copper powder is 85%, and the mass proportion of nickel-coated niobium diselenide is 15%.
作为本发明的一种优选技术方案：所述镍包覆二硒化铌中，镍和二硒化铌的质量比为1:1。As a preferred technical solution of the present invention: in the nickel-coated niobium diselenide, the mass ratio of nickel to niobium diselenide is 1:1.
作为本发明的一种优选技术方案：所述月牙板中，铜粉的纯度和镍包覆二硒化铌的纯度均大于99％。As a preferred technical solution of the present invention: in the crescent plate, the purity of the copper powder and the purity of the nickel-coated niobium diselenide are both greater than 99%.
与上述相对应，本发明还要解决的技术问题是提供一种针对新型内齿轮泵月牙板的制备方法，包括如下步骤：Corresponding to the above, the technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a method for preparing a new type of internal gear pump crescent plate, which includes the following steps:
步骤A1.按质量百分比配比、称取铜粉和镍包覆二硒化铌，并采用行星式球磨机进行均匀混合，获得混合配料；Step A1. Weigh the copper powder and nickel-coated niobium diselenide according to the mass percentage ratio, and use a planetary ball mill for uniform mixing to obtain mixed ingredients;
步骤A2.将混合配料放入模具中摇匀，并压制成型，获得成型料；Step A2. Put the mixed ingredients into the mold and shake them evenly, and press to shape them to obtain molding materials;
步骤A3.在密闭空间中通入惰性气体，并将成型料置于密闭空间中，按预设烧结参数，针对成型料进行无压烧结，获得内齿轮泵月牙板。Step A3. Pass an inert gas into the enclosed space, place the molding material in the enclosed space, and perform pressureless sintering of the molding material according to preset sintering parameters to obtain an internal gear pump crescent plate.
作为本发明的一种优选技术方案，所述步骤A3中，按如下烧结参数：As a preferred technical solution of the present invention, in the step A3, the sintering parameters are as follows:
烧结温度750℃～900℃，升温速率为9℃/min～11℃/min,压力为300MPa～500Mpa、保温时间100min～150min；Sintering temperature is 750℃～900℃, heating rate is 9℃/min～11℃/min, pressure is 300MPa～500Mpa, holding time is 100min～150min;
针对密闭空间中的成型料进行无压烧结，获得内齿轮泵月牙板。Pressureless sintering is performed on the molding material in the confined space to obtain the crescent plate of the internal gear pump.
作为本发明的一种优选技术方案，所述步骤A3中，按如下烧结参数：As a preferred technical solution of the present invention, in the step A3, the sintering parameters are as follows:
烧结温度800℃，升温速率为10℃/min,压力为400Mpa、保温时间120min；The sintering temperature is 800℃, the heating rate is 10℃/min, the pressure is 400Mpa, and the holding time is 120min;
针对密闭空间中的成型料进行无压烧结，获得内齿轮泵月牙板。Pressureless sintering is performed on the molding material in the confined space to obtain the crescent plate of the internal gear pump.
作为本发明的一种优选技术方案：所述惰性气体为氩气。As a preferred technical solution of the present invention: the inert gas is argon.
作为本发明的一种优选技术方案，所述镍包覆二硒化铌的制备，包括如下步骤：As a preferred technical solution of the present invention, the preparation of the nickel-coated niobium diselenide includes the following steps:
步骤B1.将NbSe 2加入到去离子水中超声预设时长，获得均匀分散的NbSe 2溶液； Step B1. Add NbSe 2 to deionized water for a preset duration of ultrasound to obtain a uniformly dispersed NbSe 2 solution;
步骤B2.将NiSO 4和EDTA·2Na·2H2O加入到NbSe 2溶液中，并搅拌超声预设时长，获得初级溶液； Step B2. Add NiSO 4 and EDTA·2Na·2H2O to the NbSe 2 solution, and stir the ultrasonic for a preset time to obtain a primary solution;
步骤B3.将水合肼溶液滴加到初级溶液中，并在预设温度下、继续搅拌预设时长，获得溶液产物；Step B3. Drop the hydrazine hydrate solution into the primary solution, and continue to stir for a preset time at a preset temperature to obtain a solution product;
步骤B4.针对溶液产物进行离心处理，并用蒸馏水洗涤预设次数，然后在预设温度的真空烘箱中干燥预设时长，即获得镍包覆二硒化铌颗粒。Step B4. Centrifuge the solution product, wash it with distilled water for a preset number of times, and then dry it in a vacuum oven at a preset temperature for a preset time to obtain nickel-coated niobium diselenide particles.
本发明所述一种新型内齿轮泵月牙板及其制备方法，采用以上技术方案与现有技术相比，具有以下技术效果：Compared with the prior art, the above-mentioned technical scheme adopts the above-mentioned technical scheme and has the following technical effects:
本发明所设计新型内齿轮泵月牙板及其制备方法，采用全新组分结构进行配比制备，所制备出的月牙板具有优异的物理性能和机械性能，拥有强度高，摩擦系数低，抗磨磨损性能好等优点；并且基于全新组分配比设计的制备方法，整个过程工艺简单、可操作性强，成本相对较低，在机械制造工业领域具有广泛用途。The new internal gear pump crescent plate designed by the present invention and its preparation method adopts a new component structure to prepare the ratio. The prepared crescent plate has excellent physical and mechanical properties, high strength, low friction coefficient, and wear resistance. Good abrasion performance and other advantages; and based on a new preparation method designed for composition ratio, the whole process has simple process, strong operability, and relatively low cost, and has a wide range of uses in the mechanical manufacturing industry.
附图说明Description of the drawings
图1为实施例3制备的内齿轮泵月牙板放大500倍的金相照片；Figure 1 is a 500 times metallographic photo of the internal gear pump crescent plate prepared in Example 3;
图2a为纯铜月牙板与实施例1至4基于室温状态下摩擦系数的对比示意图；Fig. 2a is a schematic diagram of the comparison between the pure copper crescent plate and the examples 1 to 4 based on the friction coefficient at room temperature;
图2b为纯铜月牙板与实施例1至4基于室温状态下磨损率的对比示意图；2b is a schematic diagram of comparison of the wear rate of pure copper crescent plate and Examples 1 to 4 based on the room temperature state;
图3a为纯铜月牙板基于室温状态下的磨痕扫描图；Figure 3a is a scan of the wear scar of the pure copper crescent plate at room temperature;
图3b为实施例1基于室温状态下的磨痕扫描图；Figure 3b is a scan of the wear scar in Example 1 based on room temperature;
图3c为实施例3基于室温状态下的磨痕扫描图；Figure 3c is a scan of the wear scar in Example 3 based on room temperature;
图3d为实施例4基于室温状态下的磨痕扫描图。Fig. 3d is a scanning diagram of the wear scar of Example 4 based on the room temperature state.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
下面结合说明书附图对本发明的具体实施方式作进一步详细的说明。The specific embodiments of the present invention will be described in further detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings of the specification.
固体润滑材料用于范围宽、高负荷、超高真空、强氧化或还原、强辐射等苛刻环境条件中使用，能够显著降低摩擦件的摩擦因数，减少或避零部件在运动时因接触摩擦发生的磨损，延长其使用寿命。因此在机械部件减摩抗磨设计中，固体润滑材料具有与零部件材料本身同等重要的地位，这种铜基自润滑复合材料可使用在内啮合齿轮泵中的月牙板等重要的零部件。Solid lubricating materials are used in harsh environmental conditions such as wide range, high load, ultra-high vacuum, strong oxidation or reduction, strong radiation, etc., which can significantly reduce the friction factor of friction parts, and reduce or avoid the occurrence of contact friction during the movement of parts Wear and tear, prolong its service life. Therefore, in the anti-friction and anti-wear design of mechanical parts, solid lubricating materials have the same important position as the parts materials themselves. This copper-based self-lubricating composite material can be used for important parts such as crescent plates in internal gear pumps.
含有固体润滑剂(镍包覆二硒化铌)的铜基自润滑复合材料，兼具基体铜和固体润滑剂的特性，而能够被广泛的应用于工业领域。NbSe 2是一种层状的化合物材料，属于六方晶体结构，共价键、金属键、离子键共存，这种各层间的弱键结合类似于层状石墨，具有自润滑作用，耐高温，强度大，稳定性好，能在大负荷、真空等苛刻工况条件下使用。通过在NbSe 2表面包覆一层镍，不仅可改善NbSe 2与铜基体的界面结合强度，还能提高材料的硬度以及减摩耐磨性能。 The copper-based self-lubricating composite material containing solid lubricant (nickel-coated niobium diselenide) has the characteristics of base copper and solid lubricant, and can be widely used in industrial fields. NbSe 2 is a layered compound material with a hexagonal crystal structure. Covalent bonds, metal bonds, and ionic bonds coexist. This weak bond combination between layers is similar to layered graphite. It has self-lubricating effect and high temperature resistance. With high strength and good stability, it can be used under severe working conditions such as heavy load and vacuum. By covering the surface of NbSe 2 with a layer of nickel, not only the bonding strength of the interface between NbSe 2 and the copper matrix can be improved, but also the hardness of the material and the anti-friction and wear resistance can be improved.
基于上述特点，本发明设计一种新型内齿轮泵月牙板，月牙板由铜粉和镍包覆二 硒化铌制成，其中，铜粉的质量占比为85％～95％，镍包覆二硒化铌的质量占比为5％～15％；实际应用当中，铜粉的纯度和镍包覆二硒化铌的纯度均大于99％；对于不同组分的配比，具体可以设计铜粉的质量占比为85％，镍包覆二硒化铌的质量占比为15％，并且对于镍包覆二硒化铌，采用质量比为1:1的镍和二硒化铌，构成镍包覆二硒化铌。Based on the above characteristics, the present invention designs a new type of internal gear pump crescent plate. The crescent plate is made of copper powder and nickel-coated niobium diselenide. The mass of copper powder accounts for 85% to 95%. The mass ratio of niobium diselenide is 5% to 15%; in practical applications, the purity of copper powder and the purity of nickel-coated niobium diselenide are both greater than 99%; for the ratio of different components, copper can be specifically designed The mass ratio of the powder is 85%, and the mass ratio of the nickel-coated niobium diselenide is 15%. For the nickel-coated niobium diselenide, the mass ratio of nickel and niobium diselenide is 1:1. Ni-coated niobium diselenide.
对于上述新型内齿轮泵月牙板的制备来说，首先按如下步骤B1至步骤B4，制备镍包覆二硒化铌。For the preparation of the above-mentioned new internal gear pump crescent plate, firstly, the nickel-coated niobium diselenide is prepared according to the following steps B1 to B4.
步骤B1.将NbSe 2加入到去离子水中超声预设时长，获得均匀分散的NbSe 2溶液；实际应用中，诸如称0.1gNbSe 2加入到50ml去离子水中超声60min，获得均匀分散的NbSe 2溶液。 Step B1 The NbSe 2 is added to the preset length of ultrasonic deionized water to obtain a uniform dispersion of NbSe 2 solution; actual applications, such as ultrasound said 0.1gNbSe 2 60min 50ml was added to the deionized water to obtain a uniform dispersion of NbSe 2 solution.
步骤B2.将NiSO 4和EDTA·2Na·2H2O加入到NbSe 2溶液中，并搅拌超声预设时长，获得初级溶液；实际应用中，诸如将0.16gNiSO 4和0.08gEDTA·2Na·2H2O加入到NbSe 2溶液中，并搅拌超声15min，获得初级溶液。 Step B2. Add NiSO 4 and EDTA·2Na·2H2O to the NbSe 2 solution, and stir the ultrasonic for a preset time to obtain the primary solution; in practical applications, such as adding 0.16g NiSO 4 and 0.08g EDTA·2Na·2H2O to the NbSe 2 In the solution, stir and ultrasonic for 15min to obtain the primary solution.
步骤B3.将水合肼溶液滴加到初级溶液中，并在预设温度下、继续搅拌预设时长，获得溶液产物；实际应用中，诸如将2ml水合肼溶液滴加到初级溶液中，并在30℃下、继续搅拌120min，获得溶液产物。Step B3. Drop the hydrazine hydrate solution into the primary solution, and continue to stir at the preset temperature for a preset time to obtain the solution product; in practical applications, such as dropping 2ml of hydrazine hydrate solution into the primary solution, and Stirring was continued for 120 min at 30°C to obtain a solution product.
步骤B4.针对溶液产物进行离心处理，并用蒸馏水洗涤预设次数，然后在预设温度的真空烘箱中干燥预设时长，即获得镍包覆二硒化铌颗粒；实际应用中，诸如针对溶液产物进行离心处理，并用蒸馏水洗涤3次，然后在60℃的真空烘箱中干燥8小时，即获得镍包覆二硒化铌颗粒。Step B4. Centrifuge the solution product, wash it with distilled water for a preset number of times, and then dry it in a vacuum oven at a preset temperature for a preset time to obtain nickel-coated niobium diselenide particles; in practical applications, such as for solution products Carry out centrifugal treatment, wash with distilled water 3 times, and then dry in a vacuum oven at 60°C for 8 hours to obtain nickel-coated niobium diselenide particles.
在获得镍包覆二硒化铌的基础上，按如下步骤A1至步骤A3，制备所设计的内齿轮泵月牙板。On the basis of obtaining nickel-coated niobium diselenide, according to the following steps A1 to A3, the designed internal gear pump crescent plate is prepared.
步骤A1.按质量百分比配比、称取铜粉和镍包覆二硒化铌，并采用行星式球磨机进行均匀混合，获得混合配料。Step A1. Weigh the copper powder and nickel-coated niobium diselenide according to the mass percentage ratio, and use a planetary ball mill for uniform mixing to obtain mixed ingredients.
步骤A2.将混合配料放入模具中摇匀，并压制成型，获得成型料。Step A2. Put the mixed ingredients into the mold and shake them evenly, and press to shape to obtain the molding material.
步骤A3.在密闭空间中通入惰性气体，并将成型料置于密闭空间中，按预设烧结参数，针对成型料进行无压烧结，获得内齿轮泵月牙板；实际应用当中，惰性气体设计采用氩气，用于密闭空间的通入。Step A3. Pass inert gas into the confined space and place the molding material in the confined space. According to the preset sintering parameters, perform pressureless sintering of the molding material to obtain the crescent plate of the internal gear pump; in actual application, inert gas design Argon gas is used for the access of confined spaces.
上述步骤A3在实际应用中，按如下烧结参数：The above step A3 is in actual application, according to the following sintering parameters:
烧结温度750℃～900℃，升温速率为9℃/min～11℃/min,压力为300MPa～500Mpa、保温时间100min～150min。The sintering temperature is 750℃～900℃, the heating rate is 9℃/min～11℃/min, the pressure is 300MPa～500Mpa, and the holding time is 100min～150min.
针对密闭空间中的成型料进行无压烧结，获得内齿轮泵月牙板；并且在具体操作中，可以设定烧结温度800℃，升温速率为10℃/min,压力为400Mpa、保温时间120min。Pressureless sintering is performed on the molding material in the confined space to obtain the internal gear pump crescent plate; and in the specific operation, the sintering temperature can be set at 800℃, the heating rate is 10℃/min, the pressure is 400Mpa, and the holding time is 120min.
将上述所设计新型内齿轮泵月牙板及其制备方法应用于实际当中，诸如下述实施例1至实施例4.The above-mentioned design of the new internal gear pump crescent plate and its preparation method are applied in practice, such as the following embodiment 1 to embodiment 4.
实施例1:Example 1:
针对设计组分，按质量百分比：铜粉为95％、镍包覆二硒化铌为5％，制备新型内齿轮泵月牙板，其制作步骤如下：For the design components, according to the mass percentage: 95% of copper powder, 5% of nickel-coated niobium diselenide, to prepare a new type of internal gear pump crescent plate, the manufacturing steps are as follows:
步骤A1.按质量百分比铜粉95％、镍包覆二硒化铌5％，称取铜粉和镍包覆二硒化铌，并采用行星式球磨机进行均匀混合，获得混合配料，其中，球磨机转速250r/min，混合时间12h。Step A1. According to the mass percentage of copper powder 95%, nickel-coated niobium diselenide 5%, weigh the copper powder and nickel-coated niobium diselenide, and use a planetary ball mill for uniform mixing to obtain mixed ingredients, wherein, ball mill The speed is 250r/min, and the mixing time is 12h.
步骤A2.将混合配料放入模具中摇匀，并压制成型，获得成型料。Step A2. Put the mixed ingredients into the mold and shake them evenly, and press to shape to obtain the molding material.
步骤A3.在密闭空间中通入氩气，并将成型料置于密闭空间中，按如下烧结参数：Step A3. Pass argon gas into the enclosed space, and place the molding material in the enclosed space, according to the following sintering parameters:
烧结温度800℃，升温速率为10℃/min,压力为400Mpa、保温时间120min。The sintering temperature is 800℃, the heating rate is 10℃/min, the pressure is 400Mpa, and the holding time is 120min.
针对成型料进行无压烧结，获得内齿轮泵月牙板；实际应用当中，惰性气体设计采用氩气，用于密闭空间的通入。Pressureless sintering is performed on the molding material to obtain the crescent plate of the internal gear pump; in practical applications, the inert gas design uses argon for the passage of confined spaces.
实施例2:Example 2:
按质量百分比：铜粉为90％、镍包覆二硒化铌为10％，以上述同样的步骤，制备新型内齿轮泵月牙板。In terms of mass percentage: 90% of copper powder, 10% of nickel-coated niobium diselenide, the same steps as above were used to prepare a new type of internal gear pump crescent plate.
实施例3:Example 3:
按质量百分比：铜粉为85％、镍包覆二硒化铌为15％，以上述同样的步骤，制备新型内齿轮泵月牙板。According to mass percentage: copper powder is 85%, nickel-coated niobium diselenide is 15%, and the same steps are used to prepare a new type of internal gear pump crescent plate.
实施例4：Example 4:
按质量百分比：铜粉为85％、二硒化铌为15％，以上述同样的步骤，制备新型内齿轮泵月牙板。According to mass percentages: copper powder is 85%, niobium diselenide is 15%, and the same steps are used to prepare a new type of internal gear pump crescent plate.
如此方便获得上述实施例1至实施例4，四种配比的新型内齿轮泵月牙板，并且实施例3中所获新型内齿轮泵月牙板，密度为6.7g/cm3，维氏硬度为108HV，同样针对上述实施例1、2、4月牙板进行力学性能、摩擦学性能测试，获得如下表1所示。In this way, it is convenient to obtain the above-mentioned embodiment 1 to embodiment 4, four types of new internal gear pump crescent plates, and the new internal gear pump crescent plate obtained in Example 3, with a density of 6.7g/cm3 and a Vickers hardness of 108HV The mechanical properties and tribological properties of the crescent plates of the above-mentioned Examples 1, 2, and 4 were also tested, and the results are shown in Table 1 below.
序号Serial number 硬度(HV)Hardness (HV) 密度(g/cm 3) Density (g/cm 3 )
实施例1Example 1 9090 7.17.1
实施例2Example 2 9595 6.96.9
实施例3Example 3 108108 6.76.7
实施例4Example 4 101101 6.46.4
表1Table 1
摩擦学性能是在CETRRMT-2Multi-SpecimenTestSystem摩擦试验机上进行的，实验参数为载荷500g、转速200r/min，时间30min，温度为室温。The tribological performance was carried out on the CETRRMT-2Multi-SpecimenTestSystem friction tester. The experimental parameters were load 500g, speed 200r/min, time 30min, and temperature at room temperature.
本发明所设计新型内齿轮泵月牙板，在常温下具有优异的力学性能，摩擦系数较小，磨损率较小，在常温下具有优良耐磨性能的同时实现了自润滑；如图1所示的金相照片显示了其微观组织结构，如图2a看出实施例1、2、3、4的摩擦系数相对纯铜的摩擦系数均较低，以及如图2b看出实施例1、2、3、4的磨损率相对纯铜的磨损率均较低。The new internal gear pump crescent plate designed by the present invention has excellent mechanical properties at normal temperature, low friction coefficient and low wear rate, and has excellent wear resistance at normal temperature while realizing self-lubrication; as shown in Figure 1 The metallographic photo shows its microstructure. As shown in Figure 2a, it can be seen that the friction coefficients of Examples 1, 2, 3, and 4 are lower than those of pure copper, and Figure 2b shows that Examples 1, 2, The wear rates of 3 and 4 are lower than those of pure copper.
并且比较图3a至图3d，可以看出实施例1、3、4的磨痕程度明显低于纯铜的磨痕程度，并且实施例3的磨痕程度明显低于实施例1、4的磨痕程度。And comparing Figures 3a to 3d, it can be seen that the degree of wear scars of Examples 1, 3, and 4 is significantly lower than that of pure copper, and the degree of wear scars of Example 3 is significantly lower than that of Examples 1 and 4. Degree of scar.
由此可知本发明所设计新型内齿轮泵月牙板，采用全新组分结构进行配比制备，所制备出的月牙板具有优异的物理性能和机械性能，拥有强度高，摩擦系数低，抗磨磨损性能好等优点；并且基于全新组分配比设计的制备方法，整个过程工艺简单、可操作性强，成本相对较低，在机械制造工业领域具有广泛用途。It can be seen that the new internal gear pump crescent plate designed by the present invention is prepared with a new component structure. The prepared crescent plate has excellent physical and mechanical properties, high strength, low friction coefficient, and wear resistance. Good performance and other advantages; and based on a new preparation method designed for the composition ratio, the whole process has simple process, strong operability, and relatively low cost, and has a wide range of uses in the mechanical manufacturing industry.
上面结合附图对本发明的实施方式作了详细说明，但是本发明并不限于上述实施方式，在本领域普通技术人员所具备的知识范围内，还可以在不脱离本发明宗旨的前提下做出各种变化。The embodiments of the present invention are described in detail above with reference to the accompanying drawings, but the present invention is not limited to the above-mentioned embodiments, and can also be made without departing from the purpose of the present invention within the scope of the knowledge of those of ordinary skill in the art. Various changes.

Claims (9)

  1. 一种新型内齿轮泵月牙板，其特征在于：月牙板由铜粉和镍包覆二硒化铌制成，其中，铜粉的质量占比为85％～95％，镍包覆二硒化铌的质量占比为5％～15％。A new type of internal gear pump crescent plate, which is characterized in that: the crescent plate is made of copper powder and nickel-coated niobium diselenide, wherein the mass of copper powder accounts for 85% to 95%, and the nickel-coated diselenide The mass proportion of niobium is 5% to 15%.
  2. 根据权利要求1所述一种新型内齿轮泵月牙板，其特征在于：所述月牙板中，铜粉的质量占比为85％，镍包覆二硒化铌的质量占比为15％。The new internal gear pump crescent plate according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the crescent plate, the mass proportion of copper powder is 85%, and the mass proportion of nickel-coated niobium diselenide is 15%.
  3. 根据权利要求1所述一种新型内齿轮泵月牙板，其特征在于：所述镍包覆二硒化铌中，镍和二硒化铌的质量比为1:1。The new type internal gear pump crescent plate according to claim 1, wherein in the nickel-coated niobium diselenide, the mass ratio of nickel to niobium diselenide is 1:1.
  4. 根据权利要求1所述一种新型内齿轮泵月牙板，其特征在于：所述月牙板中，铜粉的纯度和镍包覆二硒化铌的纯度均大于99％。The new internal gear pump crescent plate according to claim 1, wherein the purity of the copper powder and the purity of the nickel-coated niobium diselenide in the crescent plate are both greater than 99%.
  5. 一种针对权利要求1至4中任意一项所述新型内齿轮泵月牙板的制备方法，其特征在于，包括如下步骤：A method for preparing the new internal gear pump crescent plate according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that it comprises the following steps:
    步骤A1.按质量百分比配比、称取铜粉和镍包覆二硒化铌，并采用行星式球磨机进行均匀混合，获得混合配料；Step A1. Weigh the copper powder and nickel-coated niobium diselenide according to the mass percentage ratio, and use a planetary ball mill for uniform mixing to obtain mixed ingredients;
    步骤A2.将混合配料放入模具中摇匀，并压制成型，获得成型料；Step A2. Put the mixed ingredients into the mold and shake them evenly, and press to shape to obtain the molding material;
    步骤A3.在密闭空间中通入惰性气体，并将成型料置于密闭空间中，按预设烧结参数，针对成型料进行无压烧结，获得内齿轮泵月牙板。Step A3. Pass an inert gas into the enclosed space, place the molding material in the enclosed space, and perform pressureless sintering of the molding material according to preset sintering parameters to obtain an internal gear pump crescent plate.
  6. 根据权利要求5所述一种针对新型内齿轮泵月牙板的制备方法，其特征在于，所述步骤A3中，按如下烧结参数：The method for preparing the crescent plate of a novel internal gear pump according to claim 5, wherein, in the step A3, the sintering parameters are as follows:
    烧结温度750℃～900℃，升温速率为9℃/min～11℃/min,压力为300MPa～500Mpa、保温时间100min～150min；Sintering temperature is 750℃～900℃, heating rate is 9℃/min～11℃/min, pressure is 300MPa～500Mpa, holding time is 100min～150min;
    针对密闭空间中的成型料进行无压烧结，获得内齿轮泵月牙板。Pressureless sintering is performed on the molding material in the confined space to obtain the crescent plate of the internal gear pump.
  7. 根据权利要求6所述一种针对新型内齿轮泵月牙板的制备方法，其特征在于，所述步骤A3中，按如下烧结参数：The method for preparing a new internal gear pump crescent plate according to claim 6, characterized in that, in the step A3, the sintering parameters are as follows:
    烧结温度800℃，升温速率为10℃/min,压力为400Mpa、保温时间120min；The sintering temperature is 800℃, the heating rate is 10℃/min, the pressure is 400Mpa, and the holding time is 120min;
    针对密闭空间中的成型料进行无压烧结，获得内齿轮泵月牙板。Pressureless sintering is performed on the molding material in the confined space to obtain the crescent plate of the internal gear pump.
  8. 根据权利要求5所述一种针对新型内齿轮泵月牙板的制备方法，其特征在于：所述惰性气体为氩气。The method for preparing the crescent plate of a novel internal gear pump according to claim 5, wherein the inert gas is argon.
  9. 根据权利要求5所述一种针对新型内齿轮泵月牙板的制备方法，其特征在于：所述镍包覆二硒化铌的制备，包括如下步骤：The method for preparing a new internal gear pump crescent plate according to claim 5, wherein the preparation of the nickel-coated niobium diselenide comprises the following steps:
    步骤B1.将NbSe 2加入到去离子水中超声预设时长，获得均匀分散的NbSe 2溶液； Step B1. Add NbSe 2 to deionized water for a preset duration of ultrasound to obtain a uniformly dispersed NbSe 2 solution;
    步骤B2.将NiSO 4和EDTA·2Na·2H2O加入到NbSe 2溶液中，并搅拌超声预设时长，获得初级溶液； Step B2. Add NiSO 4 and EDTA·2Na·2H2O to the NbSe 2 solution, and stir the ultrasonic for a preset time to obtain a primary solution;
    步骤B3.将水合肼溶液滴加到初级溶液中，并在预设温度下、继续搅拌预设时长，获得溶液产物；Step B3. Drop the hydrazine hydrate solution into the primary solution, and continue to stir for a preset time at a preset temperature to obtain a solution product;
    步骤B4.针对溶液产物进行离心处理，并用蒸馏水洗涤预设次数，然后在预设温度的真空烘箱中干燥预设时长，即获得镍包覆二硒化铌颗粒。Step B4. Centrifuge the solution product, wash it with distilled water for a preset number of times, and then dry it in a vacuum oven at a preset temperature for a preset time to obtain nickel-coated niobium diselenide particles.
PCT/CN2020/080126 2019-06-06 2020-03-19 Novel crescent for internal gear pump and preparation method therefor WO2020244278A1 (en)

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