WO2020231292A1

WO2020231292A1 - Rotary engine with external heat supply (variants)

Info

Publication number: WO2020231292A1
Application number: PCT/RU2020/000153
Authority: WO
Inventors: Олег Георгиевич ЧАНТУРИЯ; Игорь Георгиевич ЧАНТУРИЯ
Original assignee: Олег Георгиевич ЧАНТУРИЯ; Игорь Георгиевич ЧАНТУРИЯ
Priority date: 2019-05-15
Filing date: 2020-03-23
Publication date: 2020-11-19
Also published as: RU2731466C1

Abstract

Engines with an external heat supply which are comprised of modules, based on a rotary machine, each of which performs a specific stroke of the cycle, said modules being mounted on a single shaft and being connected by intake and exhaust tract elements, including pipes and heat exchangers. The combination of modules provides for any thermodynamic engine operating cycle in the event of a sequential continuous single unidirectional flow of a working fluid. A rotary machine comprises a housing, a rotor, and an extension device. The rotor is configured in the form of a wheel, the spokes of which have guide channels therein, in which vanes are disposed. The extension device allows the vanes to move in accordance with the rotation angle of the rotor so that two adjacent vanes may be located in different parts of the same working chamber at the same time. A second variant of a power plant is based on a Wankel rotary machine. The inventions make it possible to create a power plant with high specific power and improved efficiency, while preserving the known advantages of engines of the given type, namely quietness, ability to run on any available heat source, high torque over a very wide range of output shaft rotation speeds, an extended lifespan and low maintenance costs during long-term use.

Description

Rotary engine with external heat supply (options).

The claimed group of inventions relates to machines with an external rotary-type heat supply and is intended for use as main and auxiliary (stationary and mobile) power plants, including as engines for vehicles.

The closest to this invention is a rotary thermodynamic converter and heat engines based on it according to RF patent Ns 2454546 from 2010-08-18. Its rotary machine consists of: a stationary body, with grooves made in it, rigidly mounted on the rotor shaft, with blades extending (sliding) from its body; caliper and retractable device. The rotor rim grooves form cavities that have inlet and outlet ports. The rotor is made in the form of a wheel with spokes having channels - guides for the blades. The caliper is rigidly fixed on the rotor shaft flange; it contains the parts and assemblies of the retractable device (VU), which provides coordinated movement (extension and retraction) of the blades with the rotor rotation angle. Engines with an external heat supply, composed of one or several modules (sections), based on a rotary machine with retractable blades, each implementing a certain cycle stroke, mounted on one shaft and connected, respectively, by elements of the intake-exhaust tract, including pipelines and heat exchangers. The combination of modules with selected parameters and with certain heating and cooling zones sets any (closed, open) thermodynamic cycle of engine operation, with a sequential (through each specific module) unidirectional flow of the working fluid. A regenerator can be inserted in an appropriate place, in the rupture of pipelines of oppositely directed (relative to the heating and cooling zones) flows of the working fluid. These engines, due to the design of the rotary machine, have a number of disadvantages. When the blades are in the zone of windows or a transition, there is a through overflow (transit leakage) of the working fluid through the functional cavity of the rotary machine, without energy conversion and with a loss of efficiency. There is a likelihood of "recoil" - a change in the direction of movement of the working fluid at low speeds (low speeds of the working fluid), when the blades are in the transition zones (passage of partitions between the cavities). This requires the presence of additional valve devices that interrupt the flow of the working fluid and enhance its pulsation, which leads to dependence on parasitic volumes and loss of efficiency when the engine speed rises. The known scheme of Zwiauer (Walker G. U62 Machines operating on the Stirling cycle. Translated from English: - M .: Energy, 1978 p.62) building an engine with an external heat supply based on a rotary (rotary) Wankel machine ... On a common shaft, there are two rotary Wankel machines, and two regenerators are located symmetrically relative to the longitudinal axis of the machine. One of the rotary machines is a compression unit, the other is an expansion unit. Each block consists of three separate cavities (chambers), in each of which, in one revolution of the shaft, two compression or expansion processes are carried out. Strokes of compression, expansion and displacement are due to the displacement of the rotation phases of the section rotors. Thus, the combination of these two machines results in three separate systems, each with two complete cycles per shaft revolution. It is envisioned that this arrangement could result in a compact engine with a high power density. The disadvantages of this engine circuit are due to the movement of the working fluid along the same channel in opposite directions. Hence - there is no continuity of movement of the working fluid, which makes it "springy", even with unidirectional movement. And this leads to a negative dependence on parasitic volumes, and therefore to limiting the size of heat exchangers (limiting the rate of heat transfer), which leads to a decrease in efficiency and forces the use of less accessible helium or problematic hydrogen. The displacement of the phases of rotation of the rotors does not allow realizing the exact Stirling cycle, but creates its similarity (pseudocycle), with a corresponding loss of efficiency.

The inventive engine according to the first version, as well as the known one, is a combination of modules (sections), based on a rotary machine with retractable blades, realizing a certain cycle stroke each, mounted on one shaft and connected, respectively, by elements of the intake-exhaust tract, including pipelines and heat exchangers , with selected parameters and certain heating and cooling zones, which sets any (closed, open) thermodynamic cycle of engine operation with a sequential (through each specific module) unidirectional flow of the working fluid. 6, a regenerator can be inserted in the appropriate place, in the rupture of pipelines of oppositely directed (relative to the heating and cooling zones) flows of the working fluid. The rotary machine also contains a stationary body with grooves made in it, a rotor rigidly mounted on the shaft and a retractable device (VU). The rotor rim grooves form functional cavities that have inlet and outlet ports. The rotor is made in the form of a wheel, inside the spokes (radial, tangential) of which there are guide channels, with blades located in them. The retractable device (VU) provides the extension and retraction of the blades. The inventive engine according to the second version, as well as the known one, is a combination of modules (sections), based on a rotary machine, implementing a certain cycle stroke each, mounted on one shaft and connected, respectively, by elements of the intake-exhaust tract, including pipelines and heat exchangers, with selected parameters and certain zones of heating and cooling, which sets any (closed, open) thermodynamic cycle of the engine with a sequential (through each specific module) unidirectional flow of the working fluid. A regenerator can be inserted in an appropriate place, in the rupture of pipelines of oppositely directed (relative to the heating and cooling zones) flows of the working fluid. A Wankel-type rotary machine is used as a module (section) for building an engine with an external heat supply.

The declared engines with an external heat supply of a closed cycle can be implemented as a steam engine, as engines using a gaseous working fluid (at all stages of the cycle), and as engines using a mixed two-component working fluid (one of which changes its state of aggregation during cycle).

The problem solved by this invention is to create a more perfect design of a powerful, high specific characteristics, economical, compact, reliable and environmentally friendly engine with an external heat supply.

The technical result of the invention is to increase the efficiency in the use of gas energy and, accordingly, efficiency, increase reliability, simplify, increase power density, and reduce the size of the engine.

This technical result is achieved by the fact that the rotor rim is made with an annular protrusion of a rectangular or hemispherical shape (in the cross-section of the rotor), and the corresponding shape of the retractable end of the blades and body grooves. The grooves in the area of the inlet and outlet ports are widened towards the transitions. The VU contains either a gear-crank (possibly with a fixed crank) -lever-slider, or a spatial gear-crank (with an oblique crank) -crank-lever-slider mechanisms, which provide a method for extending and retracting the blades, with the possible location in different parts ( places) of the same functional cavity of two adjacent blades. And they can have one or more rotating or oscillating shafts of the VU passing through the rotor body. The section (zone) of the functional cavity between the inlet and outlet windows is made of such a size that allows, within these limits, at its opposite ends, there are simultaneously two adjacent extended blades, at a certain moment of rotation of the rotor. The rotor spokes are made in the form of boxes, closed from the internal free space of the rotor, with internal guide channels for the blades and an outlet for the blades only into the functional cavities. The blades are hinged to the VU elements (pushers) through easily sealed rods. The blades can be made of a curved (hemispherical) shape, firmly fixed on the pendulum arm and covered with a protective casing.

This technical result is achieved by the fact that an engine with an external heat supply, composed of several modules (sections), can be built on the basis of a Wankel rotary machine. This rotary machine has two functional cavities, each with inlet and outlet ports. The execution of the profile wall of the cavity, of the appropriate size, between the inlet and outlet ports, allows two vertices of the rotor edges to be on it at a certain moment of its rotation.

The implementation of the rotor rim with an annular protrusion of rectangular or hemispherical shape (in the cross-section of the rotor), with the corresponding shape of the end faces of the blades and the recess (the shape of the grooves) in the housing, provides a more efficient use of gas energy by creating a more reliable sealing of the blades and, accordingly, increasing Efficiency.

The execution of grooves with expansion from the zones of the inlet and outlet windows towards the transitions, excludes (weakens) the contact of the elements of the sealing of the blades with the walls of the functional cavity in these zones. Thus, the friction band becomes shorter, engine wear decreases, and hence, the mechanical efficiency increases, the resource and reliability of the engine increase.

Implementation of the VU, containing either a toothed-crank-slider (possibly with a fixed crank), or a spatial toothed-crank (with an oblique crank) -kulisno-lever-slider mechanisms, which provide a method of advancing and retracting the blades, with possible location in different parts ( places) of the same functional cavity of two adjacent blades. VU can have one or more rotating or oscillating shafts (VU) passing through the rotor body. The method of operation of the VU allows to ensure the process of continuous conversion of gas energy into the rotary motion of the rotor, with a more uniform movement of the working fluid (much less pulsations). The VU has a reliable drive with lower mechanical losses, which increases the mechanical efficiency. The mechanism, in the version with a fixed crank, is very simple and cheap to manufacture, the design and maintenance of the engine is simplified. The presence of two shoulder blades in one functional cavity increases the frequency of the working stroke at the same revolutions, hence, accordingly, the engine power increases, extremely slightly increasing its dimensions. This improves its specific characteristics.

The implementation of the section (zone) of the functional cavity between the inlet and outlet ports of the appropriate size allows, within these limits, at its opposite ends, two adjacent blades are simultaneously located at a certain moment of rotation of the rotor. This eliminates the through-flow of the working fluid through the functional cavity without affecting the blades and, hence, there is no need to have locking (valve) devices, and also provides an auto-start of the engine without a starter (starting device). This improves efficiency, simplifies design, increases reliability, and reduces manufacturing costs.

The execution of the spokes in the form of boxes, closed from the inner space of the rotor, with internal channels-guides for the blades, with their exit only into the working cavities and having a hinge connection with the VU elements (pushers), through easily sealed rods, provides a reliable seal, eliminates the leakage of the working body, allows you to more fully use the energy of gases and increase efficiency).

Making the blades curved, with a constant radius of curvature equal to the length of the pendulum arm corresponding to each blade, and rigidly connected to it, significantly reduces the friction losses of the blade in the guides, increasing the mechanical efficiency. Also, this provides a more reliable seal, which eliminates the leakage of the working fluid and leads to an increase in efficiency.

The construction of the engine on the basis of a rotary Wankel machine, which has two functional cavities, with inlet and outlet ports each and the execution of a profile wall of the cavity, between the inlet and outlet ports, of an appropriate size that allows two tops of the rotor edges to be located on it, at a certain moment of its rotation excludes through flow of the working fluid and the ability to "spring" them. Hence, the energy of the working fluid is used more fully, which leads to an increase in efficiency. Also, the use of the well-known, well-tried and tested kinematics as a base will make it possible to reduce the cost of engine production.

Thus, the above set of features of the invention allows to provide a new technical result - a significant increase in reliability, specific characteristics and increasing the efficiency of using the energy of gases and, accordingly, the efficiency of the engine.

The invention is illustrated with the help of drawings, where Fig. 1 shows a fragment of the general view of the engine in isometric view (made up of two rotary machines), with a VU based on a gear-crank-slider mechanism with several VU shafts; in fig. 2, fig. 3 - diagrams of operation of a rotary machine with retractable blades; in fig. 4 - a diagram of a rotary machine with a tangential arrangement of the rotor spokes and with a VU based on a toothed-crank-slider mechanism, with several VU shafts; in fig. 5 is a diagram of a rotary machine, with a VU based on a spatial gear-rocker-lever-slider mechanism, with several VU shafts; in fig. 6 is a diagram of a rotary machine with curved blades on a pendulum arm; in fig. 7- a fragment of a general view in isometric view of a rotary machine, with a VU drive based on a toothed-crank-slider mechanism, with one VU shaft passing along the geometric axis of the rotor; in fig. 8 is a diagram of a rotary machine based on a VU, with a fixed crank; in fig. 9 is a diagram of a rotary machine with a VU, based on a toothed-crank-slider mechanism, with several VU shafts; in fig. 10 is a fragment of a general view, in isometric view, of a rotary machine with a VU drive, based on a spatial gear-rocker-lever-slider mechanism with one VU shaft passing along the geometric axis of the rotor; in fig. 11 is a diagram of a rotary machine with a VU, based on a spatial gear-rocker-lever-slider mechanism with one VU shaft passing along the geometric axis of the rotor; Fig. 12 is a fragment of a general view, in isometric view, of a rotary machine with a VU drive, based on a spatial gear-rocker-lever-slider mechanism, with several VU shafts; in fig. 13 is a diagram of the construction of an engine that implements the Stirling cycle; in fig. 14 is a diagram of the construction of a motor that implements a shortened closed cycle; in fig. 15 is a diagram of the construction of an engine with a mixed, two-component working fluid; Fig. 16 is a diagram of the construction of an engine that implements a shortened closed cycle, using a Wankel rotary machine as a module (section), with two inlet and two outlet ports.

A rotary machine, with retractable blades and uniform rotation of the main element, for an engine with an external heat supply (Figs. 1, 2, 3), contains a fixed body 1, which is a hollow cylinder, which is covered from the ends with covers, a rotor 2 (main element), in the form of a wheel set on the shaft 3 and having n blade plates 4 located in the inner guide channels 5 of the spokes 6 (or in a separate casing), which are extended by means of a retractable device (VU). The main part of the body 1 is a hollow, annular cylinder and grooves of a sinusoidal profile are made on its inner surface. The inner rim surface of the housing (grooves) and the outer rim surface of the rotor form functional cavities 7, each with inlet 8 and outlet 9 ports. The functional cavities are separated from each other by transition zones (partitions) 10. The upper and lower parts of the housing are, respectively, the upper and lower support of the rotor shaft journals and cover the main part of the housing from the ends. The width of the grooves in the functional cavities corresponds to the width of the blades. On the profile wall 11 of the main body part 1, at the beginning of the working cavity 7, there are inlet ports 8, and at the end - outlet ports 9. Functional cavities 7 consist of working sections (zones) 12, where the greatest impact of the working fluid on the blades (working stroke ), or the impact of the blades on the working fluid (compression, displacement), and zones of inlet 13 and outlet 14 ports. The grooves in the area of the inlet 8 and outlet 9 ports are widened towards the transitions 10.

The rotor 2 is a cylindrical body, in the form of a wheel with a rim 15, which has an annular protrusion 16 of a rectangular or hemispherical shape (in the cross section of the rotor), with the corresponding shape of the end faces of the blades 4 and the shape of grooves in the body 1. Radially or tangentially (Fig. 4) located spokes 6 of the box-type, have inside guide channels 5 for blades 4, completely closed from the inner space, having only holes for the blade rod 17. On the outer rim surface of the rotor 2 there are holes 18 of the channel 5 for the blade 4 to enter the functional cavity 7.

The presence of a gap 19 (Fig. 2, 3) between the face of the supporting part of the blade 4 (part of the blade, at a certain moment, located in the channels - guides 5) and the walls of the channel with communication C to the functional cavity 7, on the side with the expected high pressure of the working fluid, makes it possible to have the same pressure of the working fluid over the entire area of the blade edge, both on the extended (into the functional cavity) part of the blade, and on its supporting part (located in the guides, in the rotor body). Then, taking into account the greater length of the supporting part of the blade than that of the extended one (even with maximum extension) and subject to a certain ratio of their areas, the moments of forces acting on these parts (relative to the edge of the guides at the exit from the rotor body) should be equal (a with incomplete extension, the moment of force on the support part will always be greater). This provides a more uniform pressing of the blade edge adjacent to the anti-friction liner (not shown) in the guide channels 5, reducing the skew of the blade 4 and its uneven wear. The snug fit of the blade 4 to the wall of the channel 5 opposite from the slot 19 prevents the working fluid from overflowing under the blade and may have rolling elements - rollers (not shown). In addition, even an insignificant effect of the working fluid on the blade in the direction of extension (the same pressure of the working fluid on the extended - frontal and opposite ends of the blade). Sealing is carried out along the entire end face of the blade 4. Blades 4 (Fig. 1) are rectangular plates (or the retractable end face can be shaped like an annular protrusion 16), possibly U-shaped with a stem 17. Blades 4 are equidistant (evenly spaced ) from each other along the circumference of the rotor 2. The rod 17 is connected on one side to the crossbar of the blade 4, on the other hand, it is pivotally connected to the VU elements by connecting rods 20 (pushers 21), possibly through sliders 22, which can be located on the guides 23, as inside (Fig. 5) and outside (Fig. 1) needles 6.

Curved blades 24 (Fig. 6) are made with a constant radius of curvature equal to the length of the arm of the pendulum arm 25 corresponding to each blade, and are rigidly connected to it. The pendulum arm shaft support 26 is located on the rotor body. The pendulum arm and its support are covered with a protective casing 27, which isolates them from the free space.

The retractable device (VU) is designed to coordinate the movement of the blades 4 into the working cavity 7, with the angle of rotation of the rotor 2, ensuring proper contact (adhesion) of the blade end with the sealing elements to the profile surface of the wall 11, and the method of operation of the VU allows the possible location of adjacent blades in one working cavity. VU provides several options for execution, taking into account containing in its basis, either a toothed-crank (possibly with a stationary crank) · slider, or spatial toothed-crank-rocker (with an oblique crank that freely fits into the bushing of the stage), lever-slider, mechanisms.

A version of the VU, where the basis is a gear-crank-slider mechanism with shafts (shaft) VU 28 and with cranks 29 performing a rotational movement (Figs. 1, 7, 8, 9), the shafts of VU 28 can pass both along the geometric axis of the rotor (then one shaft of the VU is used), and parallel to this axis (several shafts of the VU are used with an individual supply to each blade).

In the first case, one shaft VU 28 with cranks 29 (Fig. 7) is used, which runs along the geometric axis of the rotor 2 and carries out only rotary movement. The drive to the gear wheel 30 of the VU shaft is carried out through the intermediate gear 31 sitting on the rotor 2 from the toothed ring of the ring 32 of the housing 1, with a corresponding gear ratio. The cranks 29, which are inside the rotor 2, are located one after the other at different levels and each of them is connected to two connecting rods 20, which are pivotally connected to the rods 17, opposite located blades 4. Such a performance of VU is possible when n = 2, n = 3, or n = 6k (where k = 1, 2,3, ...) blades, evenly spaced around the circumference of the rotor. Then, when the blade 4 extends from one crank 29, the diametrically located blade, sitting on the same crank, will simultaneously move. When n = 3, the crank 29 will have one connecting rod 20 connected through the rod 17 with its blade 4, and the housing 1 can have two functional cavities (Fig. 9). A special case, when the body has one functional cavity 7 (Fig. 8), the need for the drive of the VU shaft disappears and it degenerates into an axis 33, which is firmly fixed on the end part of the body and passes along the geometric axis of the rotating rotor 2 sitting on it. of the rotor 2, on this axis 33, there is a stationary crank 29, on the neck of which the connecting rods 20 are mounted (two are shown), and those, respectively, are connected with the rods 17 of their blades (two are shown). The extension of the blades 4 is provided by the rotation of the rotor 2 relative to the stationary crank 29. On the neck of the crank 29, it is possible to have a larger number of connecting rods 20 and blades 4 (more applicable for propellers).

In the second case, (Fig. 1, 4, 9) (several VU shafts with cranks running parallel to the rotor axis), the gear wheel 30 of each VU shaft engages with the gear ring of the body ring 32 (with the corresponding gear ratio), rolling in rotation of the rotor. This imparts a rotating motion to the shafts VU 28 with cranks 29. The latter, through the connecting rods 20, can be connected to the sliders 22 (on the guides 23 located on (in) the rotor spokes 6 or outside them), to which the rods 17 of the blades are firmly attached. With the tangential arrangement of the rotor spokes 6, (Fig. 4) the connecting rods 20 are directly connected to the rods 17 of the blades or also through the sliders 22. In this case, it is possible to organize the extension of the blades not only in antiphase, but with any desired displacement. This allows you to have, not a multiple of two, a greater number of blades 4 in the rotor 2 than the number of functional cavities 7 (Fig. 9) (for example: a rotor with three blades and a housing with two functional cavities). And even have in one functional cavity 7, in the process of extension, more than two blades 4 at the same time, and (or) an uneven distribution of blades around the circumference of the rotor (more applicable for propellers). Also, for engines composed of several sections, it is possible to displace the movement of the blades 4 in different sections.

A version of the VU, where the spatial gear-crank (oblique) is based on a rocker-lever-slider mechanism, the shaft (shafts) of the VU with levers performs a swinging (reciprocating) movement and can also pass through the geometric axis of the rotor, or parallel to it ( several shafts VU) (Fig. 5, 10, 11, 12). This version of the VU is applicable when the rotor 2 has strictly twice as many blades 4 as there are functional cavities 7. And it also contains links to convert the rotary motion into such a rocking motion of the VU 28 shaft, which should provide mirror symmetry of the trajectory of the slider (blade) relative to the dead points (the descending part of the profile wall 11 of the cavity is mirror-symmetrical ascending), with antiphase movement of adjacent blades.

In the case (the VU shaft with levers passes along the geometric axis of the rotor) (Figs. 10, 11), when the VU contains the following elements - two oblique cranks 34 facing the geometric axis of the rotor and each having gears (bevel) 35 included meshing with the ring gear of the housing ring 32, with the corresponding gear ratio. The rod 36 of the oblique crank 34 freely enters the bushing 37 of the link 38, which is pivotally (vertical hinge) connected to the shaft VU 28. The geometric axis of the rod 36 crosses the axis of the link 38 and the axis of the shaft VU 28. These conversion links organize the movement of the output link, according to the law providing mirror symmetry of the trajectory relative to the dead points. On the shaft VU 28, levers 39 are firmly fixed, located at several levels inside the rotor 2, where at each level they are pivotally connected through pushers 21 with rods 17 of non-adjacent blades 4. Levers 39 of different levels are displaced so that they allow, when the levers 39 of the shaft rotate VU in one direction, carry out simultaneously (by means of pushers 21 through rods 17) the extension of non-adjacent and retraction of adjacent blades 4. With the return direction of rotation of the levers 39 and the shaft VU 28, the order of movement of these blades is reversed. Those. the swinging movement of the levers 39 (and the shaft VU) is transformed into a reciprocating, antiphase movement of adjacent blades 4. In this case, according to the law of motion of the blades, we have the symmetry of the descending and ascending sections of the profile surface of the wall 11 of the housing of the functional cavity 7.

In the case when (parallel to the axis are several shafts VU with levers) VU (Fig. 5, 12) for each shaft 28 contains the same elements: an oblique crank 34 on the axis with a gear wheel (bevel) 35 engaging with a gear rim rings 32 of the body, the corresponding gear ratio and the rocker 38. On the shaft VU 28, inside the rotor, the rocker arm 40 (double-arm lever) is blindly fixed to the shoulders of which the pushers 21 are pivotally connected. The pushers are pivotally connected to the L-shaped rods 17 of the adjacent blades 4, between which placed this rocker 40. The rods 17 can have sliders 22 with guides 23, both outside and inside the spokes 6 of the rotor. Then the swinging movement of the rocker arm 40, which is dully sitting on the shaft VU 28, by means of the pushers 21 through the rods 17 is converted into a reciprocating, antiphase movement of the adjacent blades. This allows one shaft VU 28 to have a drive to two adjacent blades 4 and to ensure the movement of the latter synchronously and in antiphase. Thus, it is possible to have shafts VU 28 twice as small as blades 4. As a drive of the VU, any other mechanism (lever-slider mechanism with a swinging washer, etc.) is possible, which creates such a swinging movement of the rocker arm, which provides the same law of motion of the blades as in the above described case.

In the rotor with curved blades 24 (Fig. 6), to the axis 26 of the support 27 (coming out of the protective casing, each blade 4) of the pendulum arm 25, the drive lever 41 is rigidly fixed, to which the connecting rod 20 or the pusher 21 of the above described mechanisms VU is pivotally connected (shown toothed-crank, with the exception of the output link - the slider). The direction of the curvature of the blade, if necessary, can be in one direction or another relative to the rotation of the rotor.

The design features of a rotary machine with retractable blades make it possible to have quite significant volumes of cavities, with small overall dimensions. It is also ensured, with the minimum rotor diameter, the maximum value of the support part of the blades when they are fully extended, and the maximum value of this extension. The rods 17 of the blades can be covered with elastic (corrugated) bushings 42 (oil protection). The internal free space of the rotor 2, in turn, must be separated (not shown) from the lubricated near-axis space (where the VU elements are located). In an engine where several sections are on one rotor shaft, the shafts (shaft) of the VU 28 pass through the body of the rotors of each section. This rotary machine, with retractable blades, can also be used as a pump or propeller.

A rotary machine of the Wankel 43 type (Fig. 16), used as a module (section), when building motors with an external heat supply, contains a rotor 44 (Reuleaux triangle without recesses), two functional cavities 7 (where contact with the profiled surface is mainly , have the tops of the rotor edges), each having an inlet 8 and an outlet 9 window. The profile wall of the cavity between the inlet and outlet ports is made of an appropriate size, allowing two tops of the edges to be there simultaneously at a certain moment of rotation of the rotor.

The volume inside the rim of these rotary machines (presented above) may have an excess pressure commensurate with the pressure of the working fluid (even, possibly, the same gas). Moreover, this does not create a force opposing the movement of the transformation elements and, accordingly, does not lead to a decrease in efficiency. The overpressure inside the free space, to a large extent, prevents the breakthrough of gases from the working area into the rotor and makes it possible to strengthen the seals in the engine. The order of operation (Fig.2.3) of the rotary machine as an engine is as follows: when the rotor 2 rotates, the VU organizes the coordinated extension of the blades 4 into the functional cavity 7 with the rotor rotation angle, ensuring proper adhesion of the blade end (with sealing elements) to the profile surface of the wall 11 functional cavity, with the possibility of finding adjacent blades in the same functional cavity 7 at the same time. Figure 2 shows the case when in the functional cavity 7 there is only one blade 4 (the first in the direction of rotation of the rotor), adjacent (second) then arrive in a state of extreme retraction (at TDC or close to it), in the transition zone 10 (partition between working cavities). As the rotor rotates, the second (adjacent) blades 4 fall into the same functional cavity 7. The first blade 4, perceiving the pressure of the working fluid, sets the rotor 2 in rotational motion. As the rotor 2 rotates, the second (adjacent) blades 4, in the same functional cavity 7, the zone 13 of the inlet window 8 begins to pass. With further rotation of the rotor 2, at the moment (Fig. 3) when the first blade has not yet entered the zone 14 of the outlet window 9, the second has already passed the zone 13 of the inlet and the end face contacts with a profile wall of the working zone (cavity) 12 of the functional cavity 7. Therefore, the working fluid will be isolated in the working cavity 12 by two extended adjacent blades from the zones of the inlet 13 and outlet 14 windows for some time (a certain moment), while preventing the through-flow of the working fluid through the functional cavity 7, without affecting the scapula. The working zone 12, located between the inlet 8 and outlet ports 9, is made in such a way (such a size) that it allows two adjacent blades 4 to be located there, at its opposite ends simultaneously, at a certain moment of rotation of the rotor. The working area (cavity) 12 can be extended somewhat towards both the inlet 13 and the outlet 14 ports (or both sides), in accordance with the selected cycle, in one section or another (or in all sections). Subsequently, the first blade, moving, passes into the zone 14 of the outlet window (thereby allowing the front edge of the second blade to push the corresponding volume of the working fluid into the outlet window 9), and then goes into the transition zone 10. Subsequently (after passing the transition) the first blade 4 goes into the next cavity, in the direction of motion, and the next blade 4 enters this cavity, and the process is repeated, providing a uniform rotational movement to the main working element - the rotor. In this case, there is a continuous action of the working fluid on the blades (a constant process of energy conversion) and there is no possibility of its through flow through the functional cavity 7 without performing work. Thus, the process of practically uniform transformation of gas energy into mechanical energy is carried out and, at the same time, the flow of the working fluid in the system will be unidirectionally continuous, with an almost constant speed, without significant pulsations (in a steady state). Ripple due to the difference the exit of the blades 4, at the beginning (end) of the working cavity 12, from the maximum overhang, is insignificant. In the presented rotary machine, there are no positions when the action of the working medium on the transformation elements does not set them in motion (dead center), or lead to rotation in the opposite direction to the selected one. At the initial start-up of this machine, the appearance of excess pressure behind the rear (in the direction of rotation) edge of the blade 4, which is constantly in the working zone 12, will force the rotor 2 to rotate in the desired direction without a starter (auto start). All this allows, at a constant flow rate of the working fluid (in a steady state), to obtain an almost uniform torque and there is no need to have valve or spool devices (the latter are only needed to organize the cut-off in some engine options). In the area of the outlet window 14, the grooves of the functional cavity 7 can have a sharp expansion (not shown), which immediately excludes the contact of the sealing elements (possibly apexes) of the blades with the cavity walls. And in the area of the inlet window 13, towards the transition 10, there is a gradual expansion of the grooves for smooth contact of the sealing elements of the retractable blade with the walls of the grooves of the functional cavity to the working zone 12, where the pressing of the sealing elements of the blade against the walls will already be with the required force. Thus, the friction band becomes shorter, and hence the lower mechanical losses.

The operation of a rotary machine of the Wankel type corresponds to the operation of a rotary machine with three retractable blades and containing two functional cavities. The vertices of the faces alternately enter the cavities (like pushing vanes), dividing these cavities (creating variable volumes). The rear edge perceives the pressure of the working fluid, and the front edge pushes it out into the outlet window. Thus, six working strokes are performed per one revolution of the rotor.

The construction of an engine as a combination of several modules (sections) placed on one shaft, with selected volumes of cavities and the location of heating and cooling zones, based on rotary machines, each of which implements a certain (given) cycle cycle, allows you to set any (closed, open) thermodynamic cycle of his work, for example, Stirling, Erickson, etc. (taking into account the parameters of the working fluid, construction materials, and the fuel used). And they are limited only by rationality and common sense, which shows the flexibility of this design. Below are some options for the design of motors with external heat supply.

An engine with an external heat supply of a closed cycle (Figs. 1, 13) is composed of modules (sections) Si (where ί = 1, 2 ... k.), Sequentially located on one shaft, and each represents a given rotary machine and, each of which has N functional cavities of a certain (conditional) volume Vi. The engine consists of two clearly separated parts. One is heated (hot) Dh, and the other is cooled (cold) Dc. The sections of the body and the rotor belonging to different parts are thermally insulated from each other. The main elements of the VU (gear ring of the body ring 32, gear wheels 30, 35, curved crank 34, link 38, etc. (depending on the selected mechanism), which drive the VU 28 shafts, should preferably be located in the "cold" part of the engine and they can be common for all sections of the engine. And the shaft (shafts) VU 28 passes (s) along the geometric axis (or parallel to the axis) through the common hollow shaft 3 of the rotors of the modules (the body of the modules) and "floor by floor" has (s) cranks 29 or levers 39 with connecting rods 20, or pushers 21 blades (depending on the selected mechanism). This ensures the coordinated extension of the blades 4 of all sections - modules. Outlet ports 9 cavities of one section (Si) are connected in series with pipelines 45 with inlet ports 8 of another Si + 1 (next in the cycle) And since (provided that adjacent blades move out in antiphase) it does not matter from which cavity of the section (Si) the working fluid goes into the specific cavity of the next section in the cycle (Si + 1), then it is possible ( according to place according to the cycle), the outputs of one section and the inputs of the next are brought together into one, covering the engine, ring-type manifold. This collector can be used as a heat exchanger, and its significant surface area will contribute to this. For an engine with an odd number of blades and functional cavities (the motion of adjacent blades is not in antiphase), pipelines are supplied only from and to the cavities with in-phase motion of the blades (slight displacement is possible).

Heat is supplied to the working fluid in the heater H from any heat source (in the presented engine - burners). Cooling of the working fluid is carried out in refrigerator C by means of a coolant, followed by heat removal through a radiator (Rd). Heating and cooling also capture the walls of the modules in accordance with the location of the latter in certain areas (parts) of the engine. In a certain place (in accordance with the thermodynamic cycle), in the section of the pipelines 45 of the oppositely directed flows of the working fluid, disk regenerators (regenerators) of the working fluid 46 (Rg1) rotating around their axis are inserted. The regenerator 46 in the housing contains a disc 47, which has a radial division of its nozzles 48 into sectors by heat-insulating plates 49 (in cross-section - like citrus fruits). Pipelines 45 of different directions (relative to the heating and cooling zones), into the section of which the disk-cassette 47 is inserted, alternately, are sequentially spaced taking into account the direction of rotation of the disk 47 with nozzles 48 (moreover, pipelines from several cavities can be fed to one disk, or from their common collector). Adjacent sectors with 48 nozzles on disc 47, during the rotation of the latter, they should not be simultaneously in the alignment of pipelines with counter-directional flows of the working fluid (it is advisable to place pipelines with counter-directional flows above the disk so that they are located at least two sectors apart from each other). The speed of rotation of the disk 47 of the regenerator 46, the thickness and material properties of the nozzles 48 must be matched with the speed of rotation of the rotor 2, driven 50 by the engine (shown in Fig. 1, or through a belt drive, by means of pulleys - not shown). Also, the regenerator 46 can have an independent drive, or a combined one. For a more efficient use of the heat of the working fluid, a preliminary MS heat exchanger is also used to equalize the temperature of the outgoing and incoming flow of the working fluid. However, much less dependence on parasitic volumes may allow to completely abandon the disk regenerator 46, replacing it with an HC heat exchanger of appropriate length and volume. This heat exchanger is a block composed of adjacent channels (in cross-section - in the form of a square each) with common walls (extended cuboid honeycomb), from a material having a high heat transfer coefficient. The counter-directed flows of the working fluid from different parts of the engine are spaced along the channels in a checkerboard pattern. To adjust the power, there is a spool Z, controlled by a rod, and a bypass channel connecting the outlet pipe of the S1 section with the inlet, or even the inlet pipe of the S4 section. When extending, during regulation, the spool cuts off a part of the flow of the working fluid leaving the module in the cold section and following into the hot one, returning this part of the flow to the input pipeline of this module, or to the input pipeline of the first module ($ 4) of the cold part of the engine. Thus, the amount of the working fluid passing through the heating zone is determined, which, accordingly, affects the change in power with a high degree of reaction. The air supply to the burners (for heat sources that require oxygen) can be carried out by means of a blower, through a heat exchanger built into the oppositely directed air supply and exhaust gas discharge channels. Such piping allows you to exclude (reduce) heat losses as much as possible.

The classic Stirling cycle (Fig. 13) is implemented in an engine in which only a gaseous working fluid with four variable volumes and using regenerators is used at all stages of the cycle. Each part consists of two sections S. The ratio of the conditional volumes V of the cavities of the corresponding sections Si (modules) is determined by V1 = V2, V3 = V4 and V1, V2, respectively, less than V3, V4 (for a given cycle). The passage of the working fluid is shown in the diagram, and in the working cavity is described above (description of work). In this version, the thermodynamic cycle will more closely correspond to the theoretical Stirling cycle. If we exclude the section S2 of a smaller volume in the hot section, which has the conditional volume of the cavity V2 (Fig. 14), then we get an engine in which a cycle of operation is realized, consisting of an isotherm, isobar and isochore. The efficiency of the cycle in this case will be lower than the Stirling cycle, but certain advantages can be obtained. Firstly, one module will be less, which will lead to simplification, lower manufacturing costs and higher fur. Efficiency. Secondly (most importantly), in a more stressed place, where significant heat loads take place, in the section with the conditional volume of the cavity V3 (larger volume in the hot section) - in front of the blade and immediately behind it, there will be an area of approximately equal pressure. Hence, there will be significantly less requirements for the seals. Thirdly, the features of a rotary machine, in which the conversion element is a blade (at least one), which is constantly in the working area, allows starting (autostarting) the engine only by heating. Heating of the working fluid between the nominal volumes V1 (small "cold") and V3 (large "hot"), at the initial start of the engine, will create excess pressure between blades of different sizes, which are constantly in the working zones of these volumes (cavities). And the movement will definitely start in the chosen direction, towards the blade, which has a large face area. The volume of the V4 cavity (section in the cold section) can be slightly larger than the volume of the V3 cavity (section in the hot section).

It is possible to build engines using a mixed two-component working fluid (Fig. 15). In this case, the working fluid includes two components: one that is constantly in a cycle in a gaseous state - a gas carrier; the other, during the cycle, changes its phase state. The gas component is initially at an elevated pressure and is chemically neutral to the second component. This engine consists of three sections St, S3, S4 with nominal volumes V1 (smaller) and equal to V3, V4 (larger). The first section S1, with the nominal volume V1, and the third S4, with the nominal volume V4, are the pumps of the gas component, and the second S3, with the conditional large volume V3, is the expansion machine. The two-component working fluid (in the gaseous state), having passed the regenerator 45 (Rg 1) and the refrigerator C after expansion, begins to separate and in the condenser-separator Cs finally condenses and turns into a liquid (a component that changes its state of aggregation), and the gas component enters a large cold ”section S4 (V4). In section S4, the gas component is compressed and transported into the volume V1. At the outlet of section S1, in front of the regenerator, or through the open end of its rim, the components are mixed again, the liquid-like Cs from the condenser-separator is supplied to the nozzle F and sprayed, and the gas component allows the flow direction to be created and carries out the transfer of the component that changes the phase state. The pipeline 44 in front of the regenerator is divided into chambers in such a way that first in the first the chamber (according to the alternation of the passage of the nozzle), the components are mixed. After passing through the regenerator 45 (Rg 1), the liquid component again becomes a gas (vapor) and enters through the heater into the expansion zone into section S3 (V3). The Fa nozzle located in the heating zone serves for the fastest possible change - acceleration (increase) of power. The result is a steam engine with regenerators, where the gas component is a constant component of a closed cycle. The construction of the engine according to this scheme, using a two-component working fluid, makes it possible to obtain, at the existing levels of average pressure of the working fluid, an almost multiple increase in specific power. When constructing a steam engine, this rotary machine acts as an expansion machine of the direct-flow type.

The construction of an engine with an external heat supply (Fig. 16) based on a rotary Wankel machine 43 can be implemented in any combination of the above. In this case, a coordinated supply of pipelines 45 to the inlet 13 and outlet 14 windows of the modules, subsequent in cycles, only from, and to the cavities with in-phase movement of the tops of the rotor edges 44 is necessary (a slight displacement is possible). A diagram is shown where the engine operation cycle is realized, which consists of isotherm, isobar and isochore. The engine contains three modules (sections) with nominal volumes V1 (smaller) and equal to V3, V4, mounted on one shaft. This rotary machine makes it possible to use a well-known and already developed design when building an engine. In this case, the engine makes 6 working strokes in one rotor revolution, which significantly improves the specific characteristics.

As mentioned above, other options for constructing motors are possible for any combination of modules with selected parameters and specific heating and cooling zones for each, with a given thermodynamic cycle of operation. And as a module (section) for building an engine, there can be any rotary machines (including turbines) with unidirectional rotation of the rotor and unidirectional unidirectional movement of the working fluid. Moreover, it is possible to use rotary machines of various types as modules in one engine.

The inventive motors are more reliable, simpler in design, more technological, economical, with high power density and efficiency.

Claims

Formula

1. Engines (power plant) with an external heat supply, composed of one or several modules (sections), each of which implements a certain cycle stroke, based on a rotary machine, mounted on one shaft and connected, respectively, by elements of the intake-exhaust tract, including pipelines and heat exchangers, a combination of modules with selected parameters and certain heating and cooling zones for each sets any (closed, open) thermodynamic cycle of the engine with a sequential (strictly through each specific module) continuous-direct-flow unidirectional flow of the working fluid, with the possible use of an inserted regenerator in an appropriate place in the rupture of pipelines of oppositely directed (relative to the heating and cooling zones) flows of the working fluid, a rotary machine containing a stationary body with grooves made in it, rigidly mounted on the rotor shaft and a retractable device (VU), grooves with the rotor rim form cavities that have inlet and outlet windows, the rotor is made in the form of a wheel inside the spokes (radial, tangential) of which there are guide channels with blades located in them, the retractable device (VU) provides a coordinated movement (extension and retraction) of the blades with the rotor rotation angle, differs in that that the rotor rim is made with an annular protrusion of a rectangular or hemispherical shape (in cross section) and the corresponding shape of the retractable end of the blades and grooves of the housing, the grooves in the area of the inlet and outlet windows are expanded towards the transitions, the method of operation of the retractable device (VU) provides the possibility of being in different parts (places) of the same functional cavity of two adjacent blades at the same time and contains either a gear-crank (possibly with a stationary crank) -sliding mechanism with a rotating shaft VU with cranks located on it, or a spatial gear-crank (with an oblique crank ) -kulisno-lever-slider mechanism with an oscillating shaft of the VU with levers located on it, the mechanisms can have several shafts of the VU passing through the rotor body, the section (zone) of the functional cavity between the inlet and outlet windows (working cavity) is made of the appropriate size, which allows within the section at its opposite ends simultaneously to two adjacent blades at a certain moment of rotation of the rotor, the spokes of the blades are made in the form of boxes isolated from the inner free space of the rotor with internal guide channels for the blades, with the blades coming out only into the working cavities and having a hinged connection with the VU elements (pushers) through the rods.

2. Engines (power plant), the rotary machine of which according to claim 1, characterized in that the rotor contains curved blades with a constant radius of curvature equal to the length of the rigidly arm associated pendulum levers on the axles located on the inner rim of the rotor, covered with protective covers and having drive levers for connection with the elements of the VU.

3. Engines (power plant) with an external heat supply, composed of one or several modules (sections), each of which implements a certain cycle stroke based on a rotary machine, mounted on one shaft and connected, respectively, by elements of the inlet-outlet tract including pipelines and heat exchangers, a combination of modules with selected parameters and certain heating and cooling zones for each sets any (closed, open) thermodynamic cycle of the engine operation with a sequential (strictly through each specific module) continuous-direct-flow unidirectional flow of the working fluid, with the possible use of a regenerator inserted in the corresponding place in the rupture of pipelines of oppositely directed (relative to the heating and cooling zones) flows of the working fluid, it differs in that the module (section) is a rotary Wankel machine with two functional cavities each having an inlet and outlet window, with a profile wall and a cavity between the inlet and outlet ports of an appropriate size which allows there to be simultaneously two tops of the rotor edges at a certain moment of its rotation and the supply of pipelines between the modules to the cavities, with in-phase (possibly with a slight displacement) rotation of the tops of the rotor edges.