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Definitions

• AAV adeno-associated virus
• the present invention relates to improved adeno-associated virus (AAV) particles for gene delivery and gene therapy.
• AAV adeno associated vims
• the present invention further relates to methods for producing the improved AAV particles of this invention by removing natural binding sites in adeno associated vims (AAV) capsids and introducing ligand binding sites into said capsid to provide AAVs that transduce only particular cells of interest.
• An additional aspect of the present invention relates to modified AAV particles for use in the treatment of a disease and methods for treating a disease, comprising administering the modified AAV particles to a subject in need thereof.
• Yet a further aspect of this invention relates to the AAV particles of this invention for the transfection of cells, for example as a gene delivery tool in basic research.
• AAV adeno-associated viruses
• the wild type AAVs are DNA viruses of relatively small size which integrate, in a stable and site- specific manner into the genome of the cells they infect. Importantly, so far no human disease has been found to be associated with AAV infection. Thus, Adeno-associated vims (AAV) has become the gene therapy vector of choice due to its lack of pathogenicity. Interestingly, more than 100 clinical trials are underway using AAV- based vectors, and, importantly, the first AAV gene therapy was recently FDA approved, namely Voretigene neparvovec for the treatment of an inherited retinal disease.
• Adeno-associated viruses are members of the genus Dependovirus of the Parvoviridae family containing a non-enveloped icosahedral capsid.
• the AAV genome is approximately 4.7 kil phases long and is composed of linear single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (ssDNA), which may be either positive- or negative-sensed.
• the genome comprises inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) at both ends of the DNA strand, and two open reading frames (ORFs): rep and cap.
• the rep frame is made of four overlapping genes encoding non-stmctural replication (Rep) proteins required for the AAV life cycle.
• the cap frame contains overlapping nucleotide sequences of structural VP capsid proteins: VP1, VP2 and VP3, which interact together to form a capsid of an icosahedral symmetry.
• the terminal 145 nt are self complementary and are organized so that an energetically stable intramolecular duplex forming a T-shaped hairpin may be formed. These hairpin structures function as an origin for viral DNA replication, serving as primers for the cellular DNA polymerase complex.
• the rep genes i.e. Rep78 and Rep52
• a splicing event in the rep ORF results in the expression of four Rep proteins (i.e. Rep78, Rep68, Rep52 and Rep40).
• viruses can enter the cell in a variety of ways, either through direct membrane fusion/penetration reactions at the plasma membrane, or by undergoing endocytosis followed by a similar breaching of the cell membrane in an early endosome.
• the most common form of viral internalization is through clathrin-mediated endocytosis. This process can be separated into several steps, which include: (1) the nucleation of a clathrin coated pit; (2) cargo capture in coated pits; (3) curvature induction and membrane invagination; and (4) vesicle scission and uncoating.
• the vesicle delivers its viral content to early endosomes.
• the entire process of endocytosis takes place on the order of seconds in vivo.
• viruses that are internalized via clathrin-mediated endocytosis are dsDNA viruses, such as Adenoviridae, Adenovirus type 2, Adenovirus type 5, Adenovirus type 8, Adenovirus type 37, canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2), Adeno-associated vims 2 and Adeno-associated virus 5 (Dependovirus).
• dsDNA viruses such as Adenoviridae, Adenovirus type 2, Adenovirus type 5, Adenovirus type 8, Adenovirus type 37, canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2), Adeno-associated vims 2 and Adeno-associated virus 5 (Dependovirus).
• Viruses can also be internalized via caveolae, which are specialized lipid rafts that form 50-70 nm flask-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane. Caveolins form the structural backbone of caveolae. The internalization via caveolae is not a constitutive process but only occurs upon cell stimulation. Internalized viruses bound to their host cell receptor are delivered to the early endosome. Caveolae represent a low capacity but highly regulated pathway. Furthermore, some viruses are internalized using several pathways that do not use a clathrin or caveolin coat and that are sometimes hijacked by bacteria and viruses to gain access to the host cell. These pathways can be further defined by their dependency to various molecules such as cholesterol, DNM2/Dynamin-2, or small GTPases or tyrosine kinase.
• caveolae are specialized lipid rafts that form 50-70 nm flask-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane. Caveolins form the structural backbone of caveolae.
• AAV vectors are being explored as vehicles for targeted gene therapy.
• Kem et al. disclose that infection of cells with adeno-associated vims (AAV) type 2 (AAV-2) is mediated by binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycan and can be competed by heparin.
• AAV-2 capsid proteins showed that a group of basic amino acids (arginines 484, 487, 585, and 588 and lysine 532) contribute to heparin and HeLa cell binding.
• mice of recombinant AAV-2 mutated in R484 and R585 indicated markedly reduced infection of the liver, compared to infection with wild-type recombinant AAV, but continued infection of the heart. They suggested that although heparin binding influences the infectivity of AAV-2, it seems not to be necessary.
• US 5,756,283 discloses recombinant AAV vectors comprising a selected transgene under the control of regulatory sequences.
• the infected cell is contacted with an agent that facilitates the conversion of single stranded recombinant vims to its double stranded form, thereby enhancing the efficiency of transduction of the recombinant AAV into the target cell.
• EP 1664314 B1 describes recombinant AAV vectors carrying capsid protein modification(s) resulting in a reduced or eliminated heparin binding function, based on the identification of a capsid protein domain and corresponding amino acid residues involved in heparin binding.
• WO 2017/143100 Al describes methods to modify AAV capsid polypeptides to exhibit an enhanced neutralization profile, increased transduction and/or tropism in human liver tissue or hepatocyte cells, as compared to non-variant parent capsid polypeptides.
• AAV adeno associated virus
• AAV adeno associated virus
• the above problem is solved by modifying a virus capsid to accept a ligand attachment and attaching a ligand of interest to said capsid.
• natural binding sites in the AAV capsid can be removed prior to modifying the virus to accept the ligand attachment.
• an adeno associated virus (AAV) particle comprising a modified capsid, wherein said modified capsid comprises at least one modification selected from the removal of a natural binding site in said capsid, and the introduction of a ligand binding site into said capsid.
• AAV adeno associated virus
• AAV vector refers to a viral particle composed of at least one AAV capsid protein and an encapsidated recombinant viral genome.
• An AAV particle that comprises a recombinant viral genome having a heterologous polynucleotide and a transcriptional regulatory region that comprises a promoter to be delivered to a mammalian cell flanked by the AAV inverted terminal repeats is typically referred to as an“AAV vector particle” or an “AAV vector”.
• the adeno associated virus (AAV) particle of the present invention is selected from AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAV11, and AAV12.
• AAV-2 adeno-associated virus type 2
• AAV-9 AAV-2 and/or AAV-9.
• AAV serotypes identified that differ in the binding capacity of capsid proteins to specific cell surface receptors that can transduce different cell types.
• AAV2 was the first serotype cloned into a bacterial plasmid and has since been used as a comparison to identify other serotypes.
• AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAV11, and AAV 12 have been tested thoroughly for their ability to transduce specific cell types and differentiated between capsid protein motifs that bind specific cell surface receptors for cell attachment.
• an AAV particle selected from AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAV11, AAV12 is preferred.
• any other AAV particle can be used in the context of the present invention.
• the capsid of AAV is composed of three overlapping capsid proteins (VP1, VP2, VP3) containing a unique VP1 N-terminus, a VP1/VP2 common portion and a portion which is common to VP1, VP2 and VP3.
• An adeno associated virus (AAV) particle of the present invention is further preferred, wherein at least one protein in said capsid of AAV particle is modified, preferably wherein at least one protein is VP1, VP2, and/or VP3.
• at least one protein is VP1, VP2, and/or VP3.
• two of the proteins VP1, VP2 and/or VP3 in said capsid are modified, or all three of the proteins VP1, VP2 and VP3 in said capsid are modified.
• at least one part, e.g. one amino acid, of the at least one of the proteins to be modified in said capsid is modified.
• it is also possible to modify multiple parts of the proteins VP1, VP2 and VP3 in said capsid e.g.
• arginines 484, 487, 585 and 588 and lysine 532 of VP1 and/or an analogous arginine in VP2 or VP3 are removed by replacing them with a different amino acid, such as alanine.
• the capsid modification comprises both the removal of at least one natural binding site and the introduction of at least one ligand binding site.
• the at least one natural binding site of said AAV can stay unchanged, i.e. not be removed, but the at least one ligand binding site is introduced.
• the AAV particle of this invention has a higher infectivity rate at lower titers of the virus particle as used. Contrary, if said natural binding site in said capsid is removed prior to introducing at least one additional ligand binding site into said capsid by modification, the tropism of the AAV particle of this invention is modified.
• AAV adeno associated vims
• an adeno associated virus (AAV) particle of the present invention wherein said ligand binding site is a binding site that enables the covalent attachment of a ligand.
• said ligand binding site comprises a benzylguanine group, a benzylcytosine group, a chloroalkane group, a dibenzocyclooctyne group, an azide group, a phosphine, or combinations thereof. Alternatively, any haloalkane group can be used.
• the benzylguanine or other group is attached to an available lysine residue.
• Said ligand binding site as introduced is preferably attached to the e-amino group or the primary amine of said available lysine residue.
• an adeno associated virus (AAV) particle of the present invention further comprising a ligand that is attached to said benzylguanine group, said benzylcytosine group, said chloroalkane group, said dibenzocyclooctyne group, said azide group, and/or said phosphine in particular a HaloTagTM, a SNAP-tagTM or a CLIP-tagTM, or a phosphine or an azide or a dibenzocyclooctyne group.
• the present invention preferably utilizes tags that are able to bind to their specific ligands with high affinity, such as SNAP-tag, CLIP-tag, Halo Tag, Lumio Tag, and others.
• Benzylguanine, benzylcytosine and chloroalkane are recognized by a“suicide” enzyme, such as SNAP.
• a“suicide” enzyme such as SNAP.
• benzylguanine, or benzylcytosine derivatives can further be used.
• Benzylguanine derivatives or benzylcytosine derivatives are understood to mean a benzylguanine or benzylcytosine group, which is modified but which is nevertheless recognized by the suicide enzyme.
• the tag molecule may be any molecule or biomolecule, which is capable of specifically binding to a further molecule.
• the examples may include SNAP-tag, CLIP-tag, Lumio-Tag, or Halo-Tag.
• the affinity tag may be a SNAP-tag, a mutant of an alkylguanine- DNA alkyltransferase.
• one of the substrates for SNAP-tag is benzylguanine.
• Commercially available products useful for the present invention include, e.g., HaloTag from Promega, Lumio Tag from Life Technologies, and SNAP/CLIP Tags from NEB.
• a ligand to a capsid, such as anti-tag antibodies, streptavidin-biotin, or chemical crosslinking. Any of the known methods can be used in the context of the present invention. For example, unnatural amino acids could be incorporated in the capsid as well as in the ligand. Subsequently, crosslinkers, such as bioorthogonal crosslinkers could be used to covalently attach the ligand to the capsid. In a further example, a phosphine or a dibenzocyclooctyne group could be incorporated in the capsid and an azide in the ligand or vice versa. The ligand could then be covalently attached to the capsid via the Staudinger reaction or a strain-promoted click reaction.
• Staudinger reaction or a strain-promoted click reaction.
• the ligand to be attached is selected from a protein ligand, such as a growth factor or a cytokine; a toxin subunit, such as a cholera toxin B subunit; a lectin, such as isolectin B4 or wheat germ agglutinin; an adhesion factor, such as lactadherin; an antibody, such as an anti CD-34 antibody; a peptide, such as deltorphin opioid receptor ligand; and a gene editing nuclease, such as Cas9.
• a protein ligand such as a growth factor or a cytokine
• a toxin subunit such as a cholera toxin B subunit
• a lectin such as isolectin B4 or wheat germ agglutinin
• an adhesion factor such as lactadherin
• an antibody such as an anti CD-34 antibody
• a peptide such as deltorphin opioid receptor ligand
• Nucleic acid molecules packaged inside the adeno associated virus (AAV) particle of the present invention can be any kind of nucleic acid molecule.
• said nucleic acid molecule is encoding intracellular antibodies (for example to neutralize certain proteins inside cells), nucleic acid molecules encoding peptide toxins (for example to block ion channels in the pain pathway), nucleic acid molecules encoding optogenetic actuators (for example to turn on or turn off neuronal activity using light), nucleic acid molecules encoding pharmacogenetic tools (for example to turn on or off neuronal signaling using chemical ligands that have no interfering pharmacological effect), nucleic acid molecules encoding CRISPR based-editors for precision gene editing, nucleic acid molecules encoding CRISPR-epigenetic tools to regulate gene expression, and/or nucleic acid molecules encoding suicide genes to induce cell death.
• the adeno associated vims (AAV) particle of the present invention further carries a nucleic acid molecule as a cargo, such as a gRNA and/or a specific DNA to be inserted into a host genome.
• a nucleic acid molecule such as a gRNA and/or a specific DNA to be inserted into a host genome.
• the person of skill is aware of other gene editing nucleases, apart from Cas9, such as Cpfl, TALEN, ZFN, or a homing endonuclease. Further, it may be convenient to engineer using DNA-guided Argonaute interference systems (DAIS). Basically, said Argonaute (Ago) protein is heterologously expressed from a polynucleotide introduced into said cell in the presence of at least one exogenous oligonucleotide (DNA guide) providing specificity of cleavage to said Ago protein to a preselected locus.
• DAIS DNA-guided Argonaute interference systems
• said Argonaute (Ago) protein is heterologously expressed from a polynucleotide introduced into said cell in the presence of at least one exogenous oligonucleotide (DNA guide) providing specificity of cleavage to said Ago protein to a preselected locus.
• the TAFEN and Cas9 systems are respectively described in WO 2013/
• ZFNs Zinc-finger nucleases
• Cpfl is a class 2 CRISPR Cas System described by Zhang et al.
• Cpfl is a single RNA-guided Endonuclease of a Class 2 CRIPR-Cas System. (2015). Cell;163:759-771).
• the argonaute (AGO) gene family was initially described in Guo S, Kemphues KJ. (Par-1, a gene required for establishing polarity in C. elegans embryos, encodes a putative Ser/Thr kinase that is asymmetrically distributed. (1995). Cell;81(4):611-20).
• Another aspect of this invention then relates to the AAV particle according to the present invention for use in the treatment of a disease.
• diseases to be treated or prevented by the AAV particle for use according to the present invention are diseases that can be treated by gene therapy, such as cancer, an inherited monogenic disease, such as inherited retinal disease, a genetic skin disease, such as Olmsted Syndrome or Familiar Primary Focalized Cutaneous Amyloidosis, an infectious disease, adrenoleukodystrophy, alpha- 1 antitrypsin deficiency, aromatic F- amino acid deficiency, Batten disease, Becker muscular dystrophy, beta thalassemia, Canavan disease, chronic granulomatous disease, Crigler-Najjar syndrome, cystic fibrosis, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Fabry disease, familial adenomatous polyposis, familial hypercholesterolaemia, familial lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency, Fanconi anaemia, galact
• the term“preventing and/or inhibiting”, as used herein, shall include treating an already existing disease.
• Treatment, prevention, and/or inhibition is meant to include, e.g., treating, delaying or alleviating disease progression, reducing the symptoms of, or curing the disease or condition.
• An“effective amount” is an amount of the AAV particle of the present invention that alleviates symptoms as found for the disease to be treated, such as any of the diseases named above. Alleviating is meant to include, e.g., preventing, treating, reducing the symptoms of, or curing the disease or condition.
• the invention also includes a method for treating a subject at risk for a development and/or progression of a disease, wherein a therapeutically effective amount of the AAV particle of the present invention of this invention is administered to the patient.
• prevention or “preventing” when used in the context of a subject refers to stopping, hindering, and/or slowing down the development or onset of a disease, and in particular the symptoms associated with the disease.
• Yet another embodiment of the invention pertains to the afore-described AAV particle for use in the treatment of a disease, wherein said AAV is administered to a subject in a liquid, dry or semi- solid form, such as, for example, in the form of a tablet, coated tablet, effervescent tablet, capsule, powder, granulate, sugar-coated tablet, lozenge, pill, ampoule, drop, suppository, emulsion, ointment, gel, tincture, paste, cream, moist compress, gargling solution, plant juice, nasal agent, inhalation mixture, aerosol, mouthwash, mouth spray, nose spray, or room spray.
• a liquid, dry or semi- solid form such as, for example, in the form of a tablet, coated tablet, effervescent tablet, capsule, powder, granulate, sugar-coated tablet, lozenge, pill, ampoule, drop, suppository, emulsion, ointment, gel, tincture, paste, cream, mois
• Another aspect of this invention then relates to a method of producing an improved adeno associated virus (AAV) particle, comprising the step of introducing at least one modification into a capsid of said AAV, preferably wherein said modification comprises introducing at least one ligand binding site into said capsid, optionally wherein a natural binding site in said capsid is removed, such as is previously removed.
• AAV adeno associated virus
• the adeno associated virus (AAV) particle of this invention has a higher infectivity rate at lower titers of the virus particle as used. Contrary, if said natural binding site in said capsid is removed prior of introducing at least one additional ligand binding site into said capsid by modification, the tropism of the adeno associated virus (AAV) particle of this invention is modified.
• the adeno associated virus (AAV) particle produced by the above method is preferably selected from AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAV11, AAV12, and mixtures thereof.
• any of the proteins of the adeno associated virus (AAV) particle to be produced by the above method can be modified.
• at least one of the proteins VP1, VP2 or VP3 in said capsid is modified in the above method.
• two of the proteins VP1, VP2 and/or VP3 in said capsid are modified, or all three of the proteins VP1, VP2 and VP3 in said capsid are modified.
• at least one part, e.g. at least one amino acid, of the at least one of the proteins to be modified in said capsid is modified.
• it is also possible to modify multiple parts of the proteins VP1, VP2 and VP3 in said capsid e.g.
• arginines 484, 487, 585 and 588 and lysine 532 of VP1 and/or an analogous arginine in VP2 or VP3 are removed by replacing them with a different amino acid, such as alanine.
• a protein such as VP1, VP2 or VP3, may be modified chemically by reacting specific amino acids. Examples for such modifications are well known in the art and are summarized e.g. in R. Lundblad, Chemical Reagents for Protein Modification, 3rd ed. CRC Press, 2005, which is incorporated herein by reference.
• Chemical modification of amino acids includes but is not limited to, modification by acylation, amidination, pyridoxylation of lysine, reductive alkylation, trinitrobenzylation of amino groups with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS), amide modification of carboxyl groups and sulphydryl modification by performic acid oxidation of cysteine to cysteic acid, formation of mercurial derivatives, formation of mixed disulphides with other thiol compounds, reaction with maleimide, carboxymethylation with iodoacetic acid or iodoacetamide and carbamoylation with cyanate at alkaline pH, although without limitation thereto.
• TNBS 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid
• AAV adeno associated virus
• said natural binding site is removed by the above method for producing an improved adeno associated virus (AAV) particle, wherein said binding site is a natural binding site that enables binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans, and is preferably removed by replacing at least one of arginines 585 and 588 of VP1 and/or an analogous arginine in VP2 or VP3 with a different amino acid, such as alanine.
• AAV adeno associated virus
• the ligand binding site as introduced is one that enables the covalent attachment of ligands, and is preferably selected from a benzylguanine group that is attached to available lysine residues, more preferably by reacting said capsid with benzylguanine N- hydroxysuccinimide (BG-NHS), and/or benzylcytosine N-hydroxysuccinimide (BC-NHS).
• BG-NHS benzylguanine N- hydroxysuccinimide
• BC-NHS benzylcytosine N-hydroxysuccinimide
• the present invention preferably utilizes tags that are able to bind to their specific ligands with high affinity, such as SNAP-tag, CLIP-tag, Halo-Tag, Lumio-Tag, and others.
• the tag molecule as introduced in the above-method may be any molecule or biomolecule, which is capable of specifically binding to a further molecule.
• the examples may include SNAP-tag, CLIP-tag, Lumio-Tag, or Halo-Tag.
• the affinity tag may be a SNAP-tag, a mutant of an alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase.
• one of the substrates for SNAP-tag is benzylguanine.
• ligand binding site as introduced is preferably attached to the e-amino group or the primary amine of said available lysine residue.
• the above method for producing an improved adeno associated virus (AAV) particle is further preferred, wherein said method further comprises the step of attaching a ligand to said benzylguanine and/or said benzylcytosine group, in particular a HaloTagTM, a SNAP-tagTM or a CLIP-tagTM.
• Said ligand to be attached can be any kind of ligand, but is preferably selected from a protein ligand, such as a growth factor or a cytokine; a toxin subunit, such as a cholera toxin B subunit; a lectin, such as isolectin B4 or wheat germ agglutinin; an adhesion factor, such as lactadherin; an antibody, such as an anti CD-34 antibody; a peptide, such as deltorphin opioid receptor ligand; and a gene editing nuclease, such as Cas9.
• a protein ligand such as a growth factor or a cytokine
• a toxin subunit such as a cholera toxin B subunit
• a lectin such as isolectin B4 or wheat germ agglutinin
• an adhesion factor such as lactadherin
• an antibody such as an anti CD-34 antibody
• a peptide such as
• a further aspect of this invention then relates to a method for treating a disease that can be treated by gene therapy, comprising administering the AAV particle according to this invention to a subject in need thereof.
• the term“subject”, as used in certain embodiments, preferably refers to a mammal, such as a mouse, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, cat, dog, monkey, or preferably a human.
• the term“patient” preferably refers to a mammal, such as a mouse, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, horse, cattle, cow, cat, dog, monkey, or preferably a human, for example a human patient, for whom diagnosis, prognosis, or therapy is desired.
• the subject of the invention may be at danger of suffering from a disease, such as a bacterial infection, a viral infection, a fungal infection, or a parasitic infection. A more detailed description of medical indications relevant in the context of this invention is provided herein elsewhere.
• Cells and/or subjects to be treated with the AAV particles of this invention are preferably of mammalian origin, such as of human origin. Nevertheless, the present invention can advantageously be used also in veterinary medicine, cell culture procedures, or even in plant cell diseases, depending on the similarities of the mechanisms of entry into the cells.
• said cell to be treated is a mammalian cell, a prokaryotic cell, or a plant cell. Most preferably said cell to be treated is a human cell.
• Yet another embodiment of the invention pertains to the afore-described method for treating a disease, comprising administering the AAV particle according to this invention to a subject in need thereof, wherein said AAV particle is administered to a subject in a liquid, dry or semi solid form, such as, for example, in the form of a tablet, coated tablet, effervescent tablet, capsule, powder, granulate, sugar-coated tablet, lozenge, pill, ampoule, drop, suppository, emulsion, ointment, gel, tincture, paste, cream, moist compress, gargling solution, plant juice, nasal agent, inhalation mixture, aerosol, mouthwash, mouth spray, nose spray, or room spray.
• a liquid, dry or semi solid form such as, for example, in the form of a tablet, coated tablet, effervescent tablet, capsule, powder, granulate, sugar-coated tablet, lozenge, pill, ampoule, drop, suppository, emulsion, oint
• the disease to be treated by the above method for treating a disease that comprises administering the AAV particle to a subject is preferably a disease selected from cancer, an inherited monogenic disease, such as inherited retinal disease, a genetic skin disease, such as Olmsted Syndrome or Familiar Primary Localized Cutaneous Amyloidosis, an infectious disease, adrenoleukodystrophy, alpha- 1 antitrypsin deficiency, aromatic L-amino acid deficiency, Batten disease, Becker muscular dystrophy, beta thalassemia, Canavan disease, chronic granulomatous disease, Crigler-Najjar syndrome, cystic fibrosis, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Fabry disease, familial adenomatous polyposis, familial hypercholesterolemia, familial lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency, Fanconi anemia, galactosialidosis, Gaucher's disease, gyrate atrophy, hemophil
• a method for treating a disease comprising administering the AAV particle according to this invention to a subject in need thereof, wherein said AAV particle is administered to said subject or to a cell in form of a pharmaceutical composition, e.g. in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable additives, carriers, diluents, solvents, filters, lubricants, excipients, binders or stabilizers.
• said composition is administered to said subject in form of sprays, coatings, foams, lotions, gels, mouthwash, oral formulations or injections.
• Said composition can be administered to said subject systemically, orally or by any other clinically/medically accepted method.
• a further aspect of the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition, comprising the AAV particle according to the present invention, together with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or diluent, i.e. in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable additives, carriers, diluents, solvents, filters, lubricants, excipients, binders or stabilizers.
• said composition is administered to said subject in form of sprays, coatings, foams, lotions, gels, mouthwash, oral formulations or injections.
• Said composition can be administered to said subject systemically, orally or by any other clinically/medically accepted method.
• a further aspect of the present invention then relates to a kit comprising:
• a container holding the AAV particle for use or the composition and the written instructions optionally, a container holding the AAV particle for use or the composition and the written instructions.
• Another aspect of the present invention relates to the use of the above-described kit for preventing, treating, and/or inhibiting a viral infection in a subject in need of said treatment.
• Yet another aspect of this invention relates to the AAV particle according to this invention for use in the transfection of a cell, for example as a gene delivery tool in research.
• Said use can also be for cosmetic purposes, and the present invention includes a method for cosmetic treatment in analogy to the medical treatment as disclosed herein.
• administering the AAV particle according to this invention to a subject or to a cell can be also achieved in form of a cosmetic composition, e.g. in combination with cosmetically safe and acceptable additives, carriers, diluents, solvents, filters, lubricants, excipients, binders or stabilizers.
• said composition is administered to said subject in form of sprays, coatings, foams, lotions, gels, mouthwash, oral formulations or injections.
• Said composition can be administered to said subject systemically, orally or by any other clinically/cosmetically accepted method.
• An additional aspect of the present invention relates to a kit comprising:
• a container holding the AAV particle and the written instructions optionally, a container holding the AAV particle and the written instructions.
• Figure 1 shows a schematic depiction of SNAP-tagged ligands with the BG-modified vims.
• Figure 2 shows that the AHSPG vims particle according to the invention has no more infective activity (dark picture); the constmct was tested on sensory neurons in a fluorescent reporter mouse model.
• the inset shows the phase contrast microscopic image of the cells.
• FIG 3 shows that the wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) fusion fully reverted the viral transduction efficiency to 100% (fluorescent cells) when tested on sensory neurons in a fluorescent reporter mouse model in analogy to Figure 2.
• WGA wheat germ agglutinin
• Figure 4 shows that neurotrophic factors NGF (A), NT3 (B) and BDNF (C) deliver vims to different neuronal populations.
• the insets show the microscopic image of the cells, the constructs were tested on sensory neurons in a fluorescent reporter mouse model in analogy to Figure 2.
• Figure 5 shows cholera toxin B subunit transported vims retrogradely to neuronal cell bodies when injected into the skin.
• the inset shows the microscopic image of the cells, the constmct was tested on sensory neurons in a fluorescent reporter mouse model in analogy to Figure 2.
• Figure 6 shows sensory neuron tissue in the trigeminal ganglia three weeks after injection with a vims with NGF ligand IV according to the invention (A), stained with an antibody against TrkA (the receptor for NGF, B). An overlap of at least 80% can be seen (C).
• Figure 7 shows a staining of the sections from Figure 6 with antibodies against NF200 and IB4, which mainly mark other neurons (mechanoreceptors (green/grey) and non-peptidergic nociceptors, respectively (blue/dark grey)).
• the red (light grey) infected cells are mainly different from the green and blue cells.
• Figure 8 shows that gene delivery is more efficient with liganded viruses.
• WGA modified construct resulted in a strong increase of delivery (B).
• the aim of the experiments as performed in the context of the present invention was to engineer the adeno associated virus (AAV) capsid so that the virus will transduce only cells of interest. This was achieved by removing the natural binding sites for cells in the native AAV capsid protein(s).
• the modified vims is then suitably (in particular chemically) modified in order to accept a selective controlled ligand attachment. These desired ligands are then covalently attached to the vims, and tested in vitro on cells, and in vivo in mice.
• AAV2 is used, these examples can be readily applied to other AAV capsids as well.
• AAV2 binds to Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans through arginine 585 and 588. These positions were mutated to alanine to create the deletion AHSPG.
• the Plasmid pTAV2-0 contains the entire AAV-2 genome from pAV-2, including both inverted terminal repeats, cloned into the BamHI site of pBluescript II.
• a sub-plasmid containing a suitable fragment of the AAV-2 was created and used as the template for site- directed mutagenesis reactions. Mutagenesis was performed by using a Stratagene (Amsterdam, The Netherlands) QuikChange site-directed mutagenesis kit according to the manufacturer's protocol. For each mutant, two complementary PCR primers were designed to contain the sequence of the substitution, flanked by 15 to 20 homologous base pairs on each side of the mutation. Mutant plasmids were identified by DNA sequencing. The fragment containing the suitable mutation was then subcloned into a plasmid backbone (e.g. pTAV2-0), containing the rest of the protein, and the complete fragment was sequenced to check for additional PCR mutations.
• a plasmid backbone e.g. pTAV2-0
• AHSPG for accepting ligands
• selective attachment of ligands to proteins is accomplished by incorporation of bioorthogonal groups into a protein, followed by chemoselective modifications. This approach is also designated as “tag-and-modify”.
• bioorthogonal reactions have been developed, which can be classified into: (1) condensation reactions through carbonyls, (2)“click” reactions through azides, (3) inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder cycloadditions (DA INV ) and other cycloaddition reactions, (4) transition metal- catalyzed coupling and decaging reactions, and (5) labeling reactions at cysteine residues.
• Benzylguanine (BG) was subsequently attached to exposed lysine by reacting virus with benzylguanine NHS ester (SNAP tag substrate or BG--NHS ).
• SNAP tag substrate or BG--NHS benzylguanine NHS ester
• non- aqueous DMSO was added to the vial with the dry SNAP tag ligand BG-NHS to the desired final concentration (e.g. 20 mM) at room temperature.
• the protein to be amine-functionalized was diluted in solvent (PBS) to the desired final concentration.
• the two preparations were mixed and incubated at room temperature for 180 minutes, followed by removal of the unreacted components using a centrifugal lOOKda MWCO filter unit.
• the SNAP-tag is a small protein based on human 0 6 -alkylguanine-DNA-alkyltransferase (hAGT), a DNA repair protein.
• the SNAP-tag substrate in this case is the guanine leaving group connected to a benzyl linker.
• the substituted benzyl group of the substrate is covalently attached to the SNAP-tag.
• the SNAP-tag protein labeling system enables the specific, covalent attachment of virtually any molecule to a protein of interest (for the present invention, see 4., below).
• Recombinant ligands with C terminal SNAP tags were produced in E. coli or in mammalian cells in suspension culture.
• SNAP-tagged ligands were then attached to the BG-modified virus (see Figure 1) by adding saturating concentrations of ligand and incubating at room temperature overnight. Excess non-reacted ligand was removed by passing the reaction through a centrifugal lOOKda MWCO filter unit.
• the experiments were performed in accordance according with the instructions of the SNAP-Cell ® Starter Kit (NEB) containing a mammalian expression plasmid (pSNAP f) encoding the SNAP-tag ® flanked by restriction sites for cloning a gene of interest, with modifications for the present purpose.
• NEB SNAP-Cell ® Starter Kit
• ligands namely protein ligands, like growth factors, cytokines etc.; toxin subunits, like cholera toxin B subunit; lectins, such as isolectin B4 or wheat germ agglutinin; adhesion factors, like lactadherin; antibodies, such as anti CD-34 (marker of stem cells); and peptides, such as deltorphin opioid receptor ligand.
• protein ligands like growth factors, cytokines etc.
• toxin subunits like cholera toxin B subunit
• lectins such as isolectin B4 or wheat germ agglutinin
• adhesion factors like lactadherin
• antibodies such as anti CD-34 (marker of stem cells)
• peptides such as deltorphin opioid receptor ligand.
• the AHSPG vims particle according to the invention had no more infective activity as tested on sensory neurons in a fluorescent reporter mouse model ( Figure 2).
• the wheat germ agglutinin (WGA, lectin) fusion fully reverted the viral transduction efficiency to 100% when tested on sensory neurons in the same fluorescent reporter mouse model ( Figure 3).
• NGF neurotrophic factor
• NT3 and BDNF protein ligands
• BDNF protein ligands
• Cholera Toxin B subunit toxin
• lactadherin ashesion factor
• deltorphin peptide
• all ligand-labeled viruses successfully and specifically transduced only those cells expressing the respective receptor, both when applied in vitro to cultured cells, and when injected in vivo in mice, i.e. can be injected systemically or locally and selectively target different populations of cells.
• TrkA-i- nociceptors in the peripheral nervous system were targeted with liganded AAV.
• NGF R121W ligand which binds to but doesn’t activate TrkA was conjugated to AHSPG-AAV2 as described above with a tdTomato cargo.
• the construct was injected into mice subcutaneously, intra-nerve, retro-orbital or intraperitoneal. After three weeks, fluorescence was detected and quantified by using a TrkA antibody.
• TrkA + cells were infected by NGF- AAV. 83% of NGF-AAV infected cells were TrkA + . It was also found that the different routes of administration did not differ significantly in their highly effective outcomes.
• IL31RA was targeted with liganded AAV.
• IL31 K134A ligand that binds to but doesn’t activate IL31RA was conjugated to AHSPG-AAV2 as described above with a tdTomato cargo.
• the construct was injected into wildtype and IL31RA knockout mice. After three weeks, fluorescence was detected by using a keratin 14 antibody. It was found that targeted cells were basically completely positive for K14. Important in IL31RA knockout mice, no fluorescence was detected. .
• Isolectin B4 (IB4) was conjugated to AHSPG-AAV2 as described above with a tdTomato cargo.
• IB4 can be used as a marker for vasculature, non-peptidergic nociceptors, and/or microglia.
• the construct was injected subcutaneously, intra-nerval, or intraspinally. After three weeks, fluorescence was detected. It was found that targeted cells were basically completely positive, irrespective of the route of administration.
• WGA Wheat Germ Agglutinin
• AHSPG-AAV2 as described above with a tdTomato cargo.
• WGA binds to A-acct y 1 g 1 uco s a m i nc and the membrane of most neurons and is used as a (transsynaptic) tracer.
• the construct was injected in mice i.v. in PI neonates, or intracortical in adult mice. After three weeks, fluorescence was detected.

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