WO2020198013A1

WO2020198013A1 - Reservation signal to avoid the gap for pusch transmission in the mf-lite system

Info

Publication number: WO2020198013A1
Application number: PCT/US2020/023873
Authority: WO
Inventors: Wenting CHANG; Salvatore TALARICO; Huaning Niu
Original assignee: Apple Inc.
Priority date: 2019-03-22
Filing date: 2020-03-20
Publication date: 2020-10-01

Abstract

Systems, devices, and techniques associated with reservation signaling and configuration are described. A described UE technique includes receiving, by a user equipment (UE) from a node, configuration information for a reservation signal to indicate reservation of network resources by the UE, and transmitting, by the UE, the reservation signal in the uplink pilot time slot (UpPTS) based on the configuration information. The configuration information can include one or more parameters that control orthogonality between the reservation signal and a physical random access channel (PRACH) in an UpPTS.

Description

RESERVATION SIGNAL TO AVOID THE GAP FOR PUSCH TRANSMISSION IN THE MF-LITE SYSTEM

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This disclosure claims the benefit of the priority of U.S. Provisional

Patent Application No. 62/822,366, entitled“RESERVATION SIGNAL TO AVOID THE GAP FOR PUSCH TRANSMISSION IN THE MF-LITE SYSTEM” and filed on March 22, 2019 The above-identified application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] This disclosure relates generally to signaling in wireless communication systems

BACKGROUND

[0003] Base stations, such as a node of radio access network (RAN), can wirelessly communicate with wireless devices such as user equipment (UE). A downlink (DL) transmission refers to a communication from the base station to the wireless device. An uplink (UL) transmission refers to a communication from the wireless device to another device such as the base station. Base stations can transmit control signaling in order to control wireless devices that operate within their network.

SUMMARY

[0004] Systems, devices, and techniques associated with reservation signaling and configuration are described. A described technique includes receiving, by a UE from a RAN node, configuration information for a reservation signal to indicate reservation of network resources by the UE; and transmitting, by the UE, the reservation signal in the uplink pilot time slot (UpPTS) based on the configuration information. The configuration information can include one or more parameters that control orthogonality between the reservation signal and a physical random access channel (PRACH) in an uplink pilot time slot (UpPTS). The corresponding transmitting and receiving operations can be performed

[0005] A RAN node, for example, can include one or more processors, and a memory storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform operations. The operations can include determining configuration information for a reservation signal to indicate reservation of network resources by a user equipment, wherein the configuration information includes one or more parameters that control orthogonality between the reservation signal and a PRACH in an UpPTS; transmitting the configuration information to the UE; and receiving, in the UpPTS, the reservation signal from the UE in accordance with the configuration information. Transmiting and receiving signals can be performed via circuitry such as a transceiver.

[0006] A device such as a UE can include circuitry to receive configuration information for a reservation signal to indicate reservation of network resources by the device, where the configuration information includes one or more parameters that control orthogonality between the reservation signal and a PRACH in an UpPTS, and circuitry to transmit the reservation signal in the UpPTS based on the configuration information.

[0007] The details of one or more implementations are set forth in the accompa nying drawings and the description below. Other features and advantages will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.

Ί BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0008] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communication system.

[0009] FIG. 2 illustrates an example architecture of a system including a core network.

[0010] FIG. 3 illustrates another example architecture of a system including a core network.

[0011] FIG. 4 illustrates an example of infrastructure equipment.

[0012] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a platform or device.

[0013] FIG. 6 illustrates example components of baseband circuitry and radio front end circuitry.

[0014] FIG. 7 illustrates example components of cellular communication circuitry.

[0015] FIG. 8 illustrates example protocol functions that may be implemented in wireless communication systems.

[0016] FIG. 9 illustrates an example of a computer system.

[0017] FIGS. 10A and 10B illustrate an example of a time division duplexing frame structure.

[0018] FIG. 1 1 illustrates an example of an uplink transmission structure containing a multiplexed reservation signal.

[0019] FIG. 12 illustrates another example of an uplink transmission structure containing a multiplexed reservation signal.

[0020] FIG. 13 illustrates a flowchart of an example of a reservation signaling and configuration process.

[0021] Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0022] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communication system 100. For purposes of convenience and without limitation, the example system 100 is described in the context of the LTE 5G NR communication standards as defined by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3 GPP) technical specifications and in the context of a Multefire (MF) or MF -Lite standard. However, other types of communication standards are possible. In the system 100, UEs Ola-b (collectively referred to as the“UEs 101”) can communicate with different radio access networks (RANs) 1 10, 153 via their respective RAN nodes l l la-b, 166a-b.

[0023] The first RAN 110 may he a next generation RAN (NG RAN), an evolved UMTS terrestrial radio access network (E-UTRAN), or a legacy RAN, such as a UMTS terrestrial radio access network (UTRAN) or a GSM EDGE radio access network (GERAN). As used herein, the term‘"NG RAN” may refer to a RAN 110 that operates in a 5GNR system 100, and the term“E-UTRAN” may refer to a RAN 1 10 that operates in an LTE or 4G system 100.

[0024] The first RAN 110 can include one or more RAN nodes I l ia and 1 1 1b (collectively referred to as“RAN nodes 1 1 1” or“RAN node 1 1 1”). Such nodes can be referred to as base stations (BS), gNodeBs, gNBs, eNodeBs, eNBs, NodeBs, road side units (RSUs), etc. As used herein, the term“NG RAN node” may refer to a RAN node 111 that operates in an 5G NR system 100 (for example, a gNB), and the term Έ- UTRAN node” may refer to a RAN node 111 that operates in an LTE or 4G system 100 (e.g., an eNB). In some implementations, the RAN nodes 111 may be implemented as one or more of a dedicated physical device such as a macrocell base station, or a low power (LP) base station for providing femtocelis, picocelis or other like cells having smaller coverage areas, smaller user capacity, or higher bandwidth compared to macrocells.

[0025] Any of the RAN nodes 111 can terminate the air interface protocol and can be the first point of contact for the UEs 101. In some implementations, any of the RAN nodes 111 can fulfill various logical functions for the RAN 110 including, but not limited to, radio network controller (RNC) functions such as radio bearer management, uplink and downlink dynamic radio resource management and data packet scheduling, and mobility management. [0026] The second RAN 153 can communicate using a wireless protocol such as MuiteFire (MF) or MF -Lite protocol. In some implementations, a MF -based system can be a standalone LTE system that operates in an unlicensed spectrum. The second RAN 153 can include one or more RAN nodes 166a and 166b (collectively referred to as “RAN nodes 166” or“RAN node 166”). The RAN nodes 166 of the second RAN 153 can have similar properties to the RAN nodes 1 11 of the first RAN 1 10. However, in some implementations, RAN nodes 111 and RAN nodes 166 may operate over different types of spectrum. Other types of differences are possible.

[0027] UEs 101, for example, can communicate with RAN 1 10 via licensed spectrum, and communicate with RAN 153 via unlicensed spectrum. RAN 120 may use one or more frequencies in the unlicensed spectrum. By way of example, the unlicensed spectrum can include spectrum used by a MF network, a MF-Lite network, or the like. The unlicensed spectrum can include, for example, spectrum in the 2.4 GHz band or the 5 GHz band. However, such unlicensed spectrum need not be limited to the entire 2.4GHz band or the entire 5GHz band. Instead, the unlicensed spectrum may only include hundreds of MHz within the respective bands that is unlicensed. Indeed, such unlicensed spectrum need not even be limited to the 2.4GHz band or the 5GHz band. Instead, any portion of any spectrum in any band that is not licensed to an entity such as, e.g., a mobile carrier can be unlicensed spectrum.

[0028] In some implementations, the UEs 101 can be configured to communicate using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication signals with each other or with any of the RAN nodes 1 1 1 over a multi carrier communication channel in accordance with various communication techniques, such as, but not limited to, OFDMA communication techniques (e.g., for downlink communications) or SC- FDMA communication techniques (e.g , for uplink communications), although the scope of the techniques described here not limited in this respect. The OFDM signals can comprise a plurality of orthogonal subcarriers.

[0029] The RAN nodes 1 11, 166 can transmit to the UEs 101 over one or more channels. Various examples of downlink communication channels include Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH), Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH), and Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH). Other types of downlink channels are possible. The UEs 101 can transmit to the RAN nodes 111, 166 over one or more channels. Various examples of uplink communication channels include Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH), Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH), and Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH). Other types of uplink channels are possible.

[0030] In some implementations, a downlink resource grid can be used for downlink transmissions from any of the RAN nodes I l l, 166 to the UEs 101, while uplink transmissions can utilize similar techniques. The grid can be a frequency grid or a time- frequency grid, which is the physical resource in the downlink in each slot. Such a time- frequency plane representation is a common practice for OFDM systems, which makes it intuitive for radio resource allocation. Each column and each row of the resource grid corresponds to one OFDM symbol and one OFDM subcarrier, respectively. The duration of the resource grid in the time domain corresponds to one slot in a radio frame. The smallest time-frequency unit in a resource grid is denoted as a resource element. Each resource grid comprises a number of resource blocks, which describe the mapping of certain physical channels to resource elements. Each resource block comprises a collection of resource elements, in the frequency domain, this may represent the smallest quantity of resources that currently can be allocated. There are several different physical downlink channels that are conveyed using such resource blocks. In some implementations, a physical resource block (PRB) can include a number of resource blocks. A PCB can be used as a unit in a frequency-domain resource allocation for channels such as PDSCH.

[0031] In some implementations, the UEs 101 and the RAN nodes 1 1 1 communicate data (for example, transmit, receive, or both) data over a licensed medium (also referred to as the“licensed spectrum” and/or the“licensed band”) and an unlicensed shared medium (also referred to as the“unlicensed spectrum” and/or the“unlicensed band”). The licensed spectrum may include channels that operate in the frequency range of approximately 400 MHz to approximately 3 8 GHz, whereas the unlicensed spectrum may include the 5 GHz band. In some implementations, the UEs 101 and the RAN nodes 11 1 may operate using licensed-assisted access (LAA) or enhanced LAA (or eLAA). In these implementations, the UEs 101 and the RAN nodes 111 may perform one or more known medium-sensing operations and/or carrier-sensing operations in order to determine whether one or more channels in the unlicensed spectrum is unavailable or otherwise occupied prior to transmitting in the unlicensed spectrum. The medium/ carrier sensing operations may be performed according to a listen-before-talk (LBT) protocol that includes sensing a medium and transmitting when the medium is sensed to be idle (or when a specific channel in the medium is sensed to be unoccupied).

[0032] The PDSCH carries user data and higher-layer signaling to the UEs 101. The PDCCH carries information about the transport format and resource allocations related to the PDSCH channel, among other things. It may also inform the UEs 101 about the transport format, resource allocation, and hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) information related to the uplink shared channel. Downlink scheduling (e.g., assigning control and shared channel resource blocks to the UE 101 within a cell) may be performed at any of the R AN nodes 1 1 1 based on channel quality information fed back from any of the UEs 101. The downlink resource assignment information may be sent on the PDCCH used for (e.g., assigned to) each of the UEs 101.

[0033] The PDCCH can convey scheduling information of different types. Scheduling information can include downlink resource scheduling, uplink power control instructions, uplink resource grants, and indications for paging or system information. The RAN nodes I l l can transmit one or more downlink control information (DCI) messages on the PDCCH to provide scheduling information, such as allocations of one or more PRBs.

[0034] In some implementations, the PDCCH uses control channel elements (CCEs) to convey the control information. Before being mapped to resource elements, the PDCCH complex-valued symbol s may first be organized into quadruplets, which may then be permuted using a sub-block interleaver for rate matching. In some implementations, each PDCCH may be transmitted using one or more of these CCEs, in which each CCE may correspond to nine sets of four physical resource elements collectively referred to as resource element groups (REGs). Four Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) symbols may be mapped to each REG. The PDCCH can be transmitted using one or more CCEs, depending on the size of DCI and the channel condition in some implementations, there can be four or more different PDCCH formats defined with different numbers of CCEs (e.g., aggregation level, L=l, 2, 4, or 8).

[0035] The RAN nodes 11 1 are configured to communicate with one another using an interface 1 12. In examples, such as where the system 100 includes an LTE system (e.g., when the core network 120 is an evolved packet core (EPC) network as shown in FIG. 2), the interface 1 12 may be an X2 interface 112. The X2 interface may be defined between two or more RAN nodes 111 (e.g., two or more eNBs and the like) that connect to the EPC 120, or between two eNBs connecting to EPC 120, or both. In some implementations, the X2 interface can include an X2 user plane interface (X2-U) and an X2 control plane interface (X2-C). The X2-U may provide flow control mechanisms for user data packets transferred over the X2 interface, and may be used to communicate information about the deliver}' of user data between eNBs. For example, the X2-U may provide specific sequence number information for user data transferred from a master eNB to a secondary eNB; information about successful in sequence delivery of PDCP protocol data units (PDUs) to a UE 101 from a secondary' eNB for user data; information of PDCP PDUs that were not delivered to a UE 101; information about a current minimum desired buffer size at the secondary eNB for transmitting to the UE user data, among other information. The X2-C may provide intra-LTE access mobility functionality, including context transfers from source to target eNBs or user plane transport control; load management functionality; inter-cell interference coordination functionality, among other functionality.

[0036] In some implementations, such as where the system 100 includes a 5G NR system (e.g., when the core network 120 is a 5G core network as shown in FIG. 3), the interface 112 may be an Xn interface 112. The Xn interface may be defined between two or more RAN nodes 111 (e.g., two or more gNBs and the like) that connect to the 5G core network 120, between a RAN node 1 1 1 (e.g., a gNB) connecting to the 5G core network 120 and an eNB, or between two eNBs connecting to the 5G core network 120, or combinations of them. In some implementations, the Xn interlace can include an Xn user plane (Xn-U) interface and an Xn control plane (Xn-C) interface. The Xn- U may provide non-guaranteed delivery' of user plane PDUs and support/provide data forwarding and flow control functionality. The Xn-C may provide management and error handling functionality, functionality to manage the Xn-C interface; mobility support for UE 101 in a connected mode (e.g., CM-CONNECTED) including functionality to manage the UE mobility for connected mode between one or more RAN nodes 1 11, among other functionality. The mobility support can include context transfer from an old (source) serving RAN node 111 to new' (target) serving RAN node 111, and control of user plane tunnels between old (source) serving RAN node 1 1 1 to new (target) serving RAN node 111. A protocol stack of the Xn-U can include a transport network layer built on Internet Protocol (IP) transport layer, and a GPRS tunneling protocol for user plane (GTP-U) layer on top of a user datagram protocol (UDP) or IP layer(s), or both, to carry user plane PDLIs. The Xn-C protocol stack can include an application layer signaling protocol (referred to as Xn Application Protocol (Xn-AP or XnAP)) and a transport network layer that is built on a stream control transmission protocol (SCTP). The SCTP may be on top of an IP layer, and may provide the guaranteed deliver}' of application layer messages. In the transport IP layer, point-to- point transmission is used to deliver the signaling PDUs. In other implementations, the Xn-U protocol stack or the Xn-C protocol stack, or both, may be same or similar to the user plane and/or control plane protocol stack(s) shown and described herein

[0037] The RAN 110 is shown to be communicatively coupled to a core network 120 (referred to as a“CN 120”). The CN 120 includes one or more network elements 122, which are configured to offer various data and telecommunications sendees to customers/subscribers (e.g., users of UEs 101) who are connected to the CN 120 using the RAN 1 10. The components of the CN 120 may be implemented in one physical node or separate physical nodes and can include components to read and execute instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g , a non- transitory machine-readable storage medium). In some implementations, network functions virtualization (NFV) may be used to virtualize some or all of the network node functions described here using executable instructions stored in one or more computer-readable storage mediums, as described in further detail below. A logical instantiation of the CN 120 may be referred to as a network slice, and a logical instantiation of a portion of the CN 120 may be referred to as a network sub-slice NFV architectures and infrastructures may be used to virtualize one or more network functions, alternatively performed by proprietary hardware, onto physical resources comprising a combination of industry-standard server hardware, storage hardware, or switches. In other words, NFV systems can be used to execute virtual or reconfigurable implementations of one or more network components or functions, or both.

[0038] An application server 130 may be an element offering applications that use IP bearer resources with the core network (e.g., UMTS packet services (PS) domain, LTE PS data services, among others). The application server 130 can also be configured to support one or more communication sendees (e.g., V oIP sessions, PTT sessions, group communication sessions, social networking sendees, among others) for the UEs 101 using the CN 120. [0039] In some implementations, the application server 130 communicates with the RANs 110, 153 via a network 140 such as an IP network. In some implementations, the RAN 153 communicates with network elements 112 via network 140. In some implementations, the RAN 153 communicates with a set of network elements that is separate from network elements 112

[0040] In some implementations, the CN 120 may be a 5G core network (referred to as“5GC 120” or“5G core network 120”), and the RAN 1 10 may be connected with the CN 120 using a next generation interface 113. In some implementations, the next generation interface 113 may be split into two parts, an next generation user plane (NG- U) interface 114, which carries traffic data between the RAN nodes 111 and a user plane function (UPF), and the SI control plane (NG-C) interface 1 15, which is a signaling interface between the RAN nodes 111 and access and mobility management functions (AMFs). Examples where the CN 120 is a 5G core network are discussed in more detail with regard to FIG. 3

[0041] In some implementations, the CN 120 may be an EPC (referred to as“EPC 120” or the like), and the RAN 1 10 may be connected with the CN 120 using an SI interface 113. In some implementations, the SI interface 113 may be split into two parts, an SI user plane (SI -U) interface 114, which carries traffic data between the RAN nodes 1 11 and the serving gateway (S-GW), and the Sl-MME interface 115, which is a signaling interface between the RAN nodes 11 1 and mobility management entities (MMEs).

[0042] In some implementations, some or all of the RAN nodes 111 may be implemented as one or more software entities running on server computers as part of a virtual network, which may be referred to as a cloud RAN (CRAN) or a virtual baseband unit pool (vBBUP). The CRAN or vBBUP may implement a RAN function split, such as a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) split in which radio resource control (RRC) and PDCP layers are operated by the CRAN/vBBUP and other layer two (e.g., data link layer) protocol entities are operated by individual RAN nodes 11 1 ; a medium access control (MACVphysical layer (PITY) split in which RRC, PDCP, MAC, and radio link control (RLC) layers are operated by the CRAN/vBBUP and the PHY layer is operated by individual RAN nodes 1 1 1 ; or a“lower PITY” split in which RRC, PDCP, RLC, and M AC layers and upper portions of the PHY layer are operated by the CRAN/vBBUP and lower portions of the PHY layer are operated by individual RAN nodes 11 1. This virtualized framework allows the freed-up processor cores of the RAN nodes 111 to perform, for example, other virtualized applications. In some implementations, an individual RAN node 111 may represent individual gNB distributed units (DUs) that are connected to a gNB central unit (CU) using individual FI interfaces (not shown in FIG. 1). In some implementations, the gNB-DUs can include one or more remote radio heads or RFEMs (see, e.g., FIG. 4), and the gNB-CU may be operated by a server that is located in the RAN 110 (not shown) or by a server pool in a similar manner as the CRAN/vBBUP. Additionally or alternatively, one or more of the RAN nodes 111 may be next generation eNBs (ng-eNBs), including RAN nodes that provide E-UTRA user plane and control plane protocol terminations toward the UEs 101, and are connected to a 5G core network (e.g., core network 120) using a next generation interface.

[0043] In vehicle-to-everything (V2X) scenarios, one or more of the RAN nodes 11 1 may be or act as RSUs. The term “Road Side Unit” or “RSU” refers to any transportation infrastructure entity used for V2X communications. A RSU may be implemented in or by a suitable RAN node or a stationary (or relatively stationary) HE, where a RSU implemented in or by a UE may be referred to as a“UE-type RSU,” a RSU implemented in or by an eNB may be referred to as an“eNB-type RSU,” a RSU implemented in or by a gNB may be referred to as a“gNB-type RSU,” and the like. In some implementations, an RSU is a computing device coupled with radio frequency circuitry located on a roadside that provides connectivity support to passing vehicle UEs 101 (vUEs 101). The RSU may also include internal data storage circuitry to store intersection map geometry, traffic statistics, media, as well as applications or other software to sense and control ongoing vehicular and pedestrian traffic. The RSU may operate on the 5 9 GHz Direct Short Range Communications (DSRC) band to provide very low' latency communications required for high speed events, such as crash avoidance, traffic warnings, and the like. Additionally or alternatively, the RSU may operate on the cellular V2X band to provide the aforementioned low latency communications, as well as other cellular communications services. Additionally or alternatively, the RSU may operate as a Wi-Fi hotspot (2.4 GHz band) or provide connectivity to one or more cellular networks to provide uplink and downlink communications, or both. The computing device(s) and some or all of the radiofrequency circuitry of the RSU may be packaged in a weatherproof enclosure suitable for outdoor installation, and can include a network interface controller to provide a wired connection (e.g., Ethernet) to a traffic signal controller or a backhaul network, or both.

[0044] Various types of UEs 101 include smartphones (e.g., handheld touchscreen mobile computing devices connectable to one or more cellular networks) and other mobile or non-mobile computing devices, such as consumer electronics devices, cellular phones, smartphones, feature phones, tablet computers, wearable computer devices, personal digital assistants (PDAs), pagers, wireless handsets, desktop computers, laptop computers, in-vehicle infotainment (IVI), in-car entertainment (ICE) devices, an Instrument Cluster (IC), head-up display (HUD) devices, onboard diagnostic (OBD) devices, dashtop mobile equipment (DME), mobile data terminals (MDTs), Electronic Engine Management System (EEMS), electronic/engine control units (ECUs), electronic/engine control modules (ECMs), embedded systems, microcontrollers, control modules, engine management systems (EMS), networked or "smart" appliances, machine-type communications (MTC) devices, machine-to-machine (M2M) devices, Internet of Things (loT) devices, or combinations of them, among others. In some implementations, any of the UEs 101 may be IoT UEs, which can include a network access layer designed for low-power loT applications utilizing short-lived UE connections. An IoT UE can utilize technologies such as M2M or MTC for exchanging data with an MTC server or device using, for example, a public land mobile network (PLMN), proximity services (ProSe), device- to-device (D2D) communication, sensor networks, IoT networks, or combinations of them, among others. The M21Vi or MTC exchange of data may be a machine-initiated exchange of data. An IoT network describes interconnecting IoT UEs, which can include uniquely identifiable embedded computing devices (within the Internet infrastructure), with short-lived connections. The IoT UEs may execute background applications (e.g., keep-alive messages or status updates) to facilitate the connections of the IoT network.

[0045] FIG. 2 illustrates an example architecture of a system 200 including a first CN 220. In this example, the system 200 may implement the LTE standard such that the CN 220 is an EPC 220 that corresponds with CN 120 of FIG. 1. Additionally, the UE 201 may be the same or similar as the UEs 101 of FIG. 1 , and the E-UTRAN 210 may be a RAN that is the same or similar to the RAN 1 10 of FIG. 1, and which can include RAN nodes 111 discussed previously. The CN 220 may comprise MMEs 221, an S- GW 222, a PDN gateway (P-GW) 223, a high-speed packet access (HSS) function 224, and a serving GPRS support node (SGSN) 225.

[0046] The MMEs 221 may be similar in function to the control plane of legacy SGSN, and may implement mobility management (MM) functions to keep track of the current location of a UE 201. The MMEs 221 may perform various mobility management procedures to manage mobility aspects in access such as gateway selection and tracking area list management. Mobility management (also referred to as“EPS MM” or“EMM” in E-UTRAN systems) may refer to all applicable procedures, methods, data storage, and other aspects that are used to maintain knowledge about a present location of the UE 201, provide user identity confidentiality, or perfor other like sendees to users/subscribers, or combinations of them, among others. Each UE 201 and the MME 221 can include an EMM sublayer, and an mobility management context may be established in the UE 201 and the MME 221 when an atach procedure is successfully completed. The mobility management context may be a data structure or database object that stores mobility management-related information of the UE 201. The MMEs 221 may be coupled with the HSS 224 using a S6a reference point, coupled with the SGSN 225 using a S3 reference point, and coupled with the S-GW 222 using a SI 1 reference point.

[0047] The SGSN 225 may be a node that selves the UE 201 by tracking the location of an individual UE 201 and performing security functions. In addition, the SGSN 225 may perfor Inter-EPC node signaling for mobility between 2G/3G and E-UTRAN 3 GPP access networks; PDN and S-GW selection as specified by the MMEs 221 ; handling of UE 201 time zone functions as specified by the MMEs 221; and MME selection for handovers to E-UTRAN 3GPP access network, among other functions. The S3 reference point between the MMEs 221 and the SGSN 225 may enable user and bearer information exchange for inter-3 GPP access network mobility in idle or active states, or both.

[0048] The HSS 224 can include a database for network users, including subscription-related information to support the network entities’ handling of communication sessions. The EPC 220 can include one or more HSSs 224 depending on the number of mobile subscribers, on the capacity of the equipment, on the organization of the network, or combinations of them, among other features. For example, the HSS 224 can provide support for routing, roaming, authentication, authorization, naming/addressing resolution, location dependencies, among others. A S6a reference point between the HSS 224 and the MMEs 221 may enable transfer of subscription and authentication data for authenticating or authorizing user access to the EPC 220 between HSS 224 and the MMEs 221.

[0049] The S-GW 222 may terminate the S I interface 113 (“Sl-U” in FIG. 2) toward the RAN 210, and may route data packets between the RAN 210 and the EPC 220. In addition, the S-GW 222 may be a local mobility anchor point for inter-RAN node handovers and also may provide an anchor for inter-3 GPP mobility. Other responsibilities can include lawful intercept, charging, and some policy enforcement. The S 1 1 reference point between the S-GW 222 and the MMEs 221 may provide a control plane between the MMEs 221 and the S-GW 222. The S-GW 222 may be coupled with the P-GW 223 using a S5 reference point.

[0050] The P-GW 223 may terminate a SGi interface toward a PDN 230 The P-GW 223 may route data packets between the EPC 220 and external networks such as a network including the application server 130 (sometimes referred to as an“AF”) using an IP communications interface 125. In some implementations, the P-GW 223 may be communicatively coupled to an application server (e.g., the application server 130 of FIG. 1 or PDN 230 in FIG. 2) using an IP communications interface 125. The S5 reference point between the P-GW 223 and the S-GW 222 may provide user plane tunneling and tunnel management between the P-GW 223 and the S-GW 222. The S5 reference point may also be used for S-GW 222 relocation due to UE 201 mobility and if the S-GW 222 needs to connect to a non-collocated P-GW 223 for the required PDN connectivity. The P-GW 223 may further include a node for policy enforcement and charging data collection (e.g., PCEF (not shown)). Additionally, the SGi reference point between the P-GW 223 and the packet data network (PDN) 230 may be an operator external public, a private PDN, or an intra operator packet data network, for example, for provision of IMS services. The P-GW 223 may be coupled with a policy control and charging rales function (PCRF) 226 using a Gx reference point.

[0051] PCRF 226 is the policy and charging control element of the EPC 220. In a non-roaming scenario, there may be a single PCRF 226 in the Home Public Land Mobile Network (HPLMN) associated with a UE 20 Ts Internet Protocol Connectivity Access Network (IP-CAN) session. In a roaming scenario with local breakout of traffic, there may be two PCRFs associated with a HE 201’s IP-CAN session, a Home PCRF (H-PCRF) within an HPLMN and a Visited PCRF (V-PCRF) within a Visited Public Land Mobile Network (VPLMN). The PCRF^' 226 may be communicatively coupled to the application server 230 using the P-GW 223. The application server 230 may signal the PCRF 226 to indicate a new service flo ' and select the appropriate quality of service (QoS) and charging parameters. The PCRF 226 may provision this rule into a PCEF (not shown) with the appropriate traffic flow template (TFT) and QoS class identifier (QCI), which commences the QoS and charging as specified by the application server 230. The Gx reference point between the PCRF 226 and the P-GW 223 may allow for the transfer of QoS policy and charging rules from the PCRF 226 to PCEF in the P-GW 223. A Rx reference point may reside between the PDN 230 (or ^"AF 230”) and the PCRF 226.

[0052] FIG. 3 illustrates an architecture of a system 300 including a second CN 320. The system 300 is shown to include a !JE 301, which may he the same or similar to the UEs 101 and UE 201 discussed previously: a RAN 310, which may be the same or similar to the RAN 110 and RAN 210 discussed previously, and which can include RAN nodes 111 discussed previously; and a data network (DN) 303, which may be, for example, operator sendees, Internet access or 3rd party sendees, and a 5GC 320. The 5GC 320 can include an authentication server function (AUSF) 322; an access and mobility management function (AMF) 321 ; a session management function (SMF) 324; a network exposure function (NEF) 323; a policy control function (PCF) 326; a network repository' function (NRF) 325, a unified data management (UDM) function 327; an AF 328; a user plane function (UPF) 302, and a network slice selection function (NSSF) 329.

[0053] The UPF 302 may act as an anchor point for intra-RAT and inter- RAT mobility, an external PDU session point of interconnect to DN 303, and a branching point to support multi-homed PDU session. The UPF 302 may also perform packet routing and foiwarding, perform packet inspection, enforce the user plane part of policy rules, lawfully intercept packets (UP collection), perform traffic usage reporting, perform QoS handling for a user plane (e.g., packet filtering, gating, !JL/DL rate enforcement), perform Uplink Traffic verification (e.g., SDF to QoS flow mapping), transport level packet marking in the uplink and downlink, and perform downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering. UPF 302 can include an uplink classifier to support routing traffic flows to a data network. The DN 303 may represent various network operator services, Internet access, or third party services. DN 303 can include, or be similar to, application server 130 discussed previously. The UPF 302 may interact with the SMF 324 using a N4 reference point between the SMF 324 and the UPF 302.

[0054] The AUSF 322 stores data for authentication of UE 301 and handle authentication -related functionality. The AUSF 322 may facilitate a common authentication framework for various access types. The AUSF 322 may communicate with the AMF 321 using a N12 reference point between the AMF 321 and the AUSF 322, and may communicate with the UDM 327 using a NT 3 reference point between the UDM 327 and the AUSF 322. Additionally, the AUSF 322 may exhibit a Nausf service-based interface

[0055] The AMF 321 is responsible for registration management (e.g., for registering UE 301), connection management, reachability management, mobility management, and lawful interception of AMF -related events, and access authentication and authorization. The AMF 321 may be a termination point for the Nl 1 reference point between the AMF 321 and the SMF 324. The AMF 321 may provide transport for SM messages between the UE 301 and the SMF 324, and act as a transparent pro 10 for routing SM messages. AMF 321 may also provide transport for SMS messages between UE 301 and an SMSF (not shown in FIG. 3). AMF 321 may act as security anchor function (SEAF), which can include interaction with the AUSF 322 and the UE 301 to, for example, receive an intermediate key that was established as a result of the UE 301 authentication process. Where universal subscriber identity module (USIM) based authentication is used, the AMF 321 may retrieve the security material from the AUSF 322 AMF 321 may also include a security context management (SCM) function, which receives a key from the SEAF to derive access-network specific keys. Furthermore, AMF 321 may be a termination point of a RA control plane interface, which can include or be a N2 reference point between the RAN 310 and the AMF 321. In some implementations, the AMF 321 may be a termination point of NAS (Nl) signaling and perform NAS ciphering and integrity protection.

[0056] AMF 321 may also support NAS signaling with a UE 301 over a N3 inter working function (IWF) interface (referred to as the“N3IWF”). The N3IWF may be used to provide access to untrusted entities. The N3IWF may be a termination point for the N2 interface between the RAN 310 and the AMF 321 for the control plane, and may be a termination point for the N3 reference point between the RAN 310 and the UPF 302 for the user plane. As such, the AMF 321 may handle N2 signaling from the SMF 324 and the AMF 321 for PDU sessions and QoS, encapsulate/de-encapsulate packets for IPsec and N3 tunneling, mark N3 user-plane packets in the uplink, and enforce QoS corresponding to N3 packet marking taking into account QoS requirements associated with such marking received over N2. The N3IWF may also relay uplink and downlink control-plane NAS signaling between the UE 301 and AMF 321 using a N1 reference point between the UE 301 and the AMF 321, and relay uplink and downlink user-plane packets between the UE 301 and UPF 302. The N3IWF also provides mechanisms for IPsec tunnel establishment with the UE 301. The AMF 321 may exhibit a Namf sendee- based interface, and may be a termination point for a N14 reference point between two AMFs 321 and a N17 reference point between the AMF 321 and a 5G equipment identity registry (EIR) (not shown in FIG. 3).

[0057] The FIE 301 may register with the AMF 321 in order to receive network services. Registration management (RM) is used to register or deregister the UE 301 with the network (e.g., AMF 321), and establish a UE context in the network (e.g., AMF 321). The UE 301 may operate in a RM-REGISTERED state or an RM- DEREGIS TERED state. In the RM DEREGISTERED state, the UE 301 is not registered with the network, and the UE context in AMF 321 holds no valid location or routing information for the UE 301 so the UE 301 is not reachable by the AMF 321. In the RM REGISTERED state, the UE 301 is registered with the network, and the UE context in AMF 321 may hold a valid location or routing information for the UE 301 so the UE 301 is reachable by the AMF 321. In the RM-REGISTERED state, the UE 301 may perform mobility Registration Update procedures, perform periodic Registration Update procedures triggered by expiration of the periodic update timer (e.g., to notify the network that the UE 301 is still active), and perform a Registration Update procedure to update UE capability information or to re-negotiate protocol parameters with the network, among others.

[0058] The AMF 321 may store one or more RM contexts for the UE 301, where each RM context is associated with a specific access to the network. The RM context may be, for example, a data structure or database object, among others, that indicates or stores a registration state per access type and the periodic update timer. The AMF 321 may also store a 5GC mobility management (MM) context that may be the same or similar to the (E)MM context discussed previously. In some implementations, the AMF 321 may store a coverage enhancement mode B Restriction parameter of the UE 301 in an associated MM context or RM context. The AMF 321 may also derive the value, when needed, from the UE’s usage setting parameter already stored in the UE context (and/or MM/RM context).

[0059] Connection management (CM) may be used to establish and release a signaling connection between the UE 301 and the AMF 321 over the N1 interface. The signaling connection is used to enable NAS signaling exchange between the UE 301 and the CN 320, and includes both the signaling connection between the UE and the AN (e.g., RRC connection or UE-N3IWF connection for non-3GPP access) and the N2 connection for the UE 301 between the AN (e.g., RAN 310) and the AMF 321. In some implementations, the UE 301 may operate in one of two CM modes: CM-IDLE mode or CM-CONNECTED mode. When the UE 301 is operating in the CM-IDLE mode, the UE 301 may have no NAS signaling connection established with the AMF 321 over the N1 interface, and there may be RAN 310 signaling connection (e.g , N2 or N3 connections, or both) for the UE 301. When the UE 301 is operating in the CM- CONNECTED mode, the UE 301 may have an established NAS signaling connection with the AMF 321 over the N1 interface, and there may be a RAN 310 signaling connection (e.g., N2 and/or N3 connections) for the UE 301. Establishment of a N2 connection between the RAN 310 and the AMF 321 may cause the UE 301 to transition from the CM-IDLE mode to the CM-CONNECTED mode, and the UE 301 may transition from the CM-CONNECTED mode to the CM-IDLE mode when N2 signaling between the RAN 310 and the AMF 321 is released.

[0060] The SMF 324 may be responsible for session management (SM), such as session establishment, modify and release, including tunnel maintain between UPF and AN node; UE IP address allocation and management (including optional authorization); selection and control of UP function; configuring traffic steering at the UPF to route traffic to proper destination, termination of interfaces toward policy control functions; controlling part of policy enforcement and QoS; lawful intercept (for SM events and interface to LI system); termination of SM parts of NAS messages, downlink data notification; initiating AN specific SM information, sent using AMF over N2 to AN; and determining SSC mode of a session. SM may refer to management of a PDET session, and a PDU session (or“session”) may refer to a PDU connectivity service that provides or enables the exchange of PDUs between a LIE 301 and a data network (DN) 303 identified by a Data Network Name (DNN). PDU sessions may be established upon UE 301 request, modified upon UE 301 and 5GC 320 request, and released upon UE 301 and 5GC 320 request using NAS SM signaling exchanged over the N1 reference point between the UE 301 and the SMF 324. Upon request from an application server, the 5GC 320 may trigger a specific application in the UE 301 . In response to receipt of the trigger message, the UE 301 may pass the trigger message (or relevant parts/information of the trigger message) to one or more identifi ed applications in the UE 301. The identified application(s) in the UE 301 may establish a PDU session to a specific DNN. The SMF 324 may check whether the UE 301 requests are compliant with user subscription information associated with the UE 301 In this regard, the SMF 324 may retrieve and/or request to receive update notifications on SMF 324 level subscription data from the UDM 327.

[0061] The SMF 324 can include some or ail of the following roaming functionality: handling local enforcement to apply QoS service level agreements (SLAs) (e.g., in VPLMN); charging data collection and charging interface (e.g., in VPLMN); lawful intercept (e.g., in VPLMN for SM events and interface to LI system); and support for interaction with external DN for transport of signaling for PDU session authorization/authentication by external DN. A Ni 6 reference point between two SMFs 324 may be included in the system 300, which may be between another SMF 324 in a visited network and the SMF 324 in the home network in roaming scenarios. Additionally, the SMF 324 may exhibit the Nsmf service-based interface.

[0062] The NEF 323 may provide means for securely exposing the sendees and capabilities provided by 3GPP network functions for third party, internal exposure/re exposure, Application Functions (e.g., AF 328), edge computing or fog computing systems, among others. In some implementations, the NEF 323 may authenticate, authorize, and/or throttle the AFs. The NEF 323 may also translate information exchanged with the AF 328 and information exchanged with internal network functions. For example, the NEF 323 may translate between an AF-Service-Identifier and an internal 5GC information. NEF 323 may also receive information from other network functions (NFs) based on exposed capabilities of other network functions. This information may be stored at the NEF 323 as structured data, or at a data storage NF using standardized interfaces. The stored information can then be re-exposed by the NEF 323 to other NFs and AFs, or used for other purposes such as analytics, or both. Additionally, the NEF 323 may exhibit a Nnef service-based interface.

[0063] The NRF 325 may support service discover}' functions, receive NF discovery requests from NF instances, and provide the information of the discovered NF instances to the NF instances. NRF 325 also maintains information of available NF instances and their supported services. As used herein, the terms“instantiate,”“instantiation,” and the like may refer to the creation of an instance, and an“instance” may refer to a concrete occurrence of an object, which may occur, for example, during execution of program code. Additionally, the NRF 325 may exhibit the Nnrf sendee-based interface.

[0064] The PCF 326 may provide policy rules to control plane function(s) to enforce them, and may also support unified policy framework to govern network behavior. The PCF 326 may also implement a front end to access subscription information relevant for policy decisions in a unified data repository (UDR) of the UDM 327 The PCF 326 may communicate with the AMF 321 using an N15 reference point between the PCF

326 and the AMF 321 , which can include a PCF 326 in a visited network and the AMF 321 in case of roaming scenarios. The PCF 326 may communicate with the AF 328 using a N5 reference point between the PCF 326 and the AF 328, and with the SMF 324 using a N7 reference point between the PCF 326 and the SMF 324. The system 300 or CN 320, or both, may also include a N24 reference point between the PCF 326 (in the home network) and a PCF 326 in a visited network. Additionally, the PCF 326 may exhibit a Npcf service-based interface.

[0065] The UDM 327 may handle subscription-related information to support the network entities’ handling of communication sessions, and may store subscription data of UE 301. For example, subscription data may be communicated between the UDM

327 and the AMF 321 using a N8 reference point between the UDM 327 and the AMF. The UDM 327 can include two parts, an application front end and a UDR (the front end and UDR are not shown in FIG. 3). The UDR may store subscription data and policy data for the UDM 327 and the PCF 326, or structured data for exposure and application data (including PFDs for application detection, application request information for multiple UEs 301) for the NEF 323, or both. The Nudr sendee-based interface may be exhibited by the UDR 221 to allow the UDM 327, PCF 326, and NEF 323 to access a particular set of the stored data, as well as to read, update (e.g., add, modify), delete, and subscribe to notification of relevant data changes in the UDR. The IJDM can include a UDM front end, which is in charge of processing credentials, location management, subscription management and so on. Several different front ends may serve the same user in different transactions. The UDM front end accesses subscription information stored in the UDR and performs authentication credential processing, user identification handling, access authorization, registration/mobility management, and subscription management. The UDR may interact with the SMP 324 using a NIO reference point between the UDM 327 and the SMF 324. UDM 327 may also support SMS management, in which an SMS front end implements the similar application logic as discussed previously. Additionally, the UDM 327 may exhibit the Nudm service- based interface.

[0066] The AF 328 may provide application influence on traffic routing, provide access to the network capability exposure (NCE), and interact with the policy framework for policy control. The NCE may be a mechanism that allows the 5GC 320 and AF 328 to provide information to each other using NEF 323, which may be used for edge computing implementations. In such implementations, the network operator and third party services may be hosted close to the UE 301 access point of attachment to achieve an efficient sendee delivery through the reduced end-to-end latency and load on the transport network. For edge computing implementations, the 5GC may select a UPF 302 close to the UE 301 and execute traffic steering fro the UPF 302 to DN 303 using the N6 interface. This may be based on the UE subscription data, UE location, and information provided by the AF 328. In this way, the AF 328 may influence UPF (re)seiection and traffic routing. Based on operator deployment, when AF 328 is considered to be a trusted entity, the network operator may permit AF 328 to interact directly with relevant NFs. Additionally, the AF 328 may exhibit a Naf service-based interface.

[0067] The NSSF 329 may select a set of network slice instances serving the UE 301. The NSSF 329 may also determine allowed NSSAI and the mapping to the subscribed single network slice selection assistance information (S-NSSAI), if needed. The NSSF 329 may also determine the AMF set to be used to serve the UE 301, or a list of candidate AMF(s) 321 based on a suitable configuration and possibly by querying the NRF 325. The selection of a set of network slice instances for the UE 301 may be triggered by the AMF 321 with which the UE 301 is registered by interacting with the NSSF 329, which may lead to a change of AMF 321. The NSSF^' 329 may interact with the AMT 321 using an N22 reference point between AMT 321 and NSSF 329; and may communicate with another NSSF 329 in a visited network using a N31 reference point (not shown by FIG. 3). Additionally, the NSSF 329 may exhibit a Nnssf service-based interface

[0068] As discussed previously, the CN 320 can include an SMSF, which may be responsible for S S subscription checking and verification, and relaying SM messages to or from the !JE 301 to or from other entities, such as an SMS-GMSC/IWMSC/SMS- router. The SMS may also interact with AMF 321 and UDM 327 for a notification procedure that the HE 301 is available for SMS transfer (e.g., set a UE not reachable flag, and notifying UDM 327 when UE 301 is available for SMS).

[0069] The CN 120 may also include other elements that are not shown in FIG. 3, such as a data storage system, a 5G-EIR, a security edge protection pro 10 (SEPP), and the like. The data storage system can include a stmctured data storage function (SDSF), an unstructured data storage function (UDSF), or both, among others. Any network function may store and retrieve unstructured data to or from the UDSF (e.g., UE contexts), using a N18 reference point between any NF and the UDSF (not shown in FIG. 3) Individual network functions may share a UDSF for storing their respective unstructured data or individual network functions may each have their own UDSF located at or near the individual network functions. Additionally, the UDSF may exhibit a Nudsf service-based interface (not shown in FIG. 3). The 5G-EIR may be a network function that checks the status of permanent equipment identifiers (PEI) for determining whether particular equipment or entities are blacklisted from the network; and the SEPP may be a non-transparent pro 10 that performs topology hiding, message filtering, and policing on inter-PLMN control plane interfaces.

[0070] In some implementations, there may be additional or alternative reference points or service-based interfaces, or both, between the network function services in the network functions. However, these interfaces and reference points have been omitted from FIG. 3 for clarity. In one example, the CN 320 can include a Nx interface, which is an inter-CN interface between the MME (e.g., MME 221) and the AMF 321 in order to enable interworking between CN 320 and CN 220. Other example interfaces or reference points can include a N5g-EIR service-based interface exhibited by a 5G-EIR, a N27 reference point between the NRT in the visited network and the NRF in the home network, or a N31 reference point between the NSSF^' in the visited network and the NSSF in the home network, among others.

[0071] In some implementations, the components of the CN 220 may he implemented in one physical node or separate physical nodes and can include components to read and execute instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium). In some implementations, the components of CN 320 may be implemented in a same or similar manner as discussed herein with regard to the components of CN 220. In some implementations, NFV is utilized to virtualize any or all of the above-described network node functions using executable instructions stored in one or more computer-readable storage mediums, as described in further detail below. A logical instantiation of the CN 220 may be referred to as a network slice, and individual logical instantiations of the CN 220 may provide specific network capabilities and network characteristics. A logical instantiation of a portion of the CN 220 may be referred to as a network sub-slice, which can include the P-GW 223 and the PCRF 226.

[0072] As used herein, the terms“instantiate,”“instantiation,” and the like may refer to the creation of an instance, and an“instance” may refer to a concrete occurrence of an object, which may occur, for example, during execution of program code. A network instance may refer to information identifying a domain, which may be used for traffic detection and routing in case of different IP domains or overlapping IP addresses. A network slice instance may refer to a set of network functions (NFs) instances and the resources (e.g., compute, storage, and networking resources) required to deploy the network slice.

[0073] With respect to 5G systems (see, e.g., FIG. 3), a network slice can include a RAN part and a CN part. The support of network slicing relies on the principle that traffic for different slices is handled by different PDU sessions. The network can realize the different network slices by scheduling or by providing different L1 /L2 configurations, or both. The UE 301 provides assistance information for network slice selection in an appropriate RRC message if it has been provided by NAS. In some implementations, while the network can support large number of slices, the UE need not support more than 8 slices simultaneously.

[0074] A network slice can include the CN 320 control plane and user plane NFs, NG-RANs 310 in a serving PLMN, and a N3IWF functions in the serving PLMN. Individual network slices may have different S-NSSAI or different SSTs, or both. NSSAI includes one or more S-NSSAIs, and each network slice is uniquely identified by an S-NSSAI. Network slices may differ for supported features and network functions optimizations. In some implementations, multiple network slice instances may deliver the same sendees or features but for different groups of UEs 301 (e.g., enterprise users). For example, individual network slices may deliver different committed service(s) or may be dedicated to a particular customer or enterprise, or both. In this example, each network slice may have different S-NSSAIs with the same SST but with different slice differentiators. Additionally, a single UE may be sensed with one or more network slice instances simultaneously using a 5G AN, and the UE may be associated with eight different S-NSSAIs. Moreover, an AMF 321 instance serving an individual UE 301 may belong to each of the network slice instances serving that UE.

[0075] Network slicing in the NG-RAN 310 involves RAN slice awareness. RAN slice awareness includes differentiated handling of traffic for different network slices, which have been pre-configured. Slice awareness in the NG-RAN 310 is introduced at the PDU session level by Indicating the S-NSSAI corresponding to a PDU session in all signaling that includes PDU session resource information. How the NG-RAN 310 supports the slice enabling in terms of NG-RAN functions (e.g., the set of network functions that comprise each slice) is implementation dependent. The NG-RAN 310 selects the RAN part of the network slice using assistance information provided by the UE 301 or the 5GC 320, which unambiguously identifies one or more of the pre configured network slices in the PLMN. The NG-RAN 310 also supports resource management and policy enforcement between slices as per SLAs. A single NG-RAN node may support multiple slices, and the NG-RAN 310 may also apply an appropriate RRM policy for the SLA in place to each supported slice. The NG-RAN 310 may also support QoS differentiation within a slice.

[0076] The NG-RAN 310 may also use the UE assistance information for the selection of an AMF 321 during an initial attach, if available. The NG-RAN 310 uses the assistance information for routing the initial NAS to an AMF 321. If the NG-RAN 310 is unable to select an AMF 321 using the assistance information, or the UE 301 does not provide any such information, the NG-RAN 310 sends the NAS signaling to a default AMF 321, which may be among a pool of AMFs 321. For subsequent accesses, the UE 301 provides a temp ID, which is assigned to the UE 301 by the 5GC 320, to enable the NG-RAN 310 to route the NAS message to the appropriate AMF 321 as long as the temp ID is valid. The NG-RAN 310 is aware of, and can reach, the AMF 321 that is associated with the temp ID. Otherwise, the method for initial attach applies.

[0077] The NG-RAN 310 supports resource isolation between slices. NG-RAN 3 10 resource isolation may be achieved by means of RRM policies and protection mechanisms that should avoid that shortage of shared resources if one slice breaks the service level agreement for another slice. In some implementations, it is possible to fully dedicate NG-RAN 310 resources to a certain slice. How NG-RAN 310 supports resource isolation is implementation dependent.

[0078] Some slices may be available only in part of the network. Awareness in the NG-RAN 310 of the sl ices supported in the cells of its neighbors may be benefici al for inter-frequency mobility in connected mode. The slice availability may not change within the UE’s registration area. The NG-RAN 310 and the 5GC 320 are responsible to handle a sendee request for a slice that may or may not be available in a given area. Admission or rejection of access to a slice may depend on factors such as support for the slice, availability of resources, support of the requested sendee by NG-RAN 310.

[0079] The UE 301 may be associated with multiple network slices simultaneously. In case the UE 301 is associated with multiple slices simultaneously, only one signaling connection is maintained, and for intra-frequency ceil reselection, the UE 301 tries to camp on the best cell. For inter-frequency cell reselection, dedicated priorities can be used to control the frequency on which the UE 301 camps. The 5GC 320 is to validate that the UE 301 has the rights to access a network slice. Prior to receiving an Initial Context Setup Request message, the NG-RAN 310 may be allowed to apply some provisional or local policies based on awareness of a particular slice that the UE 301 is requesting to access. During the initial context setup, the NG-RAN 310 is informed of the slice for which resources are being requested.

[0080] FIG. 4 illustrates an example of infrastructure equipment 400. The infrastructure equipment 400 (or“system 400”) may be implemented as a base station, a radio head, a RAN node, such as the RAN nodes 111, 166 shown and described previously, an application server 130, or any other component or device described herein. In other examples, the system 400 can be implemented in or by a UE.

[0081] The system 400 includes application circuitry 405, baseband circuitry 410, one or more radio front end modules (RFEMs) 415, memory circuitry 420, power management integrated circuitry (PMIC) 425, power tee circuitry 430, network controller circuitry 435, network interface connector 440, satellite positioning circuitry 445, and user interface circuitry 450. In some implementations, the system 400 can include additional elements such as, for example, memory', storage, a display, a camera, one or more sensors, or an input/output (I/O) interface, or combinations of them, among others. In other examples, the components described with reference to the system 400 may be included in more than one device. For example, the various circuitries may be separately included in more than one device for CRAN, vBBU, or other implementations.

[0082] The application circuitry- 405 includes circuitry' such as, but not limited to, one or more processors (or processor cores), cache memory, one or more of low' drop-out voltage regulators (LDOs), interrupt controllers, serial interfaces such as SPI, I2C or universal programmable serial interface module, real time clock (RTC), timer-counters including interval and watchdog timers, general purpose input/output (I/O or IO), memory card controllers, Universal Serial Bus (USB) interfaces, Mobile Industry Processor Interface (MIPI) interfaces, and Joint Test Access Group (JTAG) test access ports. The processors (or cores) of the application circuitry 405 may be coupled with or can include memory or storage elements and may be configured to execute instructions stored in the memory or storage to enable various applications or operating systems to run on the syste 400. In some implementations, the memory or storage elements can include on-chip memory circuitry', which can include any suitable volatile or non volatile memory', such as DRAM, SRAM, EPROM, EEPROM, Flash memory', solid- state memory, or combinations of them, among other types of memory'.

[0083] The processor(s) of the application circuitry 405 can include, for example, one or more processor cores (CPUs), one or more application processors, one or more graphics processing units (GPUs), one or more reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processors, one or more Acorn RISC Machine (ARM) processors, one or more complex instruction set computing (CISC) processors, one or more digital signal processors (DSP), one or more FPGAs, one or more PLDs, one or more ASICs, one or more microprocessors or controllers, or combinations of them, among others. In some implementations, the application circuitry 405 can include, or may be, a special-purpose processor or controller configured to cany out the various techniques described here. [0084] The baseband circuitry 410 may be implemented, for example, as a solder- down substrate including one or more integrated circuits, a single packaged integrated circuit soldered to a main circuit board or a multi-chip module containing two or more integrated circuits.

[0085] The user interface circuitry 450 can include one or more user interfaces designed to enable user interaction with the system 400 or peripheral component interfaces designed to enable peripheral component interaction with the system 400. User interfaces can include, but are not limited to, one or more physical or virtual buttons (e.g., a reset button), one or more indicators (e.g., light emitting diodes (LEDs)), a physical keyboard or keypad, a mouse, a touchpad, a touchscreen, speakers or other audio emitting devices, microphones, a printer, a scanner, a headset, a display screen or display device, or combinations of them, among others. Peripheral component interfaces can include, but are not limited to, a nonvolatile memory port, a universal serial bus (USB) port, an audio jack, a power supply interface, among others.

[0086] The radio front end modules (RFEMs) 415 can include a millimeter wave (mm Wave) RFEM and one or more sub -mm Wave radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs). In some implementations, the one or more sub-mmWave RFICs may be physically separated from the mmWave RFEM The RFICs can include connections to one or more antennas or antenna arrays (see, e.g., antenna array 611 of FIG. 6), and the RFEM may be connected to multiple antennas. In some implementations, both mmWave and sub-mmWave radio functions may be implemented in the same physical RFEM 415, which incorporates both mmWave antennas and sub-mmWave.

[0087] The memory circuitry 420 can include one or more of volatile memory', such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM) or synchronous dynamic random access memory' (SDRAM), and nonvolatile memory (NVM), such as high-speed electrically erasable memory (commonly referred to as Flash memory'), phase change random access memory (PRAM), or magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM), or combinations of them, among others. In some implementations, the memory circuitry 420 can include three-dimensional (3D) cross-point (XPOINT) memories from Intel® and Micron®. Memory circuitry 420 may be implemented as one or more of solder down packaged integrated circuits, socketed memory' modules and plug-in memory cards, for example. [0088] The PMIC 425 can include voltage regulators, surge protectors, power alarm detection circuitry, and one or more backup power sources such as a battery or capacitor. The power alarm detection circuitry may detect one or more of brown out (under-voltage) and surge (over-voltage) conditions. The power tee circuitry 430 may provide for electrical power drawn from a network cable to provide both power supply and data connectivity to the infrastructure equipment 400 using a single cable.

[0089] The network controller circuitry 435 may provide connectivity to a network using a standard network interface protocol such as Ethernet, Ethernet over GRE Tunnels, Ethernet over Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS), or some other suitable protocol. Network connectivity may be provided to and from the infrastructure equipment 400 using network interface connector 440 using a physical connection, which may be electrical (commonly referred to as a“copper interconnect”), optical, or wireless. The network controller circuitry 435 can include one or more dedicated processors or FPGAs, or both, to communicate using one or more of the aforementioned protocols hi some implementations, the network controller circuitry 435 can include multiple controllers to provide connectivity to other networks using the same or different protocols.

[0090] The positioning circuitry' 445 includes circuitry to receive and decode signals transmitted or broadcasted by a positioning netw'ork of a global navigation satellite system (GNSS). Examples of a GNSS include United States’ Global Positioning System (GPS), Russia’s Global Navigation System (GLONASS), the European Union’s Galileo system, China’s BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, a regional navigation system or GNSS augmentation system (e.g., Navigation with Indian Constellation (NAVIC), Japan’s Quasi -Zenith Satellite System (QZSS), France’s Doppler Orbitography and Radio-positioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS)), among other systems. The positioning circuitry 445 can include various hardware elements (e.g., including hardware devices such as switches, filters, amplifiers, antenna elements, and the like to facilitate OTA communications) to communicate with components of a positioning network, such as navigation satellite constellation nodes. In some implementations, the positioning circuitry 445 can include a Micro-Technology for Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (Micro-PNT) IC that uses a master timing clock to perform position tracking and estimation without GNSS assistance. The positioning circuitry 445 may also be part of, or interact with, the baseband circuitry 410 or RFEMs 415, or both, to communicate with the nodes and components of the positioning network. The positioning circuitry 445 may also provide data (e.g., position data, time data) to the application circuitry 405, which may use the data to synchronize operations with various infrastructure (e.g., RAN nodes 1 1 1).

[0091] The components shown by FIG. 4 may communicate with one another using interface circuitry, which can include any number of bus or interconnect (IX) technologies such as industry standard architecture (ISA), extended ISA (EISA), peripheral component interconnect (PCI), peripheral component interconnect extended (PCIx), PCI express (PCIe), or any number of other technologies. The bus or IX may be a proprietary bus, for example, used in a SoC based system. Other bus or IX systems may be included, such as an I2C interface, an SPI interface, point to point interfaces, and a power bus, among others.

[0092] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a platform 500 (or“device 500”). In some implementations, the computer platform 500 may be suitable for use as UEs 101 , 201, 301, application servers 130, or any other component or device discussed herein. The platform 500 can include any combinations of the components shown in the example. The components of platform 500 (or portions thereof) may be implemented as integrated circuits (ICs), discrete electronic devices, or other modules, logic, hardware, software, firmware, or a combination of them adapted in the computer platform 500, or as components otherwise incorporated within a chassis of a larger system. The block diagram of FIG. 5 is intended to show a high level view of components of the platform 500. However, in some implementations, the platform 500 can include fewer, additional, or alternative components, or a different arrangement of the components shown in FIG. 5.

[0093] The application circuitry 505 includes circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more processors (or processor cores), cache memory, and one or more of LDOs, interrupt controllers, serial interfaces such as SPI, I2C or universal programmable serial interface module, RTC, timer-counters including interval and watchdog timers, general purpose I/O, memory card controllers such as SD MMC or similar, USB interfaces, MIPI interfaces, and JTAG test access ports. The processors (or cores) of the application circuitry 505 may be coupled with or can include memory/ torage elements and may be configured to execute instructions stored in the memory or storage to enable various applications or operating systems to run on the system 500. In some implementations, the memory or storage elements may be on-chip memory circuitry, which can include any suitable volatile or non-volatile memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, EPROM, EEPROM, Flash memory, solid-state memory, or combinations of them, among other types of memory.

[0094] The processor(s) of application circuitry 505 can include, for example, one or more processor cores, one or more application processors, one or more GPUs, one or more RISC processors, one or more ARM processors, one or more CISC processors, one or more DSP, one or more FPGAs, one or more PLDs, one or more ASICs, one or more microprocessors or controllers, a multithreaded processor, an ultra -low voltage processor, an embedded processor, some other known processing element, or any suitable combination thereof. In some implementations, the application circuitry 405 can include, or may be, a special-purpose processor/controller to carry out the techniques described herein. In some implementations, the application circuitry 505 may be a part of a system on a chip (SoC) in which the application circuitry 505 and other components are formed into a single integrated circuit, or a single package. In some implementations, the application circuitry' 505 can include circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more a field-programmable devices (FPDs) such as FPGAs; programmable logic devices (PLDs) such as complex PLDs (CPLDs), high-capacity PLDs (HCPLDs); ASICs such as structured ASICs; programmable SoCs (PSoCs), or combinations of them, among others. In some implementations, the application circuitry 505 can include logic blocks or logic fabric, and other interconnected resources that may be programmed to perform various functions, such as the procedures, methods, functions described herein. In some implementations, the application circuitry 505 can include memory' cells (e.g., erasable programmable read only memory' (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory', static memory (e.g., static random access memory (SRAM), or anti-fuses)) used to store logic blocks, logic fabric, data, or other data in look-up tables (L!JTs) and the like.

[0095] The baseband circuitry' 510 may be implemented, for example, as a solder- down substrate including one or more integrated circuits, a single packaged integrated circuit soldered to a main circuit board or a multi-chip module containing two or more integrated circuits. The various hardware electronic elements of baseband circuitry 510 are discussed with regard to FIG. 6. [0096] The RFEMs 515 may comprise a millimeter wave (mmW ave) RFEM and one or more sub-mmWave radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs). In some implementations, the one or more sub-mmWave RFICs may be physically separated from the mmWave RFEM. The RFICs can include connections to one or more antennas or antenna arrays (see, e.g., antenna array 61 1 of FIG. 6), and the RFEM may be connected to multiple antennas. In some implementations, both mmWave and sub- mmWave radio functions may be implemented in the same physical RFEM 515, which incorporates both mmWave antennas and sub-mmWave.

[0097] The memory circuitry 520 can include any number and type of memory devices used to provide for a given amount of system memory. As examples, the memory circuitry 520 can include one or more of volatile memory, such as random access memory (RAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM) or synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM), and nonvolatile memory' (NVM), such as high-speed electrically erasable memory (commonly referred to as Flash memory), phase change random access memory (PRAM), or magnetoresistive random access memory' (MRAM), or combinations of them, among others

[0098] In low power implementations, the memory circuitry 520 may be on-die memory or registers associated with the application circuitry 505 To provide for persistent storage of information such as data, applications, operating systems and so forth, memory circuitry 520 can include one or more mass storage devices, which can include, for example, a solid state drive (SSD), hard disk drive (HDD), a micro HDD, resistance change memories, phase change memories, holographic memories, or chemical memories, among others. In some implementations, the computer platform 500 may incorporate the three-dimensional (3D) cross-point (XPOINT) memories from Intel© and Micron®

[0099] The removable memory circuitry 523 can include devices, circuitry, enclosures, housings, ports or receptacles, among others, used to couple portable data storage devices with the platform 500. These portable data storage devices may be used for mass storage purposes, and can include, for example, flash memory cards (e.g., Secure Digital (SD) cards, microSD cards, xD picture cards), and USB flash drives, optical discs, or external HDDs, or combinations of them, among others.

[00100] The platform 500 may also include interface circuitry (not shown) for connecting external devices with the platform 500. The external devices connected to the platform 500 using the interface circuitry include sensor circuitry 521 and electro mechanical components (EMCs) 522, as well as removable memory devices coupled to removable memory circuitry 523.

[00101] The sensor circuitry 521 include devices, modules, or subsystems whose purpose is to detect events or changes in its environment and send the information (e.g., sensor data) about the detected events to one or more other devices, modules, or subsystems. Examples of such sensors include inertial measurement units (IMUs) such as accelerometers, gyroscopes, or magnetometers; microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) or nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) including 3-axis accelerometers, 3-axis gyroscopes, or magnetometers; level sensors; flow sensors; temperature sensors (e.g., thermistors); pressure sensors; barometric pressure sensors, gravimeters; altimeters, image capture devices (e.g., cameras or lensless apertures); light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensors; proximity sensors (e.g., infrared radiation detector and the like), depth sensors, ambient light sensors, ultrasonic transceivers; microphones or other audio capture devices, or combinations of them, among others.

[00102] The EMCs 522 include devices, modules, or subsystems whose purpose is to enable the platform 500 to change its state, position, or orientation, or move or control a mechanism, system, or subsystem. Additionally, the EMCs 522 may be configured to generate and send messages or signaling to other components of the platform 500 to indicate a current state of the EMCs 522. Examples of the EMCs 522 include one or more power switches, relays, such as electromechanical relays (EMRs) or solid state relays (SSRs), actuators (e.g., valve actuators), an audible sound generator, a visual warning device, motors (e.g , DC motors or stepper motors), wheels, thrusters, propellers, claws, clamps, hooks, or combinations of them, among other electro mechanical components. In some implementations, the platform 500 is configured to operate one or more EMCs 522 based on one or more captured events, instructions, or control signals received from a sendee provider or clients, or both.

[00103] In some implementations, the interface circuitry may connect the platform 500 with positioning circuitry 545. The positioning circuitry 545 includes circuitry to receive and decode signals transmitted or broadcasted by a positioning network of a GNSS. In some implementations, the positioning circuitry 545 can include a Micro- PNT IC that uses a master timing clock to perforin position tracking or estimation without GNSS assistance. The positioning circuitry 545 may also be part of, or interact with, the baseband circuitry 410 or RFEMs 515, or both, to communicate with the nodes and components of the positioning network. The positioning circuitry 545 may also provide data (e.g., position data, time data) to the application circuitry 505, which may use the data to synchronize operations with various infrastructure (e.g., radio base stations), for turn-by-turn navigation applications, or the like

[00104] In some implementations, the interface circuitry may connect the platform 500 with Near-Field Communication (NFC) circuitry' 540. The NFC circuitry' 540 is configured to provide contactless, short-range communications based on radio frequency identification (RFID) standards, in which magnetic field induction is used to enable communication between NFC circuitry 540 and NFC-enabled devices external to the platform 500 (e.g., an“NFC touchpoint”). The NFC circuitry' 540 includes an NFC controller coupled with an antenna element and a processor coupled with the N FC controller. The NFC controller may be a chip or IC providing NFC functionalities to the NFC circuitry 540 by executing NFC controller firmware and an NFC stack. The NFC stack may be executed by the processor to control the NFC controller, and the NFC controller firmware may be executed by the NFC controller to control the antenna element to emit short-range RF signals. The RF signals may power a passive NFC tag (e.g., a microchip embedded in a sticker or wristband) to transmit stored data to the NFC circuitry' 540, or initiate data transfer between the NFC circuitry 540 and another active NFC device (e.g., a smartphone or an NFC-enabled POS terminal) that is proximate to the platform 500.

[00105] The driver circuitry' 546 can include software and hardware elements that operate to control particular devices that are embedded in the platform 500, attached to the platform 500, or otherwise communicatively coupled with the platform 500. The driver circuitry 546 can include individual drivers allowing other components of the platform 500 to interact with or control various input/output (I/O) devices that may be present within, or connected to, the platform 500. For example, the driver circuitry' 546 can include a display driver to control and allow access to a display device, a touchscreen driver to control and allow access to a touchscreen interface of the platform 500, sensor drivers to obtain sensor readings of sensor circuitry 521 and control and allow access to sensor circuitry 521, EMC drivers to obtain actuator positions of the EMCs 522 or control and allow access to the EMCs 522, a camera driver to control and allow access to an embedded image capture device, audio drivers to control and allow access to one or more audio devices.

[00106] The power management integrated circuitry (PMIC) 525 (also referred to as “power management circuitry 525”) may manage power provided to various components of the platform 500. In particular, with respect to the baseband circuitry 510, the PMIC 525 may control power-source selection, voltage scaling, battery charging, or DC-to-DC conversion. The PMIC 525 may be included when the platform 500 is capable of being powered by a battery 530, for example, when the device is included in a UE 101, 201, 301.

[00107] In some implementations, the PMIC 525 may control, or otherwise he part of, various power saving mechanisms of the platform 500. For example, if the platform 500 is in an RRC_Connected state, where it is still connected to the RAN node as it expects to receive traffic shortly, then it may enter a state known as Discontinuous Reception Mode (DRX) after a period of inactivity. During this state, the platform 500 may power down for brief intervals of time and thus save power. If there is no data traffic activity for an extended period of time, then the platform 500 may transition off to an RRC Idle state, where it disconnects from the network and does not perform operations such as channel quality feedback or handover. This can allow the platform 500 to enter a very low power state, where it periodically w^?akes up to listen to the network and then powers down again. In some implementations, the platform 500 may not receive data in the RRC_Idle state and instead must transition back to RRC Connected state to receive data. An additional power saving mode may allow a device to be unavailable to the network for periods longer than a paging interval (ranging from seconds to a few hours). During this time, the device may be unreachable to the network and may power down completely. Any data sent during this time may incurs a large delay and it is assumed the delay is acceptable.

[00108] A battery 530 may pow'er the platform 500, although, in some implementations the platform 500 may be deployed in a fixed location, and may have a power supply coupled to an electrical grid. The battery 530 may be a lithium ion battery, a metal-air battery, such as a zinc-air battery, an aluminum-air battery, or a lithium-air battery, among others. In some implementations, such as in V2X applications, the battery 530 may be a typical lead-acid automotive battery. [00109] The user interface circuitry 550 includes various input/output (TO) devices present within, or connected to, the platform 500, and includes one or more user interfaces designed to enable user interaction with the platform 500 or peripheral component interfaces designed to enable peripheral component interaction with the platform 500. The user interface circuitry 550 includes input device circuitry and output device circuitry. Input device circuitry includes any physical or virtual means for accepting an input including one or more physical or virtual buttons (e.g., a reset button), a physical keyboard, keypad, mouse, touchpad, touchscreen, microphones, scanner, or headset, or combinations of them, among others. The output device circuitry includes any physical or virtual means for showing information or otherwise conveying information, such as sensor readings, actuator position(s), or other information. Output device circuitry can include any number or combinations of audio or visual display, including one or more simple visual outputs or indicators (e.g., binary status indicators (e.g., light emitting diodes (LEDs)), multi-character visual outputs, or more complex outputs such as display devices or touchscreens (e.g., Liquid Chrystal Displays (LCD), LED displays, quantum dot displays, or projectors), with the output of characters, graphics, or multimedia objects being generated or produced from the operation of the platform 500. The output device circuitry may also include speakers or other audio emitting devices, or print er(s). In some implementations, the sensor circuitry 521 may be used as the input device circuitry (e.g., an image capture device or motion capture device), and one or more EMCs may be used as the output device circuitry (e.g., an actuator to provide haptic feedback). In another example, NFC circuitry comprising an NFC controller coupled with an antenna element and a processing device may be included to read electronic tags or connect with another NFC-enabled device. Peripheral component interfaces can include, but are not limited to, a non-volatile memory port, a USB port, an audio jack, or a power supply interface.

[00110] FIG. 6 illustrates example components of baseband circuitry 610 and radio front end modules (RFEM) 615. The baseband circuitry 610 can correspond to the baseband circuitry 410 and 510 of FIGs. 4 and 5, respectively. The RFEM 615 can correspond to the RFEM 415 and 515 of FIGs. 4 and 5, respectively. As shown, the RFEMs 615 can include Radio Frequency (RF) circuitry 606, front-end module (FEM) circuitry 608, and antenna array 61 1 coupled together. [00111] The baseband circuitry 610 includes circuitry configured to cam- out various radio or network protocol and control functions that enable communication with one or more radio networks using the RF circuitry 606. The radio control functions can include, but are not limited to, signal modulation and demodulation, encoding and decoding, and radio frequency shifting. In some implementations, modulation and demodulation circuitry of the baseband circuitry 610 can include Fast-Fourier Transform (FFT), precoding, or constellation mapping and demapping functionality. In some implementations, encoding and decoding circuitry of the baseband circuitry 610 can include convolution, tail-biting convolution, turbo, Viterbi, or Low' Density Parity- Check (LDPC) encoder and decoder functionality. Modulation and demodulation and encoder and decoder functionality are not limited to these examples and can include other suitable functionality in other examples. The baseband circuitry 610 is configured to process baseband signals received from a receive signal path of the RF circuitry 606 and to generate baseband signals for a transmit signal path of the RF circuitry' 606. The baseband circuitry' 610 is configured to interface with application circuitry- (e.g., the application circuitry 405, 505 shown in FIGS. 4 and 5) for generation and processing of the baseband signals and for controlling operations of the RF circuitry 606. The baseband circuitry 610 may handle various radio control functions

[00112] The aforementioned circuitry' and control logic of the baseband circuitry 610 can include one or more single or multi-core processors. For example, the one or more processors can include a 3G baseband processor 604 A, a 4G or LTE baseband processor 604B, a 5G or NR baseband processor 604C, or some other baseband processor(s) 604D for other existing generations, generations in development or to be developed in the future (e.g., sixth generation (6G)). In some implementations, some or all of the functionality of baseband processors 604A-D may be included in modules stored in the memory- 604G and executed using one or more processors such as a Central Processing Unit (CPU) 604E. In some implementations, some or all of the functionality of baseband processors 604A-D may he provided as hardware accelerators (e.g., FPGAs or ASICs) loaded with the appropriate bit streams or logic blocks stored in respective memory cells. In some implementations, the memoiy 604G may store program code of a real-time OS (RTOS) which, when executed by the CPU 604E (or other processor), is to cause the CPU 604E (or other processor) to manage resources of the baseband circuitry 610, schedule tasks, or carry out other operations. In some implementations, the baseband circuitry 610 includes one or more audio digital signal processors (DSP) 604F. An audio DSP 604F can include elements for compression and decompression and echo cancellation and can include other suitable processing elements.

[00113] In some implementations, each of the processors 604A-604E include respective memory interfaces to send and receive data to and from the memory 604G. The baseband circuitry 610 may further include one or more interfaces to communicatively couple to other circuitries or devices, such as an interface to send and receive data to and from memory external to the baseband circuitry 610; an application circuitry interface to send and receive data to and from the application circuitry 405, 505 of FIGS. 4 and 5); an RF circuitry interface to send and receive data to and from RF circuitry 606 of FIG 6; a wireless hardware connectivity interface to send and receive data to and from one or more wireless hardware elements (e.g., Near Field Communication (NFC) components, Bluetooth®/ Bluetooth® Low Energy- components, Wi-Fi components, and/or the like), and a pow-er management interface to send and receive power or control signals to and from the PMIC 525.

[00114] In some implementations (which may be combined with the above described examples), the baseband circuitry 610 includes one or more digital baseband systems, which are coupled with one another using an interconnect subsystem and to a CPU subsystem, an audio subsystem, and an interface subsystem. The digital baseband subsystems may also be coupled to a digital baseband interface and a mixed-signal baseband subsystem using another interconnect subsystem. Each of the interconnect subsystems can include a bus system, point-to-point connections, network-on-chip (NOC) structures, or some other suitable bus or interconnect technology, such as those discussed herein. The audio subsystem can include DSP circuitry, buffer memory, program memory, speech processing accelerator circuitry, data converter circuitry such as analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converter circuitry, analog circuitry' including one or more of amplifiers and filters, among other components. In some implementations, the baseband circuitry 610 can include protocol processing circuitry with one or more instances of control circuitry (not shown) to provide control functions for the digital baseband circuitry_' or radio frequency circuitry' (e.g., the radio front end modules 615).

[00115] In some implementations, the baseband circuitry' 610 includes individual processing device(s) to operate one or more wireless communication protocols (e.g., a “multi -protocol baseband processor” or“protocol processing circuitry”) and individual processing device(s) to implement PHY layer functions. In some implementations, the PHY layer functions include the aforementioned radio control functions. In some implementations, the protocol processing circuitry operates or implements various protocol layers or entities of one or more wireless communication protocols. For example, the protocol processing circuitry may operate LTE protocol entities or 5GNR protocol entities, or both, when the baseband circuitry' 610 or RF circuitry' 606, or both, are part of mmWave communication circuitry or some other suitable cellular communication circuitry. In this example, the protocol processing circuitry' can operate MAC, RLC, PDCP, SDAP, RRC, and NAS functions. In some implementations, the protocol processing circuitry' may operate one or more IEEE -based protocols when the baseband circuitry' 610 or RF circuitry' 606, or both, are part of a Wi-Fi communication system. In this example, the protocol processing circuitry' can operate Wi-Fi MAC and logical link control (LLC) functions. The protocol processing circuitry' can include one or more memory' structures (e.g., 6Q4G) to store program code and data for operating the protocol functions, as well as one or more processing cores to execute the program code and perform various operations using the data. The baseband circuitry 610 may also support radio communications for more than one wireless protocol .

[00116] The various hardware elements of the baseband circuitry 610 discussed herein may be implemented, for example, as a solder-down substrate including one or more integrated circuits (ICs), a single packaged IC soldered to a main circuit board or a multi-chip module containing two or more ICs. In some implementations, the components of the baseband circuitry 610 may be suitably combined in a single chip or chipset, or disposed on a same circuit board. In some implementations, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry' 610 and RF circuitry 606 may be implemented together such as, for example, a system on a chip (SoC) or System-in- Package (SiP). In some implementations, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry' 610 may be implemented as a separate SoC that is communicatively coupled with and RF circuitry' 606 (or multiple instances of RF circuitry 606). In some implementations, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry' 610 and the application circuitry' 405, 505 may be implemented together as individual SoCs mounted to a same circuit board (e.g., a“multi-chip package”). [00117] In some implementations, the baseband circuitry 610 may provide for communication compatible with one or more radio technologies. For example, the baseband circuitry 610 may support communication with an E-UTRAN or other WMAN, a WLAN, or a WPAN. Examples in which the baseband circuitry 610 is configured to support radio communications of more than one wireless protocol may^¬ be referred to as multi-mode baseband circuitry.

[00118] The RF circuitry 606 may enable communication with wireless networks using modulated electromagnetic radiation through a non-solid medium. In some implementations, the RF circuitry 606 can include switches, filters, or amplifiers, among other components, to facilitate the communication with the wireless network. The RF circuitry 606 can include a receive signal path, which can include circuitry to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry 608 and provide baseband signals to the baseband circuitry 610. The RF circuitry 606 may also include a transmit signal path, which can include circuitry to up-convert baseband signals provided by the baseband circuitry 610 and provide RF output signals to the FEM circuitry 608 for transmission.

[00119] The receive signal path of the RF circuitry 606 includes mixer circuitry 606a, amplifier circuitry 606b and filter circuitry 606c. In some implementations, the transmit signal path of the RF circuitry- 606 can include filter circuitry 606c and mixer circuitry 606a. The RF circuitry 606 also includes synthesizer circuitry 606d for synthesizing a frequency for use by the mixer circuitry 606a of the receive signal path and the transmit signal path. In some implementations, the mixer circuitry 606a of the receive signal path may be configured to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry- 608 based on the synthesized frequency provided by synthesizer circuitry 606d. The amplifier circuitry 606b may be configured to amplify the down-converted signals and the filter circuitry 606c may be a low-pass filter (LPF) or band-pass filter (BPF) configured to remove unwanted signals from the down-converted signals to generate output baseband signals. Output baseband signals may be provided to the baseband circuitry 610 for further processing. In some implementations, the output baseband signals may be zero-frequency baseband signals, although this is not a requirement. In some implementations, the mixer circuitry 606a of the receive signal path may comprise passive mixers. [00120] In some implementations, the mixer circuitry 606a of the transmit signal path may be configured to up-convert input baseband signals based on the synthesized frequency provided by the synthesizer circuitry 606d to generate RF output signals for the FEM circuitry 608. The baseband signals may be provided by the baseband circuitry 610 and may be filtered by filter circuitry' 606c.

[00121] In some implementations, the mixer circuitry 606a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 606a of the transmit signal path can include two or more mixers and may be arranged for quadrature downconversion and upconversion, respectively. In some implementations, the mixer circuitry 606a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry' 606a of the transmit signal path can include two or more mixers and may be arranged for image rejection (e.g.. Hartley image rejection). In some implementations, the mixer circuitry' 606a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 606a of the transmit signal path may be arranged for direct downconversion and direct upconversion, respectively. In some implementations, the mixer circuitry 606a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry' 606a of the transmit signal path may be configured for super-heterodyne operation.

[00122] In some implementations, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be analog baseband signals. In some implementations, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be digital baseband signals, and the RF circuitry 606 can include analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital -to-analog converter (DAC) circuitry and the baseband circuitry' 610 can include a digital baseband interface to communicate with the RF circuitry 606.

[00123] In some dual-mode examples, a separate radio IC circuitry may be provided for processing signals for each spectrum, although the techniques described here are not limited in this respect.

[00124] In some implementations, the synthesizer circuitry 6Q6d may be a fractional- N synthesizer or a fractional N/N+l synthesizer, although other types of frequency synthesizers may used. For example, synthesizer circuitry 606d may be a delta-sigma synthesizer, a frequency multiplier, or a synthesizer comprising a phase-locked loop with a frequency divider.

[00125] The synthesizer circuitry' 606d may be configured to synthesize an output frequency for use by the mixer circuitry 606a of the RF circuitry 606 based on a frequency input and a divider control input. In some implementations, the synthesizer circuitry 606d may be a fractional N/N+l synthesizer.

[00126] In some implementations, frequency input may be provided by a voltage controlled oscillator (VCQ), although that is not a requirement. Divider control input may be provided by either the baseband circuitry 610 or the application circuitry 405/505 depending on the desired output frequency. In some implementations, a divider control input (e.g., N) may be determined from a look-up table based on a channel indicated by the application circuitry 405, 505.

[00127] The synthesizer circuitry 606d of the RF circuitry 606 can include a divider, a delay-locked loop (DLL), a multiplexer and a phase accumulator. In some implementations, the divider may be a dual modulus divider (DMD) and the phase accumulator may be a digital phase accumulator (DPA). In some implementations, the DMD may be configured to divide the input signal by either N or N+I (e.g., based on a carry out) to provide a fractional division ratio. In some implementations, the DLL can include a set of cascaded, tunable, delay elements, a phase detector, a charge pump and a D-type flip-flop. The delay elements may be configured to break a VCO period up into Nd equal packets of phase, where Nd is the number of delay elements in the delay line. In this way, the DLL provides negative feedback to help ensure that the total delay through the delay line is one VCO cycle.

[00128] In some implementations, synthesizer circuitry 606d may be configured to generate a carrier frequency as the output frequency, while in other examples, the output frequency may be a multiple of the carrier frequency (e.g , twice the carri er frequency, four times the carrier frequency) and used in conjunction with quadrature generator and divider circuitry to generate multiple signals at the carrier frequency with multiple different phases with respect to each other. In some implementations, the output frequency may be a LO frequency (fLO). In some implementations, the RF circuitry 606 can include an IQ or polar converter.

[00129] The FEM circuitry 608 can include a receive signal path, which can include circuitry configured to operate on RF signals received fro antenna array 61 1, amplify the received signals and provide the amplified versions of the received signals to the RF circuitry 606 for further processing. The FEM circuitry 608 may also include a transmit signal path, which can include circuitry configured to amplify signals for transmission provided by the RF circuitry 606 for transmission by one or more of antenna elements of antenna array 611. The amplification through the transmit or receive signal paths may be done solely in the RF circuitry 606, solely in the FEM circuitry 608, or in both the RF^' circuitry 606 and the FEM circuitry 608.

[00130] In some implementations, the FEM circuitry 608 can include a TX/RX switch to switch between transmit mode and receive mode operation. The FEM circuitry 608 can include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path. The receive signal path of the FEM circuitry 608 can include an LNA to amplify received RF signals and provide the amplified received RF^' signals as an output (e.g., to the RF^' circuitry 606). The transmit signal path of the FEM circuitry 608 can include a power amplifier (PA) to amplify input RF signals (e.g., provided by RF circuitry' 606), and one or more filters to generate RF signals for subsequent transmission by one or more antenna elements of the antenna array 61 1 .

[00131] The antenna array 611 comprises one or more antenna elements, each of which is configured convert electrical signals into radio waves to travel through the air and to convert received radio waves into electrical signals. For example, digital baseband signals provided by the baseband circuitry 610 is converted into analog RF signals (e.g., modulated waveform) that will be amplified and transmitted using the antenna elements of the antenna array 61 1 including one or more antenna elements (not shown). The antenna elements may be omnidirectional, directional, or a combination thereof. The antenna elements may be formed in a multitude of arranges as are known and/or discussed herein. The antenna array 61 1 may comprise microstrip antennas or printed antennas that are fabricated on the surface of one or more printed circuit boards. The antenna array 611 may be formed as a patch of metal foil (e.g., a patch antenna) in a variety of shapes, and may be coupled with the RF circuitry 606 and/or FEM circuitry' 608 using metal transmission lines or the like

[00132] Processors of the application circuitry'- 405, 505 and processors of the baseband circuitry 610 may be used to execute elements of one or more instances of a protocol stack. For example, processors of the baseband circuitry 610, alone or in combination, may execute Layer 3, Layer 2, or Layer 1 functionality, while processors of the application circuitry 405, 505 may utilize data (e.g., packet data) received from these layers and further execute Layer 4 functionality (e.g , TCP and UDP layers). As referred to herein, Layer 3 may comprise a RRC layer, described in further detail below-. As referred to herein, Layer 2 may comprise a MAC layer, an RLC layer, and a PDCP layer, described in further detail below. As referred to herein, Layer 1 may comprise a PHY layer of a UE/RAN node, described in further detail below.

[00133] FIG. 7 illustrates example components of communication circuitry 700. In some implementations, the communication circuitry 700 may be implemented as part of the system 400 or the platform 500 shown in FIGS. 4 and 5. The communication circuitry 700 may be communicatively coupled (e.g., directly or indirectly) to one or more antennas, such as antennas 711a, 71 lb, 71 1 c, and 71 1 d. In some implementations, the communication circuitry 700 includes or is communicatively coupled to dedicated receive chains, processors, or radios, or combinations of them, for multiple RATs (e.g., a first receive chain for LTE and a second receive chain for 5G NR). For example, as shown in FIG. 7, the communication circuitry 700 includes a modem 710 and a modem 720, which may correspond to or be a part of the baseband circuitry' 410 and 510 of FIGS. 4 and 5. The modem 710 may be configured for communications according to a first RAT, such as LTE or LTE-A, and the modem 720 may be configured for communications according to a second RAT, such as 5GNR. In some implementations, a processor 705, such as an application processor can interface with the modems 710, 720.

[00134] The modem 710 includes one or more processors 712 and a memory 716 in communication with the processors 712. The modem 710 is in communication with a radio frequency (RF) front end 730, which may correspond to or be a part of to the RFEM 415 and 515 of FIGS. 4 and 5. The RF front end 730 can include circuitry for transmitting and receiving radio signals. For example, the RF front end 730 includes receive circuitry (RX) 732 and transmit circuitry' (TX) 734 In some implementations, the receive circuitry' 732 is in communication with a DL front end 752, which can include circuitry for receiving radio signals from one or more antennas 711a The transmit circuitry 734 is in communication with a UL front end 754, which is coupled with one or more antennas 711 b.

[00135] Similarly, the modem 720 includes one or more processors 722 and a memory 726 in communication with the one or more processors 722. The modem 720 is in communication with an RF front end 740, which may correspond to or be a part of to the RFEM 415 and 515 of FIGS. 4 and 5. The RF front end 740 can include circuitry for transmitting and receiving radio signals. For example, the RF front end 740 includes receive circuitry 742 and transmit circuitry' 744. In some implementations, the receive circuitry 742 is in communication with a DL front end 760, which can include circuitry for receiving radio signals from one or more antennas 711c. The transmit circuitry 744 is in communication with a UL front end 765, which is coupled with one or more antennas 71 Id. In some implementations, one or more front-ends can be combined. For example, a RF switch can selectively couple the modems 710, 720 to a single UL front end 772 for transmitting radio signals using one or more antennas.

[00136] The modem 710 can include hardware and software components for time division multiplexing UL data (e.g., for NS A NR operations), as well as the various other techniques described herein. The processors 712 can include one or more processing elements configured to implement various features described herein, such as by executing program instructions stored on the memory 716 (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable memory medium). In some implementations, the processor 712 may be configured as a programmable hardware element, such as a FPGA or an ASIC. In some implementations, the processors 712 can include one or more ICs that are configured to perform the functions of processors 712. For example, each IC can include circuitry configured to perform the functions of processors 712

[00137] The modem 720 can include hardware and software components for time division multiplexing UL data (e.g., for NSA NR operations), as well as the various other techniques described herein. The processors 722 can include one or more processing elements configured to implement various features described herein, such as by executing instructions stored on the memory 726 (e.g., a non-transitory computer- readable memory medium). In some implementations, the processor 722 may be configured as a programmable hardware element, such as a FPGA or an ASIC. In some implementations, the processor 722 can include one or more ICs that are configured to perform the functions of processors 722.

[00138] FIG. 8 illustrates various protocol functions that may be implemented in a wireless communication device. In particular, FIG. 8 includes an arrangement 800 showing interconnections between various protocol layers/entities. The following description of FIG. 8 is provided for various protocol layers and entities that operate in conjunction with the 5G NR system standards and the LTE system standards, but some or all of the aspects of FIG. 8 may be applicable to other wireless communication network systems as well. [00139] The protocol layers of arrangement 800 can include one or more of PHY 810, MAC 820, RLC 830, PDCP 840, SDAP 847, RRC 855, and NAS layer 857, in addition to other higher layer functions not illustrated. The protocol layers can include one or more service access points (e.g., items 859, 856, 850, 849, 845, 835, 825, and 815 in FIG. 8) that may provide communication between two or more protocol layers

[00140] The PHY 810 may transmit and receive physical layer signals 805 that may be received from or transmitted to one or more other communication devices. The physical layer signals 805 can include one or more physical channels, such as those discussed herein. The PHY 810 may further perform link adaptation or adaptive modulation and coding (AMC), power control, cell search (e.g., for initial synchronization and handover purposes), and other measurements used by higher layers, such as the RRC 855. The PHY 810 may still further perform error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding and decoding of the transport channels, modulation and demodulation of physical channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, and MIMO antenna processing. In some implementations, an instance of PHY 810 may process requests from and provide indications to an instance of MAC 820 using one or more PHY-SAP 815. In some implementations, requests and indications communicated using PHY-SAP 815 may comprise one or more transport channels.

[00141] Instance(s) of MAC 820 may process requests from, and provide indications to, an instance of RLC 830 using one or more MAC-SAPs 825. These requests and indications communicated using the MAC-SAP 825 can include one or more logical channels. The MAC 820 may perform mapping between the logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs from one or more logical channels onto transport blocks (TBs) to be delivered to PHY 810 using the transport channels, de multiplexing MAC SDUs to one or more logical channels from TBs delivered from the PHY 810 using transport channels, multiplexing MAC SDUs onto TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, and logical channel prioritization.

[00142] Instance(s) of RLC 830 may process requests from and provide indications to an instance of PDCP 840 using one or more radio link control sendee access points (RLC- SAP) 835. These requests and indications communicated using RLC-SAP 835 can include one or more RLC channels. The RLC 830 may operate in a plurality of modes of operation, including: Transparent Mode (TM), Unacknowledged Mode (IJM), and Acknowledged Mode (AM). The RLC 830 may execute transfer of upper layer protocol data units (PDUs), error correction through automatic repeat request (ARQ) for AM data transfers, and concatenation, segmentation and reassembly of RLC SDUs for UM and AM data transfers. The RLC 830 may also execute re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs for AM data transfers, reorder RLC data PDUs for UM and AM data transfers, detect duplicate data for UM and AM data transfers, discard RLC SDUs for UM and AM data transfers, detect protocol errors for AM data transfers, and perforin RLC re-establishment.

[00143] Instance(s) of PDCP 840 may process requests from and provide indications to instance(s) of RRC 855 or instance(s) of SDAP 847, or both, using one or more packet data convergence protocol service access points (PDCP-SAP) 845. These requests and indications communicated using PDCP-SAP 845 can include one or more radio bearers. The PDCP 840 may execute header compression and decompression of IP data, maintain PDCP Sequence Numbers (SNs), perform in-sequence delivery of upper layer PDUs at re-establishment of lower layers, eliminate duplicates of lower layer SDUs at re-establishment of lower layers for radio bearers mapped on RLC AM, cipher and decipher control plane data, perforin integrity protection and integrity verification of control plane data, control timer-based discard of data, and perform security operations (e g., ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, or integrity verification).

[00144] Instance(s) of SDAP 847 may process requests from and provide indications to one or more higher layer protocol entities using one or more SDAP-SAP 849. These requests and indications communicated using SDAP-SAP 849 can include one or more QoS flows. The SDAP 847 may map QoS flow's to data radio bearers (DRBs), and vice versa, and may also mark QoS flow identifiers (QFIs) in DL and UL packets. A single SDAP entity 847 may be configured for an individual PDU session. In the UL direction, the NG-RAN 110 may control the mapping of QoS Flow's to DRB(s) in two different ways, reflective mapping or explicit mapping. For reflective mapping, the SDAP 847 of a UE 101 may monitor the QFIs of the DL packets for each DRB, and may apply the same mapping for packets flowing in the UL direction. For a DRB, the SDAP 847 of the UE 101 may map the UL packets belonging to the QoS flows(s) corresponding to the QoS flow ID(s) and PDU session observed in the DL packets for that DRB. To enable reflective mapping, the NG-RAN 310 may mark DL packets over the Uu interface with a QoS flow ID. The explicit mapping may involve the RRC 855 configuring the SDAP 847 with an explicit QoS flow to DRB mapping rule, which may be stored and followed by the SDAP 847. In some implementations, the SDAP 847 may only be used in NR implementations and may not be used in LTE implementations.

[00145] The RRC 855 may configure, using one or more management service access points (M-SAP), aspects of one or more protocol layers, which can include one or more instances of PHY 810, MAC 820, RLC 830, PDCP 840 and SDAP 847. In some implementations, an instance of RRC 855 may process requests from and provide indications to one or more NAS entities 857 using one or more RRC-SAPs 856. The main services and functions of the RRC 855 can include broadcast of system information (e.g., included in master information blocks (MIBs) or system information blocks (SIBs) related to the NAS), broadcast of system information related to the access stratum (AS), paging, establishment, maintenance and release of an RRC connection between the UE 101 and RAN 110 (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release), establishment, configuration, maintenance and release of point to point Radio Bearers, security functions including key management, inter-RAT mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting. The MIBs and SIBs may comprise one or more information elements, which may each comprise individual data fields or data structures.

[00146] The NAS 857 may form the highest stratum of the control plane between the UE 101 and the AMF 321 The NAS 857 may support the mobility of the UEs 101 and the session management procedures to establish and maintain IP connectivity between the UE 101 and a P-GW in LTE systems.

[00147] In some implementations, one or more protocol entities of arrangement 800 may be implemented in UEs 101 , RAN nodes 1 1 1 , AMF 321 in NR implementations or MME 221 in LTE implementations, UPF 302 in NR implementations or S-GW 222 and P-GW 223 in LTE implementations, or the like to be used for control plane or user plane communications protocol stack between the aforementioned devices. In some implementations, one or more protocol entities that may be implemented in one or more of UE 101, gNB 111, AMF 321, among others, may communicate with a respective peer protocol entity that may be implemented in or on another device using the services of respective lower layer protocol entities to perform such communication. In some implementations, a gNB-CU of the gNB I l l may host the RRC 855, SDAP 847, and PDCP 840 of the gNB that controls the operation of one or more gNB-DUs, and the gNB-DUs of the gNB 11 1 may each host the RLC 830, MAC 820, and PHY 810 of the gNB 1 1 1.

[00148] In some implementations, a control plane protocol stack can include, in order from highest layer to lowest layer, NAS 857, RRC 855, PDCP 840, RLC 830, MAC 820, and PHY 810. In this example, upper layers 860 may be built on top of the NAS 857, which includes an IP layer 861, an SCTP 862, and an application layer signaling protocol (AP) 863.

[00149] In some implementations, such as NR implementations, the AP 863 may be an NG application protocol layer (NGAP or NG-AP) 863 for the NG interface 1 13 defined between the NG-RAN node 11 1 and the AMF 321, or the AP 863 may be an Xn application protocol layer (XnAP or Xn-AP) 863 for the Xn interface 1 12 that is defined between two or more RAN nodes 1 11.

[00150] The NG-AP 863 may support the functions of the NG interface 1 13 and may comprise elementary procedures (EPs). An NG-AP EP may be a unit of interaction between the NG-RAN node 1 1 1 and the AMF 321. The NG-AP 863 services can include two groups: UE-associated services (e.g., services related to a UE 101) and non- UE-associated services (e.g., services related to the whole NG interface instance between the NG-RAN node 111 and AMF 321). These services can include functions such as, but not limited to: a paging function for the sending of paging requests to NG- RAN nodes 111 involved in a particular paging area, a UE context management function for allowing the AMF 321 to establish, modify, or release a UE context in the AMF 321 and the NG-RAN node I l l ; a mobility function for UEs 101 in ECM- CQNNECTED mode for intra-system HOs to support mobility within NG-RAN and inter-system HOs to support mobility from/to EPS systems; a NAS Signaling Transport function for transporting or rerouting NAS messages between UE 101 and AMF 321; a NAS node selection function for determining an association between the AMF 321 and the UE 101; NG interface management function(s) for setting up the NG interface and monitoring for errors over the NG interface; a warning message transmission function for providing means to transfer warning messages using NG interface or cancel ongoing broadcast of warning messages; a configuration transfer function for requesting and transferring of RAN configuration information (e.g., SON information or performance measurement (PM) data) between two RAN nodes 111 using CN 120, or combinations of them, among others.

[00151] The XnAP 863 may support the functions of the Xn interface 1 12 and may comprise XnAP basic mobility procedures and XnAP global procedures. The XnAP basic mobility procedures may comprise procedures used to handle UE mobility within the NG RAN 111 (or E-UTRAN 210), such as handover preparation and cancellation procedures, SN Status Transfer procedures, UE context retrieval and UE context release procedures, RAN paging procedures, or dual connectivity related procedures, among others. The XnAP global procedures may comprise procedures that are not related to a specific UE 101, such as Xn interface setup and reset procedures, NG-RAN update procedures, or cell activation procedures, among others

[00152] In LTE implementations, the AP 863 may be an S 1 Application Protocol layer (Sl-AP) 863 for the SI interface 113 defined between an E-UTRAN node 111 and an MME, or the AP 863 may be an X2 application protocol layer (X2AP or X2-AP) 863 for the X2 interface 1 12 that is defined between two or more E-UTRAN nodes 111.

[00153] The SI Application Protocol layer (Sl-AP) 863 may support the functions of the S 1 interface, and similar to the NG- AP di scussed previously, the S 1 -AP can include Sl-AP EPs. An Sl-AP EP may be a unit of interaction between the E-UTRAN node 111 and an MME 221 within an LTE CN 120. The S l -AP 863 services may comprise two groups: UE-associated services and non UE-associated services. These services perform functions including, but not limited to: E-UTRAN Radio Access Bearer (E- RAB) management, UE capability indication, mobility, NAS signaling transport., RAN Information Management (RIM), and configuration transfer.

[00154] The X2AP 863 may support the functions of the X2 interface 1 12 and can include X2AP basic mobility procedures and X2AP global procedures. The X2AP basic mobility procedures can include procedures used to handle UE mobility within the E- IJTRAN 120, such as handover preparation and cancellation procedures, SN Status Transfer procedures, UE context retrieval and UE context release procedures, RAN paging procedures, or dual connectivity related procedures, among others. The X2AP global procedures may comprise procedures that are not related to a specific UE 101, such as X2 interface setup and reset procedures, load indication procedures, error indication procedures, or cell activation procedures, among others. [00155] The SCTP layer (alternatively referred to as the SCTP/IP layer) 862 may provide guaranteed delivery of application layer messages (e.g., NGAP or XnAP messages in NR implementations, or Sl-AP or X2AP messages in LTE implementations). The SCTP 862 may ensure reliable delivery of signaling messages between the RAN node 1 1 1 and the AMF 321/MME 221 based in part on the IP protocol, supported by the IP 861. The Internet Protocol layer (IP) 861 may be used to perform packet addressing and routing functionality. In some implementations the IP layer 861 may use point-to-point transmission to deliver and convey PDUs. In this regard, the RAN node 11 1 can include L2 and LI layer communication links (e.g., wired or wireless) with the MME/AMF to exchange information.

[00156] In some implementations, a user plane protocol stack can include, in order from highest layer to lowest layer, SDAP 847, PDCP 840, RLC 830, MAC 820, and PHY 810. The user plane protocol stack may be used for communication between the UE 101 , the RAN node 1 1 1, and UPF 302 in NR implementations or an S-GW 222 and P-GW 223 in LTE implementations. In this example, upper layers 851 may be built on top of the SDAP 847, and can include a user datagram protocol (UDP) and IP security layer (UDP/IP) 852, a General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Tunneling Protocol for the user plane layer (GTP-U) 853, and a User Plane PDU layer (UP PDU) 863

[00157] The transport network layer 854 (also referred to as a“transport layer”) may be built on IP transport, and the GTP-U 853 may be used on top of the UDP/IP layer 852 (comprising a UDP layer and IP layer) to cany user plane PDUs (UP -PDUs). The IP layer (also referred to as the“Internet layer”) may be used to perform packet addressing and routing functionality. The IP layer may assign IP addresses to user data packets in any of IPv4, IPv6, or PPP formats, for example.

[00158] The GTP-U 853 may be used for carrying user data within the GPRS core network and between the radio access network and the core network. The user data transported can be packets in any of IPv4, IPv6, or PPP formats, for example. The UDP/IP 852 may provide checksums for data integrity, port numbers for addressing different functions at the source and destination, and encryption and authentication on the selected data flows. The RAN node 111 and the S-GW 222 may utilize an Sl-U interface to exchange user plane data using a protocol stack comprising an LI layer (e.g., PHY 810), an L2 layer (e.g., MAC 820, RLC 830, PDCP 840, and/or SDAP 847), the UDP/IP layer 852, and the GTP-U 853. The S-GW 222 and the P-GW 223 may utilize an S5/S8a interface to exchange user plane data using a protocol stack comprising an LI layer, an L2 layer, the UDP/'IP layer 852, and the GTP-LI 853. As discussed previously, NAS protocols may support the mobility of the UE 101 and the session management procedures to establish and maintain IP connectivity between the UE 101 and the P-GW 223.

[00159] Moreover, although not shown by FIG. 8, an application layer may be present above the AP 863 and/or the transport network layer 854. The application layer may be a layer in which a user of the UE 101, RAN node 1 11, or other network element interacts with software applications being executed, for example, by application circuitry 405 or application circuitry 505, respectively. The application layer may also provide one or more interfaces for software applications to interact with communications systems of the UE 101 or RAN node 1 1 1, such as the baseband circuitry 610. In some implementations, the IP layer or the application layer, or both, may provide the same or similar functionality as layers 5-7, or portions thereof, of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model (e.g., OSI Layer 7 - the application layer, OSI Layer 6 - the presentation layer, and OSI Layer 5 - the session layer).

[00160] NFV architectures and infrastructures may be used to virtualize one or more NFs, alternatively performed by proprietary' hardware, onto physical resources comprising a combination of industry-standard server hardware, storage hardware, or switches. In other words, NFV systems can be used to execute virtual or reconfigurable implementations of one or more EPC components and functions.

[00161] FIG. 9 illustrates a block diagram of example of a computer system that includes components for reading instructions from a machine-readable or computer- readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium) and performing any one or more of the techniques described herein. In this example, FIG. 9 shows a diagrammatic representation of hardware resources 900 including one or more processors (or processor cores) 910, one or more memory or storage devices 920, and one or more communication resources 930, each of which may be communicatively coupled using a bus 940. For implementations where node virtualization (e.g., NFV) is utilized, a hypervisor 902 may be executed to provide an execution environment for one or more network slices or sub-slices to utilize the hardware resources 900.

[00162] The processors 910 can include a processor 912 and a processor 914. The processor(s) 910 may be, for example, a central processing unit (CPU), a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processor, a complex instruction set computing (CISC) processor, a graphics processing unit (GPU), a DSP such as a baseband processor, an ASIC, an FPGA, a radio-frequency integrated circuit (RFIC), another processor (including those discussed herein), or any suitable combination thereof.

[00163] The memory/ storage devices 920 can include main memory, disk storage, or any suitable combination thereof. The memory/storage devices 920 can include, but are not limited to, any type of volatile or nonvolatile memory such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), Flash memory, or solid-state storage, or combinations of them, among others.

[00164] The communication resources 930 can include interconnection or network interface components or other suitable devices to communicate with one or more peripheral devices 904 or one or more databases 906 using a network 908. For example, the communication resources 930 can include wired communication components (e.g., for coupling using USB), cellular communication components, NFC components, Bluetooth® (or Bluetooth® Low Energy) components, Wi-Fi components, and other communication components.

[00165] Instructions 950 may comprise software, a program, an application, an applet, an app, or other executable code for causing at least any of the processors 910 to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. The instructions 950 may reside, completely or partially, within at least one of the processors 910 (e.g , within the processor’s cache memory), the memory/ storage devices 920, or any suitable combination thereof. Furthermore, any portion of the instructions 950 may be transferred to the hardware resources 900 from any combination of the peripheral devices 904 or the databases 906. Accordingly, the memory of processors 910, the memory/storage devices 920, the peripheral devices 904, and the databases 906 are examples of computer-readable and machine-readable media.

[00166] Multefire (MF) 1.0 is designed based on the LAA and eLAA concepts disclosed in 3GPP Rel-13 and Rel-15. The changes in MF may bring some challenges on the UE device-side implementation, such as implementing the UE’s LBT functionality, implementing the interlaced UL waveform, and implementing new UE procedures such as those associated with HARQ, RACK, and SR. A lighter version of MF 1.0, which can be referred to as MF-Lite, is being designed so that existing device designs can be leveraged.

[00167] FIG. 10A illustrates an example of a TDD frame structure 1001. The MF-Lite system can be based on the TDD frame structure 1001 illustrated in FIG. 10. The frame structure 1001 includes DL subframes 1005, UL subframes 1010, and a special subframe 1015. FIG. 10B illustrates an example of a frame structure 1020 that can be included in the special subframe 1015. In this example, the special subframe 1015 includes a downlink pilot time slot (DwPTS) 1030, a gap 1040, and an uplink pilot time slot (UpPTS) 1045. A UE’s uplink transmissions such as those in frame structure 1001 can take place via one or more channels such as PUSCH.

[00168] To create an idle period, between bursts (e.g., DL/UL subframes), the gap 1040 may be partially filled by a timing advance (TA) of an uplink transmission. However, in some cases, there may still be a gap larger than 16 microseconds left. To fill the gap, at least in part, the UE can initiate its UL transmission using a sounding reference signal (SRS) based on a predefined sequence similar to MF 1.0 to fill the UpPTS 1045.

[00169] For MT-Lite global mode, a new style of PRACH may be transmitted in the UpPTS 1045, by using different cyclic shifts, different combs, and subcarrier positions, and different frequency regions. For global mode, the UE can initiate its UL transmission using SRS based on a predefined sequence similar to MF 1.0 to fill the UpPTS. However, this SRS may collides with the new design of PRACH, as well as with SR, since PRACH/SR may also be transmitted in the UpPTS. However, the initiated SRS at the beginning of an UL transmission can be constructed and transmitted to avoid impact to scheduling request (SR) and PRACH. This disclosure provides, among other things, a technique for transmiting the SRS, including its high layer signaling configuration. Further, this disclosure provides an example of a physical structure for the initiated SRS transmission used to fill the gap between the ending of downlink and the starting of uplink.

[00170] In a wireless system such as one based on MF-Lite, a UE can transmit several UL signals including a reservation signal and PRACH before transmitting user data. The wireless system can provide orthogonality between the reservation signal and the PRACH. Different examples of orthogonality are illustrated in FIGS. 1 1 and 12. In some implementations, orthogonality between the reservation signal and the PRACH can be enabled by eNB through configuration.

[00171] FIG. 1 1 illustrates an example of a UL transmission structure 1 101 containing a multiplexed reservation signal. The UL transmission structure 1101 includes a SRS reservation signal 1105 and two PRACH regions 1 108a and 1 108b. In this example, the two PRACH regions 1 108a-b and SRS reservation signal occupy different RBs.

[00172] FIG. 12 illustrates another example of a UL transmission structure 1201 containing a multiplexed reservation signal. The UL transmission structure 1201 includes four PRACH regions 1208a-d. In this example, the subcarriers 12Q5a-n for the SRS reservation signal are interleaved with subcarriers for PRACH in one or more PRACH regions 1208a-d. The SRS reservation signal shares the one or more resource blocks with PRACH in one or more of the four PRACH regions 1208a-d, but at different subcarriers. In some implementations, the SRS reservation signal can be at odd subcarriers, while the PRACH subcarriers can be at even subcarriers. In some implementations, the subcarriers 1205a-n for the SRS reservation signal can be distributed among some or all of the PRACH regions 1208a-d.

[00173] FIG. 13 illustrates a flowchart of an example of a reservation signaling and configuration process. This process includes operations performed by a node such as an eNB or a gNB and by a user device such as a UE. At 1305, the node transmits, and the UE receives, configuration information for a reservation signal to indicate reservation of network resources by the UE. The configuration information can include one or more parameters that control orthogonality between the reservation signal and PRACH in an UpPTS.

[00174] The configuration information transmitted at 1305 can include a bandwidth configuration parameter, bandwidth parameter, transmission comb parameter, cyclic shift parameter, or a frequency domain position. In some implementations, configuration information includes a starting position for the reservation signal. In some implementations, the starting position of the reservation signal can indicate the starting RB position of reservation SRS. In some implementations, the starting position of reservation signal can be indicated by a value having a unit of four RBs to save overhead. Other quantities of RBs for the unit are possible. In some implementations, the starting position of reservation signal can be mapped at the highest subcarrier index, and then mapping in the decreasing order of subcarrier index.

[00175] At 1310, the HE transmits, and the node receives, the reservation signal in the UpPTS based on the configuration information. In some implementations, the reservation signal is frequency domain multiplexed with the PRACH. Such multiplexing can include using different RBs, different subcarriers, or both. In some implementations, the UE and/or the node uses a transceiver to transmit and receive signals. An occupied frequency bandwidth of the reservation signal can be predetermined or configured. In some implementations, the occupied frequency bandwidth of the reservation signal can be 2 MHz (which can be correspond to 12 RBs in some syste s) or greater in bandwidth.

[00176] A reservation signal can be based on a q-th root Zadoff-Chu sequence X_q(m). In some implementations, the reservation SRS can be defined as:

where the Zadoff-Chu sequence has a prime length of N^c , and M represents a quantity of subcarriers associated with the reservation signal. The q-th root Zadoff-Chu sequence can be defined by

In some implementations, the q-value corresponding to the q-th Zadoff-Chu sequence can be configured by an eNB through high layer signaling. In some implementations, the q-value can be expressed as follows:

In some implementations, the q-value can range from 1 to 18. Here, the value of 18 is

571 1!

obtained by assuming the longest SRS length, e.g.,

31 2 j [00177] In some implementations, the reservation signal is transmitted when PRACH or SR is not scheduled. In some implementations, the node can schedule the reservation signal if a gap larger than 16 microseconds may exist between the end of the downlink burst and the start of the UL burst. Other time durations are possible. In some implementations, the PRACH and the reservation signal can be orthogonal to each other in the sequence domain. In some implementations, frequency hopping and group hopping are not performed for some PRACH and SRS sequences.

[00178] In some wireless systems, such as MF-Lite, the SRS can be used as the reservation signal. The SRS can be configured through high layer signaling. For example, an eNB can provide configuration information for the SRS. In some implementations, legacy SRS signaling can be used. In some implementations, the reservation signal, which can be referred to as an implicit trigger, is cell specific, and can be configured by the eNB through a system information block (SIB) such as SIBx.

[00179] SRS configuration information can include one or more of the following parameters: srs-BandwidthConfig, srs-Bandwidth , trcmsmissionComb, cyclicShift, srs- HoppingBandwidth, dfreqDomainPosition. The srs-BandwidthConfig parameter can specify a bandwidth configuration for SRS. The srs-Bandwidth parameter can specify a bandwidth for SRS. The parameter freqDomainPosition can specify a frequency domain position. The transmissionComb parameter can indicate a number of comb subcarrier position candidates. In some implementations, the number of possible transmissionComb values is 2 or 4. The cyclicShift parameter can specify a cyclic shift. In some implementations, the number of possible cyclicShift values is 8 or 12. Other numbers are possible

[00180] In some implementations, the configuration includes one or more of the following; srs-BandwidthConfig: ENUMERATED {bwO, bwl , hw2, bw3, bw4, bw5, bw6, bw7); srs-Bandwidth : ENUMERATED {bwO, bwl, bw2, bw3); transmissionComb: INTEGER (0..1); cyclicShift: ENUMERATED (csO, csl, cs2, cs3, cs4, cs5, cs6, cs7) ; srs-HoppingBandwidth: ENUMERATED (hbwO, hbwl, hbw2, hbw3}, and freqDomainPosition: INTEGER (0..23).

[00181] In some implementations, the configuration includes one or more of the following: srs-BandwidihConfig: ENUMERATED (bwO, bwl, bw2, bw3, bw4, bw5, bw6, bw7}; srs-Bandwidth: ENUMERATED (bwO, bwl, bw2, bw3); transmissionComb: INTEGER (0, 1,2,3); cyclicShift: ENUMERATED (csO, csl, cs2, cs3, cs4, cs5, cs6, cs7,cs8, cs9, cslO, csl l }; srs-HoppmgBcmdwidtk. ENUMERATED {hbwO, hbwl, hbw2, hbw3 }; md freqDomainPosition INTEGER (0..23).

[00182] In some implementations, frequency hopping can be disabled by default, which means the parameter srs-HoppingBatidwidth is not needed. In some implementations, legacy signaling is used, and srs-HoppingBandwidth is set so that hopping is disabled.

[00183] In some implementations, the starting position of a reservation signal can be configured by eNB through high layer signaling via a StartfreqDomainPosition parameter. In some implementations, the starting position of the reservati on signal can be a value between 0 and 95. In some implementations, the starting position of the reservation signal can be configured in 4RB~units (units of four RBs), and the value can be between 0 and 23.

[00184] In some implementations, the reservation signal can be pre-defmed in one or more aspects including one or more of the following parameters: the starting RB position; the subcarrier position, e.g. the first one of ever y four subcam er, or the second third or the fourth of every four subcarrier; the sequence length; the cyclic shift; or the root index. In some implementations, the pre-defmed value of the starting RB position can range from 0 to 95 In some implementations, the pre-defmed value of the starting RB position can range from 0 to 24. In some implementations, the pre-defmed value of the subcarrier position can be selected from a set of values { 1, 2, 3, 4} .

[00185] In some implementations, the pre-defmed value of sequence length can be NRB* 12/NCOMB where the value of NRB can be 24, 20, 16, or 12 and the value of NCOMB can be 2 or 4. In some implementations, the pre-defined value of cyclic shift can be selected from a set of values (csO, csl, cs2, cs3, cs4, cs5, cs6, cs7, cs8, cs9, cslO, csl l ] . In some implementations, the pre-defined value of root index can be selected from a set of values ( 1, 2, 3, ... 18). In some implementations, one PRACH configuration out of 64 sets can be reserved for a reservation signal.

[00186] In some implementations, the reservation signal may use one or more configurations that are not used for the PRACH. As an example for PRACH in MF~ Lite, the valid configurations that can be formed through four PRACH regions are used, see, e.g., TABLE 1.

TABLE 1

[00187] For the reservation signal, in some implementations, all other configurations that satisfy the occupied channel bandwidt (OCB) requirements are used: for instance those configuration obtained by setting the BW to 16 and 20 PRBs or those obtained by configuring 2 regions can be used.

[00188] As another example, the PRACH in MF-Lite can use the valid (that satisfy the OCB requirements) configurations formed by configuring four regions, while the reservation signal uses those valid configurations that are obtained by configuring two regions. In some implementations, the PRACH configuration can have more than 64 sets, while the valid RACK configuration ranges from 0 to Nprack-2, where Npraeh is the number of total NPRACH candidates. For example, if Nprach is equal to 64, the #63 is utilized as the reservation signal, and #0 through #62 are used for PRACH signal.

[00189] In some implementations, if the UE knows the RACK configuration, the HE can decide by itself to transmit SRS as the reservation which is orthogonal to the PRACH in either frequency or sequence domain. In some implementations, the reservation signal configuration is cell specific. In some implementations, the reservation signal configuration is UE specific.

[00190] A wireless communication system, such as MF-Lite, can provide a method for the parameter configuration and physical signaling of a reservation signal to avoid the interference between the reservation signal and PRACH signal . A UE, for example, can be configured to receive configuration information for a reservation signal to indicate reservation of network resources by a UE for MulteFire communications and to transmit the reservation signal in the UpPTS based on the configuration information. A node can be configured to transmit the configuration information and receive the reservation signal from the HE.

[00191] The configuration information can provide parameters that enable orthogonality between the reservation signal and PRACH in an UpPTS. Orthogonality between the reservation signal and the PRACH can be enabled by eNB through configuration. In some implementations, the SRS reservation signal can be frequency domain multiplexed with the PRACH through different RBs or different subcarriers. In some implementations, the PRACH and the reservation signal can be orthogonal to each other in the sequence domain. In some implementations, the reservation signal is frequency domain multiplexed with the PRACH using different subcarriers in a same resource block.

[00192] In some implementations, the starting position of the reservation signal can indicate the starting RB position of a reservation SRS. In some implementations, the starting position of reservation signal can be indicated by 4RB -units. In some implementations, the starting position of reservation signal can be mapped at the highest subcarrier index, and then mapping in the decreasing order of subcarrier index.

[00193] In some implementations, the reservation signal is transmitted when PRACH or SR is not scheduled. In some implementations, the eNB is configured to schedule the reservation signal if a gap larger than 16 microseconds may exist between the end of the DL burst and the start of the UL burst. In some implementations, the occupied frequency bandwidth of the reservation signal can be at least larger than 2 MHz, which can, in some implementations, correspond to 12 RBs. In some implementations, frequency hopping and group hopping are not performed in some configurations for the PRACH and SRS sequences. In some implementations, the reservation SRS can be defined based on a q-th root Zadoff-Chu sequence.

[00194] In some implementations, the SRS is used as the reservation signal, and it can be configured through high layer signaling. In some implementations, the reservation signal, also can be named as implicit trigger, is cell specific, and configured by the eNB through SIBx. In some implementations, the high layer signaling is based on legacy SRS signaling. In some implementations, the configuration includes one or more of the following parameters: srs-BandwidthConfig, srs-Bandwidth , trcmsmissionComh , cydicShift, srs-HoppingBandwidth, and freqDomainPosition. In some implementations, the reservation signal can utilize a SRS waveform configuration which allows for 4 comb, and 12 cyclic shifts.

[00195] In some implementations, frequency hopping can be disabled by default, and the srs-HoppingBandwidth parameter is not required. In some implementations, the legacy signaling is used, and srs-HoppingBandwidth is set so that hopping is disabled. In some implementations, the starting position of reservation signal can be configured by eNB through high layer signaling, through a StartfreqDomainPosition parameter having a value range from 0 to 95 based on a IRB-unit. In some implementations, the StartfreqDomainPosition parameter has a value range from 0 to 23 based on a 4RB- unit. In some implementations, the reservation signal can be pre-defmed, including one of the below parameters: the starting RB position, the subcarrier position, e.g , the first one of every four subcarriers, or the second third or the fourth of every four subcarrier, the sequence length, the cyclic shift, and the root index. Other subcarrier positioning schemes are possible.

[00196] A node can be configured to transmit to a UE configuration information for a reservation signal for the UE to indicate reservation of network resources for MulteFire communications; and to receive the reservation signal in the UpPTS based on the configuration information. In some implementations, the node can determine the configuration information. The configuration information can provide parameters that enable orthogonality between the reservation signal and a PR AC H in an UpPTS as described herein. Further, a node can be configured to receive an uplink signal in one or more uplink subframes that immediately follow the UpPTS In some implementations, the configuration information is predefined. In some implementations, the configuration information includes one or more of; a starting RB position; a subcarrier position, a sequence length, a cyclic shift, or a root index. In some implementations, the subcarrier position corresponds to a subcarrier position within each set of subcarrier over multiple sets of subcarriers. In some implementations, the subcarrier position corresponds to a subcarrier position within every four subcarriers. In some implementations, the starting RB position is 0 to 95 In some implementations, the starting RB position is 0 to 24. In some implementations, the subcarrier position is 1, 2, 3, or 4 In some implementations, the sequence length is NRB* 1 2/NCOMB, where the value of NRB can be 12, 16, 20, or 24 and the value of NCOMB can be 2 or 4. In some implementations, the cyclic shift is selected from a set comprising csO, csl, cs2, cs3, cs4, cs5, cs6, cs7, cs8, cs9, cslO, or csl l . In some implementations, the root index is a value from 1 to 18. In some implementations, one or more PRACH configurations of a set of PRACH configurations are designated for the reservation signal in some implementations, one PRACH configuration out of 64 sets of PRACH configuration is designated for the reservation signal. [00197] These and other techniques can he performed by an apparatus that is implemented in or employed by one or more types of network components, user devices, or both. In some implementations, one or more non-transitory computer- readable media comprising instructions to cause an electronic device, upon execution of the instructions by one or more processors of the electronic device, to perform one or more of the described techniques. An apparatus can include one or more processors and one or more computer-readable media comprising instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform one or more of the described techniques.

[00198] The methods described here may be implemented in software, hardware, or a combination thereof, in different implementations. In addition, the order of the blocks of the methods may be changed, and various elements may be added, reordered, combined, omitted, modified, and the like. Various modifications and changes may be made as would be obvious to a person skilled in the art having the benefit of this disclosure. The various implementations described here are meant to be illustrative and not limiting. Many variations, modifications, additions, and improvements are possible. Accordingly, plural instances may be provided for components described here as a single instance. Boundaries between various components, operations and data stores are somewhat arbitrary, and particular operations are illustrated in the context of specific illustrative configurations. Other allocations of functionality are envisioned and may fall within the scope of claims that follow. Finally, structures and functionality presented as discrete components in the example configurations may be implemented as a combined structure or component.

[00199] The methods described herein can be implemented in circuitry such as one or more of integrated circuit, logic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group) and/or memory (shared, dedicated, or group), an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable device (FPD) (e.g , a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic device (PLD), a complex PLD (CPLD), a high-capacity PLD (HCPLD), a structured ASIC, or a programmable SoC), digital signal processors (DSPs), or some combination thereof. In some implementations, the circuitry may execute one or more software or firmware programs to provide at least some of the described functionality. The term“circuitry_'” may also refer to a combination of one or more hardware elements (or a combination of circuits used in an electrical or electronic system) with the program code used to carry out the functionality of that program code. In these embodiments, the combination of hardware elements and program code may be referred to as a particular type of circuitry. Circuitry can also include radio circuitry such as a transmitter, receiver, or a transceiver.

[00200] A number of implementations have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made. Elements of one or more implementations may be combined, deleted, modified, or supplemented to form further implementations. As yet another example, the logic flows depicted in the figures do not require the particular order shown, or sequential order, to achieve desirable results. In addition, other steps may be provided, or steps may be eliminated, from the described flows, and other components may be added to, or removed from, the described systems. Accordingly, other implementations are within the scope of the following claims.

Claims

CLAIMS WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A method comprising:

receiving, by a user equipment (UE), configuration information for a reservation signal to indicate reservation of network resources by the UE, wherein the configuration information includes one or more parameters that control orthogonality between the reservation signal and a physical random access channel (PRACH) in an uplink pilot time slot (UpPTS); and

transmitting, by the UE, the reservation signal in the UpPTS based on the eonfigurati on informati on .

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the reservation signal is frequency domain multiplexed with the PRACH.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the reservation signal is frequency domain multiplexed with the PRACH using different resource blocks.

4. The method of claim 2, wherein the reservation signal is frequency domain multiplexed with the PRACH using different subcarriers in a same resource block.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein an occupied frequency bandwidth of the reservation signal is 2 MHz or more.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the reservation signal is a sounding reference signal (SRS).

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the configuration information comprises one or more of: a SRS bandwidth configuration parameter, a SRS bandwidth parameter, a transmission comb parameter, a cyclic shift parameter, a SRS hopping bandwidth parameter, or a frequency domain position.

8. The method of claim 1 , comprising:

transmitting, by the UE, an uplink signal in one or more uplink subframes that immediately follow the UpPTS

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the configuration information includes a starting position for the reservation signal.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the starting position is a starting resource block position.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the starting resource block position is indicated with a granularity of four resource blocks.

12. The method of claim 9, wherein the starting position is mapped to a highest subcarrier index.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the reservation signal is mapped in decreasing order of subcarrier index from the highest subcarrier index.

14. The method of claim 1, wherein the reservation signal is based on a q-th root Zadoff-Chu sequence.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the q-th root Zadoff-Chu sequence is

defined

and wherein the reservation signal is defined as

and wherein N^c represents a prime length of a Zadoff-Chu sequence associated with the reservation signal,

represents a quantity of subcarriers associated with the reservation signal

16. The method of claim 15, wherein the configuration information comprises an index that specifies the value of q.

17. The method of claim 1, wherein receiving the configuration information comprises receiving the configuration information from an evolved Node B (eNB) or a next generation Node B (gNB).

18. The method of claim 1, comprising:

transmitting, by the UE, the PRACH in the UpPTS, wherein the reservation signal is frequency domain multiplexed with the PRACH.

19. A device comprising:

circuitry to receive configuration information for a reservation signal to indicate reservation of network resources by the device, wherein the configuration information includes one or more parameters that control orthogonality between the reservation signal and a physical random access channel (PRACH) in an uplink pilot time slot (UpPTS); and

circuitry to transmit the reservation signal in the UpPTS based on the configuration information.

20. The device of claim 19, wherein the reservation signal is frequency domain multiplexed with the PRACH.

21. The device of claim 20, wherein the reservation signal is frequency domain multiplexed with the PRACH using different resource blocks.

22. The device of claim 20, wherein the reservation signal is frequency domain multiplexed with the PRACH using different subcarriers in a same resource block.

23. The device of claim 19, wherein an occupied frequency bandwidth of the reservation signal is 2 MHz or more.

24. The device of claim 19, wherein the reservation signal is a sounding reference signal (SRS).

25. The device of claim 24, wherein the configuration information comprises one or more of: a SRS bandwidth configuration parameter, a SRS bandwidth parameter, a transmission comb parameter, a cyclic shift parameter, a SRS hopping bandwidth parameter, or a frequency domain position.

26. The device of claim 19, comprising:

circuitry to transmit an uplink signal in one or more uplink subframes that immediately follow the UpPTS.

27. The device of claim 19, wherein the configuration information includes a starting position for the reservation signal.

28. The device of claim 27, wherein the starting position is a starting resource block position.

29. The device of claim 28, wherein the starting resource block position is indicated with a granularity of four resource blocks.

30. The device of claim 28, wherein the starting position is mapped to a highest subcarrier index.

31. The device of claim 30, wherein the reservation signal is mapped in decreasing order of subcarrier index from the highest subcarrier index.

32. The device of claim 19, wherein the reservation signal is based on a q-th root Zadoff-Chu sequence.

33. The device of claim 32, wherein the q-th root Zadoff-Chu sequence is defined

and wherein the reservation signal is defined as

represents a quantity of subcarriers associated with the reservation signal

34 The device of claim 32, wherein the configuration information comprises an index that specifies the value of q.

35. An apparatus comprising:

one or more processors; and

a memory storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform operations comprising:

determining configuration information for a reservation signal to indicate reservation of network resources by a user equipment (LIE), wherein the configuration information includes one or more parameters that control orthogonality between the reservation signal and a physical random access channel (PRACH) in an uplink pilot time slot (UpPTS);

transmitting the configuration information to the UE; and receiving, in the UpPTS, the reservation signal from the UE in accordance with the configuration information.

36. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein the reservation signal is frequency domain multiplexed with the PRACH, wherein the operations comprise receiving, in the UpPTS, a PRACH transmission

37. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein the reservation signal is a sounding reference signal (SRS), wherein the configuration information comprises one or more of: a SRS bandwidth configuration parameter, a SRS bandwidth parameter, a transmission comb parameter, a cyclic shift parameter, a SRS hopping bandwidth parameter, or a frequency domain position.