WO2020181082A1 - Methods for cell lysis and preparation of high molecular weight dna from modified cells - Google Patents

Methods for cell lysis and preparation of high molecular weight dna from modified cells Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2020181082A1
WO2020181082A1 PCT/US2020/021184 US2020021184W WO2020181082A1 WO 2020181082 A1 WO2020181082 A1 WO 2020181082A1 US 2020021184 W US2020021184 W US 2020021184W WO 2020181082 A1 WO2020181082 A1 WO 2020181082A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
dna
cells
lysis
methods
hydroxide
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2020/021184
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Mark Driscoll
Thomas Jarvie
Original Assignee
Shoreline Biome, Llc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US16/295,306 external-priority patent/US11149246B2/en
Application filed by Shoreline Biome, Llc filed Critical Shoreline Biome, Llc
Publication of WO2020181082A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020181082A1/en

Links

Classifications

    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12NMICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N1/00Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
    • C12N1/06Lysis of microorganisms

Definitions

  • PCR polymerase chain reactions
  • CRISPR Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
  • the disclosed methods combine heat, detergent and base in a single tube and can be completed in a few minutes.
  • the methods combine a normally incompatible detergent and base that facilitate post-lysis removal of detergent without extra steps, and the combination creates unexpected synergies lacking in sequential treatment protocols, that greatly reduces the number of steps and hands-on time, while yielding improved representation of gDNA, for example, from difficult to lyre bacteria in microbiome samples or for applications where large regions of cellular gDNA have been modified.
  • PCR amplicons are designed to probe DNA in the area of the intended modification, with the PCR designed to reveal an expected change in PCR product size, or contain a sequence that is modified after successful transformation, that differs in susceptibility to restriction enzymes. Based on the efficiency of the CRISPR system, numerous cell colonies will need to be screened to identify clones with the desired DNA modification. If the success rate is low for transformation (for example, 2-5% in induced pluripotent stem cells), hundreds of colonies may need to be screened to find cells with the modified genomic locus.
  • DNA extraction methods affect microbiome profiling results: Wagner Mackenzie B, Waite DW, Taylor MW. Evaluating variation in human gut microbiota profiles due to DNA extraction method and inter-subject differences. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2015;6:130. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00130). Most published or commercially available DNA preparation methods use one or more of these methods to lyse cells, usually in sequential steps that can take a significant amount of time, especially when handling many samples at once.
  • lysis methods are usually sufficient for applications where incomplete or partial lysis yields sufficient DNA for the protocol being performed, they often do not yield DNA from microbiome samples in proportion to the original community, and may fail to lyse certain microbes altogether.
  • a detergent-based lysis may disrupt a subset of cells with weak cell walls and strong cell membranes, but not open detergent-resistant microbes with strong cell walls, leading to under-representation or absence of DNA from detergent resistant cells in the resulting DNA preparation.
  • bead beating of microbes sufficient to lyse cells with strong cell membranes may shear or destroy DNA released early in the process from easily lysed cells.
  • lysozyme will not work in the presence of detergents or strong base. Certain detergents precipitate in the presence of strong base. Bead beating is difficult to combine with a heating process. While individual shortcomings may be overcome by running separate lysis protocols in series, this increases the complexity, time, and cost involved. Importantly, detergents such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) must be removed after lysis, because SDS interferes with downstream DNA manipulation. Additionally, certain microbes may be resistant to lysis protocols run sequentially, depending on protocol order.
  • SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate
  • certain microbes with tough peptidoglycan cell walls may have an outer envelope of lipid bi-layer that protects from an initial treatment with strong base or lysozyme. Only a simultaneous combination of multiple methods may be effective, or a long sequence of multiple steps, to yield DNA from all microbes in a sample.
  • the methods disclosed herein streamline lysis for applications and techniques where proportional lysis is desired or necessary, such as microbiome research, by combining multiple lysis methods into a simple, rapid protocol that yields a more representative DNA profile across a sample containing different cellular constituents, such as the microbiome.
  • the methods disclosed herein are also useful for preparing high molecular weight DNA which can be used in screening methods or other PCR-based applications that require PCR products in the kilobase range.
  • the methods combine a normally
  • incompatible detergent and base lysis allows for simplified removal of detergent after lysis, and importantly, yields improved quantities of genomic DNA (gDNA) from modified cells.
  • gDNA genomic DNA
  • a method and kit for preparing high molecular weight gDNA suitable for identifying the presence of medium or high molecular weight PCR amplicons utilizing the cell lysis methods provided herein. This process minimizes DNA damage, and yields gDNA that is sufficient for numerous PCR screenings.
  • the methods described herein result in high molecular weight DNA that enables screening for medium and high molecular weight PCR products, thereby allowing for the preparation of high-quality DNA for applications that include modifications to large regions of cellular gDNA, such as CRISPR applications.
  • Fig. la shows the white SDS precipitate in the potassium hydroxide
  • Fig. 2 depicts PCR barcoding results of 16S rRNA genes for 8 microbiome samples.
  • the 1500 base amplicon in each of the 8 lanes is tagged with a different DNA barcode.
  • Fig. 3 is a graph showing a comparison of average microbial abundances at phylum level in multiple samples lysed using sequential lysis steps of detergent and bead beating or the combined lysis method described herein. There is a higher abundance of the more difficult to lyse Firmicutes using the Shoreline Biome method.
  • Fig. 4 is a graph showing a comparison of average microbial abundances at genus level in multiple samples lysed using sequential lysis steps of detergent and bead beating or the combined lysis method described herein. This demonstrates that the phylum level abundances in Fig. 3 correspond to the appearance of an increased quantity and diversity of Firmicutes at the genus level.
  • Fig. 5 depicts PCR amplicons prepared from DNA purified from CRISPR- modified cells, compared to amplicons prepared using a high molecular weight control DNA.
  • Genomic DNA inside cells starts off as chromosomes that are millions of bases in size. Purification protocols will shear the DNA, and the more aggressive protocols tend to result in high levels of shearing of DNA into small pieces, such as a conventional rapid boiling preparation protocol. If shearing results in pieces of DNA that are smaller than the desired size of the PCR product, then no PCR product would be amplified. DNA having a size of about 1500 bases and larger is more easily sheared with rapid preparation methods. In general, gDNA needs to be about 5-10 times larger than the desired PCR product, otherwise the DNA will have a cut inside the amplicon target site. PCR products below about 200-300 bases are considered small. 300-1000 bases are typical PCR product sizes. From about 700 bases to 3000 bases or more is considered high molecular weight. High molecular weight gDNA is needed for applications that require a high molecular weight PCR product.
  • the terms“high molecular weight PCR amplicon” and“high molecular weight PCR product” are used interchangeably to mean a PCR amplification product having a size of about 700 bases to about 3000 bases or more.
  • “medium molecular weight PCR product” are used interchangeably to mean a PCR amplification product having a size of about 300 bases to about 700 bases.
  • the methods disclosed herein may further comprising the step of amplifying a
  • the PCR product from the DNA released from the biologic cells to determine the presence of the modification.
  • the PCR product has a size of from about 400 bases to about 3000 bases. In some embodiments, the PCR product has a size of from about 1400 bases to about 2500 bases.
  • the genomic DNA of the biological cells is modified from its naturally-occurring state.
  • the modification includes one or more changes to the sequence of the genomic DNA.
  • the genomic DNA of the biological cells is modified from its naturally-occurring state.
  • modification includes one or more epigenetic changes that are not due to changes in DNA sequence.
  • the modification is a CRISPR modification.
  • the modification is an agricultural modification of a plant cell.
  • the ionic detergent is selected from the group consisting of: sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), N-Lauroylsarcosine sodium salt, or sodium deoxycholate.
  • the concentration of the ionic detergent is from about 0.1% to about 10% by weight.
  • the ionic detergent is SDS at a concentration of about 1% by weight.
  • the ionic detergent is SDS at a concentration of about, 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5%, 5%, 5.5%, 6%, 6.5%, 7%, 7.5%, 8%, 8.5%, 9%, 9.5% or 10% by weight.
  • concentration of ionic detergent may be varied based on the type of cell being lysed and can be determined using methods known in the art. For example, 0.25% by weight SDS may be used cells that are easy to lyse, and 10% by weight SDS may be used for plant cells, which are typically difficult to lyse.
  • the base is selected from the group consisting of: potassium hydroxide (KOH), lithium hydroxide (LiOH), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), rubidium hydroxide (RbOH), cesium hydroxide (CsOH), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), strontium hydroxide (Sr(OH)2), and barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)2).
  • the concentration of the base is from about 0.05 molar to about 1 molar.
  • the base is potassium hydroxide (KOH) at a concentration of about 0.2 molar.
  • the detergent is combined with a base that precipitates the detergent at low temperature, but permits the detergent to dissolve at high temperature.
  • the ionic detergent is sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at a concentration of 1% by weight and the base is and aqueous solution containing potassium hydroxide (KOH) at a concentration of 0.2 molar.
  • the heating is conducted at a temperature range of from about 50°C to about 100°C, causing the precipitate to dissolve.
  • the heating is conducted at a temperature of about 65°C. In some embodiments, the heating is conducted at a temperature of about 95°C. In some embodiments, the heating is conducted for at least 1 minute. In some embodiments, the heating is conducted at about 95°C for about 5 minutes. In other embodiments, a temperature in the range of from about 50°C to about 94°C may be used to heat for durations greater than 5 minutes, and a temperature in the range of from about 95°C to about 100°C may be used to heat for durations shorter than 5 minutes.
  • the cooling is conducted at a temperature in the range of from about 4°C to about 40°C. In some embodiments, the cooling is conducted at a temperature of about 20°C to about 25°C. In some embodiments, the cooling is conducted for at least 30 seconds.
  • the separating is conducted by a method selected from the group consisting of: centrifugation, filtration, gravity settling.
  • the biologic cells originate from a sample selected from the group consisting of: feces, cell lysate, tissue, blood, tumor, tongue, tooth, buccal swab, phlegm, mucous, wound swab, skin swab, vaginal swab, or any other biological material or biological fluid originally obtained from a human, animal, plant, or environmental sample, including raw samples, complex samples, mixtures, and microbiome samples.
  • the biologic cells originate from an organism selected from the group consisting of: multicellular organisms, unicellular organisms, plants, prokaryotes, eukaryotes, microbes, bacteria, archaea, protozoa, algae and fungi.
  • DNA located inside cells can be released by lysing the cells.
  • cells in the target microbiome are lysed, after which the resulting DNA in this description can either be sequenced directly (‘shotgun’ sequencing), or used as template in PCR amplification targeting a genetic region such as the 16S rRNA gene, present in all bacteria and archaea.
  • the 16S gene is used as an example herein because it can be used as a‘fingerprint’ identification method for microbes, requiring ⁇ 1000x less sequencing than the shotgun method.
  • Microbes can be identified using their 16S rRNA gene sequence, which varies slightly in most, if not all, bacteria and archaea.
  • the variation in 16S gene sequence means that individual species of bacteria and archaea have characteristic DNA variations (‘fingerprints’) in the 16S rRNA gene that serve as identifiers for those species or strains. Kits, protocols and software enable comprehensive fingerprinting of the microbes in a sample, and permits simultaneous 16S rRNA fingerprinting of many samples at once, at high resolution, using the full length 16S rRNA gene (see, for example, U.S. Patent Application No. 15/372,588 titled“Methods for DNA Preparation for Multiplex High Throughput Targeted Screening” by Mark Driscoll and Thomas Jarvie, that is
  • Known microbes can be identified after sequencing by mapping the DNA sequence of the 16S gene to a database of known reads. Unknown microbes will contain 16S DNA sequences that are different from any of the microbes in the database, but can be tracked using their unique 16S sequence.
  • the number of reads obtained for each microbe in a sample can reveal the relative abundances of each microbe in a sample. The relative abundance of specific microbes can be an important indicator of the state of each individual microbiome. Lysis techniques that change relative abundances of microbes, or leave out DNA from certain microbes altogether, can lead to sequencing results that incorrectly characterize the state of the microbiomes being studied. The methods described herein can be used to achieve the correct relative abundances of microbes from a sample.
  • the lysis process can be used for‘shotgun’ microbiome sequencing as well, where the DNA is subjected to sequencing after lysis without 16S rRNA gene amplification.
  • the shotgun method is used when investigators want to read all DNA sequences in a sample, not just the 16S gene from bacteria and archaea. For example, high depth shotgun
  • microbiome DNA sequencing may reveal the full DNA genomic sequence from unknown bacteria/archaea, as well as fungi, or multicellular eukaryotes, viral DNA, or any other DNA containing organisms. Since a full bacterial genome can be millions of bases long
  • fungal genomes can be more than a hundred million bases, and eukaryotic genomes can be billions of bases long, a shotgun
  • microbiome profile can require thousands of times more sequencing than a 16S rRNA gene microbiome profile, with correspondingly greater time and costs.
  • 16S profiling method is discussed in this example, the lysis protocol described herein provides the same advantages to both shotgun and 16S rRNA microbiome sequencing approaches.
  • Step 1 A microbiome sample was dispersed into an aqueous solution containing 2% by weight of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS).
  • SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate
  • Step 2 0.4M KOH was added and SDS detergent precipitated as white flocculent.
  • the detergent 1% SDS
  • the base 0.2M KOH
  • Step 3 The tube was capped and heated (temperature can range from about
  • SDS dissolves at temperatures above 50°C. Heat and KOH attack the peptidogycan cell wall, and SDS solubilizes membranes that protect microorganisms from the damaging effects of the KOH and heat. This combination of steps is synergistic, because sequential exposure to KOH, SDS, and heat, in contrast to the combined exposure described here, may not yield the same results because of the way that microbial cell walls and membranes are structured. Heat actually allows SDS to work in the presence of strong base, resulting in a unique simultaneous combination of three different lysis techniques.
  • Step 4. After heating, the sample was brought back to room temperature (e.g., below 40°C) to precipitate the SDS detergent.
  • Step 5 The sample was centrifuged briefly to pelletize the SDS detergent (no additions necessary, rapid removal of detergent).
  • Step 6 The supernatant was moved to tube containing 500mM Tris buffer or equivalent, pH 8.5. The released DNA is now ready for analysis by 16S rRNA PCR (as described below), or can be stored or purified further for other uses.
  • PCR amplification a method which assigns unique DNA barcodes to each sample.
  • An example PCR reaction for 8 different microbiomes is shown in Fig. 2 where human fecal samples 1-8 were lysed according to the protocol described above in Steps 1-6, or by a standard protocol with sequential
  • each sample was PCR amplified using primers to the 1500bp 16S rRNA gene, with a different DNA barcode for each sample.
  • Samples were pooled for DNA sequencing after PCR. Since the reads from each sample contained a unique identifying DNA barcode, they can be sorted by sample after sequencing. Reads output by the sequencer are sorted by sample using barcodes and mapped to a database to identify known microbes, unknown microbes, and their relative proportion in each sample. [0042] After sorting by barcode into sample of origin, identification by genus, and quantitation of the number of reads for each genus by software analysis of the reads, the reads for each microbiome were compared.
  • Fig. 3 the quantity of each microbe in a microbiome is included in a 100% stacked bar plot for two samples. This method allows for simple, direct comparison of microbiomes. Other useful comparisons include phylum level differences, species or strain level differences, or other taxonomic levels.
  • Fig. 4 depicts average abundances at the genus level for the same samples shown in Fig. 3.
  • Fig. 4 is a higher-resolution view of the Firmicutes that are under-represented using the standard method using sequential lysis steps of detergent and bead beating.
  • the bar plot of genus level differences in abundance show that there are five Firmicutes genuses underrepresented using the standard sequential lysis method (Listeria, Blautia, Lachnospiracea Incertae Sedis, Butyrococcus, Ruminococcus) , and the relative
  • This Example describes an application of the disclosed lysis process for extracting high molecular weight gDNA from inside cells for use in PCR reactions to identify cells that have been successfully CRISPR modified.
  • This Example utilizes: (a) Lysis Solution 1- 1% by weight SDS; (b) 70% ethanol; (c) 0.4M NaOH; and (d)
  • Step 1 At least one or two cells colonies were selected for purification.
  • the cell colonies are preferably whole well.
  • Step 2 The cell colonies were aspirated from the bottom of the plate with 100 pL of culture media.
  • Step 3 Once all cell samples were collected, the cells were pelleted in a minifuge for approximately two minutes. In an embodiment, the cells may be centrifuged for 2 minutes at a rate of 1500 RCF, to pellet the cells in the bottom of the tube.
  • Step 4 Culture media was aspirated, avoiding cell pellets in the bottom of the tube, and discarded.
  • Step 5 50 pL of Lysis Solution 1 was added to each tube containing a cell pellet.
  • Step 6 The cell pellet was then re-suspended in Lysis Solution 1 by pipetting gently up and down until the pellet dispersed.
  • Step 7 50 pL of 0.4M NaOH was added to each tube Lysis Solution 1/sample mix, forming a precipitate.
  • Step 8 Samples were capped tightly, the PCR machine was set for proper tube height, and the lid was closed and locked.
  • Step 9 Samples were heated to 95°C for 5 minutes, causing the precipitate to dissolve.
  • a range of 50°C-94°C may be used durations greater than 5 minutes, and 95°C-100°C may be used durations shorter than 5 minutes.
  • Step 10 After incubation, samples were allowed to cool to room temperature before unlocking the PCR lid, with failure to cool properly resulting in lids popping off the tubes.
  • Step 11 While cooling the samples, the Purification Buffer tube was vortexed for 15 seconds on max speed, to re-suspend any brown magnetic beads that may have settled.
  • Step 12 100 pL of Purification Buffer was added to the lysate tube, and pipetted up and down to gently mix. [0058] Step 13. The solution was incubated for 3 minutes at 50°C to allow DNA to bind to beads.
  • Step 14 The solution was placed on a magnetic rack to pellet the beads with bound DNA to the side of the tubes. In an embodiment, this may be done for about 60 seconds.
  • Step 15 Once all beads were pelleted, all supernatant was slowly removed and discarded, with great care taken to avoid aspirating beads.
  • Step 16 Tubes were removed from the magnetic rack, and 100 pL of 70% ethanol was added, at room temperature, to each tube. The beads were then re-suspended by pipetting gently up and down.
  • Step 17 The tubes were returned to the magnetic rack and beads were allowed to pellet, for approximately 30 seconds.
  • Step 18 Residual ethanol was pipetted off the tubes, and they were allowed to air dry for approximately 2-3 minutes. It should be noted that over-drying beads would cause eluting DNA to become more difficult, so the bead pellets must be observed to ensure that the ethanol is mostly gone, while at the same time the bead pellets should not begin to shrink or crack. 2-3 minutes were observed as the ideal amount of drying time, but other times are contemplated and may be necessary, depending on environmental conditions.
  • Step 19 The tubes were removed from the magnetic rack.
  • Step 20 15 pL of lx TE buffer was added to the tubes, being briefly pipetted up and down to re-suspend the beads. This resulted in a solution that is brown in color, to reflect beads that are mixed homogeneously throughout.
  • Step 21 The solution was incubated for 2 minutes at room temperature.
  • Step 22 The tubes were placed on the magnetic rack for 30-60 seconds, to pellet the magnetic beads.
  • Step 23 Supernatant containing eluted DNA was transferred into clean, labeled microcentrifuge tubes on ice, thereby avoiding pelleted beads.
  • Step 24 Tubes were removed from the magnetic rack and 10 pL lx TE buffer was added to the tubes, being briefly pipetted up and down to re-suspend the beads. This resulted in a solution brown in color to reflect the beads mixed homogenously throughout.
  • Step 25 The solution was incubated for 2 minutes at room temperature.
  • Step 26 The tubes were placed a magnetic rack for 30-60 seconds to pellet magnetic beads.
  • Step 27 Supernatant was combined with previously eluted DNA, avoiding pelleted beads.
  • Step 28. 5-10 pL was used to purify DNA in a PCR reaction as shown in
  • Fig. 5 depicts PCR amplicons prepared from DNA purified from large molecular weight cells as described in this Example. As illustrated, the DNA quality is sufficient for long PCR amplicons.
  • the left side of Fig. 5 illustrates PCR amplicons prepared from DNA that is purified from cells with the rapid lysis method described in this Example.
  • the right side illustrates to amplicons prepared using a high molecular weight control DNA. Four amplicons were tested, ranging in size from 450 base pairs to 2500 base pairs

Landscapes

  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biotechnology (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Virology (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Tropical Medicine & Parasitology (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Mycology (AREA)
  • Measuring Or Testing Involving Enzymes Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)

Abstract

Disclosed are methods for lysis of cells that combine three lysis steps -- (1) heat, (2) detergent and (3) base -- into a single step and that can be completed in a short period of time, e.g., a few minutes. The methods combine a normally incompatible detergent and base lysis, allow for simplified removal of detergent after lysis, and importantly, limits damage to DNA, such as shearing, that typically results from separate application of conventional lysis methods, yielding improved quality and quantities of genomic DNA (gDNA).

Description

Methods for Cell Lysis and Preparation of High Molecular Weight DNA from
Modified Cells
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. patent application number 16/295,306, filed March 7, 2019, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application number 15/854,157, filed December 26, 2017, which claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application number 62/440,171, filed December 29, 2016, the contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0002] Disclosed are methods for lysing cells to release or extract high molecular weight genomic DNA (gDNA) from inside of the cells. The disclosed methods can be used to prepare DNA for polymerase chain reactions (“PCR”) designed to screen cells for large inserts or deletions, for example, to identify cells that have been successfully modified with Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (“CRISPR”).
[0003] The disclosed methods combine heat, detergent and base in a single tube and can be completed in a few minutes. The methods combine a normally incompatible detergent and base that facilitate post-lysis removal of detergent without extra steps, and the combination creates unexpected synergies lacking in sequential treatment protocols, that greatly reduces the number of steps and hands-on time, while yielding improved representation of gDNA, for example, from difficult to lyre bacteria in microbiome samples or for applications where large regions of cellular gDNA have been modified.
BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0004] Many cell-based and DNA-based analytical methods require releasing DNA from inside the cell to facilitate analysis. Opening the cells to release the DNA is called Tysis.’ Improved methods for preparing high-quality high molecular weight DNA from cells are needed for PCR-based cell screening methods that identify cells having PCR amplicons longer than a few hundred bases. Conventional methods for cell lysis and rapid DNA preparation often results in shearing (degradation) of the DNA, rendering it useless for PCR amplicons longer than a few hundred bases. [0005] The CRISPR/CAS system is an example of an application where screening requires the identification of PCR amplicons in the kilobase range. This system provides molecular tools that are capable of precisely modifying gDNA inside living cells. Since these modifications are usually introduced without reporter genes, many dozens or hundreds of cell colonies must be screened for the presence or absence of the expected modification so DNA from each of the colonies must be prepared and subjected to PCR. Typically, PCR amplicons are designed to probe DNA in the area of the intended modification, with the PCR designed to reveal an expected change in PCR product size, or contain a sequence that is modified after successful transformation, that differs in susceptibility to restriction enzymes. Based on the efficiency of the CRISPR system, numerous cell colonies will need to be screened to identify clones with the desired DNA modification. If the success rate is low for transformation (for example, 2-5% in induced pluripotent stem cells), hundreds of colonies may need to be screened to find cells with the modified genomic locus.
[0006] Thus, in the case of CRISPR-modified cells, which have PCR amplicons in the range of thousands of bases, conventional rapid DNA methods are not readily applicable. While more gentle methods to produce high molecular weight DNA exist, such methods are more cumbersome and time consuming. Therefore, for CRISPR applications, the slow pace of gentle methods would result in keeping large numbers of unscreened cells alive in culture during DNA preparation and screening, which is both time consuming and costly.
[0007] Cell lysis methods are also important in microbiome research and applications. Methods used to investigate the microbiome using DNA sequencing techniques first require lysis of microbes so the DNA can be extracted. Most microbiomes are communities of bacteria, archaea and fungi that vary tremendously in their
susceptibility to lysis techniques. Differential susceptibility presents a significant problem to researchers, who want to ensure that the toughest (usually Gram-positive) and the easiest (usually Gram-negative) to lyse bacteria are represented in proportion to their population in the original sample. Unfortunately, most microbial lysis protocols work well for some microbes, but poorly for others. Additionally, rapid and simple alkaline lysis techniques used to recover plasmid DNA typically also remove the microbial genomic DNA, which is the target for microbiome screening (Alkaline Lysis opens cells but removes gDNA - Birnboim, HC. and Doly, ./., A rapid alkaline extraction procedure for screening recombinant plasmid DNA, Nucleic Acids Res. 7(6), 1979, 1513-1524; KOH lysis recovers bacterial genomic DNA- Raghunathan, Arumugham et al.“Genomic DNA Amplification from a Single Bacterium.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71.6 (2005): 3342-3347. PMC. Web. 29 Sept. 2016). There are multiple lysis techniques known in the art that attack cellular integrity based on different biochemical methods, including lysozyme (enzymatic attack on the peptidoglycan cell wall), strong base (chemical attack), detergent (solubilizes cell membranes), bead beating or shaking (mechanical disruption), and heat (Comparison of lysis techniques for microbiome- Sanqing Yuan, Dora B. Cohen, Jacques Ravel, ZaidAbdo, Larry J. Forney. Evaluation of Methods for the Extraction and Purification of DNA from the Human Microbiome. PLoS ONE 7(3): e 33865.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033865; DNA extraction methods affect microbiome profiling results: Wagner Mackenzie B, Waite DW, Taylor MW. Evaluating variation in human gut microbiota profiles due to DNA extraction method and inter-subject differences. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2015;6:130. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00130). Most published or commercially available DNA preparation methods use one or more of these methods to lyse cells, usually in sequential steps that can take a significant amount of time, especially when handling many samples at once. While individual lysis methods are usually sufficient for applications where incomplete or partial lysis yields sufficient DNA for the protocol being performed, they often do not yield DNA from microbiome samples in proportion to the original community, and may fail to lyse certain microbes altogether. For example, a detergent-based lysis may disrupt a subset of cells with weak cell walls and strong cell membranes, but not open detergent-resistant microbes with strong cell walls, leading to under-representation or absence of DNA from detergent resistant cells in the resulting DNA preparation. In another example, bead beating of microbes sufficient to lyse cells with strong cell membranes may shear or destroy DNA released early in the process from easily lysed cells. Additionally, the various methods of lysis tend to be incompatible with each other, and need to be performed sequentially if used in combination. For example, lysozyme will not work in the presence of detergents or strong base. Certain detergents precipitate in the presence of strong base. Bead beating is difficult to combine with a heating process. While individual shortcomings may be overcome by running separate lysis protocols in series, this increases the complexity, time, and cost involved. Importantly, detergents such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) must be removed after lysis, because SDS interferes with downstream DNA manipulation. Additionally, certain microbes may be resistant to lysis protocols run sequentially, depending on protocol order. For example, certain microbes with tough peptidoglycan cell walls may have an outer envelope of lipid bi-layer that protects from an initial treatment with strong base or lysozyme. Only a simultaneous combination of multiple methods may be effective, or a long sequence of multiple steps, to yield DNA from all microbes in a sample.
[0008] The methods disclosed herein streamline lysis for applications and techniques where proportional lysis is desired or necessary, such as microbiome research, by combining multiple lysis methods into a simple, rapid protocol that yields a more representative DNA profile across a sample containing different cellular constituents, such as the microbiome. The methods disclosed herein are also useful for preparing high molecular weight DNA which can be used in screening methods or other PCR-based applications that require PCR products in the kilobase range.
BRIEF SUMMARY
[0009] Disclosed are methods for lysis of modified cells, that combine three lysis steps— (1) heat, (2) detergent and (3) base— into a single step and that can be completed in a short period of time, e.g., a few minutes. The methods combine a normally
incompatible detergent and base lysis, allows for simplified removal of detergent after lysis, and importantly, yields improved quantities of genomic DNA (gDNA) from modified cells. Further disclosed herein is a method and kit for preparing high molecular weight gDNA suitable for identifying the presence of medium or high molecular weight PCR amplicons, utilizing the cell lysis methods provided herein. This process minimizes DNA damage, and yields gDNA that is sufficient for numerous PCR screenings. Thus, in contrast to other methods of preparing DNA, such as rapid preparation methods that shear the DNA resulting in only small PCR products, the methods described herein result in high molecular weight DNA that enables screening for medium and high molecular weight PCR products, thereby allowing for the preparation of high-quality DNA for applications that include modifications to large regions of cellular gDNA, such as CRISPR applications.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0010] Fig. la shows the white SDS precipitate in the potassium hydroxide
(KOH+SDS) tube (left), at room temperature. The tube at right shows 1% SDS in the absence of KOH as a clear solution. [0011] Fig. lb shows the shows the white SDS precipitate in the potassium hydroxide
(KOH+SDS) tube (right), at room temperature. The tube at left shows 1% SDS in the presence of NaOH as a clear solution, demonstrating that NaOH does not precipitate SDS.
[0012] Fig. 2 depicts PCR barcoding results of 16S rRNA genes for 8 microbiome samples. The 1500 base amplicon in each of the 8 lanes is tagged with a different DNA barcode.
[0013] Fig. 3 is a graph showing a comparison of average microbial abundances at phylum level in multiple samples lysed using sequential lysis steps of detergent and bead beating or the combined lysis method described herein. There is a higher abundance of the more difficult to lyse Firmicutes using the Shoreline Biome method.
[0014] Fig. 4 is a graph showing a comparison of average microbial abundances at genus level in multiple samples lysed using sequential lysis steps of detergent and bead beating or the combined lysis method described herein. This demonstrates that the phylum level abundances in Fig. 3 correspond to the appearance of an increased quantity and diversity of Firmicutes at the genus level.
[0015] Fig. 5 depicts PCR amplicons prepared from DNA purified from CRISPR- modified cells, compared to amplicons prepared using a high molecular weight control DNA.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0016] The subject matter that is regarded as the invention is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the claims at the conclusion of the specification. The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
[0017] Disclosed herein are methods for lysing modified cells in a sample to release high molecular weight gDNA from the cells, suitable for PCR amplification of medium or high molecular weight PCR products, comprising: (a) mixing an aqueous solution containing modified biologic cells with (i) an ionic detergent and (ii) a base capable of precipitating the ionic detergent; (b) heating the aqueous solution to at least 50°C for a time effective to dissolve the ionic detergent; (c) cooling the aqueous solution to 40°C or less for a time effective to precipitate the ionic detergent; and (d) separating the precipitate from the aqueous solution, wherein DNA released from the biologic cells is present in the aqueous solution after separation of the precipitate.
[0018] Genomic DNA inside cells starts off as chromosomes that are millions of bases in size. Purification protocols will shear the DNA, and the more aggressive protocols tend to result in high levels of shearing of DNA into small pieces, such as a conventional rapid boiling preparation protocol. If shearing results in pieces of DNA that are smaller than the desired size of the PCR product, then no PCR product would be amplified. DNA having a size of about 1500 bases and larger is more easily sheared with rapid preparation methods. In general, gDNA needs to be about 5-10 times larger than the desired PCR product, otherwise the DNA will have a cut inside the amplicon target site. PCR products below about 200-300 bases are considered small. 300-1000 bases are typical PCR product sizes. From about 700 bases to 3000 bases or more is considered high molecular weight. High molecular weight gDNA is needed for applications that require a high molecular weight PCR product.
[0019] As used herein, the terms“high molecular weight PCR amplicon” and“high molecular weight PCR product” are used interchangeably to mean a PCR amplification product having a size of about 700 bases to about 3000 bases or more.
[0020] As used herein, the terms“medium molecular weight PCR amplicon” and
“medium molecular weight PCR product” are used interchangeably to mean a PCR amplification product having a size of about 300 bases to about 700 bases.
[0021] The methods disclosed herein may further comprising the step of amplifying a
PCR product from the DNA released from the biologic cells to determine the presence of the modification. In some embodiments, the PCR product has a size of from about 400 bases to about 3000 bases. In some embodiments, the PCR product has a size of from about 1400 bases to about 2500 bases.
[0022] In some embodiments, the genomic DNA of the biological cells is modified from its naturally-occurring state. In some embodiments, the modification includes one or more changes to the sequence of the genomic DNA. In some embodiments, the
modification includes one or more epigenetic changes that are not due to changes in DNA sequence. In some embodiments, the modification is a CRISPR modification. In some embodiments, the modification is an agricultural modification of a plant cell. [0023] Simultaneous lysis of multiple samples utilizing the methods disclosed herein allows for highly parallel processing of dozens or even hundreds of samples in a few minutes. This is particularly important for CRISPR applications, where large numbers of cell colonies must be screened to identify those with desired genomic modifications.
[0024] In some embodiments, the ionic detergent is selected from the group consisting of: sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), N-Lauroylsarcosine sodium salt, or sodium deoxycholate. In some embodiments, the concentration of the ionic detergent is from about 0.1% to about 10% by weight. In some embodiments, the ionic detergent is SDS at a concentration of about 1% by weight. In other embodiments, the ionic detergent is SDS at a concentration of about, 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5%, 5%, 5.5%, 6%, 6.5%, 7%, 7.5%, 8%, 8.5%, 9%, 9.5% or 10% by weight. The
concentration of ionic detergent may be varied based on the type of cell being lysed and can be determined using methods known in the art. For example, 0.25% by weight SDS may be used cells that are easy to lyse, and 10% by weight SDS may be used for plant cells, which are typically difficult to lyse.
[0025] In some embodiments, the base is selected from the group consisting of: potassium hydroxide (KOH), lithium hydroxide (LiOH), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), rubidium hydroxide (RbOH), cesium hydroxide (CsOH), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), strontium hydroxide (Sr(OH)2), and barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)2). In some embodiments, the concentration of the base is from about 0.05 molar to about 1 molar. In some embodiments, the base is potassium hydroxide (KOH) at a concentration of about 0.2 molar. In some embodiments, the detergent is combined with a base that precipitates the detergent at low temperature, but permits the detergent to dissolve at high temperature.
[0026] In some embodiments, the ionic detergent is sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at a concentration of 1% by weight and the base is and aqueous solution containing potassium hydroxide (KOH) at a concentration of 0.2 molar.
[0027] In some embodiments, the heating is conducted at a temperature range of from about 50°C to about 100°C, causing the precipitate to dissolve. In some
embodiments, the heating is conducted at a temperature of about 65°C. In some embodiments, the heating is conducted at a temperature of about 95°C. In some embodiments, the heating is conducted for at least 1 minute. In some embodiments, the heating is conducted at about 95°C for about 5 minutes. In other embodiments, a temperature in the range of from about 50°C to about 94°C may be used to heat for durations greater than 5 minutes, and a temperature in the range of from about 95°C to about 100°C may be used to heat for durations shorter than 5 minutes.
[0028] In some embodiments, the cooling is conducted at a temperature in the range of from about 4°C to about 40°C. In some embodiments, the cooling is conducted at a temperature of about 20°C to about 25°C. In some embodiments, the cooling is conducted for at least 30 seconds.
[0029] In some embodiments, the separating is conducted by a method selected from the group consisting of: centrifugation, filtration, gravity settling.
[0030] In some embodiments, the biologic cells originate from a sample selected from the group consisting of: feces, cell lysate, tissue, blood, tumor, tongue, tooth, buccal swab, phlegm, mucous, wound swab, skin swab, vaginal swab, or any other biological material or biological fluid originally obtained from a human, animal, plant, or environmental sample, including raw samples, complex samples, mixtures, and microbiome samples.
[0031] In some embodiments, the biologic cells originate from an organism selected from the group consisting of: multicellular organisms, unicellular organisms, plants, prokaryotes, eukaryotes, microbes, bacteria, archaea, protozoa, algae and fungi.
EXAMPLE 1 : 16S rRNA GENE MICROBIOME SEQUENCING
[0032] DNA located inside cells, such as bacteria and archaea in a microbiome, can be released by lysing the cells. To investigate a microbiome, cells in the target microbiome are lysed, after which the resulting DNA in this description can either be sequenced directly (‘shotgun’ sequencing), or used as template in PCR amplification targeting a genetic region such as the 16S rRNA gene, present in all bacteria and archaea. The 16S gene is used as an example herein because it can be used as a‘fingerprint’ identification method for microbes, requiring ~1000x less sequencing than the shotgun method. Microbes can be identified using their 16S rRNA gene sequence, which varies slightly in most, if not all, bacteria and archaea. The variation in 16S gene sequence means that individual species of bacteria and archaea have characteristic DNA variations (‘fingerprints’) in the 16S rRNA gene that serve as identifiers for those species or strains. Kits, protocols and software enable comprehensive fingerprinting of the microbes in a sample, and permits simultaneous 16S rRNA fingerprinting of many samples at once, at high resolution, using the full length 16S rRNA gene (see, for example, U.S. Patent Application No. 15/372,588 titled“Methods for DNA Preparation for Multiplex High Throughput Targeted Screening” by Mark Driscoll and Thomas Jarvie, that is
incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). Known microbes can be identified after sequencing by mapping the DNA sequence of the 16S gene to a database of known reads. Unknown microbes will contain 16S DNA sequences that are different from any of the microbes in the database, but can be tracked using their unique 16S sequence. In addition, the number of reads obtained for each microbe in a sample can reveal the relative abundances of each microbe in a sample. The relative abundance of specific microbes can be an important indicator of the state of each individual microbiome. Lysis techniques that change relative abundances of microbes, or leave out DNA from certain microbes altogether, can lead to sequencing results that incorrectly characterize the state of the microbiomes being studied. The methods described herein can be used to achieve the correct relative abundances of microbes from a sample.
[0033] The lysis process can be used for‘shotgun’ microbiome sequencing as well, where the DNA is subjected to sequencing after lysis without 16S rRNA gene amplification. The shotgun method is used when investigators want to read all DNA sequences in a sample, not just the 16S gene from bacteria and archaea. For example, high depth shotgun
microbiome DNA sequencing may reveal the full DNA genomic sequence from unknown bacteria/archaea, as well as fungi, or multicellular eukaryotes, viral DNA, or any other DNA containing organisms. Since a full bacterial genome can be millions of bases long
(thousands of times larger than the 16S gene), fungal genomes can be more than a hundred million bases, and eukaryotic genomes can be billions of bases long, a shotgun
microbiome profile can require thousands of times more sequencing than a 16S rRNA gene microbiome profile, with correspondingly greater time and costs. Although only the 16S profiling method is discussed in this example, the lysis protocol described herein provides the same advantages to both shotgun and 16S rRNA microbiome sequencing approaches.
[0034] The following is an example of the disclosed methods for the 16S rRNA gene microbiome sequencing approach: [0035] Step 1. A microbiome sample was dispersed into an aqueous solution containing 2% by weight of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS).
[0036] Step 2. 0.4M KOH was added and SDS detergent precipitated as white flocculent. In this example, the detergent (1% SDS) is precipitated by the base (0.2M KOH).
[0037] Step 3. The tube was capped and heated (temperature can range from about
50°C to about 100°C). SDS dissolves at temperatures above 50°C. Heat and KOH attack the peptidogycan cell wall, and SDS solubilizes membranes that protect microorganisms from the damaging effects of the KOH and heat. This combination of steps is synergistic, because sequential exposure to KOH, SDS, and heat, in contrast to the combined exposure described here, may not yield the same results because of the way that microbial cell walls and membranes are structured. Heat actually allows SDS to work in the presence of strong base, resulting in a unique simultaneous combination of three different lysis techniques.
[0038] Step 4. After heating, the sample was brought back to room temperature (e.g., below 40°C) to precipitate the SDS detergent.
[0039] Step 5. The sample was centrifuged briefly to pelletize the SDS detergent (no additions necessary, rapid removal of detergent).
[0040] Step 6. The supernatant was moved to tube containing 500mM Tris buffer or equivalent, pH 8.5. The released DNA is now ready for analysis by 16S rRNA PCR (as described below), or can be stored or purified further for other uses.
[0041] Each DNA sample was subjected to PCR amplification a method which assigns unique DNA barcodes to each sample. An example PCR reaction for 8 different microbiomes is shown in Fig. 2 where human fecal samples 1-8 were lysed according to the protocol described above in Steps 1-6, or by a standard protocol with sequential
detergent/bead beating steps. Each sample was PCR amplified using primers to the 1500bp 16S rRNA gene, with a different DNA barcode for each sample. Samples were pooled for DNA sequencing after PCR. Since the reads from each sample contained a unique identifying DNA barcode, they can be sorted by sample after sequencing. Reads output by the sequencer are sorted by sample using barcodes and mapped to a database to identify known microbes, unknown microbes, and their relative proportion in each sample. [0042] After sorting by barcode into sample of origin, identification by genus, and quantitation of the number of reads for each genus by software analysis of the reads, the reads for each microbiome were compared. Depending on the experimental design, there are a number of ways the output could be compared. In Fig. 3, the quantity of each microbe in a microbiome is included in a 100% stacked bar plot for two samples. This method allows for simple, direct comparison of microbiomes. Other useful comparisons include phylum level differences, species or strain level differences, or other taxonomic levels.
[0043] For multiple samples, a standard method using sequential lysis steps of detergent and bead beating was compared to the combined lysis method described herein. As shown in Fig. 3, Gram-positive Firmicutes increased in abundance from -30% to over 60% of the microbiome. Firmicutes are Gram positive bacteria with strong cell walls that tend to be difficult to lyse. This demonstrates that the lysis method described herein is better at lysing microbes with strong cell walls. Easy to lyse Bacteriodetes and Verrucomicrobia phyla decreased proportionally, as would be expected when using a 100% stacked bar plot.
[0044] Fig. 4 depicts average abundances at the genus level for the same samples shown in Fig. 3. Fig. 4 is a higher-resolution view of the Firmicutes that are under-represented using the standard method using sequential lysis steps of detergent and bead beating. The bar plot of genus level differences in abundance show that there are five Firmicutes genuses underrepresented using the standard sequential lysis method (Listeria, Blautia, Lachnospiracea Incertae Sedis, Butyrococcus, Ruminococcus) , and the relative
representation of the Bacteroides and Akkermansia is artificially high using the standard method. This parallels the phylum level differences in Fig. 3, while showing that individual Firmicutes genus levels can be significantly under-represented using the standard method.
EXAMPLE 2: PREPARATION OF DNA FROM CRISPR-MODIFIED CELLS
[0045] This Example describes an application of the disclosed lysis process for extracting high molecular weight gDNA from inside cells for use in PCR reactions to identify cells that have been successfully CRISPR modified. This Example utilizes: (a) Lysis Solution 1- 1% by weight SDS; (b) 70% ethanol; (c) 0.4M NaOH; and (d)
Purification Buffer, using the following method: [0046] Step 1. At least one or two cells colonies were selected for purification. In an embodiment, the cell colonies are preferably whole well.
[0047] Step 2. The cell colonies were aspirated from the bottom of the plate with 100 pL of culture media.
[0048] Step 3. Once all cell samples were collected, the cells were pelleted in a minifuge for approximately two minutes. In an embodiment, the cells may be centrifuged for 2 minutes at a rate of 1500 RCF, to pellet the cells in the bottom of the tube.
[0049] Step 4. Culture media was aspirated, avoiding cell pellets in the bottom of the tube, and discarded.
[0050] Step 5. 50 pL of Lysis Solution 1 was added to each tube containing a cell pellet.
[0051] Step 6. The cell pellet was then re-suspended in Lysis Solution 1 by pipetting gently up and down until the pellet dispersed.
[0052] Step 7. 50 pL of 0.4M NaOH was added to each tube Lysis Solution 1/sample mix, forming a precipitate.
[0053] Step 8. Samples were capped tightly, the PCR machine was set for proper tube height, and the lid was closed and locked.
[0054] Step 9. Samples were heated to 95°C for 5 minutes, causing the precipitate to dissolve. In other embodiments, a range of 50°C-94°C may be used durations greater than 5 minutes, and 95°C-100°C may be used durations shorter than 5 minutes.
[0055] Step 10. After incubation, samples were allowed to cool to room temperature before unlocking the PCR lid, with failure to cool properly resulting in lids popping off the tubes.
[0056] Step 11. While cooling the samples, the Purification Buffer tube was vortexed for 15 seconds on max speed, to re-suspend any brown magnetic beads that may have settled.
[0057] Step 12. 100 pL of Purification Buffer was added to the lysate tube, and pipetted up and down to gently mix. [0058] Step 13. The solution was incubated for 3 minutes at 50°C to allow DNA to bind to beads.
[0059] Step 14. The solution was placed on a magnetic rack to pellet the beads with bound DNA to the side of the tubes. In an embodiment, this may be done for about 60 seconds.
[0060] Step 15. Once all beads were pelleted, all supernatant was slowly removed and discarded, with great care taken to avoid aspirating beads.
[0061] Step 16. Tubes were removed from the magnetic rack, and 100 pL of 70% ethanol was added, at room temperature, to each tube. The beads were then re-suspended by pipetting gently up and down.
[0062] Step 17. The tubes were returned to the magnetic rack and beads were allowed to pellet, for approximately 30 seconds.
[0063] Step 18. Residual ethanol was pipetted off the tubes, and they were allowed to air dry for approximately 2-3 minutes. It should be noted that over-drying beads would cause eluting DNA to become more difficult, so the bead pellets must be observed to ensure that the ethanol is mostly gone, while at the same time the bead pellets should not begin to shrink or crack. 2-3 minutes were observed as the ideal amount of drying time, but other times are contemplated and may be necessary, depending on environmental conditions.
[0064] Step 19. The tubes were removed from the magnetic rack.
[0065] Step 20. 15 pL of lx TE buffer was added to the tubes, being briefly pipetted up and down to re-suspend the beads. This resulted in a solution that is brown in color, to reflect beads that are mixed homogeneously throughout.
[0066] Step 21. The solution was incubated for 2 minutes at room temperature.
[0067] Step 22. The tubes were placed on the magnetic rack for 30-60 seconds, to pellet the magnetic beads.
[0068] Step 23. Supernatant containing eluted DNA was transferred into clean, labeled microcentrifuge tubes on ice, thereby avoiding pelleted beads. [0069] Step 24. Tubes were removed from the magnetic rack and 10 pL lx TE buffer was added to the tubes, being briefly pipetted up and down to re-suspend the beads. This resulted in a solution brown in color to reflect the beads mixed homogenously throughout.
[0070] Step 25. The solution was incubated for 2 minutes at room temperature.
[0071] Step 26. The tubes were placed a magnetic rack for 30-60 seconds to pellet magnetic beads.
[0072] Step 27. Supernatant was combined with previously eluted DNA, avoiding pelleted beads.
[0073] Step 28. 5-10 pL was used to purify DNA in a PCR reaction as shown in
Figure 5.
[0074] Fig. 5 depicts PCR amplicons prepared from DNA purified from large molecular weight cells as described in this Example. As illustrated, the DNA quality is sufficient for long PCR amplicons. The left side of Fig. 5 illustrates PCR amplicons prepared from DNA that is purified from cells with the rapid lysis method described in this Example. The right side illustrates to amplicons prepared using a high molecular weight control DNA. Four amplicons were tested, ranging in size from 450 base pairs to 2500 base pairs
(representing high molecular weight PCR amplicons and medium molecular weight amplicons), indicated by the sizes on the right side of the Figure. Reference DNA marker “M” is shown on the left side of each panel. This PCR result illustrates that the DNA quality was sufficient for production of the expected amplicons in each case.
[0075] One or more embodiments of the present invention have been described.
Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.

Claims

CLAIMS What is claimed is:
1. A method for lysing modified biologic cells in a sample to release DNA from the cells, wherein the biologic cells contain one or more modifications, comprising the sequential steps of: a. mixing an aqueous solution containing modified biologic cells with (i) an ionic detergent, and (ii) a base effective to facilitate precipitation of the ionic detergent; b. heating the aqueous solution to at least 50°C for a time effective for the ionic detergent to dissolve; c. cooling the aqueous solution to 40°C or less for a time effective to precipitate the ionic detergent; and d. separating the precipitate from the aqueous solution, wherein DNA released from the biologic cells is present in the aqueous solution following separation of the precipitate.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of amplifying a PCR product from the DNA released from the biologic cells to determine the presence of the modification.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the PCR product has a size of from about 400 bases to about 3000 bases.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the PCR product has a size of from about 1400 bases to about 2500 bases.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the genomic DNA of the modified biologic cells contains one or more modifications.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the modification is selected from the group consisting of: a change in the sequence of the genomic DNA, an epigenetic change of the genomic DNA, or both.
7. The method of claim 5, where in the modification comprises a CRISPR modification.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the ionic detergent is selected from the group
consisting of: sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), N-Lauroylsarcosine sodium salt, and sodium deoxycholate.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the concentration of the ionic detergent is from about 0.1% by weight to about 10% by weight.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the ionic detergent is sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at a concentration of about 1% by weight.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the base is selected from the group consisting of: potassium hydroxide (KOH), lithium hydroxide (LiOH), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), rubidium hydroxide (RbOH), cesium hydroxide (CsOH), calcium hydroxide
(Ca(OH)2), strontium hydroxide (Sr(OH)2), and barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)2).
12. The method of claim 11, wherein the concentration of the base is from about 0.05 molar to about 1 molar.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein the base is potassium hydroxide (KOH) at a
concentration of about 0.2 molar.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein the ionic detergent is sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at a concentration of 1% by weight and the base is potassium hydroxide (KOH) at a concentration of 0.2 molar.
15. The method of claim 1, wherein the heating is conducted at a temperature range of from about 50°C to about 100°C.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein the heating is conducted at a temperature of about 95°C.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the heating is conducted for about 5 minutes.
18. The method of claim 1, wherein the cooling is conducted at a temperature range of from about 4°C to about 40°C.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein the cooling is conducted at a temperature of about 20°C to about 25 °C.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein the cooling is conducted for at least 0.25
minutes.
21. The method of claim 1, wherein the separating is conducted by a method selected from the group consisting of: centrifugation, filtration and gravity settling.
22. The method of claim 1, wherein the biologic cells originate from a sample selected from the group consisting of: feces, cell lysate, tissue, blood, tumor, tongue, tooth, buccal swab, phlegm, mucous, wound swab, skin swab, vaginal swab, or any other biological material or biological fluid originally obtained from a human, animal, plant, or environmental sample, including raw samples, complex samples, mixtures, and microbiome samples.
23. The method of claim 1, wherein the biologic cells originate from an organism
selected from the group consisting of: multicellular organisms, unicellular organisms, prokaryotes, eukaryotes, microbes, bacteria, archaea, protozoa, algae, fungi and viruses.
PCT/US2020/021184 2019-03-07 2020-03-05 Methods for cell lysis and preparation of high molecular weight dna from modified cells WO2020181082A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US16/295,306 2019-03-07
US16/295,306 US11149246B2 (en) 2016-12-29 2019-03-07 Methods for cell lysis and preparation of high molecular weight DNA from modified cells

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2020181082A1 true WO2020181082A1 (en) 2020-09-10

Family

ID=72338751

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US2020/021184 WO2020181082A1 (en) 2019-03-07 2020-03-05 Methods for cell lysis and preparation of high molecular weight dna from modified cells

Country Status (1)

Country Link
WO (1) WO2020181082A1 (en)

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2018125865A1 (en) * 2016-12-29 2018-07-05 Shoreline Biome, Llc Combined lysis protocol for comprehensive cell lysis
US20190203168A1 (en) * 2016-12-29 2019-07-04 Shoreline Biome, Llc Methods for Cell Lysis and Preparation of High Molecular Weight DNA from Modified Cells

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2018125865A1 (en) * 2016-12-29 2018-07-05 Shoreline Biome, Llc Combined lysis protocol for comprehensive cell lysis
US20190203168A1 (en) * 2016-12-29 2019-07-04 Shoreline Biome, Llc Methods for Cell Lysis and Preparation of High Molecular Weight DNA from Modified Cells

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
ANTONOVA, EKATERINA AND OLGA GLAZOVA; ANNA GAPONOVA; AYKAZ EREMYAN; SVETLANA ZVEREVA; NATALYA GREBENKINA; NATALYA VOLKOVA; PAVEL V: "Successful CRISPR/Cas9 Mediated Homologous Recombination in a Chicken Cell Line . F1000Research", vol. 7, no. 238, 28 February 2018 (2018-02-28), pages 1 - 20, XP055724976, DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.13457.1 *

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US20210032618A1 (en) Combined lysis protocol for comprehensive cell lysis
JP5112064B2 (en) Kits and methods for removing contaminants from nucleic acids in environmental and biological samples
EP3351642B1 (en) Method for detecting and characterising a microorganism
US20230183673A1 (en) Method for nucleic acid depletion
Amita et al. Qualitative evaluation of mycobacterial DNA extraction protocols for polymerase chain reaction
US11149246B2 (en) Methods for cell lysis and preparation of high molecular weight DNA from modified cells
US11987837B2 (en) Nucleic acid sequence enrichment by defined nucleic acid-directed endonuclease digestion
CN109584956B (en) Method for identifying microbial community by using IIB type restriction enzyme
WO2020181082A1 (en) Methods for cell lysis and preparation of high molecular weight dna from modified cells
US20090142798A1 (en) Method of selectively lysing non-viable cells in cell population in sample
CN114591945B (en) DNA virus nucleic acid extraction detection reagent, kit, method and application thereof
US20210040537A1 (en) Selective enrichment
TWI658048B (en) Specific primers for detection of photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida and the method of use thereof
CN101748175A (en) Method for simply extracting bacteria DNA from food samples
JP4083860B2 (en) Use of alcohol-salt buffer wash for efficient recovery of mycobacteria and mycobacterial DNA from respiratory sediments
CN117947194A (en) Indiana salmonella molecular detection method and kit
CN117947195A (en) One-step CRISPR/Cas12b detection kit and method for detecting salmonella
US20190024076A1 (en) Semi-dry bead beating method for microbial lysis and device for performing same
TWI443194B (en) PCR primers for the detection of mushroom DNA in food
CN117821630A (en) Nucleic acid detection kit and method for detecting salmonella enteritidis
CN117106861A (en) Rapid detection method and kit for helicobacter pylori
Greenwood Late Pleistocene DNA extraction and analysis
Booysen Molecular methods for the detection of food-borne pathogens an overview
WO2016153355A2 (en) Novel isolation and amplification process control
GB2469266A (en) Device for the isolation of nucleic acids in a sealed environment

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application

Ref document number: 20765813

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: DE

122 Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase

Ref document number: 20765813

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1