WO2020177216A1 - 一种新型缩短极化码方法和通信方法及系统 - Google Patents

一种新型缩短极化码方法和通信方法及系统 Download PDF

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WO2020177216A1
WO2020177216A1 PCT/CN2019/086828 CN2019086828W WO2020177216A1 WO 2020177216 A1 WO2020177216 A1 WO 2020177216A1 CN 2019086828 W CN2019086828 W CN 2019086828W WO 2020177216 A1 WO2020177216 A1 WO 2020177216A1
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shortening
bits
code
channel
polarization
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French (fr)
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朱洪飞
赵玉萍
李斗
禹宏康
管鹏鑫
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北京大学
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/004Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
    • H04L1/0056Systems characterized by the type of code used
    • H04L1/0057Block codes
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H03ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03MCODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
    • H03M13/00Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes
    • H03M13/03Error detection or forward error correction by redundancy in data representation, i.e. code words containing more digits than the source words
    • H03M13/05Error detection or forward error correction by redundancy in data representation, i.e. code words containing more digits than the source words using block codes, i.e. a predetermined number of check bits joined to a predetermined number of information bits
    • H03M13/13Linear codes
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/004Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
    • H04L1/0045Arrangements at the receiver end
    • H04L1/0054Maximum-likelihood or sequential decoding, e.g. Viterbi, Fano, ZJ algorithms

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  • the present invention belongs to the field of communication technology, and specifically relates to a novel shortened polarization code method and communication method and system.
  • Polarization codes were proposed by Arikan in 2009 (Arikan E. Channel Polarization: A Method for Constructing Capacity-Achieving Codes for Symmetric Binary-Input Memoryless Channels[J]. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 2009, 55(7): 3051 3073.) (Document 1), it is the first theoretically proven, under the serial cancellation (successive cancellation, SC) decoding mode, can realize the symmetrical binary-input discrete memoryless channel (binary-input discrete memoryless channel). channels, B-DMCs) channel capacity coding scheme. Polarized codes have very low encoding and decoding complexity, all of which are O(NlogN).
  • the construction of the traditional polarization code generation matrix is based on the Kronecker product of the matrix [1 0; 1 1], so the code length of the polarization code is strictly limited to a power of 2, which is a major shortcoming of the traditional polarization code.
  • Punching or shortening can realize the construction of polarization codes of any code length and code rate, and only a pair of codecs is required under different code lengths and code rates.
  • a mother code is usually designed for the worst channel first.
  • the channel becomes better some bits can be cut or shortened to increase the coding rate.
  • the chiseled bits are not transmitted, and the receiving end does not know the value of the chiseled bits, so the log-likelihood ratio (LLR) value of the chiseled bits is set It is 0 for decoding; in shortening mode, the shortened bit is not transmitted, but the receiving end knows the value of the shortened bit, so the LLR value of the shortened bit can be set to infinity for decoding.
  • LLR log-likelihood ratio
  • the present invention proposes a method for shortening the polarization code by analyzing the influence of the shortening operation of the code word end on the bits of the message end to improve the frame error rate performance and the bit error rate performance of the shortening polarization code algorithm.
  • a method for shortening the polarization code includes the following steps:
  • the shortening mode of the code word end is obtained, that is, m shortened and fixed bits.
  • mapping criterion is performed level by level in the coding diagram, and the following mapping criterion is used to map the split channel capacity to the original channel capacity:
  • I represents the channel capacity
  • the split channels generated by the polarization of W 1 and W 2 are with
  • mapping criteria level by level in the coding diagram if m channels W with a capacity of 1 can be finally obtained at the codeword end, the corresponding m codeword end bits are the bits that need to be shortened. .
  • mapping criterion does not appear And In this unreasonable situation, the method for shortening the polarization code is reasonable; and the value of the shortening bit can be fixed and known by the receiving end, that is, the method for shortening the polarization code is feasible.
  • the m most reliable bits selected at the message end correspond to the m split sub-channels with the largest mother code capacity. After setting them as overused bits and fixed bits, they are allocated to the remaining channels of the information bit set The capacity increase can be maximized.
  • a communication method includes the following steps:
  • the receiving end receives the signal from the channel, shortens and restores it, and decodes it.
  • the channel adding noise is BI-AWGN channel adding noise
  • the shortening and restoring operation is to set the LLR value of the shortened bit to infinity
  • the decoding is to perform SC decoding.
  • a transmitting terminal for communication which includes:
  • Polarization code encoding module used for polarization code encoding
  • the shortening module is used to shorten the polarized code by adopting the method for shortening the polarized code described above to obtain the shortened mode of the code word end;
  • the modulation module is used to modulate the bits of the codeword and send them to the channel.
  • a receiving end for communication which includes:
  • the shortening and restoring module is used to perform shortening and restoring operations on the signal received from the channel from the above sending end;
  • the decoding module is used for decoding the signal output by the shortening and restoring module.
  • a communication system includes the above-mentioned sending end and receiving end.
  • the present invention proposes a method for shortening the polarization code by analyzing the influence of the shortening operation of the code word end on the message end bit.
  • This shortening method first selects m most reliable bits at the message end, sets them all as overcapable bits and fixed bits, and then obtains the shortening mode of the codeword end through a mapping criterion.
  • the present invention theoretically proves the rationality and feasibility of the shortening algorithm, and interprets the superiority of the shortening algorithm from the perspective of channel capacity.
  • the simulation result shows that the frame error rate (FER) performance and the bit error rate (BER) performance of the polar code shortening algorithm of the present invention are better than the existing punctured polar code algorithm (background technology) Documents 2 and 3) and shortened polarization code algorithm (Document 4 in Background Art).
  • FER frame error rate
  • BER bit error rate
  • Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of a shortened polarization code system model.
  • Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of the basic structural unit (also called butterfly unit) of polarization code encoding.
  • Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of the shortened capacity mapping of the butterfly unit.
  • the codeword After the codeword is constructed, select the K most reliable sub-channels as the set of information bits
  • the remaining NK least reliable sub-channels are used as a fixed bit set In a symmetrical channel, the value of a fixed bit has no effect on the performance of the polarization code, and we usually use all 0 bits.
  • B N is the bit-reversal permutation matrix, Representation matrix
  • the most primitive decoding method of the polarization code is the SC decoding method, which is based on the recursive propagation of the LLR value in the Tanner Graph of the polarization code from the codeword end to the message end.
  • the LLR value of the i-th real channel W is defined as:
  • the decoder calculates the i-th split sub-channel in a recursive manner
  • the LLR value The LLR value:
  • the shortened polarization code system model adopted by the present invention is shown in FIG. 1.
  • this shortened polar code system model adds 2 modules: one is the shortened module of the originator, that is, the code word end bit block
  • the m bits need to be shortened to increase the code rate of the mother code; one is the shortening recovery module at the receiving end, that is, the LLR value of the shortened bits needs to be set to infinity for SC decoding.
  • M Nm to express the code length of the shortened polarization code
  • the decoder knows the value of the shortened m bits, so the LLR value of these shortened bits can be set to infinity for decoding. This can be considered from another perspective, that is, these m shortened bits have gone through m channels W (Bioglio V, Gabry F, Land I. Low-Complexity Puncturing and Shortening of Polar Codes[C].2017IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference Workshops(WCNCW), 2017:1-6.).
  • shortening the operation also improves the reliability of each split channel, in particular, there are exactly m split channels Capacity Becomes 1. In the following text, if Becomes 1, then we call the corresponding message end bit u i as overcapable bit (overuse bit), split the channel It is called an overcapable channel (overuse channel).
  • mapping criterion In order to map the split channel capacity to the original channel capacity, we propose a mapping criterion below:
  • the dashed arrow in Figure 4 indicates the specific implementation of this mapping criterion.
  • m split channels at the message end And set them as overcapable channels, and then we execute the mapping criteria level by level in the coding map. If we can finally get m channels W with a capacity of 1 at the codeword end, then this must be a reasonable shortening mode, and the corresponding m codeword end bits are exactly the bits that need to be shortened.
  • the polarization code mother code carries out code word construction to obtain the mother code reliability ranking.
  • the message end selects m most reliable bits.
  • mapping criteria are implemented level by level in the coding map.
  • N 1 2 1 , as shown in Figure 3.
  • N n-1 2 n-1
  • Layers, now we consider N n 2 n layers.
  • Two adjacent message bits in the N n layer, u i and u i+1 , i 1, 3,..., N-1, respectively constitute the upper left and lower left bits of a butterfly unit, corresponding to this
  • u i+1 must be more reliable than u i . Therefore, when we select the m most reliable bits in the N n layer and set them as overcapable bits, there will be no case where the bit u i is selected instead of the bit u i+1 , that is, the middle of the mapping criterion will not appear.
  • the N n layer can be mapped to the N n-1 layer reasonably and feasible. And we have assumed that the N n-1 layer can be mapped to the N 1 layer reasonably and feasible, so the N n layer can be mapped to the N 1 layer reasonably and feasible. The certificate is complete.
  • the capacity of m channels W will increase from I(W) to 1, and the total channel capacity of the codeword end will increase from NI(W) to (Nm )I(W)+m, the increased channel capacity is m(1-I(W)).
  • the polarization operation has the characteristic of keeping the total channel capacity unchanged [1] , so the total capacity of split sub-channels at the message end is also increased from NI(W) to (Nm)I(W)+m, and the total increased channel capacity is m(1-I(W)), the total increased channel capacity will be allocated to each split sub-channel of the mother code
  • the shortening algorithm of the present invention selects the most reliable m bits at the message end and sets them as overcapable bits and fixed bits. Since these message-side bits correspond to m split sub-channels with the largest mother code capacity, to increase these split sub-channels from the initial capacity to capacity 1, only the least capacity needs to be absorbed. Therefore, the remaining channel capacity increase allocated to the information bit set A will be maximized. In other words, the shortening algorithm of the present invention can obtain the optimal solution of the following optimization problems
  • the optimal solution of (10) represents the optimal solution of (8) to a certain extent.
  • puncturing in[ 2], puncturing in[3], and puncturing in[4] respectively represent the methods in documents 2, 3, and 4 in the background art
  • "proposed shortenin” is the method of the present invention.
  • the four schemes adopt the improved Gaussian approximation method provided in the background art document 3 to reconstruct the code, that is, the boring mode sets the LLR mean value of the boring position symbol to 0, and the shortened mode will shorten
  • the LLR mean value of the position symbol is set to infinity.
  • the channel is the BI-AWGN channel, and the decoding adopts the SC decoding algorithm provided in document [1] .
  • E b N / 0 we set the simulation error stop condition data frames up to 1000 or the total 105 frames of data transfer is complete.
  • FIG. 7 shows the comparison of the BER and FER simulation results of the punctured (shortened) polarization code obtained by the four algorithms. It can be seen that the BER and FER performances of the polarization code shortening algorithm of the present invention are better than those of the other three algorithms.
  • the FER is 10 -3
  • the shortened polarization code algorithm of the present invention has a performance gain of about 0.25 dB.
  • the BER is 10 -4
  • the shortened polarization code algorithm of the present invention has a performance gain of about 0.3dB.
  • Figure 8 shows the comparison of the BER and FER simulation results of the punctured (shortened) polarization code obtained by the four algorithms. It can be seen that the BER and FER performances of the polarization code shortening algorithm of the present invention are better than those of the other three algorithms.
  • the FER is 10 -4
  • the shortened polarization code algorithm of the present invention has a performance gain of about 0.1 dB.
  • the polarization code shortening scheme of the present invention has a performance gain of about 0.2dB.
  • Polarization shortened code algorithm background art document 4 proposes to consider only the characteristics of the generator matrix G N, but neglect the effect of shortening the operating end of message bits.
  • the present invention analyzes the corresponding relationship of shortened capacity, proposes a mapping criterion, and on this basis, proposes a new shortened polarization code algorithm.
  • the present invention theoretically proves the rationality and feasibility of the shortening algorithm, and interprets its superiority from the perspective of channel capacity.
  • the present invention is verified by simulation results, and under different code lengths and code rates, the FER and BER performances of the shortened polarization code algorithm of the present invention are better than the other three shortened and punctured polarization code algorithms in the literature.
  • the excellent performance of the novel shortened polarization code algorithm of the present invention shows its huge application potential in the field of 5G channel coding.
  • a communication method including the following steps:
  • the receiving end receives the signal from the channel, shortens and restores it, and decodes it.
  • the channel adding noise is BI-AWGN channel adding noise
  • the shortening and restoring operation is to set the LLR value of the shortened bit to infinity
  • the decoding is to perform SC decoding.
  • a sending end for communication which includes:
  • Polarization code encoding module used for polarization code encoding
  • the shortening module is used to shorten the polarized code by adopting the method for shortening the polarized code described above to obtain the shortened mode of the code word end;
  • the modulation module is used to modulate the bits of the codeword and send them to the channel.
  • a receiving terminal for communication which includes:
  • the shortening and restoring module is used to perform shortening and restoring operations on the signal received from the channel from the above sending end;
  • the decoding module is used for decoding the signal output by the shortening and restoring module.
  • a communication system including the above-mentioned sending end and receiving end.

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Abstract

本发明涉及一种新型缩短极化码方法和通信方法及系统。已有的缩短极化码算法仅仅考虑了生成矩阵的特性,并且在消息端均匀地选取overcapable比特。本发明通过分析码字端缩短操作对于消息端比特位的影响,提出了一种新型缩短极化码方法,首先在消息端选取m个最可靠的比特,将它们全部置为overcapable比特和固定比特,再通过一种映射准则得到码字端的缩短模式。本发明从理论上证明了本缩短算法的合理性和可行性,并且从信道容量的角度诠释了本缩短算法的优越性。仿真结果表明,在不同的码长和码率的条件下,本缩短极化码算法的误帧率性能与误比特率性能均优于已有的凿孔和缩短极化码算法。

Description

一种新型缩短极化码方法和通信方法及系统 技术领域
本发明属于通信技术领域,具体涉及一种新型缩短极化码方法和通信方法及系统。
背景技术
极化码于2009年由Arikan提出(Arikan E.Channel Polarization:A Method for Constructing Capacity-Achieving Codes for Symmetric Binary-Input Memoryless Channels[J].IEEE Transactions on Information Theory,2009,55(7):3051-3073.)(文献1),是第一种从理论上证明的、在串行消除(successive cancellation,SC)的译码方式下、能够实现对称的二进制输入离散无记忆信道(binary-input discrete memoryless channels,B-DMCs)信道容量的编码方案。极化码具有非常低的编译码复杂度,均为O(NlogN)。
传统极化码生成矩阵的构建基于矩阵[1 0;1 1]的Kronecker积,于是极化码的码长被严格限制为2的幂次,这是传统极化码一个主要的缺点。凿孔或缩短能够实现任意码长和码率的极化码的构建,且在不同的码长和码率下只需要使用一对编译码器即可。另外,凿孔和缩短极化码可以采用与码长为N=2 n的极化码相似的编译码方式,保持了极化码编译码低复杂度的特性。实际之中,通常先针对最差的信道设计一个母码,当信道变好之时,就可以通过凿去或缩短某些比特来提高编码速率。在凿孔模式之中,被凿去的比特不被传输,接收端不知道被凿去的比特的值,于是把被凿去比特的对数似然比(log-likelihood ratio,LLR)值设置为0进行译码;在缩短模式之中,被缩短的比特不被传输,但是接收端知道被缩短的比特的值,于是就可以把被缩短比特的LLR值设置为无穷进行译码。
最近的文献中有很多凿孔和缩短算法。“Niu K,Chen K,Lin J.Beyond turbo codes:Rate-compatible punctured polar codes[C].2013 IEEE International Conference on Communications(ICC),2013:3423-3427.”(文献2)中作者提出一种准均匀凿孔(quasi-uniform puncturing,QUP)的方案,从最小化生成矩阵行重量的角度证明了此方案的可行性,并且仿真验证了此方案性能优于WCDMA和LTE无线通信系统中的Turbo编码方案。“Zhang L,Zhang Z,Wang X,et al.On the puncturing patterns for punctured polar codes[C].2014 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory,2014:121-125.”(文献3)中作者首先提出一种遍历搜索得到最优凿孔模式的算法,之后又提出一种自启发式的凿孔算法,其通过选择消息端最不可靠的m个信道,映射得到码字端的凿孔模式,最后仿真验证了此凿孔算法性能与最 优的凿孔算法接近。“Wang R,Liu R.A Novel Puncturing Scheme for Polar Codes[J].IEEE Communications Letters,2014,18(12):2081-2084.”(文献4)中作者首先推导出了缩短极化码所应该满足的准则,然后根据生成矩阵G N的特性提出一种缩短极化码的算法,其选择的overcapable(过用)比特在消息端均匀分布,且缩短比特为码字端最后m位比特。然而,该缩短算法仅仅考虑了生成矩阵G N的特性,却忽略了缩短操作对消息端比特的影响。
发明内容
本发明针对上述问题,通过分析码字端缩短操作对于消息端比特的影响,提出一种缩短极化码方法,以提高缩短极化码算法的误帧率性能和误比特率性能。
本发明采用的技术方案如下:
一种缩短极化码方法,包括以下步骤:
对极化码母码进行码字构造,得到母码的可靠性排序;
在消息端选取m个最可靠的比特;
将选取的m个最可靠的比特全部置为过用比特和固定比特;
在编码图中一级一级执行映射准则;
根据映射准则得到码字端的缩短模式,即m个被缩短和固定的比特。
进一步地,所述在编码图中一级一级执行映射准则,采用以下映射准则将分裂信道容量向原始信道容量映射:
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000001
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000002
则令I(W 1)<1,I(W 2)<1;
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000003
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000004
则令I(W 1)<1,I(W 2)=1;
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000005
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000006
则令I(W 1)=1,I(W 2)=1;
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000007
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000008
则认为其不合理;
其中,I表示信道容量,W i表示比特x i经历的信道,i=1,2;W 1和W 2通过极化产生的分裂信道为
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000009
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000010
进一步地,通过在编码图中一级一级执行映射准则,如果最终在码字端能得到m个容量为1的信道W,则相对应的m个码字端比特即为需要进行缩短的比特。
进一步地,所述映射准则且不会出现
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000011
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000012
这种不合理的情况,即所述缩短极化码方法具有合理性;并且缩短比特的值能够被固定且被接收端知道,即所述缩短极 化码方法具有可行性。
进一步地,在消息端选取的m个最可靠的比特对应的是母码容量最大的m个分裂子信道,在将其置为过用比特和固定比特后,分配给信息比特集合的剩余的信道容量增加量能够最大化。
一种通信方法,包括以下步骤:
在发送端进行极化码编码,并采用上面所述的缩短极化码方法对极化码进行缩短,得到码字端的缩短模式;
将码字端的比特经过调制之后发送到信道之中,并进行信道加噪;
收收端从信道中接收信号,对其进行缩短恢复操作并进行译码。
进一步地,所述信道加噪为BI-AWGN信道加噪,所述进行缩短恢复操作是将缩短比特的LLR值设置为无穷,所述译码是进行SC译码。
一种用于通信的发送端,其包括:
极化码编码模块,用于进行极化码编码;
缩短模块,用于采用上面所述的缩短极化码方法对极化码进行缩短,得到码字端的缩短模式;
调制模块,用于将码字端的比特经过调制之后发送到信道之中。
一种用于通信的接收端,其包括:
缩短恢复模块,用于对从信道中接收的上面所述发送端发来的信号进行缩短恢复操作;
译码模块,用于对所述缩短恢复模块输出的信号进行译码。
一种通信系统,包括上面所述的发送端和接收端。
本发明通过分析码字端缩短操作对于消息端比特的影响,提出一种缩短极化码方法。本缩短方法首先在消息端选取m个最可靠的比特,将它们全部置为overcapable比特和固定比特,再通过一种映射准则得到码字端的缩短模式。本发明从理论上证明了本缩短算法的合理性和可行性,并且从信道容量的角度诠释了本缩短算法的优越性。仿真结果表明,本发明缩短极化码算法的误帧率(Frame Error Rate,FER)性能和误比特率(Bit Error Rate,BER)性能均优于已有的凿孔极化码算法(背景技术中的文献2、3)和缩短极化码算法(背景技术中的文献4)。
附图说明
图1是缩短极化码系统模型示意图。
图2是N=8时的极化码编码图。
图3是极化码编码基本结构单元(也叫作蝶形单元示)意图。
图4是蝶形单元的缩短容量映射示意图。
图5是M=6且R=2/3的缩短极化码容量诠释示意图。
图6是E b/N 0=5dB,M=48,R=2/3四种算法信息比特分裂子信道P b比较图。
图7是M=20,R=4/5四种算法BER和FER性能比较图。
图8是M=48,R=2/3四种算法BER和FER性能比较图。
图9是M=85,R=3/4四种算法BER和FER性能比较图。
具体实施方式
为使本发明的上述目的、特征和优点能够更加明显易懂,下面通过具体实施例和附图,对本发明做进一步详细说明。首先简要介绍极化码和引入缩短极化码系统模型,然后提出本发明的缩短极化码方案,然后呈现仿真结果,最后是本发明的总结。
1.1极化码
考虑一个B-DMC,X∈{0,1}和Y分别表示其输入和输出符号集。定义信道转移概率为W(y|x),x∈X,y∈Y。通过N=2 n个独立且容量相同信道W的信道合并和拆分操作,我们可以得到N个互相关联且容量不同的分裂子信道
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000013
这N个信道的可靠性计算即码字构造(Code Construction)可以使用Monte-Karlo方法,密度进化法(Density Evolution,DE)或者高斯近似法(Gaussion Approximation,GA)。码字构造完成之后,选取K个最可靠的子信道作为信息比特集合
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000014
剩下的N-K个最不可靠的子信道作为固定比特集合
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000015
在对称信道中,固定比特的取值对极化码性能没有影响,通常我们选用全0比特。
极化码编码的操作可以表示为
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000016
其中
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000017
B N为比特翻转置换矩阵(bit-reversal permutation matrix),
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000018
表示矩阵
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000019
的n次克罗内克积(Kronecker product)。
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000020
表示消息端比特块,由信息比特块u A∈{0,1} K与固定比特块
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000021
组成。
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000022
表示码字端比 特块,其经过调制之后被发送到信道之中。在本发明中我们使用BPSK调制,也就是二进制码字端比特
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000023
通过m i=1-2x i,i=1,2,...,N被映射为BPSK信号
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000024
经过二进制输入加性高斯白噪声(binary-input additive white Gaussian noise,BI-AWGN)信道加噪,接收端接收到的信号为
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000025
极化码最原始的译码方式是SC译码方式,其基于LLR值在极化码的坦纳图(Tanner Graph)中从码字端到消息端的递归传播。第i个真实信道W的LLR值定义为:
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000026
译码器通过递归的方式计算出第i个分裂子信道
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000027
的LLR值:
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000028
其中
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000029
表示
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000030
的估计值,
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000031
表示第i个分裂子信道
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000032
的转移概率。当N个分裂子信道的LLR值计算完成之后,就可以通过下面的判决准则得到消息端比特u i的估计值
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000033
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000034
1.2系统模型
本发明所采用的缩短极化码系统模型如图1所示。与极化码母码系统模型相比较,本缩短极化码系统模型增加了2个模块:一个是发端的缩短模块,也就是码字端比特块
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000035
的m个比特需要被缩短以提升母码的码率;一个是收端的缩短恢复模块,也就是缩短比特的LLR值需要被设置为无穷以便进行SC译码。在本发明中,我们用M=N-m表示缩短极化码的码长,用R=K/M表示缩短极化码的码率。不失一般性,我们假设2 n-1<M≤2 n。图1中,
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000036
表示缩短后的比特,
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000037
表示信道加噪后的比特。
2.本发明的新型缩短极化码算法
在缩短模式之中,译码器知道被缩短的m个比特的值,于是这些缩短比特的LLR值可以被设置为无穷以进行译码。这可以换另一个角度考虑,就是这m个缩短比特经历了m个容量为1的信道W(Bioglio V,Gabry F,Land I.Low-Complexity Puncturing and Shortening of Polar  Codes[C].2017IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference Workshops(WCNCW),2017:1-6.)。同时,缩短操作也提高了每个分裂信道的可靠性,特别地,正好有m个分裂信道
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000038
的容量
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000039
变为1。在后文之中,如果
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000040
变为1,则我们把对应的消息端比特u i叫做overcapable比特(过用比特),分裂信道
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000041
叫做overcapable信道(过用信道)。
2.1映射准则
N=8时的极化码编码图如图2所示。极化码编码图的基本结构单元,也叫作蝶形单元,如图3所示。在图3之中,我们将比特x i经历的信道表示为W i,i=1,2。W 1和W 2通过极化产生的分裂信道为
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000042
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000043
从文献“Shin D,Lim S,Yang K.Design of Length-Compatible Polar Codes Based on the Reduction of Polarizing Matrices[J].IEEE Transactions on Communications,2013,61(7):2593-2599.”,我们知道
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000044
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000045
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000046
如果x i被缩短,那么I(W i)变为1。考虑到0≤I(W)≤1,我们可以得到蝶形单元的缩短容量映射,如图4所示。从原始信道到分裂信道的容量映射是唯一而且合理的,如图4的实线箭头所示,但是反过来却不成立。比如,若
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000047
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000048
则可以得到I(W 1)=1,I(W 2)<1或者I(W 1)<1,I(W 2)=1两种可能的容量组合;再者,若
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000049
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000050
则无法得到一个合理的I(W 1)、I(W 2)容量组合。
为了将分裂信道容量向原始信道容量映射,下面我们提出一种映射准则:
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000051
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000052
则令I(W 1)<1,I(W 2)<1;
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000053
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000054
则令I(W 1)<1,I(W 2)=1;
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000055
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000056
则令I(W 1)=1,I(W 2)=1;
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000057
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000058
则认为其不合理。
图4的虚线箭头表示了本映射准则的具体实现。在缩短之时,如果我们人为地在消息端选择m个分裂信道
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000059
并且把他们置为overcapable信道,然后我们在编码图中一级一级地执行映射准则。如果最终在码字端我们能得到m个容量为1的信道W,那这一定是一种合理的缩短模式,而且相对应的m个码字端比特恰恰是需要进行缩短的比特。
2.2缩短算法
本发明提出的缩短算法的执行步骤如下:
1.极化码母码进行码字构造,得到母码可靠性排序。
2.消息端选取m个最可靠的比特。
3.将它们全部置为overcapable比特和固定比特。
4.在编码图中一级一级执行映射准则。
5.得到码字端的缩短模式,即m个被缩短和固定的比特。
下面我们给出两个定义:合理性和可行性。若某缩短算法采用本发明提出的映射准则且不会出现
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000060
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000061
这种不合理的情况,则我们称这个算法具有合理性。若某缩短算法满足文献 [4]的准则,也就是缩短比特的值能够被固定且被接收端知道,则我们称这个算法具有可行性。
【定理】本发明提出的缩短算法具有合理性和可行性。
证明:我们通过数学归纳法证明。首先考虑N 1=2 1,如图3所示。根据信道极化 [1],一定有u 2的可靠性大于u 1。于是,如果此时缩短1个比特,根据缩短算法的描述,应该将u 2置为overcapable比特,那么根据映射准可以得到缩短码字端比特为x 2。且如果我们把u 2置为固定比特,则根据蝶形单元运算关系x 2=u 2,x 2的比特值也会被固定。如果此时我们缩短2个比特,根据缩短算法的描述,则应该把u 1与u 2都置为overcapable比特,那么根据映射准则可以得到缩短码字端比特为x 1与x 2。且如果我们把u 1和u 2都置为固定比特,则根据蝶形单元运算关系
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000062
x 1和x 2的比特值也都会被固定。可以看到,当N 1=2 1时本发明缩短算法具备合理性和可行性。
接下来,假设N n-1=2 n-1时本发明缩短算法已经具备合理性和可行性,即可以由N n-1=2 n-1层合理且可行地映射到N 1=2 1层,现在我们考虑N n=2 n层。我们以N=8极化码编码为例解释本发明的缩短算法,如图2所示。N n层两个相邻的消息比特,u i和u i+1,i=1,3,...,N-1, 分别构成一个蝶形单元的左上角和左下角比特,对应的此蝶形单元的右上角和右下角比特分别为N n-1层的v j和v j+N/2,j=(i+1)/2。根据信道极化 [1],一定有u i+1的可靠性大于u i。因此,当我们选取N n层m个最可靠的比特置为overcapable比特的时候,不会出现选择了比特u i而不选择比特u i+1的情况,也就是不会出现映射准则的中的不合理情形。若u i和u i+1之中只有1位被置为overcapable比特,则一定会是u i+1,根据映射准则得到的N n-1层的v j+N/2也会变为overcapable比特,且如果u i+1被置为固定比特,根据蝶形单元对应关系v j+N/2=u i+1,v j+N/2的比特值也会被固定;若u i和u i+1都被置为overcapable比特,根据映射准则得到的N n-1层的v j和v j+N/2都会被变为overcapable比特,且如果u i和u i+1都被置为固定比特,根据蝶形单元对应关系
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000063
v j和v j+N/2的比特值也会被固定。根据以上描述,N n层可以合理且可行地映射到N n-1层。而我们已经假设由N n-1层可以合理且可行地映射到N 1层,于是由N n层就可以合理且可行地映射到N 1层。证毕。
图2描述了N=8且m=2之时的本缩短算法的具体实现。我们选取消息端最可靠的2个比特,u 7和u 8,将它们置为overcapable比特和固定比特,之后采用映射准则我们可以得到2个码字端缩短和固定的比特,x 4和x 8
2.3容量诠释
2.3.1问题建模
在缩短模式之中,如果码字端缩短m个比特,那么就有m个信道W的容量从I(W)增加为1,则码字端信道总容量就从NI(W)增加为(N-m)I(W)+m,增加的信道容量为m(1-I(W))。而极化操作具有保持信道总容量不变的特性 [1],所以消息端分裂子信道的总容量也从NI(W)增加为(N-m)I(W)+m,总的增加信道容量为m(1-I(W)),这些总的增加信道容量就会被分配到母码各个分裂子信道
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000064
我们用A表示缩短操作之后的信息比特下标集合,
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000065
表示母码各个分裂子信道容量,
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000066
表示缩短操作之后的母码各个分裂子信道容量的增加量。最优的缩短算法应该最大化缩短之后信息比特信道的容量之和。因此,缩短优化问题可以建 模为
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000067
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000068
本发明缩短算法选择消息端最可靠的m个比特置为overcapable比特和固定比特。由于这些消息端比特对应的是母码容量最大的m个分裂子信道,所以让这些分裂子信道由初始容量增加到容量1,只需要吸收最少的容量即可。因此,分配给信息比特集合A的剩余的信道容量增加量就会最大化。也就是说,本发明的缩短算法可以取得以下优化问题的最优解
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000069
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000070
显然,(10)式的最优解一定程度上代表了(8)式的最优解。
2.3.2示例诠释
图5为M=6且R=2/3的缩短极化码容量诠释示意图。极化码母码的码长N=8,由于2个码字端比特被缩短,则消息端分裂信道的总容量从8I(W)增加为6I(W)+2,增加的信道容量为2(1-I(W)),而这总的增加信道容量2(1-I(W))就会被分配到各个分裂信道,即
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000071
本发明的缩短算法选取母码最可靠的2个消息端比特即u 7和u 8,将它们置为overcapable比特,于是两者对应的分裂子信道
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000072
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000073
的容量都增加为1,即
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000074
通过对缩短之后信道容量的重新排序,除了两个overcapable比特u 7和u 8需要被置为固定比特位以满足缩短算法的可行性 [4]外,剩下6个比特还需要选取2个最不可靠的比特即u 1和u 2作为固定比特位,以保持信息位个数K=4。于是我们得到缩短极化码信息比特集合A={3,4,5,6}。在所有的满足缩短算法可行性 [4]的缩短方案之中,选择u 7和u 8可以最小化二者信道容量增加量之和。换句话说,
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000075
在所有缩短模式之中是最小的。因此,分配给信息比特集合A的剩余的信道容量增加量就会最 大化,即取得
Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-000076
2.3.3仿真验证
我们设置仿真参数为凿孔(缩短)码码长M=48,码率R=2/3。这里信息位的数目为K=M·R=32。取E b/N 0=5dB(E b表示每个信息比特能量,单位为J;N 0表示噪声功率谱密度,单位为W/Hz),根据码字重构造的结果,我们可以得到四种算法32个信息比特分裂信道误比特率P b的比较,如图6所示,其中横坐标为已经按照信道容量大小排序好的信息比特信道的下标(Informatica Channel Index),图中puncturing in[2]、puncturing in[3]、puncturing in[4]分别表示背景技术中文献2、3、4中的方法,“proposed shortenin”为本发明的方法。本发明缩短算法选择母码可靠性最高的m=16个消息端比特置为overcapable比特,最大化分配给信息比特集合A的剩余的信道容量增加量。由于其分配了较多增加的信道容量到母码容量较小的分裂子信道,所以大大改善了码字重构造之后容量较小的信息比特分裂信道的性能,使得各个信息比特分裂信道容量分布较为均匀,整体P b的性能优于其他三种算法。
3.仿真结果
下面通过仿真结果呈现本发明缩短极化码算法与背景技术中的文献2、3的凿孔极化码算法以及文献4的缩短极化码算法的BER和FER性能比较。四种算法极化码母码码字构造均采用文献“Trifonov P.Efficient Design and Decoding of Polar Codes(Gaussian Approximation)[J].IEEE Transactions on Communications,2012,60(11):3221-3227.”提供的高斯近似法。凿孔或者缩短操作之后,四种方案均采用背景技术中文献3提供的改进的高斯近似法进行码字重构造,即凿孔模式将凿孔位置符号的LLR均值置为0,缩短模式将缩短位置符号的LLR均值置为无穷。信道为BI-AWGN信道,译码采用文献 [1]提供的SC译码算法。对于每个E b/N 0的仿真,我们设置的仿真停止条件为错误达到1000个数据帧或者总的10 5个数据帧传输完成。
我们首先设置的仿真参数凿孔(缩短)极化码码长M=20,码率R=4/5。如图7为四种算法得到的凿孔(缩短)极化码BER以及FER仿真结果比较。可以看到,本发明缩短极化码算法的BER和FER性能均优于其他三种算法。FER取到10 -3时,本发明缩短极化码算法大约有0.25dB的性能增益。BER取到10 -4时,本发明缩短极化码算法大约有0.3dB的性能增益。
我们更改仿真参数为凿孔(缩短)极化码码长M=48,码率R=2/3。如图8为四种算法得到的凿孔(缩短)极化码BER以及FER仿真结果比较。可以看到,本发明缩短极化码 算法的BER和FER性能均优于其他三种算法。FER取到10 -4时,本发明缩短极化码算法大约有0.1dB的性能增益。BER取到10 -5时,本发明缩短极化码方案大约有0.2dB的性能增益。
最后设置仿真参数为凿孔(缩短)极化码码长M=85,码率R=3/4。如图9为四种算法得到的凿孔(缩短)极化码BER以及FER仿真结果比较。可以看到,本发明缩短极化码算法的BER和FER性能均优于其他三种算法。FER取到10 -4时,本发明缩短极化码算法大约有0.1dB的性能增益。BER取到10 -5时,本发明缩短极化码算法大约有0.25dB的性能增益。
4.结论
传统极化码码长被严格限制为2的幂次,这不利用极化码在实际中的灵活应用。凿孔和缩短极化码是两种常用的速率兼容极化码方案,可以让极化码更加灵活和有效地应用于不同的场景之中。背景技术中文献4提出的缩短极化码算法仅仅考虑了生成矩阵G N的特性,却忽略了缩短操作对消息端比特的影响。本发明分析了缩短容量对应关系,提出一种映射准则,并在此基础之上,提出了一种新型缩短极化码算法。本发明从理论上证明了本缩短算法的合理性和可行性,并且从信道容量的角度诠释了其优越性。最后,本发明通过仿真结果验证,在不同码长和码率下本发明缩短极化码算法的FER和BER性能均优于文献中其他三种缩短和凿孔极化码算法。本发明新型缩短极化码算法优异的性能展示了其在5G信道编码领域巨大的应用潜力。
5.其它实施例
本发明的另一个实施例中,提供一种通信方法,包括以下步骤:
在发送端进行极化码编码,并采用上面所述的缩短极化码方法对极化码进行缩短,得到码字端的缩短模式;
将码字端的比特经过调制之后发送到信道之中,并进行信道加噪;
收收端从信道中接收信号,对其进行缩短恢复操作并进行译码。
进一步地,所述信道加噪为BI-AWGN信道加噪,所述进行缩短恢复操作是将缩短比特的LLR值设置为无穷,所述译码是进行SC译码。
本发明的另一个实施例中,提供一种用于通信的发送端,其包括:
极化码编码模块,用于进行极化码编码;
缩短模块,用于采用上面所述的缩短极化码方法对极化码进行缩短,得到码字端的缩短模式;
调制模块,用于将码字端的比特经过调制之后发送到信道之中。
本发明的另一个实施例中,提供一种用于通信的接收端,其包括:
缩短恢复模块,用于对从信道中接收的上面所述发送端发来的信号进行缩短恢复操作;
译码模块,用于对所述缩短恢复模块输出的信号进行译码。
本发明的另一个实施例中,提供一种通信系统,包括上面所述的发送端和接收端。
以上实施例仅用以说明本发明的技术方案而非对其进行限制,本领域的普通技术人员可以对本发明的技术方案进行修改或者等同替换,而不脱离本发明的原理和范围,本发明的保护范围应以权利要求书所述为准。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种缩短极化码方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
    对极化码母码进行码字构造,得到母码的可靠性排序;
    在消息端选取m个最可靠的比特;
    将选取的m个最可靠的比特全部置为过用比特和固定比特;
    在编码图中一级一级执行映射准则;
    根据映射准则得到码字端的缩短模式,即m个被缩短和固定的比特。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的缩短极化码方法,其特征在于,所述在编码图中一级一级执行映射准则,采用以下映射准则将分裂信道容量向原始信道容量映射:
    Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-100001
    Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-100002
    则令I(W 1)<1,I(W 2)<1;
    Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-100003
    Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-100004
    则令I(W 1)<1,I(W 2)=1;
    Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-100005
    Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-100006
    则令I(W 1)=1,I(W 2)=1;
    Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-100007
    Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-100008
    则认为其不合理;
    其中,I表示信道容量,W i表示比特x i经历的信道,i=1,2;W 1和W 2通过极化产生的分裂信道为
    Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-100009
    Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-100010
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的缩短极化码方法,其特征在于,通过在编码图中一级一级执行映射准则,如果最终在码字端能得到m个容量为1的信道W,则相对应的m个码字端比特即为需要进行缩短的比特。
  4. 根据权利要求2所述的缩短极化码方法,其特征在于,所述映射准则且不会出现
    Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-100011
    Figure PCTCN2019086828-appb-100012
    这种不合理的情况,即所述缩短极化码方法具有合理性;并且缩短比特的值能够被固定且被接收端知道,即所述缩短极化码方法具有可行性。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的缩短极化码方法,其特征在于,在消息端选取的m个最可靠的比特对应的是母码容量最大的m个分裂子信道,在将其置为过用比特和固定比特后,分配给信息比特集合的剩余的信道容量增加量能够最大化。
  6. 一种通信方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
    在发送端进行极化码编码,并采用权利要求要求1所述的缩短极化码方法对极化码进行缩短,得到码字端的缩短模式;
    将码字端的比特经过调制之后发送到信道之中,并进行信道加噪;
    收收端从信道中接收信号,对其进行缩短恢复操作并进行译码。
  7. 根据权利要求6所述的通信方法,其特征在于,所述信道加噪为BI-AWGN信道加噪,所述进行缩短恢复操作是将缩短比特的LLR值设置为无穷,所述译码是进行SC译码。
  8. 一种用于通信的发送端,其特征在于,包括:
    极化码编码模块,用于进行极化码编码;
    缩短模块,用于采用权利要求要求1所述的缩短极化码方法对极化码进行缩短,得到码字端的缩短模式;
    调制模块,用于将码字端的比特经过调制之后发送到信道之中。
  9. 一种用于通信的接收端,其特征在于,包括:
    缩短恢复模块,用于对从信道中接收的权利要求8所述发送端发来的信号进行缩短恢复操作;
    译码模块,用于对所述缩短恢复模块输出的信号进行译码。
  10. 一种通信系统,其特征在于,包括权利要求8所述的发送端和权利要求9所述的接收端。
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