WO2020129348A1 - 不妊・不育症または妊娠状態を改善するための薬剤 - Google Patents
不妊・不育症または妊娠状態を改善するための薬剤 Download PDFInfo
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- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
- A61K31/4353—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
- A61K31/436—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems the heterocyclic ring system containing a six-membered ring having oxygen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. rapamycin
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
- A61K38/04—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
- A61K38/12—Cyclic peptides, e.g. bacitracins; Polymyxins; Gramicidins S, C; Tyrocidins A, B or C
- A61K38/13—Cyclosporins
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61P15/00—Drugs for genital or sexual disorders; Contraceptives
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P15/00—Drugs for genital or sexual disorders; Contraceptives
- A61P15/08—Drugs for genital or sexual disorders; Contraceptives for gonadal disorders or for enhancing fertility, e.g. inducers of ovulation or of spermatogenesis
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
- A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a drug containing a specific immunosuppressive component for improving infertility/fertility or a pregnancy state affected by immune interaction between a mother and a fetus.
- a specific immunosuppressive component for improving infertility/fertility or a pregnancy state affected by immune interaction between a mother and a fetus.
- representative examples of such agents include agents for inhibiting hyperactivating immunity before pregnancy or hyperreactive immunity after pregnancy to restore a normal immune state.
- Infertility and infertility including recurrent implantation failure (RIF) and recurrent miscarriage (RPL), is estimated to be present in approximately 190 million people worldwide, averaging 8% to 12% of reproductive couples [ Reference 1].
- infertility and infertility There are many causes of infertility and infertility, and they are roughly classified into problems such as fertilized eggs and fetuses, maternal problems, and maternal-fetal interaction-related problems.
- Fertilized egg or fetus or maternal problems can be treated with existing therapies and 80% to 90% of patients will have a successful birth. However, the remaining 10% to 20% include patients with infertility and infertility due to abnormalities related to the interaction between the mother and the fetus, which are interactions between the mother and the fetus. Is difficult [reference 2].
- One reason for this difficulty may be the delay in the development of new therapies that focus on immune-related abnormalities between these mothers and fetuses.
- innate immunity which rapidly removes foreign substances that have entered the body
- adaptive immunity which induces attack or immune tolerance to foreign antigens based on information recognized by dendritic cells (DC)
- DC dendritic cells
- the main immune mechanisms in transplantation are the direct recognition of peptide/allogeneic HLA (allo-HLA) complexes expressed on the surface of donor dendritic cells by the T cell antigen receptor and on the surface of recipient dendritic cells. It includes T cell-induced rejection induced by indirect recognition of the expressing allo-peptide/self HLA complex [references 4-7].
- the strong graft reaction is thought to be caused mainly by direct recognition of T cells, and is accompanied by chronic rejection caused by anti-allo-HLA-specific antibody produced by B cells.
- Recipient B cells recognize and bind the peptide/allogene HLA (allo-HLA) complex expressed on the surface of donor dendritic cells, and allo-HLA-derived peptides/self HLA class on the surface of the B cells. Differentiation is induced into plasma cells through the indirect recognition of the II complex by Th2 cells [Reference 8].
- TGF- ⁇ immunosuppressive cytokine
- IFN- ⁇ produced from cytotoxic T lymphocytes induces the expression of programmed death ligand (PD-L1) on the surface of cancer cells and on tumor-infiltrating macrophages. CTLs are suppressed by the PD-1 receptor binding to PD-L1 [refs 15, 17, 18].
- HLA-G expression on the surface of villous trophoblast cells is the first step in successful pregnancy and is the key to achieving escape from innate immunity and inducing tolerance [References 19-26].
- immunity imbalances and breakthroughs of the placental barrier at the maternal-fetal interface can induce conventional immune responses as well as responses to other foreign substances, resulting in adverse placental architecture and fetal growth. Affects and causes maternal complications. Recognition of fetal antigens across the placenta or in the placenta induces maternal production of specific antibodies to fetal intracellular target proteins.
- the immunological response during pregnancy is similar to that seen in transplants.
- direct recognition of the peptide/allo-HLA complex may differ very much in pregnancy, as it is estimated that there are not sufficient DC numbers in the fetus in early pregnancy.
- the antigenicity of the presented antigens is weak in the case of the fetus, as it has half the alloantigen.
- the process of antibody production is the same as that at the time of transplantation.
- innate immunity is an important immunological reaction in pregnancy, and subsequent T cell activation by DC may be weaker than in transplantation.
- the production of specific antibodies against fetal antigens is considered in rhesus D (Rh-D) incompatible pregnancy and fetal hemochromatosis.
- Rh-D rhesus D
- other fetal antigens including peptides derived from allo-HLA may also act as targets, and in patients with a history of pregnancy and a high Th2 cell ratio, involvement in infertility and infertility due to Th2 activation. Is predicted.
- Dysfunction of these mechanisms leads to an uncontrolled immune response to the fetus, leading to infertility and infertility. Further, such infertility and infertility may occur not only in women who have never been pregnant or who have changed partners, but also after miscarriage or childbirth.
- Maternal tolerance to the same antigen is generally considered to be enhanced after successful pregnancy and childbirth, but implantation failure, miscarriage and even childbirth increase the opportunity for the mother to recognize the fetal antigen, resulting in rejection. The possibility of. These events may enhance sensitization to fetal antigens and promote rejection. Existing therapies may not be able to achieve successful pregnancy in these patients.
- Fetal extravillous trophoblasts do not express the histocompatibility antigens HLA-A, -B or -D [ref 44] and are therefore not a target for CTL but a target for natural killer (NK) cells. obtain. However, instead of the HLA type described above, trophoblasts express HLA-C, E and G [refs 19, 20, 45-49].
- Fetal maternal HLA-C mismatch is associated with maternal T cell activation, but can switch immune response towards tolerance under several conditions including semen priming, the presence of sufficient progesterone, and HLA-G [ References 26, 45-48] (Fig. 2a). This response promotes the differentiation of DCs from immature DCs (imDCs) to tolerogenic DCs (tDCs) and subsequently induces immune tolerance via directed regulatory T cells [50-53]. ]. Similar findings were observed for minor histocompatibility antigens such as HMHAI, KIAA0020, BCL2A1 and male antigen (HY), which are expressed on extravillous trophoblast cells [refs. 54-57. ].
- HLA-E suppresses NK cell activity in the decidua [Reference 49], and expression of HLA-G on the surface of extravillous trophoblast cells induces escape from NK challenge and inhibition of macrophage activation. [References 21-24].
- Suppressed NK/NKT cells downregulate perforin and granzyme or granulysin and type 1 cytokine production. The production of type 1 cytokines from macrophages is also suppressed, contributing to a diminished enhancement of NK/NKT cell activity (Fig. 2b).
- Th1 type immunity The main mechanism of immunological rejection in patients with RIF or RPL is Th1 type immunity [references 58-64], with Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg, NK/NKT and DC in peripheral blood. Overlapping but not identical [ref. 63].
- Th1 type immunity the immunological changes that occur in the uterus are as described above, the immunological problems of RIF patients are usually caused by the predominance of Th1 type immunity, and Th1 type immunity is more persistent than before pregnancy. Has risen to.
- RPL patients there are various factors that activate immunological rejection of the fetus.
- the immune response is initiated after implantation and fetal antigens can be recognized at the maternal-fetal interface during pregnancy via the following three pathways: -An extravillous trophoblast after implantation, Syncytiotrophoblasts in the placenta, and -Circulation of maternal fetal cells or antigen after completion of placenta.
- NK cells attack target cells by different mechanisms.
- CD56 bright /NKp44+ and CD56 dim /NKp46+ cells along with granzyme B, induce target cell apoptosis via granulin and perforin, respectively [refs. 71, 72].
- Long-term stimulation it is necessary to induce granulysin production from CD56 brim / NKp44 + cells, it does not induce perforin with granzyme B production in CD56 dim / NKp46 + cells.
- Th1 type immunity leads to CD56 bright /NKp44+ activation in the uterus of RIF patients [71, 72].
- Implantation of the fertilized egg, infiltration of villi into the decidua in the uterus, and transfer of antigen from the fetus to the maternal blood circulation increase with time after placenta construction, and accelerate after the second trimester.
- Two peaks of the immunological response theoretically occur at the maternal-fetal interface, but the timing and intensity of the immune response to these fetuses is variable.
- suppression of allo-immune attack in early pregnancy and complete tolerance of the fetus are important points.
- acquired immunity is further classified into “cellular immunity” and “humoral immunity” depending on the type of helper T cells and how they act.
- diseases or symptoms of the immune system in which the mother and the fetus are related to each other include, for example, “cell-mediated immunity” include infertility due to implantation disorders, infertility due to placental architecture disorders, and pregnancy hypertension.
- humoral immunity in which the mother and the fetus are associated with each other there is blood group mismatch pregnancy or fetal hemochromatosis.
- Patent Document 1 describes a therapeutic agent containing a specific immunosuppressive agent as an active ingredient as a therapeutic agent for infertility/fertility caused by “cellular immunity”. ..
- the placenta is designed to avoid mixing blood between the mother and fetus, but small amounts of fetal antigens, including blood cells, enter the maternal circulation via the placenta (fetal maternal transfusion, FMT).
- FMT fetal maternal transfusion
- An antibody against a fetal antigen is produced in the mother when it is recognized as an antigenic and foreign antigen that exceeds the mother's ability to tolerate the antigen.
- the generated pathogenic antibody migrates to the fetal circulation through the placenta like other IgG antibodies and attacks the target fetal cell or antigen.
- the amount of antigen transferred from the fetus to the mother increases with the progress of pregnancy. Therefore, the amount of pathogenic antibody produced by the mother's fetus also increases, and the deterioration of the fetal condition is observed in proportion to the amount of pathogenic antibody produced, particularly accelerated during the second trimester.
- Blood group incompatibility For example, a pregnancy in which the mother is Rho(D) negative and the fetus is Rho(D) positive is regarded as a blood group incompatible pregnancy.
- a small amount of fetal antigen containing blood cell components is transferred from the fetus to the mother via the placenta.
- an antibody is produced by the mother, and the antibody is transferred to the fetus via the placenta like other antibodies.
- Target and attack fetal cells Target and attack fetal cells.
- the anti-D antibody produced by the mother is transferred to the fetus through the placenta, destroys red blood cells in fetal blood, and causes fetal anemia, and later severe fetal edema and intrauterine fetal death [ Reference 4a].
- This condition is not prominent in the first pregnancy and becomes more severe after the second pregnancy as the chance of sensitization increases.
- the placenta is constructed, the amount of transferred antigen gradually increases with the progress of pregnancy, and thus the condition progresses with the number of pregnancy weeks. In particular, it often deteriorates rapidly after the middle stage when the amount of transition increases.
- Rh immunoglobulin Ig
- Maternals with anti-D antibodies require management based on Doppler ultrasound to measure maternal blood antibody titers and fetal middle cerebral artery (MCA) blood flow rates, which are predictive indicators of fetal anemia during pregnancy [Reference 5a].
- MCA fetal middle cerebral artery
- fetal hemochromatosis is a disease that causes severe liver failure during fetal and neonatal periods, and it is estimated that allogeneic fetal liver damage is the cause. No pathogenic antigen has been identified, but it occurs when pregnant with proteins that are associated with fetal iron metabolism (such as enzymes) that differ from those in the mother.
- fetal proteins associated with fetal iron metabolism are transferred to the mother via the placenta, and the maternal immune response to the transferred fetal protein antigen produces pathogenic antibodies in the mother. ..
- the pathogenic antibody produced in the mother's body is transferred to the fetus via the placenta, and the fetal iron metabolism disorder developed by attacking the fetal protein related to iron metabolism in the fetus is a basic pathological condition.
- the recurrence rate of fetal hemochromatosis from the same mother is 90%, and in the treatment, a combination therapy with an internal medical treatment using an iron chelating agent and an antioxidant and a liver transplantation was performed from around 1990.
- the survival rate of infants was about 50% at the highest.
- a new treatment method was reported, including replacement transfusion of the fetus after birth and treatment with high-dose gamma globulin therapy, and the survival rate of infants has been improved to 75%.
- the current treatment method is to administer a large amount of gamma globulin therapy to the mother during pregnancy to prevent the onset of fetal hemochromatosis.
- a large amount of ⁇ -globulin is required, further treatment methods are required.
- Pregnant Hypertension Syndrome When hypertension develops during pregnancy, it is called Pregnant Hypertension Syndrome (HDP). If hypertension is observed before pregnancy or if it is recognized by the 20th week of pregnancy, it is called pregnancy with hypertension (CH). If only hypertension develops after 20 weeks of pregnancy, it is classified as pregnancy hypertension (GH). And proteinuria are classified as pregnant hypertensive nephropathy (PE). Since 2018, if hepatic dysfunction, renal dysfunction, neuropathy, blood coagulation disorder, or fetal growth is poor even without proteinuria, it has been classified as pregnancy-induced hypertensive nephropathy. When the pregnancy hypertension syndrome becomes severe, related diseases such as HELLP syndrome, eclampsia, and central nervous system disorder may occur.
- CH pregnancy with hypertension
- HELLP Syndrome is a condition that presents with a series of symptoms (hemolysis: H, liver dysfunction: EL, thrombocytopenia: LP) that are associated with the risk of maternal and fetal life that occurs during pregnancy or parturition, and is associated with pregnancy hypertension syndrome. It is a related disease. If HELLP syndrome is observed, it is necessary to urgently move to the end of continuation of pregnancy by emergency delivery or cesarean section.
- Eclampsia is a condition in which the patient has had convulsions or loss of consciousness and visual field impairment along with abnormal hypertension during the perinatal period. It can occur before, during, and after puerperium. Eclampsia is a circulatory disorder and dysfunction of brain tissue associated with hypertension, which is also a disease associated with pregnancy hypertension syndrome.
- Pregnancy hypertension syndrome and related diseases may cause extremely dangerous conditions for both the mother and fetus, such as fetal growth failure, stereotactic placenta premature detachment, fetal dysfunction, and fetal death. It is very important to prevent or delay the onset of pregnancy hypertension syndrome and its related diseases (eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, etc.).
- HELLP syndrome and eclampsia The cause of HELLP syndrome and eclampsia is not clear, but it is known to be associated with pregnancy hypertension syndrome [References 1b, 2b]. Except for hypertension, renal dysfunction, aging, and obesity, which are triggers as fundamental maternal problems in the category of pregnancy-induced hypertension, the remaining category is placental architecture disorder, which is an abnormal maternal- It is thought that this may be caused by immunity between fetuses [References 3b to 10b]. Abnormal maternal-fetal immunity is said to be insufficient in suppression of attack by cell-mediated immunity or humoral immunity via T cells and insufficient tolerance of fetal antigens [Reference 11b].
- the present invention relates to an agent for improving infertility or infertility or a pregnancy state, which is affected by immune interaction between a mother and a fetus, which comprises a specific immunosuppressive component, and more particularly, a hyperactivating immunity before pregnancy.
- a specific immunosuppressive component which comprises a specific immunosuppressive component, and more particularly, a hyperactivating immunity before pregnancy.
- it is intended to provide a drug for inhibiting hyperreactive immunity after pregnancy and restoring a normal immune state.
- the present invention aims to treat or improve blood group mismatch pregnancy or fetal hemochromatosis by restoring a normal immune state.
- the present invention aims to prevent or delay the onset of pregnancy hypertension syndrome and/or its related diseases by suppressing the activation of maternal rejection immunity to the fetus and promoting tolerance to the fetus.
- the present invention includes the following embodiments.
- R 7 is a hydrogen atom, a hydroxy group, a protected hydroxy group, or together with R 1 represents an oxo group;
- R 8 and R 9 independently represent a hydrogen atom or a hydroxy group;
- R 10 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkyl group substituted with one or more hydroxy groups, an alkenyl group, an alkenyl group substituted with one or more hydroxy groups, or an alkyl group substituted with an oxo group;
- X represents an oxo group, a (hydrogen atom, a hydroxy group), a (hydrogen atom, a hydrogen atom), or a group represented by the formula —CH 2 O—;
- Y represents an oxo group, a (hydrogen atom, a hydroxy group), a (hydrogen atom, a hydrogen atom), or a group represented by the formula N-NR 11 R 12 or N-OR 13 .
- R 11 and R 12 independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group or a tosyl group
- R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 18 , R 19 , R 22 and R 23 independently represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group
- R 24 represents an optionally substituted ring which may contain one or more heteroatoms
- n represents 1 or 2
- Y, R 10 and R 23 together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, are a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered ring nitrogen atom, sulfur atom and oxygen.
- a heterocyclic group containing one or more heteroatoms selected from atoms may be formed, and the heterocyclic group may be an alkyl group, a hydroxy group, an alkyloxy group, a benzyl group, a formula —CH 2 Se(C 6 H 5 ), and a compound represented by the formula (I) optionally substituted by one or more groups selected from alkyl groups substituted by one or more hydroxy groups, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (Ii) cyclosporins and (iii) rapamycin or a derivative thereof, which comprises as an active ingredient a compound selected from the group consisting of: pre-pregnant hyperactivating immunity or post-pregnant hyperreactive immunity, A drug to restore a normal immune status.
- (Embodiment 2) (I) a compound represented by the formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (Ii) Cyclosteroids, and (iii) Rapamycin or a derivative thereof, as an active ingredient, enhances the action of steroid hormones by activating steroid hormone receptors and translocating into the nucleus. Drugs to induce.
- the steroid hormone includes glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, estrogen, progesterone, androgen and the like.
- a drug for improving the in utero environment for receiving a fertilized egg or a fetus by promoting differentiation of the endometrium mainly by progesterone and immunosuppression in the uterus before implantation.
- (Embodiment 3) (I) a compound represented by the formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (Ii) Cyclosporins and (iii) Rapamycin or a derivative thereof, which has a compound selected from the group consisting of active ingredients in the uterus and may be activated by a fertilized egg or a fetal component A drug for suppressing the activity of natural killer/natural killer T cells or macrophages represented by immunity.
- (Embodiment 4) (I) a compound represented by the formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, In the uterus, a fertilized egg or fetus is directly or indirectly attacked by adaptive immunity with a compound selected from the group consisting of (ii) cyclosporins and (iii) rapamycin or a derivative thereof, as an active ingredient.
- Drugs for inhibiting the activity of potential antigen-presenting cells dendritic cells, macrophages, etc.
- cytotoxic T cells or T cells that produce intercellular transmitters ..
- (Embodiment 6) (I) a compound represented by the formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (Ii) Cyclosporins, and (iii) rapamycin or a derivative thereof, a liquid selected from the group consisting of the group consisting of human leukocyte antigen (HLA: Human Leukocyte Antigen) as an active ingredient
- HLA Human Leukocyte Antigen
- a drug for suppressing the immune response that is, the production of fetus-specific antibodies.
- the pathological conditions caused by the production of the fetus-specific antibody include infertility, fertilized eggs in infertility, fetal rejection, blood group mismatch pregnancy, and neonatal hemochromatosis.
- (Embodiment 7) (I) a compound represented by the formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (Ii) Cyclosporins and (iii) Rapamycin or a derivative thereof as an active ingredient for suppressing the production of pathogenic antibodies in the mother body that poses a problem in the continuation of pregnancy Drugs.
- the pathogenic antibody includes autoantibodies represented by antiphospholipid antibody syndrome.
- (Embodiment 8) (I) a compound represented by the formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (Ii) Suppression of activation of maternal rejection immunity to the fetus and/or tolerance to the fetus, which comprises as an active ingredient a compound selected from the group consisting of cyclosporins and (iii) rapamycin or a derivative thereof. Drugs to promote.
- (Embodiment 9) (I) a compound represented by the formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (Ii) Cyclosporins, and (iii) Rapamycin or a derivative thereof, which is a compound selected from the group consisting of active ingredients, prevents or delays the onset of pregnancy hypertension syndrome and/or diseases associated with pregnancy hypertension syndrome Drug to do. (Embodiment 10) The drug of embodiment 9, wherein the disease associated with pregnancy hypertension syndrome is HELLP syndrome. (Embodiment 11) The drug of embodiment 9, wherein the disease associated with pregnancy hypertension is eclampsia.
- Embodiment 12 Any of Embodiments 1 to 11, wherein the active ingredient is a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and the compound of formula (I) is tacrolimus or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Drug.
- the present invention also includes the following embodiments.
- (Embodiment 13) (I) a compound represented by the formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (Ii) Cyclosporins, and (iii) a drug selected from the group consisting of rapamycin or a derivative thereof as an active ingredient for inhibiting pre-pregnancy over-activated immunity or post-pregnancy reactive immunity .
- (Embodiment 14) The medicament according to embodiment 13, which comprises administering tacrolimus or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to the patient.
- the compound of the present invention can be a drug for inhibiting hyperactivating immunity before pregnancy or hyperreactive immunity after pregnancy and restoring a normal immune state. It is possible to provide a treatment and, likewise, the compounds of the invention may be agents for the treatment of:
- Embodiment 19 The treatment of embodiment 15, or a medicament therefor, which is administered from the beginning of pregnancy.
- Embodiment 20 The treatment of embodiment 15, or a medicament therefor, which is administered at a dose of 1 to 10 mg/day from the beginning of pregnancy.
- Embodiment 21 The treatment of embodiment 151, or an agent therefor, administered at a dose of 3-6 mg/day from early pregnancy.
- Embodiment 22 The treatment of embodiment 15, or a medicament therefor, wherein a compound of formula (I) is administered to a patient of potential blood group mismatch pregnancy at a dose of 1-10 mg/day from early pregnancy.
- the compound of the present invention can be a drug for the following method.
- (Embodiment 23) Suppression of humoral immunity involving a high Th2 cell ratio and its action on B cells due to its activity.
- the present invention makes it possible to suppress the activation of maternal rejection immunity to the fetus and promote tolerance to the fetus, and as a result, prevent or delay the onset of pregnancy hypertension syndrome and/or its related diseases. ..
- FIG. 1 shows that maternal immunity shares many common immune mechanisms with organ transplants and cancer. Implantation tolerance, suppression of fetal attack, and fetal immune tolerance are important for achieving successful pregnancy, and dysfunction at any of these points can lead to infertility. It is a figure which shows that there is.
- FIG. 6 shows that the fetal-maternal HLA-C mismatch is associated with maternal T cell activation. The immune response can be switched in the direction of tolerance under various conditions.
- Extravillous trophoblast (EVT) does not express HLA-A, -B, -D and may be a target for NK cells (CD16+/CD56 dim ) rather than cytotoxic T cells It is a figure which shows that there is.
- EVT expresses HLA-C, E, and G.
- HLA-C expression is associated with immune tolerance
- HLA-E suppresses NK cell activity
- HLA-G acts to avoid NK cell attack and suppresses type I cytokine production by macrophages (see Figure 3b).
- ILT is Ig-like transcript
- KIR killer cell Ig-like receptor
- HLA is human leukocyte antigen.
- HLA-A, B, and C belong to MHC class Ia
- HLA-E, F, and G belong to MHC class Ib
- HLA-DR, DQ, and DP belong to MHC class II.
- FIG. 1 shows that both repeated implantation failure (RIF) and repeated abortion (RPL) are associated with predominant Th1 type immunity.
- FIG. 3 is an estimated diagram of some fluctuation patterns of Th1 type immunity. The timing of activation is before implantation, immediately after pregnancy when the mother first recognizes the fetus, and in the second trimester when fetal antigens enter the maternal circulation via the placenta. It is a figure which shows the intracellular action mechanism of tacrolimus. Tacrolimus recognizes and binds to specific receptors and acts on several cellular and molecular pathways.
- Activated FKBP suppressively affects the NFAT pathway through inhibition of calcineurin activity and induces hormone receptor release from the complex and nuclear translocation by binding to the steroid hormone chaperone complex.
- GR indicates a glucocorticoid receptor
- NFAT indicates a nuclear factor of activated T cells
- ER indicates an endoplasmic reticulum. It is a figure which suggests the possibility of treatment with tacrolimus in a patient with infertility and infertility. Activation of progesterone receptors can induce endometrial maturation during implantation.
- the main effect of tacrolimus is the direct suppression of activated NK/NKT cells and activated Th1 cells.
- tacrolimus unlike its use in organ transplantation or collagen disease, is used in infertility to restore elevated immune levels to normal levels. Therefore, the dose of tacrolimus used to treat infertility may be lower than that used for other disorders.
- the upper part is a graph showing Th1, Th2 and the ratio of the patients. The initially high Th1/Th2 ratio suggests infertility due to an abnormality of the immune system.
- the lower row is a graph showing the titer of anti-D antibody in pregnant women during the pregnancy week.
- the titer of anti-D antibody was further increased by increasing the dose (5 mg/day) at 28 weeks of gestation when it rapidly began to increase. It turns out that it is stable. It is a graph which shows the weight of the fetus in the pregnancy week, and the blood flow velocity of a middle cerebral artery. The weight increased steadily even after 28 weeks when the dose of tacrolimus was increased (5 mg/day) from the early stage of pregnancy, and the blood flow rate, which is a measure of fetal anemia, was equivalent to the number of weeks. It is a graph which shows the ratio of Th1 and Th2 cells in a CD4 positive cell, and the change in NK cell activity during pregnancy. The proportion of Th1 and Th2 cells in CD4-positive cells was continuously decreased, while NK cell activity was decreased in the second trimester and then significantly increased in the test at 32 weeks' gestation.
- the present invention is (I) Formula (I) (Wherein each adjacent pair of R 1 and R 2 , R 3 and R 4 , R 5 and R 6 is independently, (A) represents two adjacent hydrogen atoms, or R 2 may be an alkyl group, or (b) may form another bond between the carbon atoms bonded to each other.
- R 7 is a hydrogen atom, a hydroxy group, a protected hydroxy group, or together with R 1 represents an oxo group;
- R 8 and R 9 independently represent a hydrogen atom or a hydroxy group;
- R 10 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkyl group substituted with one or more hydroxy groups, an alkenyl group, an alkenyl group substituted with one or more hydroxy groups, or an alkyl group substituted with an oxo group;
- X represents an oxo group, (hydrogen atom, hydroxy group), (hydrogen atom, hydrogen atom), or a group represented by the formula —CH 2 O—;
- Y represents an oxo group, a (hydrogen atom, a hydroxy group), a (hydrogen atom, a hydrogen atom), or a group represented by the formula N-NR 11 R 12 or N-OR 13 .
- R 11 and R 12 independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group or a tosyl group
- R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 18 , R 19 , R 22 and R 23 independently represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group
- R 24 represents an optionally substituted ring which may contain one or more heteroatoms
- n represents 1 or 2
- Y, R 10 and R 23 together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, are saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen atoms.
- a heterocyclic group containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the following may be formed, and the heterocyclic group may be an alkyl group, a hydroxy group, an alkyloxy group, a benzyl group, a formula —CH 2 Se(C 6 H 5 ) and a compound represented by the group represented by 5 ), which may be substituted with one or more groups selected from alkyl groups substituted with one or more hydroxy groups, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (Ii) cyclosporins and (iii) rapamycin or a derivative thereof, which comprises as an active ingredient a compound selected from the group consisting of: pre-pregnant hyperactivating immunity or post-pregnant hyperreactive immunity, To provide a drug for restoring a normal immune state.
- R 24 represents an optionally substituted ring which may contain one or more heteroatoms, specifically a 5- to 7-membered carbocycle or 5- or 6-membered Is a heterocyclic group of members.
- the 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic group is, for example, a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic group containing one or more heteroatoms selected from nitrogen atom, sulfur atom and oxygen atom.
- Preferred R 24 includes a cyclo(C 5 -C 7 )alkyl group which may have a suitable substituent, and examples thereof include the following groups.
- R 20 represents hydroxy, alkyloxy, oxo, or OCH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 3
- R 21 may have hydroxy, —OCN, alkyloxy, or a suitable substituent.
- an oxygen atom of the epoxide ring ie, —O—
- a cyclopentyl group wherein the cyclopentyl group is methoxymethyl, optionally protected hydroxymethyl, acyloxymethyl (wherein , The acyl moiety is an optionally quaternized dimethylamino group or an optionally esterified carboxy group), one or more optionally protected amino and/or hydroxy groups, or amino It may be substituted with oxalyloxymethyl, and a preferred example is a 2-formyl-cyclopentyl group.
- “Lower” means a group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms unless otherwise specified.
- alkyl moiety of the “alkyl group” and the “alkyloxy group” include a straight chain or branched chain aliphatic hydrocarbon residue, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, pentyl, Examples thereof include lower alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms such as neopentyl and hexyl.
- alkenyl group examples include straight chain or branched chain aliphatic hydrocarbon residue containing one double bond, for example, vinyl, propenyl (allyl etc.), butenyl, methylpropenyl, pentenyl. And lower alkenyl groups such as hexenyl.
- aryl group examples include phenyl, tolyl, xylyl, cumenyl, mesityl, naphthyl and the like.
- Preferred protecting groups for "protected hydroxy group” and “protected amino” include, for example, methylthiomethyl, ethylthiomethyl, propylthiomethyl, isopropylthiomethyl, butylthiomethyl, isobutylthiomethyl, hexylthiomethyl and the like.
- 1-(lower alkylthio)(lower)alkyl groups such as lower alkylthiomethyl groups, more preferred C 1 -C 4 alkylthiomethyl groups, most preferred methylthiomethyl groups; eg trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, tributylsilyl, Tri(lower)alkylsilyl such as tert-butyl-dimethylsilyl, tri-tertiary-butylsilyl, etc.
- Lower alkyl-diaryl such as methyl-diphenylsilyl, ethyl-diphenylsilyl, propyl-diphenylsilyl, tert-butyl-diphenylsilyl
- Tri-substituted silyl groups such as silyl, more preferably tri(C 1 -C 4 )alkylsilyl groups and C 1 -C 4 alkyldiphenylsilyl groups, most preferably tertiary butyl-dimethylsilyl groups and Tertiary butyl-diphenylsilyl groups; acyl groups such as aliphatic acyl groups derived from carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids and carbamic acids, aromatic acyl groups and aromatic acyl-substituted aliphatic acyl groups; and the like.
- Suitable aliphatic acyl groups include, for example, formyl, acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, isobutyryl, valeryl, isovaleryl, pivaloyl, hexanoyl, carboxyacetyl, carboxypropionyl, carboxybutyryl, carboxyhexanoyl, and other suitable substituents such as carboxy.
- a lower alkanoyl group which may have one or more; for example, cyclopropyloxyacetyl, cyclobutyloxypropionyl, cycloheptyloxybutyryl, menthyloxyacetyl, menthyloxypropionyl, menthyloxybutyryl, menthyloxypentanoyl, menthyl.
- a cyclo(lower)alkyloxy(lower)alkanoyl group optionally having one or more suitable substituents such as lower alkyl such as oxyhexanoyl; a camphorsulfonyl group; for example, carboxymethylcarbamoyl, carboxyethylcarbamoyl, Carboxy (lower) alkylcarbamoyl groups such as carboxypropylcarbamoyl, carboxybutylcarbamoyl, carboxypentylcarbamoyl, carboxyhexylcarbamoyl, or for example trimethylsilylmethoxycarbonylethylcarbamoyl, trimethylsilylethoxycarbonylpropylcarbamoyl, triethylsilylethoxycarbonylpropylcarbamoyl, tertiary butyl Suitable substituents such as carboxy or protected carboxy such as tri(lower)alkyl
- the aromatic acyl group includes, for example, benzoyl, toluoyl, xyloyl, naphthoyl, nitrobenzoyl, dinitrobenzoyl, nitronaphthoyl, etc., which may have one or more appropriate substituents such as nitro;
- Arenesulfonyl group which may have one or more suitable substituents such as halogen, such as sulfonyl, toluenesulfonyl, xylenesulfonyl, naphthalenesulfonyl, fluorobenzenesulfonyl, chlorobenzenesulfonyl, bromobenzenesulfonyl, iodobenzenesulfonyl, etc. Are listed.
- Examples of the aliphatic acyl group substituted with an aromatic group include phenylacetyl, phenylpropionyl, phenylbutyryl, 2-trifluoromethyl-2-methoxy-2-phenylacetyl, 2-ethyl-2-trifluoromethyl- Aryl optionally having one or more suitable substituents such as lower alkyloxy or trihalo(lower)alkyl such as 2-phenylacetyl, 2-trifluoromethyl-2-propoxy-2-phenylacetyl, etc. Lower) alkanoyl group and the like.
- acyl groups are C 1 -C 4 alkanoyl groups which may have carboxy, and cyclo(C 5 -C 6 ) having two (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl in the cycloalkyl moiety.
- Examples of the "5- to 7-membered carbocycle” include 5- to 7-membered cycloalkyl groups or cycloalkenyl groups, and examples thereof include cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl or cycloheptenyl.
- Preferred examples of the "saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic group containing one or more heteroatoms selected from nitrogen atom, sulfur atom and oxygen atom” include pyrrolyl group and tetrahydrofuryl group. Etc.
- heteroaryl optionally having substituent(s) in “heteroaryloxy optionally having substituent(s)” is represented by the formula in EP-A-532,088.
- group R 1 of the compound to be mentioned include those mentioned above, and for example, 1-hydroxyethylindol-5-yl is preferable. The disclosure thereof is cited and made a part of the description of the specification.
- Active ingredient in the present invention, as an active ingredient, (i) a compound represented by formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (ii) cyclosporins, or (iii) rapamycin or a derivative thereof Can be used.
- a compound represented by formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof cyclosporins, or (iii) rapamycin or a derivative thereof
- two or more kinds of (i) the compound represented by the formula (I), (ii) cyclosporine, or (iii) rapamycin or a derivative thereof may be used in combination.
- Each active ingredient will be described below.
- FR900506 FK506, tacrolimus
- FR900520 ascomycin
- FR900523 and FR900052 are genus Streptomyces, for example, Streptomyces tsukubaensis. 9993 (Depositor: 1-3, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, Institute of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Ministry of International Trade and Industry (former name: Institute of Microbial Technology, Institute of Industrial Science and Technology of Japan), Deposit Date: 1984 5, October 5, Accession No.: Mikori Kenjo Yoroshi No.
- Streptomyces hygroscopicus subspecies yakshimaensis Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. 7238 (Depositor: 1-3, Higashi, 1-3, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, Institute of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Date of deposit: January 12, 1985, Deposit number: Microtechnology Research Institute Article No. 928) (EP-A-0184162), and particularly FK506 (generic name: tacrolimus) represented by the following structural formula is a typical compound.
- the compound of formula (I) is a compound of formula (I) wherein each adjacent pair of R 3 and R 4 , R 5 and R 6 is between each carbon atom to which they are attached. Forming another bond formed (thus forming a double bond at the R 3 and R 4 , R 5 and R 6 moieties), R 1 , R 2 , R 8 and R 23 are independently a hydrogen atom, R 9 is a hydroxy group, R 10 is a methyl, ethyl, propyl or allyl group, R 7 is hydroxy, X is (hydrogen atom, hydrogen atom) or an oxo group, Y is an oxo group, R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 18 , R 19 and R 22 are each a methyl group, R 24 is a 3-R 20 -4-R 21 -cyclohexyl group, Wherein R 20 is hydroxy, alkyloxy, oxo, or OCH 2 OCH
- the compound represented by the formula (I) includes tacrolimus, ascomycin or a derivative thereof.
- the compounds described in 5059, WO96/31514 and the like are also mentioned as preferred examples of the compound represented by the formula (I) of the present invention, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference.
- salts of Compounds of Formula (I) refers to non-pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
- pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases including inorganic bases and organic bases.
- Salts derived from such inorganic bases include aluminum, ammonium, calcium, copper (second and first), ferric iron, ferrous, lithium, magnesium, manganese (second and first), potassium, Salts such as sodium and zinc are included. The ammonium, calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium salts are preferred.
- Salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic organic bases include salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines derived from both natural and synthetic sources.
- Pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic organic bases include, for example, arginine, betaine, caffeine, choline, N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, diethylamine, 2-diethylaminoethanol, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine.
- the compound of formula (I) of the present invention is basic, its corresponding salt can be conveniently prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic inorganic and organic acids.
- Such acids include, for example, acetic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, benzoic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, citric acid, ethanesulfonic acid, fumaric acid, gluconic acid, glutamic acid, hydrobromic acid, hydrochloric acid, isethionic acid, lactic acid, maleic acid.
- Malic acid mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, mucoic acid, nitric acid, pamoic acid, pantothenic acid, phosphoric acid, succinic acid, sulfuric acid, tartaric acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid and the like.
- Citric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydrochloric acid, maleic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and tartaric acid are preferred.
- Solvates or hydrates of compounds represented by formula (I) The compounds represented by formula (I) of the present invention can form solvates, which are also included in the scope of the present invention. Be done. Preferred solvates include hydrates and ethanolates.
- the compounds of formula (I) of the present invention may exist in an amorphous form and/or one or more crystalline forms of formula (I) All such amorphous and crystalline forms of the compounds represented by and mixtures thereof are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.
- the crystalline form of the compound represented by formula (I) can also form a solvate with water (that is, a hydrate) or a solvate with a common organic solvent.
- the solvates and hydrates of the crystalline forms of the compounds of formula (I), especially the pharmaceutically acceptable solvates and hydrates, are likewise the compounds defined by formula (I) And its pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
- the compound represented by the formula (I) of the present invention may be a conformer or an optical isomer and a geometric isomer due to an asymmetric carbon atom and a double bond. There may exist one or more pairs of stereoisomers, and such conformers or isomers are also included in the scope of the compound of the present invention.
- the compound of formula (I) of the present invention is publicly known in the literature, and its production method is, for example, EP-A-184162, EP-A-323042, EP-A-. 423714, EP-A-427680, EP-A-465426, EP-A-480623, EP-A-5320888, EP-A-532089, EP-A-569337, EP-A-626385, WO89/05303, WO93/. 05058, WO96/31514, WO91/13889, WO91/19495, WO93/5059 and the like. Further, tacrolimus is commercially available from Astellas Pharma Inc. under the trade name of Prograf (registered trademark).
- Cyclosporins examples include cyclosporins A, B, D, etc., which are Merck Index (12th Edition) No. 2821. Cyclosporine is commercially available from Novartis Pharma KK under the trade name of Sandy Mune, for example.
- Rapamycin or its derivative Rapamycin includes Merck Index (12th Edition) No. 8288, and derivatives thereof can also be used.
- Preferred examples of the rapamycin derivative include formula (A) on page 1 of WO95/16691.
- An O-substituted derivative in which hydroxy at the 40-position of is substituted with -OR 1 (wherein R 1 is hydroxyalkyl, hydroalkyloxyalkyl, acylaminoalkyl and aminoalkyl), for example, 40-O-(2- Hydroxy)ethyl-rapamycin, 40-O-(3-hydroxy)propyl-rapamycin, 40-O-[2-(2-hydroxy)ethoxy]ethyl-rapamycin and 40-O-(2-acetaminoethyl)-rapamycin Are listed. Rapamycin (sirolimus) is commercially available from Nobel Pharma KK under the trade name of Laparimus.
- the compounds of formula (I), cyclosporins, rapamycin and their derivatives according to the invention have a similar basic skeleton, namely the tricyclomacrolide skeleton, and have at least one similar biological property. (For example, it has an immunosuppressive action).
- the drug according to the present invention is not limited to other active ingredients as long as there is no risk of inhibiting the activity of the active ingredients and it is not harmful to the administration subject (hereinafter, also referred to as patient). It may contain one or more therapeutically active substances having a therapeutic effect on diseases, disorders and conditions.
- therapeutically active substances examples include estrogen including estrone, estradiol, estriol, progesterone, prednisolone and the like.
- the agent of the present invention is selected from the group consisting of (i) a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (ii) cyclosporins, (iii) rapamycin or a derivative thereof.
- the compound may be included as an active ingredient, and may further include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier that is not harmful to the administration subject.
- the carrier that can be used may be any of solid, semi-solid, or liquid type, and examples thereof include any selected from water, an electrolyte solution, and a sugar solution, but are not limited thereto. Not done.
- the drug of the present invention may contain an auxiliary agent.
- auxiliary agents include lubricants, stabilizers, preservatives, emulsifiers, thickeners (thickeners), colorants, fragrances (flavoring agents), excipients, preservatives, buffers, flavoring agents, Examples include suspending agents, emulsifying agents, solubilizing agents, and the like.
- the drug containing the active ingredient of the present invention can be provided in various dosage forms, and examples of the dosage form include tablets, capsules, pills, granules, powders, syrups, suppositories, and troches. , Pellets, emulsions, suspensions, and other forms known in the art.
- an oral administration preparation it is preferably any one of tablets, capsules, pills, granules, powders, liquids, syrups, and jellies, and tablets, capsules, and , And granules are more preferable, and tablets are still more preferable.
- it may be formulated as a parenteral administration preparation such as an injection, a suppository, and a transdermal preparation.
- the drug according to the present invention can be produced by using a known production method. As an example, it is produced by separately producing the active ingredient and any other ingredient, and then mixing the respective ingredients so as to have a desired content.
- Target of administration of drug includes mammals. Mammals include humans and non-human animals such as cattle, horses, pigs and sheep, and other domestic animals, monkeys, chimpanzees, and pets such as dogs, cats, rats and rabbits, preferably humans. Are listed.
- the administration method (administration route) of the drug of the present invention can be appropriately determined according to the age, condition, treatment period, etc. of the administration subject. Specifically, it may be either oral administration or parenteral administration, but oral administration is preferred (Example is oral administration).
- parenteral administration include injection administration, administration as a suppository, and administration as a transdermal preparation. Types of injection administration include, for example, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intravenous, and local injection.
- the agent of the present invention can be administered via various routes such as transdermal, nasal, vaginal, and rectal routes.
- the dose of the drug varies depending on the type of disease, disease or symptom, severity, various test results, the type of active ingredient of the drug, etc. of the patient receiving the drug. Further, the dose of the drug also varies depending on the age of the patient to be treated, the number of times the treatment by the treatment method of the present invention is performed, the results of various tests, and the like. As an example, the drug of the present invention has a lower dose than the dose when used as an immunosuppressant in the treatment of living transplantation and immune system diseases in terms of the content of the active ingredient contained in the drug. Is administered.
- the amount of the active ingredient is preferably 0.5 to 10 mg or 1 to 10 mg per day depending on the patient's symptom, although not particularly limited thereto.
- An amount within the range, more preferably within the range 0.5-6 mg or 3-6 mg is administered.
- the description regarding the dose of the drug is applied to the case where a human being is the target, and the dose is expressed as the amount of the active ingredient.
- the number of administrations per day is preferably 1 to 4 times, more preferably 1 to 3 times, and further preferably 1 to 2 times.
- the drug containing the active ingredient of the present invention can be administered stepwise or in combination with another therapeutic agent.
- the agent of the present invention and another therapeutic agent can be administered as separate formulations at the same time or at different administration intervals.
- the agent containing the active ingredient of the present invention When the agent containing the active ingredient of the present invention is administered stepwise or in combination with another therapeutic agent, generally the same dosage form can be used. When these drugs are administered in physical combination, the dosage form and administration route should be selected according to the compatibility of the drugs to be combined. Thus, the term co-administration is understood to include the simultaneous or sequential administration of the two agents, or the administration of the two active ingredients as a fixed dose combination.
- Examples of the above other therapeutic agents include estrogen, estradiol, estrogen including estriol, progesterone, prednisolone and the like.
- immunoglobulins for example, anti-D immunoglobulin and the like can also be mentioned.
- the drug of the present invention may be combined with physical therapy such as plasma exchange therapy and fetal blood transfusion.
- the drug tacrolimus which inhibits preactivating or post-pregnant hyperreactive immunity and restores normal immune status, is a related substance (tacrolimus, rapamycin, ascomycin) isolated from Japanese soil actinomycetes. (Mycin, meridamycin). This is a macrolide derivative antibiotic having a 23-membered macrolide macrolactam structure [Reference 73].
- Tacrolimus is a calcium/calmodulin-dependent dephosphorylating enzyme that binds to the FK506 binding protein (FKBP) receptor and inhibits the activity of calcineurin [References 74-78].
- This calcineurin inhibitor inhibits a calcium-dependent signal that plays a role in translocating activated T cell nuclear factor (NFAT) into the nucleus in cells stimulated via the T cell receptor (Fig. 4). [References 79-83]. The elucidation of the detailed mechanism of signal transduction in cells has led to the successful use of tacrolimus in the field of transplantation and autoimmune diseases [refs. 84,85].
- Tacrolimus acts not only on the CN-NFAT pathway of T cells, but also on other cell types including natural killer (NK)/natural killer T (NKT) cells, macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells (DC cells) It has been reported [references 86-92]. Direct inhibition occurs in T cells, NK/NKT cells, and macrophages. Although some studies have reported a negative effect of tacrolimus on tDC maturation [88,89], others have examined immature DC cells (imDCs) to tolerogenic DC cells (tDC cells). ) has been shown to have a positive role for tacrolimus [references 26, 90, 91].
- T follicle helper cells 88 (activity, antibody production, and class switching) are suppressed by T follicle helper cells 88 [reference 87]. These findings indicate that tacrolimus can suppress rejection by inducing activated NK/NKT cells and macrophages, induce tolerance to the fetus, and induce imDC differentiation into tDCs. Suggest to get.
- FIG. 5a shows the mechanism by which tacrolimus inhibits activated natural killer/natural killer T cells or macrophages and induces immature dendritic cell differentiation into tolerogenic dendritic cells.
- pre-pregnancy hyperactivating immunity or post-pregnancy hyperreactive immunity to be inhibited, restoring normal immune status and thus treating or ameliorating blood group mismatch pregnancy or fetal hemochromatosis. be able to.
- tacrolimus is activated by binding to FKBP52 in the chaperone complex of the progesterone receptor and then releasing from the complex [Refs 33, 112, 113].
- the activated progesterone receptor induces maturation of endometrial epithelial cells in the presence of progesterone.
- Galectin-1 is produced by these cells and induces Th1 apoptosis, tDC and uterine NK in mature endometrial epithelial cells [refs 30, 31, 34, 35].
- tacrolimus directly inhibits the activity of type 1 cells, NK/NKT cells, and macrophages via the CN-NFAT pathway [references 86, 87].
- Induction of tDCs also includes other pharmacological mediators such as immunosuppressants (cyclosporine, rapamycin, deoxyspergrain, mycophenolate mofetil, sanglifehrin A), anti-inflammatory drugs (corticosteroids, aspirin). Done by 1 ⁇ 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, cyclic AMP inducers (PGE2, histamine, ⁇ 2 agonists, neuropeptides), glucosamine and cobalt protoporphyrin [reference 26].
- immunosuppressants cyclosporine, rapamycin, deoxyspergrain, mycophenolate mofetil, sanglifehrin A
- anti-inflammatory drugs corticosteroids, aspirin
- tacrolimus for infertility/fertility differs from its use in transplantation.
- the latter uses tacrolimus to provide sustained immunosuppression at lower levels than normal immunity, while the former inhibits pre-pregnant hyperactivating or post-pregnant hyperreactive immunity resulting in normal immune status. Needs to be recovered (Fig. 5b).
- Blood group incompatible pregnancy is a disorder that occurs in the following conditions.
- An antigen that is not on the maternal red blood cell membrane is present on the fetal red blood cell membrane
- a pathogenic antibody against an antigen on the fetal erythrocyte membrane is produced in the maternal body (pathogenic antibody, for example, increase in anti-D antibody titer, anti-red blood cell antibody, etc.)
- Pathogenic antibodies transfer to the fetus through the placenta and attack fetal red blood cells
- Fetal red blood cells are hemolyzed, resulting in fetal anemia.
- the agent of the present invention eg, tacrolimus
- the agent of the present invention eg, tacrolimus
- the increase in the pathogen value is suppressed (suppression of antibody production), and blood type It is possible to suppress the symptoms caused by the incompatible pregnancy and thus treat or improve the blood group incompatible pregnancy.
- the dose is, for example, 1 mg/day to 10 mg/day as the active ingredient. Preferably, the dose is 3-6 mg/day.
- the fetal erythrocyte attack by the pathogenic antibody that has passed through the placenta causes the fetal erythrocyte membrane-like antigen to be recognized once by a woman (due to the previous pregnancy or miscarriage), and memory for the production of the pathogenic antibody. Since they remain, blood group mismatch pregnancies are more likely to occur in the second and subsequent pregnancies than in the first.
- the drug of the present invention when a woman suffers from infertility/fertility and pregnancy is established by using the drug of the present invention (1 to 4 mg/day as an active ingredient), administration is continued and, for example, pathogen titer When an increase is observed, the drug of the present invention may be further increased (eg, 5 to 10 mg/day as an active ingredient) and administered.
- the drug of the present invention may be administered (eg, 1 to 10 mg/day as an active ingredient).
- Fetal hemochromatosis is a symptom that occurs in the following conditions.
- the enzyme associated with fetal iron metabolism is different from that of the mother,
- pathogenic antibodies against the enzyme are produced in the mother.
- Pathogenic antibody transfers to the fetus through the placenta and attacks the iron-metabolizing enzyme of the fetus,
- Iron metabolism in the fetus ceases, iron is deposited in the liver, and cirrhosis occurs.
- the agent of the present invention eg, tacrolimus
- the agent of the present invention eg, tacrolimus
- the increase in the pathogen value is suppressed (suppression of antibody production), and the pathogenic antibody is suppressed. It is possible to suppress the symptoms caused by and to treat or improve fetal hemochromatosis.
- the dose of the compound which is the active ingredient of the present invention is preferably 1 to 10 mg/day, more preferably 3 to 6 mg/day.
- Pregnant hypertension syndrome and related diseases may cause extremely dangerous conditions in both the mother and fetus, such as fetal growth failure, stereotactic placenta premature detachment, fetal dysfunction, and fetal death. It is caused by abnormal maternal-fetal immunity, and this abnormal maternal-fetal immunity suppresses attack on fetal components (antigens) including the placenta by cellular immunity or humoral immunity via T cells or It is due to insufficient immune tolerance promotion.
- the agent of the present invention eg, tacrolimus
- the recognition of fetal antigens after the first pregnancy is usually enhanced, so that in the second and subsequent pregnancy, the drug of the present invention (eg, tacrolimus) can be detected earlier. ) Is preferably administered to the patient.
- the drug of the present invention eg, tacrolimus
- the dose is, for example, 1 mg/day to 10 mg/day as an active ingredient.
- the immunity to the fetus in the mother is strongly activated from the time when the amount of the fetal antigen flowing into the mother increases, it is preferable to appropriately increase the dose in the second trimester of pregnancy.
- the indirect Coombs test is a test of whether or not hemagglutination occurs by adding anti-immunoglobulin antibody to a mixture of patient's serum and healthy person's blood (detecting irregular antibodies present in serum) (For the Coombs test, see Nissan Women's Magazine Vol. 59, No. 10, N-617 to N-623).
- Th1/Th2 cell ratio In recent years, the incidence of external insemination (IVF) and embryo transfer (ET) has increased worldwide. Along with this, an increasing number of women are experiencing multiple IVF failures, including repeated implantation failure.
- IVF/ET embryos are transplanted into the uterine cavity between 2 and 5 days after fertilization. Pregnancy is established by the successful implantation of a so-called semi-allograft embryo in the maternal decidua with the establishment of maternal immune tolerance [ref. 7a]. Establishing a proper immune response during implantation is the key to successful implantation. Therefore, immunological etiology is thought to play an important role in RIF after IVF/ET.
- T helper (Th) 1, Th2, Th17, and Treg cells play important roles in immune responses such as immune rejection and tolerance [Reference 8a]. It is generally agreed that the immune status during pregnancy is associated with Th2 dominance and the Th1 immune response is associated with embryonic rejection [refs. 6a, 9a]. The underlying mechanism of embryonic rejection appears to resemble rejection in allografts [10a]. Transplanted embryos during IVF/ET can fail to implant with an immune response similar to allograft rejection.
- Th1 cells and Th2 cells A total of 10 ml of venous blood was collected for the purpose of evaluating the baseline value of the Th1/Th2 cell ratio. Th1 and Th2 cells were determined by detecting intracellular interferon (IFN)- ⁇ and IL-4 production.
- IFN intracellular interferon
- lymphocytes Specific staining of lymphocytes was performed by incubating whole blood with anti-CD4-PC5 or anti-CD8-PC5-conjugated monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) (Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, Ca, USA). Red blood cells (RBCs) were removed by hemolysis (using FACS Lysing solution; Becton Dickinson, BD 134 Biosciences, Franklin Lake. NJ, USA) and lymphocytes were analyzed by flow cytometry (FACSCalibur.ic). Activated whole blood samples were surface stained with anti-CD4-PC5-conjugated mAbs, followed by RBC hemolysis and Fast ImmuneTM IFN- ⁇ -FITC according to the manufacturer's instructions.
- mAbs monoclonal antibodies
- Th1 cells were defined as CD4 + lymphocytes with intracellular IFN- ⁇ but no intracellular IL-4.
- Th2 cells were detected as CD4 + lymphocytes with intracellular IL-4 but no intracellular IFN- ⁇ .
- the ratio of intracellular IFN- ⁇ positive Th cells to intracellular IL-4-positive Th cells was expressed as the Th1/Th2 cell ratio.
- Example 1 Treatment of blood group mismatch pregnancies with tacrolimus by inhibiting pre-pregnancy hyperreactive immunity or post-pregnancy hyperreactive immunity and restoring normal immune status
- the patient is a 35 year old female with blood group A.
- the following treatments were carried out on patients with blood group mismatch pregnancies that were maternal Rho (D) negative and fetal Rho (D) positive. That is, at the time of first pregnancy, anti-D immunoglobulin was not administered during pregnancy, sensitization was established before childbirth, and the anti-D antibody titer at childbirth was 8 times. At 39 weeks, she had an emergency Caesarean delivery with early placental exfoliation. The maximum antibody titer was 64 times 5 months after delivery.
- the anti-D antibody titer was 4 times, but it reached 16 times at 24 weeks and 32 times at 26 weeks (Fig. 6, upper row). Subsequent transfer of fetal antigens to the mother via the placenta is expected to increase, and preparations for plasma exchange and fetal transfusion were started in preparation for a rapid rise in antibody titers. At the same time, taking into consideration the tendency that Th1 at week 28 again increased, tacrolimus was increased to 5 mg/day (oral administration: morning 3 mg, evening 2 mg).
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing changes in the weight of the fetus during the pregnancy week. The weight increased over time, indicating that the fetus has grown up to the number of weeks of pregnancy. In addition, FIG. 7 also shows the blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery, which shows that fetal anemia does not occur during the entire course of pregnancy.
- Umbilical cord blood tacrolimus concentration was below the detection limit by chemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA), and anti-D antibody titer was doubled.
- the blood type of the infant was positive for Rho (D) type, and the Hb (hemoglobin) level at birth was a low level of 13.6, but there was no problem with external function or visceral malformation.
- Fetal hemoglobin can be present in maternal blood from early pregnancy. HbF in maternal blood is detected in early pregnancy, and the transition from HbF in fetal blood to maternal blood is generally observed around the 9th week of pregnancy [References 4a, 11a, 12a]. These findings suggest that the maternal immune response to fetal antigens may occur early in pregnancy, when fetal antigen influx into the mother begins. On the other hand, the transfer of anti-D antibody to the fetus begins after the placenta construction is completed.
- the inventors have treated patients with tacrolimus to inhibit pre-pregnant hyperactivating immunity or post-pregnant hyperreactive immunity and restore normal immune status, thereby increasing cellular immunity to infertility. I was able to suppress it.
- the detailed mechanism and results associated with Th1 cells have been previously described [refs. 13a-15a]. Based on this result, as a treatment for infertility, administration of tacrolimus was started before pregnancy, and the Th1 cell ratio did not show a downward trend even after the establishment of pregnancy, so the administration was continued. / I increased the dose a day. The maternal and fetal status were stable without complications, the pregnancy progressed smoothly, and the patient achieved safe delivery.
- the anti-D antibody titer may have risen sharply in response to a large amount of fetal erythrocyte invasion, but as a result, the production of anti-D antibody is also suppressed and intensive treatment of the mother and baby until delivery. Was unnecessary.
- this treatment offers the advantage of alleviating the stimulation of antibody production without the powerful treatments such as plasmapheresis, high dose gamma globulin therapy and high dose steroid therapy.
- the inventors believe that treatment with tacrolimus is beneficial for allo-immune pregnancy.
- Example 2 Having a history of 5 or more consecutive RIFs after in vitro fertilization/embryo transfer using morphologically and developmentally good embryos, and serological examination shows no abnormal findings related to infertility/fertility.
- 42 patients were treated with or without tacrolimus from 2 days before embryo transfer to the day of pregnancy test.
- the daily dose of tacrolimus was determined according to the Th1/Th2 cell ratio.
- the clinical pregnancy rate of treated patients was 64.0% (16/25) compared to 0% (0/17) in the untreated group [ref. 114].
- Tacrolimus may also affect other diseases caused by maternal-fetal immunity abnormalities, as well as placental architecture and function, and prevent fetal growth retardation in pregnancy and maternal hypertension .
- tacrolimus is used to treat neonatal hemochromatosis (which is unrelated to fetuses such as RhD-incompatible pregnancies) without strong treatment such as plasma exchange therapy or high-dose gamma globulin therapy during pregnancy. (Due to humoral immune response to antigen) and antiphospholipid syndrome.
- tacrolimus only suppresses the differentiation of B cells, so in order to rapidly eliminate the activity of existing pathogenic antibodies, combination therapy with these strong therapies is necessary. Need.
- Tacrolimus treatment is especially beneficial for use in patients with a history of recurrent miscarriage or recurrent chemical miscarriage in the early stages of pregnancy, ie, 5-6 weeks of gestation.
- Tacrolimus may be easy to use even in such cases.
- Th1 dominant immunity it is difficult to explain the mechanism of rejection in patients with infertility and infertility who have a high Th2 cell ratio, but assuming that the rejection is dependent on the antibody against fetal HLA. , Tacrolimus may also be effective in these cases.
- Neonatal hemochromatosis treatment The main purpose of this treatment method is to suppress the recognition of fetal antigens in the mother's body and reduce the ability to produce pathogenic antibodies.
- Fetal antigens that are causative of this disease have not been identified. Considering the fact that the causative antigen from the fetus flows into the mother after the placenta construction is completed, treatment may be started from around 12 weeks of gestation. However, there are individual differences in placenta construction and the time of transfer of fetal antigens. Since it is not clear, it is preferable to start the treatment from the early stage of pregnancy for more effective treatment.
- Neonatal blood findings include coagulation disorders, cholestasis, and transaminase abnormal levels. Disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome not due to sepsis, high ferritin level ⁇ high level of fetoprotein, high transferrin saturation rate, and MRI T2-weighted images in the imaging findings show low signal indicating iron deposition in organs other than liver. This treatment can be evaluated by improving the findings in these pregnant fetuses and postnatal neonates.
- infertility and infertility are different in pathology, and infertility reflects the normal maternal immune state in the uterus, but in infertility, the immune reaction in the uterus does not quickly propagate to the whole body, but to the whole body. It is speculated that pregnancy is often interrupted before changes in Therefore, new biomarkers are needed.
- Example 4 Preventive or delayed onset of pregnancy hypertension syndrome and related diseases (HELLP syndrome and eclampsia)
- the main purpose of this treatment method is to suppress activation of maternal rejection immunity to the fetus and to promote tolerance to the fetus. did.
- the patient is a 38-year-old woman with a history of preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome.
- PE hypertensive nephropathy
- HDP pregnancy hypertension syndrome
- Hematological examination findings before pregnancy revealed no abnormalities in liver function, renal function, or coagulation function, and anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome (anti-CL-IgG antibody, anti-CL-IgM antibody, anti-PS/PT antibody, anti-PS/PT antibody, Abnormal findings in test items related to infertility such as CL- ⁇ 2GP1 antibody, LAC, anti-PE-IgG antibody, anti-PE-IgM antibody), autoimmune disease (anti-DNA antibody, anti-nuclear antibody) and abnormal coagulation function I could't see it.
- Table 1 shows the status of the first pregnancy and the current pregnancy.
- the ratio of Th1 (CD4g + IFN-g + )/Th2 (CD4 + IL-4 + ) in CD4 positive cells was 15.2/2.1 (normal value: less than 10.3), which was a clear immunological result. No abnormalities were found before pregnancy [Reference 12b], but maternal immunity was activated after implantation of the fertilized egg, and maternal-fetal immune abnormalities suppressed placental architecture and its function We hypothesized that it would cause stunting and hypertension during pregnancy. Taking this into consideration, the patient was treated with tacrolimus 1 mg/day from the 4th week of pregnancy for the purpose of controlling maternal-fetal immunity after confirmation of pregnancy.
- tacrolimus 1 mg/day was used as the sole treatment from the beginning of pregnancy, and LDA (low dose aspirin) was not used for the purpose of preventing HDP by improving blood flow [Reference 13b].
- LDA low dose aspirin
- T cells other than Tregs were activated at the same time with their cell ratio unchanged.
- HELP syndrome occurred twice in the same patient, but it is easily inferred that the mechanism of occurrence is the same. Severe complications of HDP include HELLP syndrome and eclampsia, but this patient had untreated and developed both diseases early in pregnancy at the time of the previous pregnancy and stillbirth. Although HELLP syndrome was reached this time, the administration of tacrolimus alone prevented the early onset, delayed the onset for about 13 weeks from the previous time, and succeeded in obtaining an infant.
- infertility/fertility patients with immune disorders may have increased recognition of fetal antigens after the first pregnancy. Therefore, it was speculated that the HELLP syndrome and eclampsia associated with exacerbation of gestational hypertension in the next pregnancy may occur earlier.
- tacrolimus treatment succeeded in delaying the onset time from the previous time, and its effect was clarified by the absence of concomitant drugs. It was thought that better placenta construction and its function were achieved by suppressing the activation of maternal rejection immunity to the fetus and promoting tolerance to the fetus, and that prevention of hypertension and fetal growth failure during pregnancy was achieved. .. However, it was considered that a higher dose was needed for this case, taking into consideration the inability to continue pregnancy until term and the delayed growth of the baby at birth.
- the evaluation with more parameters is useful for knowing the detailed maternal status, such as the discovery of new parameters for evaluating the maternal-fetal immune status and the therapeutic effect on pregnancy hypertension syndrome and related diseases.
- Changes in maternal immunity before and after pregnancy are (1) activated before prenatal, (2) recognized and activated fetal antigen for the first time in early pregnancy, and (3) increased fetal antigen after mid-gestation. A state of activation is assumed.
- INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY According to the present invention, it becomes possible to inhibit hyperactivating immunity before pregnancy or hyperreactive immunity after pregnancy and restore a normal immune state, and as a result, cellular immunity (natural immunity) in the relationship between the mother and the fetus (natural Not only infertility and infertility related to immunity and adaptive immunity, but also infertility and infertility related to humoral immunity, autoimmune diseases including antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, blood group mismatch pregnancy or fetal hemochromatosis, etc.
- HLA-G A class I antigen, HLA-G, expressed in human trophoblasts. Science. 1990;248:220-3. 20: Hiby SE, King A, Sharkey A, Loke YW. Molecular studies of trophoblast HLA-G: polymorphism, isoforms, imprinting and expression in preimplantation embryo. Tissue Antigens. 1999;53:1-13. 21: Goodridge JP, Witt CS, Christiansen FT, Warren HS.KIR2DL4 (CD158d) genotype influences expression and function in NK cells. J Immunol. 2003;171:1768-74. 22: LeMaoult J, Zafaranloo K, Le Danff C, Carosella ED.
- HLA-G up-regulates ILT2, ILT3, ILT4, and KIR2DL4 in antigen presenting cells, NK cells, and T cells.FASEB J. 2005;19:662- Four. 23: Hviid TV. HLA-G in human reproduction: aspects of genetics, function and pregnancy complications. Hum Reprod Update. 2006;12:209-32. 24: Shakhawat A, Shaikly V, Elzatma E, Mavrakos E, Jabeen A, Fernandez N. Interaction between HLA-G and monocyte/macrophages in human pregnancy. J Reprod Immunol. 2010;85:40-6. 25: Rajagopalan S. HLA-G-mediated NK cell senescence promotes vascular remodeling: implications for reproduction.
- Progesterone receptors in the thymus are required for thymic involution during pregnancy and for normal fertility.Proc Natl Acad Sci US A. 1999. 96: 12021-12026. 29: Hirota Y, Cha J, Dey SK. Revisiting reproduction: Prematurity and the puzzle of progesterone resistance. Nat Med. 2010;16:529-31. 30: Terness P, Kallikourdis M, Betz AG, Rabinovich GA, Saito S, Clark DA. Tolerance signaling molecules and pregnancy: IDO, galectins, and the renaissance of regulatory T cells. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2007;58:238-54. .
- Galectin-1 confers immune privilege to human trophoblast: implications in recurrent fetal loss. Glycobiology. 2012;22:1374-86.
- 35 Barrientos G, Freitag N, Tirado-Gonzalez I, Unverdorben L, Jeschke U, Thijssen VL, Blois SM. Involvement of galectin-1 in reproduction: past, present and future.Hum Reprod Update.
- Pregnancy induces a fetal antigen-specific maternal T regulatory cell response that contributes to tolerance.
- Multicenter randomized trial comparing tacrolimus (FK506) and cyclosporine in the prevention of renal allograft rejection a report of the European Tacrolimus Multicenter Renal Study Group. Transplantation. 1997;64:436-43.
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- 6a Yamamoto-Kim J, Chung-Bang HS, Ng SC, Ntrivalas EI, Mangubat CP, Beaman KD, Beer AE, Gilman-Sachs A: Hum Reprod 2003; 18: 767-773.
- 7a Schjenken JE, Tolosa JM, Paul JW, Clifton VL, Smith R: Weg, INTECH, 2012, pp211-242.
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- 15a Nakagawa K, Kuroda K, Sugiyama R, Yamaguchi K. After 12 consecutive miscarriages, a patient received immunosuppressive treatment and delivered an intact baby. Reprod Med Biol. 2017;16:297-301.
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- 17a Margulies M, Voto LS, Mathet E, Margulies M.
- Preeclampsia a disease of the maternal endothelium: the role of antiangiogenic factors and implications for later cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2011;123:2856-69. 7b: Darmochwal-Kolarz D, Kludka-Sternik M, Tabarkiewicz J, Kolarz B, Rolinski J, Leszczynska-Gorzelak B, and others.The predominance of Th17 lymphocytes and decreased number and function of Treg cells in preeclampsia. J Reprod Immunol. 2012 93:75-81. 8b: Chaiworapongsa T, Chaemsaithong P, Yeo L, Romero R.
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- 11b Yamaguchi K. Tacrolimus treatment for infertility related to maternal-fetal immune interactions.
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Abstract
Description
-着床後の絨毛外栄養膜、
-胎盤における合胞体栄養細胞、および、
-胎盤の完成後の母体の胎児細胞または抗原の循環。
例えば母体がRho(D)陰性であって胎児がRho(D)陽性である妊娠は、血液型不適合妊娠とされている。胎盤構築後、微量ではあるが血球成分を含む胎児抗原は胎児から胎盤を介して母体へ移行する。この時、移行してきた胎児抗原が母体の免疫寛容能力を超える抗原または寛容されない抗原に対しては、母体により抗体が産生され、その抗体は他の抗体と同様に胎盤を介して胎児へ移行し、胎児の細胞を標的として攻撃する。血液型不適合妊娠では母体から産生された抗D抗体が胎盤を介して胎児へ移行し、胎児血中の赤血球を破壊し、胎児貧血、後には重篤な胎児水腫や子宮内胎児死亡を引き起こす[参考文献4a]。この病態は初回妊娠では顕著ではなく、2回目の妊娠以降に、感作の機会が増すごとに重症化する。また、胎盤の構築が行われた後、移行抗原量は妊娠経過とともに徐々に増すため妊娠週数とともに病態が進行する。特に移行量の多くなる中期以降に急速に悪化することが多い。現在知られている治療は、母体より産生された抗D抗体を除去するための血漿交換、貧血に陥ってしまった胎児へ対し胎児輸血を行い、リスクの低い状態での出産を促すことである。或いは、D抗原への感作を防ぐために、Rh不適合の妊娠の女性は、妊娠中にRh免疫グロブリン(Ig)で治療しなければならず、患者がまだ感作されていない場合には出産または中絶後に治療するべきである。これはRhDにのみならず、他の血液型においても母体胎児間で不適合となることによって血液型不適合妊娠が発症する可能性はある。
妊娠時に高血圧を発症した場合を、妊娠高血圧症候群(HDP)という。妊娠前から高血圧を認める場合、もしくは妊娠20週までに高血圧を認める場合を高血圧合併妊娠(CH)と呼び、妊娠20週以降に高血圧のみ発症する場合は妊娠高血圧症(GH)に分類され、高血圧と蛋白尿を認める場合は妊娠高血圧腎症(PE)に分類される。2018年からは蛋白尿を認めなくても肝機能障害、腎機能障害、神経障害、血液凝固障害や胎児の発育が不良になれば、妊娠高血圧腎症に分類されるようになった。妊娠高血圧症候群が重症化するとHELLP症候群、子癇(eclampsia)、中枢神経障害などの関連疾患を発症する場合がある。
HELLP症候群は、妊娠時または分娩時に生じる母体や胎児の生命の危険を伴う一連の症候(溶血:H、肝機能障害:EL、血小板低下:LP)を示す状態であり、妊娠高血圧症候群に関連する疾患である。HELLP症候群が認められた場合は、緊急に急遂分娩または帝王切開による妊娠継続の終了に移る必要がある。
子癇は、周産期に患者が異常な高血圧と共に痙攣または意識喪失、視野障害を起こした状態である。分娩前、分娩中、産褥期にも起こりうる。子癇は、高血圧にともなう脳組織の循環障害と機能障害であり、これも妊娠高血圧症候群に関連する疾患である。
(i) 式(I)
(a)2つの隣接する水素原子を表すか、もしくはR2はアルキル基であってもよく、または
(b)結合しているそれぞれの炭素原子どうしの間でもうひとつの結合を形成してもよく;
R7は、水素原子、ヒドロキシ基、保護されたヒドロキシ基であるか、もしくはR1と一緒になってオキソ基を表わし;
R8およびR9は独立して、水素原子、ヒドロキシ基を表わし;
R10は、水素原子、アルキル基、1以上のヒドロキシ基によって置換されたアルキル基、アルケニル基、1以上のヒドロキシ基によって置換されたアルケニル基、またはオキソ基によって置換されたアルキル基を表わし;
Xは、オキソ基、(水素原子、ヒドロキシ基)、(水素原子、水素原子)、または式-CH2O-で表わされる基を表わし;
Yは、オキソ基、(水素原子、ヒドロキシ基)、(水素原子、水素原子)、または式N-NR11R12もしくはN-OR13で表わされる基を表わし;
R11およびR12は独立して、水素原子、アルキル基、アリール基またはトシル基を表わし;
R13、R14、R15、R16、R17、R18、R19、R22およびR23は独立して、水素原子またはアルキル基を表わし;
R24は、所望により置換されていてもよい、1以上の複素原子を含み得る環を表わし;
nは1または2を表わし、
上記の意味に加え、さらにY、R10およびR23は、それらが結合している炭素原子と一緒になって、飽和もしくは不飽和の5員もしくは6員環の、窒素原子、硫黄原子および酸素原子より選択される1以上の複素原子を含有する複素環基を形成してもよく、その複素環基は、アルキル基、ヒドロキシ基、アルキルオキシ基、ベンジル基、式-CH2Se(C6H5)で表わされる基、および1以上のヒドロキシ基によって置換されたアルキル基から選ばれる1以上の基によって置換されていてもよい)で表される化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩、
(ii) サイクロスポリン類、および
(iii)ラパマイシンまたはその誘導体、よりなる群から選択される化合物を有効成分として含む、妊娠前の過剰活性化免疫または妊娠後の過剰反応性免疫を阻害し、正常な免疫状態を回復させるための薬剤。
(実施形態2)
(i) 式(I)で表される化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩、
(ii) サイクロスポリン類、および
(iii)ラパマイシンまたはその誘導体、よりなる群から選択される化合物を有効成分とする、ステロイドホルモン受容体の活性化と核内移行による、ステロイドホルモンの作用増強を誘導するための薬剤。
ここで、ステロイドホルモンにはグルココルチコイド、ミネラロコルチコイド、エストロゲン、プロゲステロン、アンドロゲンなどが含まれる。妊娠においては着床前の、主にプロゲステロンによる子宮内膜の分化促進と子宮内の免疫抑制により、受精卵もしくは胎児を受け入れるための子宮内環境を良好にする薬剤をも提供可能である。
(実施形態3)
(i) 式(I)で表される化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩、
(ii) サイクロスポリン類、および
(iii)ラパマイシンまたはその誘導体、よりなる群から選択される化合物を有効成分とする、子宮内において、受精卵もしくは胎児成分により活性化される可能性のある自然免疫に代表されるナチュラルキラー/ナチュラルキラーT細胞またはマクロファージの活性を抑制するための薬剤。
(実施形態4)
(i) 式(I)で表される化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩、
(ii) サイクロスポリン類、および
(iii)ラパマイシンまたはその誘導体、よりなる群から選択される化合物を有効成分とする、子宮内において、受精卵もしくは胎児を獲得免疫により直接もしくは間接的に攻撃する可能性のある、受精卵もしくは胎児成分の抗原を提示する抗原提示細胞(樹状細胞、マクロファージなど)、細胞障害性T細胞もしくは細胞間伝達物質を産生するT細胞の活性を阻害するための薬剤。
(実施形態5)
(i) 式(I)で表される化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩、
(ii) サイクロスポリン類、および
(iii)ラパマイシンまたはその誘導体、よりなる群から選択される化合物を有効成分とする、受精卵もしくは胎児を免疫寛容するために必要な抗原提示細胞を誘導するための、または、未分化樹状細胞から寛容型樹状細胞への分化を誘導するための薬剤。
(実施形態6)
(i) 式(I)で表される化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩、
(ii) サイクロスポリン類、および
(iii)ラパマイシンまたはその誘導体、よりなる群から選択される化合物を有効成分とする、ヒト白血球抗原(HLA:Human Leukocyte Antigen)を含めた胎児成分に対する、液性免疫応答、すなわち胎児特異抗体の産生を抑制するための薬剤。尚、胎児特異抗体の産生により引き起こされる病態としては、不妊症、不育症における受精卵、胎児の拒絶反応や血液型不適合妊娠、新生児ヘモクロマトーシスなどを含む。
(実施形態7)
(i) 式(I)で表される化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩、
(ii) サイクロスポリン類、および
(iii)ラパマイシンまたはその誘導体、よりなる群から選択される化合物を有効成分とする、妊娠の継続に問題をきたす母体内での病原抗体の産生を抑制するための薬剤。ここで、当該病原抗体としては、抗リン脂質抗体症候群を代表とする自己抗体などを含む。
(実施形態8)
(i) 式(I)で表される化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩、
(ii) サイクロスポリン類、および
(iii)ラパマイシンまたはその誘導体、よりなる群から選択される化合物を有効成分とする、胎児に対する母体の拒絶免疫の活性化の抑制および/または胎児へ対する寛容を促進するための薬剤。
(実施形態9)
(i) 式(I)で表される化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩、
(ii) サイクロスポリン類、および
(iii)ラパマイシンまたはその誘導体、よりなる群から選択される化合物を有効成分とする、妊娠高血圧症候群および/または妊娠高血圧症候群に関連する疾患を発症予防または発症遅延するための薬剤。
(実施形態10)
妊娠高血圧症候群に関連する疾患がHELLP症候群である、実施形態9の薬剤。
(実施形態11)
妊娠高血圧症候群に関連する疾患が子癇である、実施形態9の薬剤。
(実施形態12)
有効成分が式(I)の化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩であり、式(I)の化合物がタクロリムスまたはその薬学的に許容される塩である、実施形態1~11のいずれかの薬剤。
(実施形態13)
(i) 式(I)で表される化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩、
(ii) サイクロスポリン類、および
(iii)ラパマイシンまたはその誘導体、よりなる群から選択される化合物を有効成分とする、妊娠前の過剰活性化免疫または妊娠後の反応免疫の阻害のための薬剤。
(実施形態14)
タクロリムスまたはその薬学的に許容される塩を患者に投与することを含む、実施形態13に記載の薬剤。
母体と胎児との関係における液性免疫が関連する疾患の治療、またはそのための薬剤。
(実施形態16)
母体と胎児との関係における液性免疫が関連する疾患が、血液型不適合妊娠である、実施形態15の治療、またはそのための薬剤。
(実施形態17)
母体と胎児との関係における液性免疫が関連する疾患が、胎児へモクロマトーシスである、実施形態15の治療、またはそのための薬剤。
(実施形態18)
第2子以降の妊娠に適用される、実施形態15の治療、またはそのための薬剤。
(実施形態19)
妊娠初期より投与される、実施形態15の治療、またはそのための薬剤。
(実施形態20)
妊娠初期より1~10mg/日の用量で投与される、実施形態15の治療、またはそのための薬剤。
(実施形態21)
妊娠初期より3~6mg/日の用量で投与される、実施形態151の治療、またはそのための薬剤。
(実施形態22)
血液型不適合妊娠の可能性のある患者に式(I)の化合物を妊娠初期より1~10mg/日の投与量で投与される、実施形態15の治療、またはそのための薬剤。
(実施形態23)
高いTh2細胞比率とその活性によるB細胞への作用が関与する液性免疫の抑制。
(i) 式(I)
(a)2つの隣接する水素原子を表すか、もしくはR2はアルキル基であってもよく、または
(b)結合しているそれぞれの炭素原子どうしの間でもうひとつの結合を形成してもよく(すなわち、二重結合を形成する);
R7は、水素原子、ヒドロキシ基、保護されたヒドロキシ基であるか、もしくはR1と一緒になってオキソ基を表わし;
R8およびR9は独立して、水素原子、ヒドロキシ基を表わし;
R10は、水素原子、アルキル基、1以上のヒドロキシ基によって置換されたアルキル基、アルケニル基、1以上のヒドロキシ基によって置換されたアルケニル基、またはオキソ基によって置換されたアルキル基を表わし;
Xは、オキソ基、(水素原子、ヒドロキシ基)、(水素原子、水素原子)、または式-CH2O-で表わされる基を表わし;
Yは、オキソ基、(水素原子、ヒドロキシ基)、(水素原子、水素原子)、または式N-NR11R12もしくはN-OR13で表わされる基を表わし;
R11およびR12は独立して、水素原子、アルキル基、アリール基またはトシル基を表わし;
R13、R14、R15、R16、R17、R18、R19、R22およびR23は独立して、水素原子またはアルキル基を表わし;
R24は、所望により置換されていてもよい、1以上の複素原子を含み得る環を表わし;
nは1または2を表わし、
上記の意味に加え、さらにY、R10およびR23は、それらが結合している炭素原子と一緒になって飽和もしくは不飽和の5員もしくは6員環の、窒素原子、硫黄原子および酸素原子より選択される1以上の複素原子を含有する複素環基を形成してもよく、その複素環基は、アルキル基、ヒドロキシ基、アルキルオキシ基、ベンジル基、式-CH2Se(C6H5)で表わされる基、および1以上のヒドロキシ基によって置換されたアルキル基から選ばれる1以上の基によって置換されていてもよい)で表される化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩、
(ii) サイクロスポリン類、および
(iii)ラパマイシンまたはその誘導体、よりなる群から選択される化合物を有効成分として含む、妊娠前の過剰活性化免疫または妊娠後の過剰反応性免疫を阻害し、正常な免疫状態を回復させるための薬剤、を提供する。
(a)3,4-ジオキソ-シクロヘキシル基;
(b)3-R20-4-R21-シクロヘキシル基、
ここで、R20は、ヒドロキシ、アルキルオキシ、オキソ、またはOCH2OCH2CH2OCH3を表わし、およびR21は、ヒドロキシ、-OCN、アルキルオキシ、適当な置換基を有していてもよいヘテロアリールオキシ、-OCH2OCH2CH2OCH3、保護されたヒドロキシ、クロロ、ブロモ、ヨード、アミノオキザリルオキシ、アジド基若しくはp-トリルオキシチオカルボニルオキシ、またはR25R26CHCOO-(式中、R25は所望により保護されていてもよいヒドロキシ基、または保護されたアミノ基を表わし、およびR26は水素原子またはメチルを表わす)を表わすか、またはR20とR21は一緒になって、エポキシド環の酸素原子(すなわち、-O-)を形成する;または
(c)シクロペンチル基であって、そのシクロペンチル基は、メトキシメチル、所望により保護されたヒドロキシメチル、アシルオキシメチル(その中において、アシル部分は、所望により4級化されていてもよいジメチルアミノ基またはエステル化されていてもよいカルボキシ基である)、1以上の保護されていてもよいアミノおよび/またはヒドロキシ基、またはアミノオキザリルオキシメチルで置換されていてもよく、好ましい例は、2-ホルミル-シクロペンチル基である。
本発明においては、有効成分として、(i)式(I)で表される化合物若しくはその薬学的に許容される塩、(ii)サイクロスポリン類、または、(iii)ラパマイシン若しくはその誘導体を用いることができる。尚、有効成分として、(i)式(I)で表される化合物、(ii)サイクロスポリン類、または、(iii)ラパマイシン若しくはその誘導体の2種以上を併用して用いてもよい。以下にそれぞれの有効成分について説明する。
本発明において使用される式(I)で表される化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩は、前記で説明したとおりであるが、具体的には、例えば、EP-A-184162、EP-A-323042、EP-A-423714、EP-A-427680、EP-A-465426、EP-A-480623、EP-A-532088、EP-A-532089、EP-A-569337、EP-A-626385、WO89/05303、WO93/05058、WO96/31514、WO91/13889、WO91/19495、WO93/5059等に記載されている。
R1、R2、R8およびR23は、独立して水素原子であり、
R9は、ヒドロキシ基であり、R10は、メチル、エチル、プロピルまたはアリル基であり、
R7は、ヒドロキシであり、
Xは、(水素原子、水素原子)またはオキソ基であり、
Yは、オキソ基であり、
R14、R15、R16、R17、R18、R19およびR22は、それぞれメチル基であり、
R24は、3-R20-4-R21-シクロヘキシル基であり、
ここで、R20は、ヒドロキシ、アルキルオキシ、オキソ、またはOCH2OCH2CH2OCH3であり、
R21は、ヒドロキシ、-OCN、アルキルオキシ、適当な置換基を有していてもよいヘテロアリールオキシ、1-テトラゾリルまたは2-テトラゾリル、-OCH2OCH2CH2OCH3、保護されたヒドロキシ、クロロ、ブロモ、ヨード、アミノオキザリルオキシ、アジド基若しくはp-トリルオキシチオカルボニルオキシであるか、または、R25R26CHCOO-(式中、R25は所望により保護されていてもよいヒドロキシ基、または保護されたアミノ基、およびR26は水素原子またはメチル)であるか、或いは
R20とR21は一緒になって、エポキシド環の酸素原子(すなわち-O-)を形成し、そしてnは1または2である。
本発明の式(I)で表される化合物において「薬学的に許容される塩」という用語は、薬学的に許容される非毒性塩基または酸から調製される塩を指す。本発明の式(I)の化合物が酸性である場合、その対応する塩は、無機塩基および有機塩基を含む、薬学的に許容される非毒性塩基から好都合に調製することができる。そのような無機塩基に由来する塩には、アルミニウム、アンモニウム、カルシウム、銅(第二および第一)、第二鉄、第一鉄、リチウム、マグネシウム、マンガン(第二および第一)、カリウム、ナトリウム、亜鉛などの塩が含まれる。アンモニウム、カルシウム、マグネシウム、カリウムおよびナトリウムの塩が好ましい。薬学的に許容される非毒性の有機塩基から調製される塩は、天然起源と合成供給源の両方に由来する一級、二級、および三級アミンの塩を含む。薬学的に許容される非毒性の有機塩基には、例えばアルギニン、ベタイン、カフェイン、コリン、N,N’-ジベンジルエチレンジアミン、ジエチルアミン、2-ジエチルアミノエタノール、2-ジメチルアミノエタノール、エタノールアミン、エチレンジアミン、N-エチルモルホリン、N-エチルピペリジン、グルカミン、グルコサミン、ヒスチジン、ヒドラバミン、イソプロピルアミン、ジシクロヘキシルアミン、リジン、メチルグルカミン、モルホリン、ピペラジン、ピペリジン、ポリアミン樹脂、プロカイン、プリン、テオブロミン、トリエチルアミン、トリメチルアミン、トリプロピルアミン、トロメタミンなどが含まれる。
本発明の式(I)で表される化合物は溶媒和物を形成することも出来るが、その場合も本願発明の範囲に含まれる。好ましい溶媒和物としては、水和物およびエタノレートが挙げられる。
本発明の式(I)で表される化合物は、非晶質形態および/または1以上の結晶質形態で存在することができ、式(I)で表される化合物のそのようなすべての非晶質形態および結晶質形態並びにそれらの混合物は、本発明の範囲内に含まれることが意図される。さらに、式(I)で表される化合物の結晶形についても、水との溶媒和物(すなわち、水和物)または通常の有機溶媒との溶媒和物を形成し得る。式(I)で表される化合物の結晶形の溶媒和物および水和物、特に、薬学的に許容され得る溶媒和物および水和物は、同様に、式(I)によって定義される化合物およびその薬学的に許容され得る塩の範囲内に包含される。
本発明の式(I)で表される化合物においては、コンホーマーあるいは不斉炭素原子および二重結合に起因する光学異性体および幾何異性体のような1対以上の立体異性体が存在することがあり、そのようなコンホーマーあるいは異性体も本明の化合物の範囲に包含される。
本発明の式(I)の化合物は、文献公知のものであり、その製法方法は、例えば、EP-A-184162、EP-A-323042、EP-A-423714、EP-A-427680、EP-A-465426、EP-A-480623、EP-A-532088、EP-A-532089、EP-A-569337、EP-A-626385、WO89/05303、WO93/05058、WO96/31514、WO91/13889、WO91/19495、WO93/5059等に開示されている。又、タクロリムスは、アステラス製薬株式会社から、プログラフ(登録商標)の販売名で市販されている。
サイクロスポリン類としては、例えばサイクロスポリンA、B、D等が挙げられ、これらはメルクインデックス(12版)No.2821に記載されている。尚、サイクロスポリンは、例えば、サンディミュンという販売名でノバルティスファーマ株式会社から市販されている。
ラパマイシン(シロリムスとも呼ばれる)としては、メルクインデックス(12版)No.8288に記載されており、その誘導体も使用することが可能である。ラパマイシン誘導体の好ましい例としては、WO95/16691の1頁の式(A)
本発明に係る薬剤は、上記の有効成分の他に、有効成分の活性を阻害する虞がなく、投与対象(以下、患者ともいう)にとって有害でないものである限り、他の疾病、疾患および症状に対して治療作用を有する治療活性物質を1つ以上含んでいてもよい。
本発明の薬剤は、(i)式(I)の化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩、(ii)サイクロスポリン類、(iii)ラパマイシンまたはその誘導体、よりなる群から選択される化合物を有効成分として含み、更に、投与対象に有害でない、薬学的に受容可能な担体を含んでいてもよい。用いることが可能な担体は、固体、半固体、または液体型の何れであってもよく、例えば、水、電解質液、および、糖液等から選択される何れかが挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。さらに、本発明の薬剤は、補助剤を含んでいてもよい。補助剤としては、滑沢剤、安定化剤、防腐剤、乳化剤、増粘剤(粘稠剤)、着色剤、香料(着香剤)、賦形剤、保存剤、緩衝剤、矯味剤、懸濁化剤、乳化剤、溶解補助剤などが挙げられる。
本発明の有効成分を含む薬剤は、種々の剤型で提供することができ、その剤型としては、錠剤、カプセル剤、丸剤、顆粒剤、散剤、シロップ剤、坐剤、トローチ剤、ペレット、エマルジョン、懸濁液、および、公知のその他の形態が挙げられる。これらの中でも、例えば、経口投与製剤として、錠剤、カプセル剤、丸剤、顆粒剤、散剤、液剤、シロップ剤、および、ゼリー剤のうちのいずれかであることが好ましく、錠剤、カプセル剤、および、顆粒剤のうちのいずれかであることがより好ましく、錠剤であることがさらに好ましい。なお、後述する通り、例えば、注射剤、坐剤、および、経皮吸収型製剤のような非経口投与製剤として製剤されてもよい。
本発明に係る薬剤は、公知の製造方法を利用して製造することができる。一例として、有効成分と任意のその他の成分とを成分毎に別途に製造したのち、それぞれの成分を所望の含有量となるように混合することによって製造される。
本発明の薬剤の投与対象としては、哺乳動物が挙げられる。哺乳類としては、ヒトならびにヒト以外の動物としてウシ、ウマ、ブタおよびヒツジなどのような家畜、サル、チンパンジー、並びに、犬、猫、ラットおよびウサギなどのような愛玩動物が挙げられ、好ましくはヒトが挙げられる。
本発明の薬剤の投与方法(投与経路)は、投与対象の年齢、状態、および、治療期間等により適宜決定することができる。具体的には、経口投与または非経口投与の何れであってもよいが、経口投与であることが好ましい(実施例は経口投与)。非経口投与としては、注射投与、坐剤としての投与、経皮吸収型製剤としての投与などの方法が挙げられる。注射投与の種類としては、例えば、筋肉内、腹腔内、皮下、静脈内、および、局所注射が挙げられる。また、本発明の薬剤は、経皮、経鼻、経膣、および、直腸経由などの様々な経路を介して投与することができる。
薬剤の投与量は、薬剤投与を受ける患者の疾病、疾患または症状の種類、重篤度、各種検査結果、および薬剤の有効成分の種類などによって異なる。さらに、薬剤の投与量は、処置されるべき患者の年齢、本発明の治療方法による治療の実施回数、および、各種検査結果などに依存しても異なる。一例として、本発明の薬剤は、薬剤に含まれる有効成分の含有量の観点で、生体移植および免疫系疾患等の治療において免疫抑制剤として用いられる場合の投与量よりも低用量となる用量において投与される。例えば、薬剤の投与対象がヒトである場合は、特に限定されるわけではないが、患者の症状に応じて、一日につき有効成分の量として、好ましくは0.5~10mgか1~10mgの範囲内、より好ましくは0.5~6mgか3~6mgの範囲内の範囲内の量を投与する。なお、以下、特に断りが無い限り、薬剤の投与量に関する記載はヒトが対象である場合に適用され、投与量は有効成分の量として表されているものとする。
タクロリムスは、日本の土壌放線菌から単離された関連物質(タクロリムス、ラパマイシン、アスコマイシン、メリダマイシン)の1つである。これは、23員環マクロライドマクロラクタム構造を有するマクロライド誘導体抗生物質である[参考文献73]。タクロリムスは、FK506結合タンパク質(FKBP)受容体に結合し、カルシニューリンの活性を阻害するカルシウム/カルモジュリン依存脱リン酸化酵素である[参考文献74-78]。このカルシニューリン阻害剤(CNI)は、T細胞受容体(図4)を介して刺激された細胞において、活性化T細胞の核因子(NFAT)を核に移す役割を果たすカルシウム依存性シグナルを阻害する[参考文献79-83]。細胞におけるシグナル伝達の詳細なメカニズムの解明は、移植および自己免疫疾患の分野におけるタクロリムスの成功した使用につながっている[参考文献84、85]。
血液型不適合妊娠は、以下のような状態で生じる障害である。
(i)母体の赤血球膜上に無い抗原が胎児の赤血球膜上に存在する、
(ii)胎児血が胎盤を介して母体へ流入後、胎児赤血球膜上の抗原に対する病原抗体が母体内で産生される(病原抗体、例えば抗D抗体価、抗赤血球抗体などの上昇)、
(iii)病原抗体は胎盤を介して胎児へ移行して胎児赤血球を攻撃する、
(iv)胎児の赤血球は溶血し、胎児貧血となる。
投与量は、有効成分として1mg/日~10mg/日が例示される。好ましくは、投与量は、3~6mg/日である。
胎児へモクロマトーシスは、以下のような状態で生じる症状である。
(i)胎児の鉄代謝に関連する酵素が母体のそれとは異なる、
(ii)胎児血が胎盤を介して母体へ流入後、その酵素に対する病原抗体が母体内で産生される、
(iii)病原抗体は胎盤を介して胎児へ移行して胎児の鉄代謝酵素を攻撃する、
(iv)胎児の鉄代謝は止まり、肝臓内に鉄が沈着し肝硬変となる。
妊娠高血圧症候群およびその関連疾患(HELLP症候群、子癇など)では、胎児発育不全、常位胎盤早期剥離、胎児機能不全、胎児死亡など、母体と胎児共に大変危険な状態となる場合がある。それは異常な母体-胎児間の免疫によって引き起こされ、この異常な母体-胎児間の免疫は、細胞性免疫やT細胞を介した液性免疫による胎盤を含む胎児成分(抗原)への攻撃抑制または免疫寛容促進が不十分であることによる。
間接クームス試験により行う。間接クームス試験とは、患者の血清と健常者の血液を混合したものに抗免疫グロブリン抗体を加え赤血球凝集反応が起きるか否かを検査するものである(血清中に存在する不規則抗体を検出する)(クームス試験については、日産婦誌59巻10号、N-617~N-623を参照のこと)。
近年、世界中で、対外授精(IVF)および胚移植(ET)の発生率が高まっている。これに伴い、反復着床不全を含む、複数回のIVFの失敗を経験する女性の数が増加している。IVF/ETを行う際、受精後2~5日の間に、胚を子宮腔へ移植する。いわば半同種移植片(semi-allograft)たる胚が、母体側の免疫寛容の確立を伴って、母体の脱落膜に成功裏に着床することによって、妊娠が確立される[参考文献7a]。着床時における、適切な免疫応答の確立が、成功裏な着床の鍵である。従って、免疫上の病因学は、IVF/ET後のRIFにおいて重要な役割を果たしていると考えられる。
Th1/Th2細胞比率のベースライン値を評価する目的で、全部で10mlの静脈血を採取した。Th1細胞、およびTh2細胞は、細胞内インターフェロン(IFN)-γおよびIL-4の産生を検出することによって決定した。
妊娠前の過剰活性化免疫または妊娠後の過剰反応性免疫を阻害し、正常な免疫状態を回復させることによるタクロリムスによる血液型不適合妊娠の治療
患者は血液型Aの35歳の女性である。母体Rho(D)陰性、胎児Rho(D)陽性の血液型不適合妊娠の患者に対して下記の処置を行った。すなわち、初回妊娠時、抗D免疫グロブリンを妊娠中に投与しておらず、出産前に感作が成立し出産時の抗D抗体価は8倍であった。39週で上位胎盤早期剥離にて緊急帝王切開で出産した。出産後は5ヶ月後に抗体価は最高値64倍を示していた。
胎児ヘモグロビンは、妊娠初期から母体血液中に存在し得る。母体血液中のHbFは妊娠初期に検出され、胎児血液中のHbFから母体血液中への移行は一般的に妊娠9週頃より観察される[参考文献4a、11a、12a]。これらの知見は、胎児抗原へ対する母体の免疫応答は、胎児抗原の母体への流入が始まる妊娠初期より起こりうることを示唆している。一方、胎児への抗D抗体の移行は胎盤構築完成後に始まる。
形態学的および発生的に良質の胚を用いた体外受精/胚移植後に5以上の連続するRIFの病歴を有し、血清学的検査で不妊・不育症に関連する異常所見が認められなかった42人の患者を、胚移植の2日前から妊娠試験の日までタクロリムスを用いてまたは用いずに治療した。タクロリムスの1日用量は、Th1/Th2細胞比に従って決定した。治療を受けた患者の臨床的妊娠率は、未治療群の0%(0/17)と比較して64.0%(16/25)であった[参考文献114]。胚移植前のTh1/Th2細胞比は、タクロリムス処置および未処置患者における補助生殖技術の結果を予測できることが分かっており、Th1細胞レベルは妊娠結果(n=124)と負の相関がある[参考文献115]。
新生児ヘモクロマト―シス治療
本治療法は、母体内での胎児抗原の認識を抑制し、病原抗体産生能力の低下を主な目的とした。
妊娠高血圧症候群およびそれに関連する疾患(HELLP症候群および子癇)の発症予防または発症遅延
本治療法は、胎児に対する母体の拒絶免疫の活性化の抑制と胎児へ対する寛容を促進することを主な目的とした。
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Claims (12)
- (i) 式(I)
(a)2つの隣接する水素原子を表すか、もしくはR2はアルキル基であってもよく、または
(b)結合しているそれぞれの炭素原子どうしの間でもうひとつの結合を形成してもよく;
R7は、水素原子、ヒドロキシ基、保護されたヒドロキシ基であるか、もしくはR1と一緒になってオキソ基を表わし;
R8およびR9は独立して、水素原子またはヒドロキシ基を表わし;
R10は、水素原子、アルキル基、1以上のヒドロキシ基によって置換されたアルキル基、アルケニル基、1以上のヒドロキシ基によって置換されたアルケニル基、またはオキソ基によって置換されたアルキル基を表わし;
Xは、オキソ基、(水素原子、ヒドロキシ基)、(水素原子、水素原子)、または式-CH2O-で表わされる基を表わし;
Yは、オキソ基、(水素原子、ヒドロキシ基)、(水素原子、水素原子)、または式N-NR11R12もしくはN-OR13で表わされる基を表わし;
R11およびR12は独立して、水素原子、アルキル基、アリール基またはトシル基を表わし;
R13、R14、R15、R16、R17、R18、R19、R22およびR23は独立して、水素原子またはアルキル基を表わし;
R24は、所望により置換されていてもよい、1以上の複素原子を含み得る環を表わし;
nは1または2を表わし、
上記の意味に加え、さらにY、R10およびR23は、それらが結合している炭素原子と一緒になって飽和もしくは不飽和の5員もしくは6員環の、窒素原子、硫黄原子および酸素原子より選択される1以上の複素原子を含有する複素環基を形成してもよく、その複素環基は、アルキル基、ヒドロキシ基、アルキルオキシ基、ベンジル基、式-CH2Se(C6H5)で表わされる基、および1以上のヒドロキシ基によって置換されたアルキル基から選ばれる1以上の基によって置換されていてもよい)で表される化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩、
(ii) サイクロスポリン類、および
(iii)ラパマイシンまたはその誘導体、よりなる群から選択される化合物を有効成分として含む、妊娠前の過剰活性化免疫または妊娠後の過剰反応性免疫を阻害し、正常な免疫状態を回復させるための薬剤。 - (i) 式(I)で表される化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩、
(ii) サイクロスポリン類、および
(iii)ラパマイシンまたはその誘導体、よりなる群から選択される化合物を有効成分とする、ステロイドホルモン受容体の活性化と核内移行による、ステロイドホルモンの作用増強を誘導するための薬剤。 - (i) 式(I)で表される化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩、
(ii) サイクロスポリン類、および
(iii)ラパマイシンまたはその誘導体、よりなる群から選択される化合物を有効成分とする、子宮内において、受精卵もしくは胎児成分により活性化される可能性のある自然免疫に代表されるナチュラルキラー/ナチュラルキラーT細胞またはマクロファージの活性を抑制するための薬剤。 - (i) 式(I)で表される化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩、
(ii) サイクロスポリン類、および
(iii)ラパマイシンまたはその誘導体、よりなる群から選択される化合物を有効成分とする、子宮内において受精卵もしくは胎児を獲得免疫により直接もしくは間接的に攻撃する可能性のある、受精卵もしくは胎児成分の抗原を提示する抗原提示細胞、細胞障害性T細胞もしくは細胞間伝達物質を産生するT細胞の活性を阻害するための薬剤。 - (i) 式(I)で表される化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩、
(ii) サイクロスポリン類、および
(iii)ラパマイシンまたはその誘導体、よりなる群から選択される化合物を有効成分とする、受精卵もしくは胎児を免疫寛容するために必要な抗原提示細胞を誘導するための、または未分化樹状細胞から寛容型樹状細胞への分化を誘導するための薬剤。 - (i) 式(I)で表される化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩、
(ii) サイクロスポリン類、および
(iii)ラパマイシンまたはその誘導体、よりなる群から選択される化合物を有効成分とする、ヒト白血球抗原(HLA)を含めた胎児成分に対する、液性免疫応答、すなわち胎児特異抗体の産生を抑制するための薬剤。 - (i) 式(I)で表される化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩、
(ii) サイクロスポリン類、および
(iii)ラパマイシンまたはその誘導体、よりなる群から選択される化合物を有効成分とする、妊娠の継続に問題をきたす母体内での病原抗体の産生を抑制するための薬剤。 - (i) 式(I)で表される化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩、
(ii) サイクロスポリン類、および
(iii)ラパマイシンまたはその誘導体、よりなる群から選択される化合物を有効成分とする、胎児に対する母体の拒絶免疫の活性化の抑制および/または胎児へ対する寛容を促進するための薬剤。 - (i) 式(I)で表される化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩、
(ii) サイクロスポリン類、および
(iii)ラパマイシンまたはその誘導体、よりなる群から選択される化合物を有効成分とする、妊娠高血圧症候群および/または妊娠高血圧症候群に関連する疾患を発症予防または発症遅延するための薬剤。 - 妊娠高血圧症候群に関連する疾患がHELLP症候群である、請求項9に記載の薬剤。
- 妊娠高血圧症候群に関連する疾患が子癇である、請求項9に記載の薬剤。
- 有効成分が式(I)の化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩であり、式(I)の化合物がタクロリムスまたはその薬学的に許容される塩である、請求項1~11のいずれかの請求項に記載の薬剤。
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AU2019401108A AU2019401108A1 (en) | 2018-12-18 | 2019-09-27 | Agent for improving infertility, recurrent miscarriage, and state of pregnancy |
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