WO2020118776A1 - 一种模拟深部洞室突涌水灾害的真三维物理模型试验系统 - Google Patents

一种模拟深部洞室突涌水灾害的真三维物理模型试验系统 Download PDF

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WO2020118776A1
WO2020118776A1 PCT/CN2018/124141 CN2018124141W WO2020118776A1 WO 2020118776 A1 WO2020118776 A1 WO 2020118776A1 CN 2018124141 W CN2018124141 W CN 2018124141W WO 2020118776 A1 WO2020118776 A1 WO 2020118776A1
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model
pressure
loading
excavation
water
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PCT/CN2018/124141
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
张强勇
张振杰
李术才
段抗
向文
王汉鹏
刘传成
李帆
任明洋
张岳
丁炎志
余光远
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山东大学
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Publication of WO2020118776A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020118776A1/zh

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09B—EDUCATIONAL OR DEMONSTRATION APPLIANCES; APPLIANCES FOR TEACHING, OR COMMUNICATING WITH, THE BLIND, DEAF OR MUTE; MODELS; PLANETARIA; GLOBES; MAPS; DIAGRAMS
    • G09B25/00—Models for purposes not provided for in G09B23/00, e.g. full-sized devices for demonstration purposes

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a true three-dimensional physical model test system for simulating a deep cavern water surge disaster used in the fields of hydropower, transportation, energy and mining engineering.
  • the model test systems at home and abroad are mainly based on plane loading and quasi three-dimensional loading, and rarely carry out true three-dimensional loading tests that couple high ground stress and high osmotic pressure;
  • the present invention develops a true three-dimensional physical model test system for simulating water inrush disasters in deep caves.
  • a true three-dimensional physical model test system for simulating water inrush disasters in deep caverns which is mainly composed of a box-type sealed loading reaction force device, an ultra-high pressure true three-dimensional loading system, a servo-controlled high-permeability hydraulic loading system, an inclined geological structure production system, and a model
  • the cavern automatic excavation system and model comprehensive test and analysis system are composed;
  • the cassette-type sealing loading reaction force device is used as a reaction force device for model test loading and is used to accommodate the test model body and high-pressure water body;
  • the ultra-high pressure true three-dimensional loading system performs ultra-high pressure true three-dimensional loading on the test model body by controlling the hydraulic jacks;
  • the servo-controlled high-osmosis water pressure loading system is used to automatically load the test model body with high-osmosis water pressure;
  • the inclined geological structure production system is used to prepare a model body with an inclined geological structure
  • the model cavity automatic excavation system is used to excavate model cavity of different shapes and sizes on the test model body;
  • the model comprehensive test and analysis system automatically collects the displacement, stress, high permeation pressure and percolation flow test data of any part inside the model body and quickly stores it.
  • the box-type sealed loading reaction force device is mainly composed of a steel top beam reaction force wall module, a bottom beam reaction force wall module, a left reaction force wall module, a right reaction force wall module, a front reaction force wall module and
  • the rear reaction wall module is assembled by high-strength bolt connection, which is mainly used as a reaction force device loaded in the model test and used to accommodate the model body and high-pressure water body; each reaction wall module adopts a box structure with high rigidity, using a thickness of 40mm Made of high-strength steel plate, the external dimension length, width and height of the box-type sealing load reaction device are 3.2m, and the internal dimension length, width and height are 2.0m.
  • a sealing groove is provided at the surface-to-surface contact of each reaction force wall module, and a rubber sealing gasket is installed in the groove.
  • a three-dimensional guide frame device is provided inside the box-type sealed loading reaction force device.
  • the three-dimensional guide frame device consists of 12 cross-sectional dimensions
  • the stainless steel square tube of 200mm ⁇ 200mm is assembled by high-strength bolt connection.
  • the model loading steel plate adheres to the surface of the model body and is embedded in the 3D guide frame device to a certain depth.
  • a closed excavation window is provided in the middle of the front reaction wall module, and the closed excavation window is mainly composed of a tempered glass plate, a cavity excavation window, a steel hollow water-retaining shell and a water-retaining steel plate at the opening.
  • a cavity excavation window is set in the center of the tempered glass plate, and a steel hollow water-retaining shell is installed along the center of the excavation window.
  • the steel hollow water-repellent shell is the same size as the excavation cavity And extend into the cave to insert a certain depth inside the model body to prevent the water body from flowing out during the excavation of the cave to ensure the stability of high permeation pressure.
  • a rubber sealing gasket is placed between the steel hollow water-repellent shell and the tempered glass plate, and the water-repellent steel plate at the opening covers the excavation window of the cave to form a closed cavity.
  • the ultra-high pressure true three-dimensional loading system is composed of an oil tank, a high-pressure oil pipe, a driving device, an oil pressure regulator, a pressure monitor, a hydraulic controller, a hydraulic jack, and a loading steel plate.
  • the oil tank is used to hold hydraulic oil
  • the driving device is used to pump the hydraulic oil in the oil tank into the high-pressure oil pipe
  • the oil pressure regulator is used to control the size and stability of the oil pressure
  • the pressure monitor is used to monitor the oil pressure
  • the hydraulic controller is used to The control drive device and the oil pressure regulator work together.
  • the hydraulic jack is embedded in the reaction force wall module. The front end of the jack is installed with a loaded steel plate and closely adheres to the test model body.
  • the upper and lower loading surfaces of the test model body are closely attached to a loading steel plate, and the front, rear, left and right sides of the test model body are closely attached to the three loading steel plates from top to bottom, using an ultra-high pressure true three-dimensional loading system and a box seal loading reaction force device
  • the load of the hydraulic jack can be evenly transferred to the loading steel plate and then applied to the model body to achieve true three-dimensional non-uniform loading of the model test.
  • the servo-controlled high-osmosis water pressure loading system is mainly composed of a water tank, an automatic frequency conversion water pump, a high-osmosis pressure flow meter, a high-osmosis pressure regulator, a high-osmosis pressure controller, and a high-pressure water pipe.
  • the water tank is used to carry high-pressure water
  • the automatic frequency conversion water pump is used to pump the water in the tank into the box-type sealed loading reaction force device
  • the high osmotic pressure flowmeter is used to monitor the output water volume and water pressure
  • the high osmotic pressure regulator is used to control the high
  • the osmotic pressure is large and stable.
  • the high osmotic pressure controller is used to control the automatic frequency conversion water pump and the high osmotic pressure regulator to work together.
  • the high pressure water pipe connects the water tank, automatic frequency conversion water pump, high osmotic pressure flow meter and high osmotic pressure regulator in series
  • the passage is loaded with high water pressure.
  • the model body is saturated inside the box-type sealed loading reaction force device and forms a gradient high osmotic pressure, thereby achieving high osmotic pressure loading that varies with depth.
  • the inclined geological structure making system includes a supporting rotating device, a material accommodating device and a material compacting device.
  • the supporting rotating device is used to adjust the inclination angle of the material accommodating device
  • the material accommodating device is used to fill the model body containing the inclined geological structure
  • the material compacting device is used to compact the model material for filling.
  • the supporting and rotating device includes a hinge bracket, a rotatable double-section jack and a bottom plate.
  • Four sets of hinge brackets fix the rear end of the bottom beam reaction wall module to the bottom plate.
  • the rotating double-section jacks are connected by a connecting piece, and the tilting angle of the material receiving device is adjusted through the elongation and retraction of the rotatable double-section jacks to prepare various inclined geological structures.
  • the material accommodating device is composed of a combination of reaction wall modules, and the amount of model materials to be filled is controlled by increasing and deleting the number of reaction wall modules.
  • the material compaction device includes a material compaction reaction frame, a compaction jack, a steel pressure ring and a steel compression plate.
  • a material compaction reaction frame is provided outside the model reaction force device, the bottom of which is fixed to the ground and the rear end of the compaction jack It is fixed on the material compaction reaction force frame, and the compaction of the model material is carried out by compacting the jack and the steel compression ring and steel compression plate placed at the front end of the jack.
  • the material accommodating device is rotated and lifted to a certain height by a rotatable double-section jack, and then a certain thickness of model material is filled into the material accommodating device, and then the material compacting device is used to separate the layers Real model materials, until the completion of the production of the entire test model body, and finally retract the rotatable two-section jack to return the model reaction force device to the horizontal state, thus making the model body containing the inclined geological structure.
  • the model cavity automatic excavation system is mainly composed of a cutter head excavation device, cutter head rotation drive device, cutter head advance drive device, dust removal device, support frame and excavation control device; cutter head excavation device It is installed at the front end of the cutter head rotary drive device for excavating and cutting the model body.
  • the cutter head rotary drive device is used to provide the rotary cutting force of the cutter head excavation device.
  • the cutter head advance drive device is used to provide the cutter head excavation device The power of digging, the dust removal device is used to remove the model material of the excavation and cutting, the support frame is used to support the entire excavation system, the excavation control device is used to control the rotation speed of the cutter head rotary drive device and the step speed of the cutter head advance drive device .
  • the cutter head excavation device is composed of a cavity profiled cutter shell, a rotating cutting blade and a dust outlet.
  • the cavity profiled knife shell is manufactured according to the shape and size of the excavated cavity.
  • the rotating cutting blade is fixed in the middle of the cavity profiled knife shell and is connected to the cutter head rotary drive device for rotating the cutting model body.
  • the rotary cutting blade can be freely It is retractable and closely adheres to the inner wall of the cave to excavate model caves of different shapes and sizes.
  • the dust outlet is provided on the contoured knife shell of the cave and is used to scrap the excavated materials. Transport outside the device.
  • the automatic excavation process of the cavity is: starting the cutter head rotation driving device and the cutter head forward driving device through the excavation control device, and the cutter head rotation driving device drives the rotating cutting blade to rotate along the inner wall of the cave through the rotation driving link
  • the cutter head forward drive device drives the cutter head rotary drive device forward through the screw drive connecting rod, and drives the cutter head excavation device forward, thereby completing the excavation of the model cavity.
  • the model comprehensive test and analysis system is mainly composed of a waterproof optical fiber displacement sensor, a waterproof stress sensor, a waterproof optical fiber high permeability pressure sensor, a flow monitor, and a data processing software system;
  • the waterproof optical fiber displacement sensor is used to monitor any arbitrary inside the model body The displacement of the part
  • the waterproof stress sensor is used to monitor the stress of any part inside the model body
  • the waterproof optical fiber high permeability pressure sensor is used to monitor the high permeability pressure of any part inside the model body
  • the flow monitor is used to monitor the amount of water seepage after the excavation of the cave
  • the data processing software system processes, stores and displays the measured model test data in real time and automatically generates relevant time-history change curves.
  • the hydraulic jacks are all embedded on the box-type sealing loading reaction force device, which changes the technical defect of installing the hydraulic jack inside the loading reaction force device in the existing physical model test system, which greatly saves the loading reaction force device
  • the internal space of the test model body is conducive to the installation, disassembly and maintenance of the hydraulic jack, and is more conducive to ensuring the tightness of the model loading reaction force device.
  • the invention can carry out ultra-high pressure true three-dimensional loading and high permeability hydraulic pressure loading under the action of fluid-solid coupling, and can accurately simulate the nonlinear deformation and failure process of deep cavern excavation under the coupling action of high in-situ stress and high permeability pressure to solve
  • the technical problem of the existing multi-field coupled physical model test system can only be low pressure and uniform loading.
  • the present invention can prepare inclined geological structures with arbitrary inclination angles and thicknesses, and can simulate the formation and evolution of geological disasters in deep caverns under complex geological conditions.
  • the present invention can automatically excavate model caves of different shapes and sizes, which solves the technical problem that the current model test caves mostly rely on manual excavation and cause large excavation errors and low accuracy.
  • the present invention has broad application prospects in simulating hydropower, transportation, energy, and geological disasters of water burst in deep caverns of mines.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic plan view of the overall structure of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a diagram of the overall three-dimensional design of the box-type sealing loading reaction force device of the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a front view of the box-type sealing loading reaction force device of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a side view of the box-type sealing loading reaction force device of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a top view of the box-type sealing loading reaction force device of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a diagram of the internal structure of the box-type sealed loading reaction force device of the present invention.
  • 7(a), 7(b) and 7(c) are diagrams of closed excavation windows of the present invention.
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic view of the installation of a closed excavation window of the present invention.
  • FIG. 10 is an external schematic diagram of the ultra-high pressure true three-dimensional loading system of the present invention.
  • FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of a servo-controlled high-osmotic water pressure loading system of the present invention.
  • FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of a system for making inclined geological structures of the present invention.
  • 13(a), 13(b), and 13(c) are schematic diagrams of the inclined geological structure of the present invention.
  • FIG. 14 is a schematic plan view of an automatic excavation system for model caves of the present invention.
  • 16 is a schematic diagram of the model comprehensive test and analysis system of the present invention.
  • FIG. 17 is a flow chart of conducting experiments using the present invention.
  • Figure 18 is a schematic diagram of a model body containing inclined geological structures
  • FIG. 19 is a schematic diagram of simulation excavation of a model cave using the present invention.
  • Figure 20 is a schematic diagram of water inrush disaster during excavation
  • High-pressure oil pipe 25. Drive device, 26. Oil pressure regulator, 27. Pressure monitor, 28 .Hydraulic controller, 29. Hydraulic jack, 30. Water tank, 31. Automatic frequency conversion water pump, 32. High osmotic pressure flow meter, 33. High osmotic pressure regulator, 34. High osmotic pressure controller, 35. High pressure water pipe, 36 .Support rotating device, 37. Material receiving device, 38. Material compaction device, 39. Hinge bracket, 40. Rotatable double-section jack, 41. Base plate, 42. Material compaction reaction force frame, 43. Compaction jack, 44. Steel pressure ring, 45. Steel pressure plate, 46. cutter head excavation device, 47 cutter head rotation drive device, 48.
  • cutter head advance drive device 49. dust removal device, 50. support frame, 51. excavation Control device, 52. Cavity profile knife shell, 53. Rotary cutting blade, 54. Dust hole, 55. Rotary drive link, 56. Screw drive link, 57.
  • Waterproof optical fiber displacement sensor 58. Waterproof stress sensor , 59. Waterproof optical fiber high permeability pressure sensor, 60. Flow monitor, 61. Data processing software system, 62. Model body, 63. High pressure water body.
  • a true three-dimensional physical model test system for simulating the water inrush disaster in deep caves is mainly composed of a box-type seal loading reaction force device 1, an ultra-high pressure true three-dimensional loading system 2, and a servo-controlled high-permeability hydraulic loading system 3.
  • Slope geological structure production system 4 model cave automatic excavation system 5 and model comprehensive test and analysis system 6
  • the box-type sealed loading reaction force device 1 is used as a reaction force device for model test loading and is used to accommodate the model body 62 and the high-pressure water body 63.
  • the ultra-high pressure true three-dimensional loading system 2 controls the hydraulic jack 29 to test the model body
  • Ultra-high pressure true three-dimensional loading the servo-controlled high-permeability water pressure loading system 3 is used to automatically load the test model body with high-permeability water pressure
  • the inclined geological structure making system 4 prepares a model with an embedded inclined geological structure Body 62
  • the model cavity automatic excavation system 5 is used to excavate model cavity of different shapes and sizes
  • the model comprehensive test and analysis system 6 automatically collects the displacement, stress, height of any part inside the model body 62
  • the osmotic pressure and osmotic flow test data are stored quickly.
  • the box-type sealed loading reaction force device 1 is mainly composed of a steel top beam reaction force wall module 7, a bottom beam reaction force wall module 8, a left reaction force wall module 9, and a right reaction
  • the force wall module 10, the front reaction wall 11 module and the rear reaction wall module 12 are connected and combined by high-strength bolts 15. They are mainly used as the reaction force device loaded by the model test and are used to accommodate the model body 62 and the high-pressure water body 63.
  • the force wall module adopts a box-type structure with high rigidity and is made of high-strength steel plate with a thickness of 40mm.
  • the outer length, width and height of the box-type seal loading reaction force device 1 are 3.2m, and the inner length, width and height are 2.0m.
  • a sealing groove 13 is provided at the surface-to-surface contact where each reaction wall module is connected, and a rubber sealing gasket 14 is installed in the groove.
  • a three-dimensional guide frame device 16 is provided on the inner wall of the box-type sealed loading reaction force device 1, and the three-dimensional guide frame device 16 is composed of 12
  • a stainless steel square tube with a cross-sectional size of 200 mm ⁇ 200 mm is connected and combined by high-strength bolts 15.
  • the model loading steel plate 17 closely adheres to the surface of the model body 62 and is embedded in the three-dimensional guide frame device 16 to a certain depth.
  • a closed excavation window 18 is provided in the middle of the front reaction wall module 11, the closed excavation window 18 is mainly composed of a tempered glass plate 19, The excavation window 20 of the cave, the steel hollow water-repellent shell 21 and the water-repellent steel plate 22 at the entrance are composed. According to the size of the test excavation cavity, a cavity excavation window 20 is provided in the center of the tempered glass plate 19, and a steel hollow water-repellent shell 21 is installed along the center of the cavity excavation window 20.
  • the steel hollow water-repellent shell 21 and the excavation The opening of the cave has the same size, and extends into the cave to insert a certain depth inside the model body 62 to prevent the water body from flowing out during the excavation of the cave to ensure the stability of the high penetration pressure.
  • a rubber sealing gasket 14 is placed between the steel hollow water-repellent shell 21 and the tempered glass plate 19, and the water-repellent steel plate 22 at the opening covers the excavation window 20 of the cave to form a closed cavity.
  • the ultra-high pressure true three-dimensional loading system 2 is mainly composed of an oil tank 23, a high-pressure oil pipe 24, a driving device 25, an oil pressure regulator 26, a pressure monitor 27, a hydraulic controller 28, and a hydraulic jack 29 and loading steel plate 17.
  • the oil tank 23 is used to contain hydraulic oil
  • the drive device 25 is used to pump the hydraulic oil in the oil tank 23 into the high-pressure oil pipe 24,
  • the oil pressure regulator 26 is used to control the magnitude and stability of the oil pressure
  • the pressure monitor 27 is used to monitor the oil
  • the hydraulic pressure 28 is used to control the driving device 25 and the hydraulic pressure regulator 26 to work together.
  • the hydraulic jack 29 is embedded in the reaction wall module.
  • the loading steel plate 17 is installed at the top of the jack and closely adheres to the test model body.
  • the upper and lower loading surfaces of the test model body are close to one loading steel plate 17, and the front, rear, left and right sides of the test model body are close to the three loading steel plates 17 from top to bottom, using the ultra-high pressure true three-dimensional loading system 2 and cassette seal loading
  • the reaction force device 1 can evenly transmit the load of the hydraulic jack 29 to the loading steel plate 17 and then apply it to the model body 62 to achieve true three-dimensional non-uniform loading of the model test.
  • the rated output of the ultra-high pressure true three-dimensional loading system 2 is 63.5MPa
  • the design output of each hydraulic jack 29 is 600KN
  • the cylinder diameter of the jack is 360mm
  • the stroke of the jack piston is 150mm.
  • the servo-controlled high-osmotic water pressure loading system 3 is mainly composed of a water tank 30, an automatic variable-frequency water pump 31, a high-osmotic pressure flow meter 32, a high-osmotic pressure regulator 33, a high-osmotic pressure controller 34 and a high pressure
  • the water pipe 35 is composed.
  • the water tank 30 is used to carry the high-pressure water body 63
  • the automatic frequency conversion water pump 31 is used to pump the water body in the water tank 30 into the box-type sealed loading reaction force device 1
  • the high permeability pressure flow meter 32 is used to monitor the output water volume and water pressure, high permeability
  • the pressure regulator 33 is used to control the high osmotic pressure and maintain its stability.
  • the high osmotic pressure controller 34 is used to control the automatic variable frequency water pump 31 and the high osmotic pressure regulator 33 to work together.
  • the high pressure water pipe 35 connects the water tank 30 and the automatic variable frequency water pump 31 3.
  • the high osmotic pressure flowmeter 32 and the high osmotic pressure regulator 33 are connected in series to form a passage for high water pressure loading.
  • the model body 62 is saturated inside the box-shaped sealing loading reaction force device 1 and forms a gradient high osmotic pressure, thereby achieving high osmotic pressure loading that varies with depth.
  • the servo-controlled high-osmosis water pressure loading system 3 can apply a high-osmosis water pressure of up to 50 MPa.
  • the inclined geological structure making system 4 includes a supporting rotating device 36, a material accommodating device 37, and a material compacting device 38.
  • the supporting rotating device 36 is used to adjust the inclination angle of the material accommodating device 37
  • the material accommodating device 37 is used to fill the model body 62 containing the inclined geological structure
  • the material compacting device 38 is used to compact the model material to be filled.
  • the supporting and rotating device 36 includes a hinge bracket 39, a rotatable double-section jack 40 and a bottom plate 41.
  • Four sets of hinge brackets 39 fix the rear end of the bottom beam reaction wall module 8 to the bottom plate 41, and the bottom beam reaction wall module 8
  • the front end of the is connected with four sets of rotatable double jacks 40 through connectors, and the tilt angle of the material accommodating device 37 is adjusted through the elongation and retraction of the rotatable double jacks 40 to prepare various inclined geological structures.
  • the material accommodating device 37 is composed of a combination of reaction wall modules, and the amount of model material to be filled is controlled by increasing and deleting the number of reaction wall modules.
  • the material compaction device 38 includes a material compaction reaction frame 42, a compaction jack 43, a steel pressure ring 44 and a steel compression plate 45.
  • a material compaction reaction frame 42 is provided outside the model reaction force device, and its bottom is fixed to the ground.
  • the rear end of the compaction jack 43 is fixed to the material compaction reaction force frame 42, and the compacted jack 43 and the steel compression ring 44 and the steel compression plate 45 placed at the front end thereof are used to separate and compact the model material.
  • the material accommodating device 37 is rotated and raised to a certain height by the rotatable double-joint jack 40, and then a certain thickness of model material is filled into the material accommodating device 37, and then the material compacting device 38 is used for layering
  • the model material is compacted until the entire test model body is completed, and finally the rotatable double-joint jack 40 is retracted to return the model reaction force device to the horizontal state, thereby manufacturing the model body 62 containing the inclined geological structure.
  • the model cavity automatic excavation system 5 is mainly composed of a cutter head excavation device 46, cutter head rotation drive device 47, cutter head advance drive device 48, dust removal device 49, support frame 50 and
  • the excavation control device 51 is composed; the cutter head excavation device 46 is installed at the front end of the cutter head rotary drive device 47 for excavating and cutting the model body 62, and the cutter head rotary drive device 47 is used for providing rotary cutting of the cutter head excavation device 46 Force, the cutter head forward driving device 48 is used to provide the power of the cutter head excavation device 46 to advance the excavation, the dust removal device 49 is used to remove the excavated cutting model material, the support frame 50 is used to support the entire excavation system, excavation control The device 51 is used to control the rotation speed of the cutter head rotary drive device 47 and the step rate of the cutter head advance drive device 48.
  • the cutter head excavation device 46 is composed of a cavity profiled cutter housing 52, a rotating cutting blade 53 and a dust outlet 54.
  • the cavity profile cutter housing 52 is manufactured according to the shape and size of the excavated cavity, and the rotating cutting blade 53 is fixed in the middle of the cavity profile cutter housing 52, and is connected to the cutter head rotation driving device 47, and is used to rotate the cutting model body 62.
  • the rotating cutting blade 53 can freely expand and contract and keep close to the inner wall of the cavity to excavate model cavity of different shapes and sizes.
  • the dust outlet 54 is used to transport the excavated material debris to the outside of the device.
  • the automatic excavation process of the cavity is as follows: the excavation control device 51 activates the cutter head rotary drive device 47 and the cutter head advance drive device 48, and the cutter head rotary drive device 47 drives the rotary cutting blade 53 along the cave room through the rotation drive link 55 When the wall rotates, the cutter head forward drive device 48 drives the cutter head rotary drive device 47 forward through the screw drive link 56 and drives the cutter head excavation device 46 forward, thereby completing the excavation of the model cavity.
  • the model comprehensive test and analysis system is mainly composed of a waterproof optical fiber displacement sensor 57, a waterproof stress sensor 58, a waterproof optical fiber high permeability pressure sensor 59, a flow monitor 60, and a data processing software system 61.
  • the waterproof optical fiber displacement sensor 57 is used to monitor the displacement of any part inside the model body 62
  • the waterproof stress sensor 58 is used to monitor the stress of any part inside the model body 62
  • the waterproof optical fiber high permeability pressure sensor 59 is used to monitor the height of any part inside the model body 62 Osmotic pressure
  • the flow monitor 60 is used to monitor the amount of water seepage after the excavation of the cave
  • the data processing software system 61 processes the measured data accordingly, stores and displays in real time and automatically generates model displacement, stress, high osmotic pressure and flow Time history curve.
  • FIG. 17 is a flow chart of the model test carried out by the present invention
  • FIG. 18 is a model of the inclination geological structure prepared by the present invention.
  • Body 62 FIG. 19 is a schematic diagram of a model cave excavation simulation of the present invention
  • FIG. 20 is a schematic diagram of a water inrush phenomenon of a deep cavity excavation tunnel using the present invention.
  • the inclined geological structure production system 4 of the present invention is used to prepare a model body 62 with an inclined geological structure, and the displacement, stress, seepage pressure and seepage test are buried in layers during the production of the model body sensor;
  • the ultra-high pressure true three-dimensional loading system 2 of the present invention is used to perform true three-dimensional non-uniform loading on the prepared model body 62;
  • the servo-controlled high-osmotic water pressure loading system 3 of the present invention is used to load the prepared model body 62 with water infiltration pressure;
  • the model cavity 62 of the present invention is used to automatically excavate the prepared model body 62;
  • the model comprehensive test and analysis system 6 of the present invention is used to automatically collect and quickly store the test data such as displacement, stress, seepage pressure and seepage flow of the measuring points inside the model body;
  • the engineering application research of the present invention shows that: the present invention reproduces the evolution process of the water inrush disaster caused by the excavation of deep-buried diversion tunnels in inclined rock layers, and carefully simulates the deep caves under the coupling of high ground stress and high permeability hydraulic pressure
  • the nonlinear deformation characteristics of chamber excavation and the evolution process of water inrush disaster provide an important experimental basis for studying the occurrence mechanism and conditions of water inrush disaster in deep caves.
  • the invention has wide application prospects in simulating hydropower, transportation, energy and water burst disasters in deep caverns of mines.

Abstract

一种模拟深部洞室突涌水灾害的真三维物理模型试验系统，包括盒式密封加载反力装置（1）、超高压真三维加载系统（2）、伺服控制高渗透水压加载系统（3）、倾斜地质构造制作系统（4）、模型洞室自动开挖系统（5）及模型综合测试分析系统（6）。盒式密封加载反力装置（1）作为模型试验加载反力装置并用于容纳模型体（62）和高压水体（63），超高压真三维加载系统（2）进行超高压真三维加载，伺服控制高渗透水压加载系统（3）进行高渗透水压自动加载，倾斜地质构造制作系统（4）用于制备内含倾斜地质构造的模型体（62）；模型洞室自动开挖系统（5）用于自动开挖模型洞室，模型综合测试分析系统（6）自动采集模型试验数据并快速存储。模拟深部洞室突涌水灾害的真三维物理模型试验系统在模拟水电、交通、能源和矿山深部洞室突涌水地质灾害方面具有广泛的应用前景。

Description

一种模拟深部洞室突涌水灾害的真三维物理模型试验系统 技术领域
本发明涉及一种在水电、交通、能源和矿山工程领域使用的模拟深部洞室突涌水灾害的真三维物理模型试验系统。
背景技术
随着社会和经济的快速发展，中国已发展成为世界上隧洞和地下工程建造数量最多、规模最大、地质条件最复杂、结构形式最多样的国家。近年来，中国水电引水隧洞、交通隧洞、矿山巷道等深部洞室建设蓬勃发展，建设重心向地质条件复杂的西部山区及岩溶地区转移，高地应力、高渗透压、强岩溶、复杂地质构造等导致深部洞室(交通隧洞、引水隧洞、矿山巷道等)施工过程中灾害频发，形成突水、涌泥、塌方等具有隐蔽性和突发性的大型地质灾害，灾害发生部位、规模和动力特征难以准确预测，往往给地下工程建设带来严重危害，轻则造成淹没洞室、冲毁机具等重大经济损失，重则造成重大人员伤亡事故。因此，针对高地应力与高渗透水压耦合作用下深部洞室突涌水地质灾害的致灾机理开展深入研究，对于有效预防灾害性事故发生，保证深部洞室的施工安全和运营稳定具有十分重大的理论意义和工程应用价值。面对深部洞室工程，传统理论方法难以胜任，数值模拟困难重重，现场原位试验条件受限且费用昂贵，相比之下，物理模型试验以其形象、直观、真实的特性成为研究深部工程的重要手段。与MTS研究岩芯力学特性不同，物理模型试验是根据相似原理采用缩尺模型研究洞室施工开挖过程与变形破坏特征的物理模拟方法，对于发现新现象，探索新规律、揭示新机理和验证新理论具有理论分析和数值模拟不可替代的重要作用。因此，物理模型试验也成为研究深部洞室突涌水灾害发生机理与产生条件的重要手段，要开展高地应力与高渗透压耦合作用下深部洞室突水灾害物理模型试验，就必须具备相应的物理物理模型试验系统。目前有关物理模型试验系统的研究现状如下：
(1)《Water》2018年第9期介绍了一种模型试验系统，该系统可模拟空腔突水过程，但无法实现真三维高地应力与高渗透压力耦合加载，也无法模拟倾斜地质构造的影响以及模型洞室自动开挖过程。
(2)《International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences》2017年第94卷介绍了一种可模拟深部层状盐岩地层中储气库群长期运营稳定的模型试验系统，但该系统无法模拟高地应力场与高渗流场的耦合作用，无法制备倾斜地质构造，且无法模拟模型洞室自动开 挖过程。
(3)《Energies》2017年第6期介绍了一种智能数控制超高压加载模型试验系统，可模拟深埋洞室的垮塌破坏过程，但该系统无法模拟高地应力场与高渗流场的耦合作用，无法制备倾斜地质构造，且无法模拟模型洞室自动开挖过程。
(4)《Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology》2017年第62卷介绍了一种可模拟流固效应的三轴模型试验系统，该系统以室内三轴试验机为模板开发，实现流固耦合加载，但该装置所能容纳的模型尺寸较小，且无法制作倾斜地质构造，也无法模拟模型洞室自动开挖过程。
(5)《Procedia Engineering》2016年第166卷介绍了一种隧道衬砌受力模拟模型试验系统，以气压模拟水压对衬砌作用，但该系统无法进行真三维高地应力与高渗透压力的耦合加载，无法制备倾斜地质构造，且无法模拟模型洞室自动开挖过程。
(7)《岩土工程学报》2018年第5期介绍了一种可模拟隐伏溶洞突水效应的模型试验系统，但该系统只能进行平面应变试验，无法进行高地应力与高渗透压耦合加载的真三维试验，且无法制作倾斜地质构造，也无法模拟模型洞室自动开挖过程。
(8)《岩石力学与工程学报》2013年第5期介绍了一种海底隧洞流固耦合模型试验系统，由钢结构架、钢化玻璃试验箱和高渗透压力加载装置组成，可进行平面应力和平面应变模型试验，但该系统无法进行高地应力与高渗透压耦合加载的真三维试验，无法制作倾斜地质构造，也无法模拟模型洞室自动开挖过程。
(9)《岩石力学与工程学报》2009年第4期介绍了一种可模拟深部洞室渗透作用的物理模型试验系统，设计了自动供水装置与离散式花管渗流装置，但该系统无法模拟真三维高地应力加载过程，无法制作倾斜地质构造，也无法模拟模型洞室自动开挖过程。
综上所述，目前国内外相关物理模型试验系统存在如下问题：
(1)国内外模型试验系统多以平面加载和准三维加载为主，较少进行高地应力与高渗透压耦合的真三维加载试验；
(2)国内外模型试验尚无法模拟高地应力场与高渗流场耦合作用的深部洞室突涌水破坏过程；
(3)国内外模型试验多以均质材料为主，较少考虑复杂倾斜地质构造的影响；
(4)国内外模型试验洞室多以人工开挖为主，较难模拟不同形状和尺寸洞室的自动开挖过程。
发明内容
本发明为克服上述现有技术的不足，研制一种模拟深部洞室突涌水灾害的真三维物理模型试验系统。
本发明的目的是采用下述技术方案实现的：
一种模拟深部洞室突涌水灾害的真三维物理模型试验系统，主要由盒式密封加载反力装置、超高压真三维加载系统、伺服控制高渗透水压加载系统、倾斜地质构造制作系统、模型洞室自动开挖系统以及模型综合测试分析系统组成；
所述的盒式密封加载反力装置作为模型试验加载的反力装置并用于容纳试验模型体和高压水体；
所述的超高压真三维加载系统通过控制液压千斤顶对试验模型体进行超高压真三维加载；
所述的伺服控制高渗透水压加载系统用于对试验模型体进行高渗透水压自动加载；
所述的倾斜地质构造制作系统用于制备具有内含倾斜地质构造的模型体；
所述的模型洞室自动开挖系统用于在试验模型体上开挖不同形状和尺寸的模型洞室；
所述的模型综合测试分析系统自动采集模型体内部任意部位的位移、应力、高渗透压力和渗流量试验数据并进行快速存储。
进一步的，所述的盒式密封加载反力装置主要由钢制的顶梁反力墙模块、底梁反力墙模块、左反力墙模块、右反力墙模块、前反力墙模块和后反力墙模块通过高强螺栓连接组合而成，主要作为模型试验加载的反力装置并用于容纳模型体和高压水体；各反力墙模块采用刚度较高的盒式结构型式，使用厚度40mm的高强钢板制作，盒式密封加载反力装置外尺寸长度、宽度和高度均为3.2m，内部空间尺寸长度、宽度和高度均为2.0m。
进一步的，在各反力墙模块连接的面面接触处设置密封槽，槽内安装橡胶密封垫圈。
进一步的，为保证试验模型体在真三维加载过程中各方向不受相邻加载的干扰，在盒式密封加载反力装置内部设置了三维导向框装置，三维导向框装置由12根横断面尺寸为200mm×200mm的不锈钢方管通过高强螺栓连接组合而成，模型试验加载前，模型加载钢板紧贴模型体表面并嵌入三维导向框装置内一定深度。
进一步的，在前反力墙模块中部设置了封闭开挖窗口，所述的封闭开挖窗口主要由钢化玻璃板、洞室开挖窗口、钢制空心挡水壳和洞口挡水钢板组成。根据模型试验开挖洞室的尺寸在钢化玻璃板中央设置了洞室开挖窗口，沿洞室开挖窗口中心安装钢制空心挡水壳，钢制空心挡水壳与开挖洞室尺寸相同，并向洞内延伸插入模型体内部一定深度阻止洞室开挖时的水体流出以保证高渗透压力稳定。钢制空心挡水壳与钢化玻璃板之间垫有橡胶密封垫圈，洞 口挡水钢板将洞室开挖窗口罩住以形成封闭腔体。
进一步的，所述的超高压真三维加载系统由油箱、高压油管、驱动装置、油压调节器、压力监测器、液压控制器、液压千斤顶以及加载钢板组成。油箱用于盛放液压油，驱动装置用于将油箱内的液压油泵入高压油管，油压调节器用于控制油路压力的大小和稳定，压力监测器用于监测油路压力大小，液压控制器用于控制驱动装置和油压调节器协同工作，液压千斤顶外嵌于反力墙模块内，千斤顶前端安装加载钢板并紧贴试验模型体。试验模型体上下加载面各紧贴一块加载钢板，试验模型体前、后、左、右面由上而下各紧贴三块加载钢板，利用超高压真三维加载系统和盒式密封加载反力装置可将液压千斤顶的荷载均匀传给加载钢板然后再施加到模型体上，以实现模型试验真三维非均匀加载。
进一步的，所述的伺服控制高渗透水压加载系统主要由水箱、自动变频水泵、高渗透压力流量计、高渗透压力调节器、高渗透压力控制器和高压水管组成。水箱用于承载高压水体，自动变频水泵用于将水箱内水体泵入盒式密封加载反力装置内，高渗透压力流量计用于监测输出的水量与水压，高渗透压力调节器用于控制高渗透压力大小并保持其稳定，高渗透压力控制器用于控制自动变频水泵和高渗透压力调节器协同工作，高压水管将水箱、自动变频水泵、高渗透压力流量计和高渗透压力调节器串连形成通路进行高水压加载。
进一步的，伺服控制高渗透水压加载系统通过盒式密封加载反力装置对模型体进行高渗透压力加载，其中顶部高渗透压力按σ w顶＝γh 顶进行加载，则底部高渗透压力为σ w底＝γ(h 顶+△h)，h 顶为模型顶部地下水位深度，γ为水体容重，△h为试验模型体高度。模型体在盒式密封加载反力装置内部达到饱和，并形成梯度高渗透压力，从而实现随深度变化的高渗透压力加载。
进一步的，所述的倾斜地质构造制作系统包括支撑旋转装置、材料容纳装置和材料压实装置。支撑旋转装置用于调节材料容纳装置的倾斜角度，材料容纳装置用来填筑内含倾斜地质构造的模型体，材料压实装置用于分层压实填筑的模型材料。
具体的，所述的支撑旋转装置包括铰支架、可旋转双节千斤顶和底板，四组铰支架将底梁反力墙模块后端固定在底板上，底梁反力墙模块前端与四组可旋转双节千斤顶通过连接件连接，通过可旋转双节千斤顶的伸长与回缩调节材料容纳装置的倾斜角度以制备各种倾斜地质构造。材料容纳装置由反力墙模块组合而成，通过增加和删减反力墙模块的数量来控制模型材料的填筑量。材料压实装置包括材料压实反力架、压实千斤顶、钢制压环和钢制压板，在模型反力装置外部设置材料压实反力架，其底部固定于地面，压实千斤顶后端固定于材料压实反力架上，通过压实千斤顶和其前端放置的钢制压环和钢制压板进行模型材料的分层压 实。
具体的，根据所要制备的倾斜地质构造，首先通过可旋转双节千斤顶将材料容纳装置旋转提升一定高度，然后向材料容纳装置内填筑一定厚度的模型材料，再利用材料压实装置分层压实模型材料，直至完成整个试验模型体的制作，最后将可旋转双节千斤顶回缩，使模型反力装置回到水平状态，从而制作完成内含倾斜地质构造的模型体。
进一步的，所述的模型洞室自动开挖系统主要由刀头开挖装置、刀头旋转驱动装置、刀头前进驱动装置、除尘装置、支撑架以及开挖控制装置组成；刀头开挖装置安装于刀头旋转驱动装置前端，用于开挖切削模型体，刀头旋转驱动装置用于提供刀头开挖装置的旋转切削力，刀头前进驱动装置用于提供刀头开挖装置前进开挖的动力，除尘装置用于清除开挖切削的模型材料，支撑架用于支撑整个开挖系统，开挖控制装置用于控制刀头旋转驱动装置的转速和刀头前进驱动装置的步进速率。
具体的，所述的刀头开挖装置由洞室仿形刀壳、旋转切削刀片和出尘孔组成。洞室仿形刀壳根据开挖洞室形状和尺寸加工制作，旋转切削刀片固定于洞室仿形刀壳中间，与刀头旋转驱动装置连接，用于旋转切削模型体，旋转切削刀片可自由伸缩且时刻紧贴洞室内壁从而开挖出不同形状和尺寸的模型洞室，所述的出尘孔设置于所述的洞室仿形刀壳上，用于将开挖后的材料碎屑运输至装置外面。
具体的，洞室自动开挖过程为：通过开挖控制装置启动刀头旋转驱动装置和刀头前进驱动装置，刀头旋转驱动装置通过旋转驱动连杆带动旋转切削刀片沿着洞室内壁旋转，刀头前进驱动装置通过螺旋驱动连杆带动刀头旋转驱动装置前进，并带动刀头开挖装置前进，从而完成模型洞室开挖。
进一步的，所述的模型综合测试分析系统主要由防水光纤位移传感器、防水应力传感器、防水光纤高渗透压力传感器、流量监测器和数据处理软件系统组成；防水光纤位移传感器用于监测模型体内部任意部位的位移，防水应力传感器用于监测模型体内部任意部位的应力，防水光纤高渗透压力传感器用于监测模型体内部任意部位的高渗透压力，流量监测器用于监测洞室开挖后的渗水量，数据处理软件系统将测得的模型试验数据实时进行处理、存储和显示并自动生成相关时程变化曲线。
本发明具有如下显著的技术优势：
(1)本发明将液压千斤顶全部外嵌于盒式密封加载反力装置上，改变了现有物理模型试验系统将液压千斤顶安装在加载反力装置内部的技术缺陷，大大节省了加载反力装置与试验模型体的内部空间且有利于对液压千斤顶进行安装、拆卸和维修，更有利于保证模型加载反 力装置的密闭性。
(2)本发明可进行流固耦合作用下的超高压真三维加载与高渗透水压加载，可精细模拟高地应力和高渗透压力耦合作用下深部洞室开挖的非线性变形破坏过程，解决了现有多场耦合物理模型试验系统只能低压和均匀加载的技术难题。
(3)本发明可制备具有任意倾角、厚度的倾斜地质构造，可模拟复杂地质条件下深部洞室突涌水地质灾害的形成与演化过程。
(4)本发明可以自动开挖不同形状和尺寸的模型洞室，解决了目前模型试验洞室多依靠人工开挖且造成洞室开挖误差大和精度低的技术难题。
(5)本发明在模拟水电、交通、能源和矿山深部洞室突涌水地质灾害方面具有广泛的应用前景。
附图说明
构成本申请的一部分的说明书附图用来提供对本申请的进一步理解，本申请的示意性实施例及其说明用于解释本申请，并不构成对本申请的不当限定。
图1为本发明整体结构平面示意图；
图2为本发明的盒式密封加载反力装置整体三维设计图；
图3为本发明的盒式密封加载反力装置正视图；
图4为本发明的盒式密封加载反力装置侧视图；
图5为本发明的盒式密封加载反力装置俯视图；
图6为本发明的盒式密封加载反力装置内部结构图；
图7(a)、图7(b)、图7(c)为本发明的封闭开挖窗口构成图；
图8为本发明的封闭开挖窗口安装示意图；
图9为本发明的超高压真三维加载系统内部示意图；
图10为本发明的超高压真三维加载系统外部示意图；
图11为本发明的伺服控制高渗透水压加载系统示意图；
图12为本发明的倾斜地质构造制作系统示意图；
图13(a)、图13(b)、图13(c)为本发明的倾斜地质构造制作示意图；
图14为本发明的模型洞室自动开挖系统平面示意图；
图15为本发明的模型洞室自动开挖系统整体示意图；
图16为本发明的模型综合测试分析系统示意图；
图17为采用本发明进行试验的流程图；
图18为内含倾斜地质构造的模型体示意图；
图19为采用本发明进行模型洞室开挖模拟示意图；
图20为开挖过程突水灾害示意图；
其中：1.盒式密封加载反力装置，2.超高压真三维加载系统，3.伺服控制高渗透水压加载系统，4.倾斜地质构造制作系统，5.模型洞室自动开挖系统，6.模型综合测试分析系统，7.顶梁反力墙模块，8.底梁反力墙模块，9.左反力墙模块，10.右反力墙模块，11.前反力墙模块，12.后反力墙模块，13.密封槽，14橡胶密封垫圈，15.高强螺栓，16.三维导向框装置，17.加载钢板，18.封闭开挖窗口，19.钢化玻璃板，20.洞室开挖窗口，21.钢制空心挡水壳，22.洞口挡水钢板，23.油箱，24.高压油管，25.驱动装置，26.油压调节器，27.压力监测器，28.液压控制器，29.液压千斤顶，30.水箱，31.自动变频水泵，32.高渗透压力流量计，33.高渗透压力调节器，34.高渗透压力控制器，35.高压水管，36.支撑旋转装置，37.材料容纳装置，38.材料压实装置，39.铰支架，40.可旋转双节千斤顶，41.底板，42.材料压实反力架，43.压实千斤顶，44.钢制压环，45.钢制压板，46.刀头开挖装置，47刀头旋转驱动装置，48.刀头前进驱动装置，49.除尘装置，50.支撑架，51.开挖控制装置，52.洞室仿形刀壳，53.旋转切削刀片，54.出尘孔，55.旋转驱动连杆，56.螺旋驱动连杆，57.防水光纤位移传感器，58.防水应力传感器，59.防水光纤高渗透压力传感器，60.流量监测器，61.数据处理软件系统，62.模型体，63.高压水体。
具体实施方式
应该指出，以下详细说明都是例示性的，旨在对本申请提供进一步的说明。除非另有指明，本文使用的所有技术和科学术语具有与本申请所属技术领域的普通技术人员通常理解的相同含义。
需要注意的是，这里所使用的术语仅是为了描述具体实施方式，而非意图限制根据本申请的示例性实施方式。如在这里所使用的，除非上下文另外明确指出，否则单数形式也意图包括复数形式，此外，还应当理解的是，当在本说明书中使用术语“包含”和/或“包括”时，其指明存在特征、步骤、操作、器件、组件和/或它们的组合。
为了方便叙述，本发明中出现“前”、“后”、“左”“右”字样，仅表示与附图本身的前、后、左、右方向一致，并不对结构起限定作用,仅仅是为了便于描述本发明和简化描述，而不是指示或暗示所指的设备或元件必须具有特定的方位，以特定的方位构造和操作，因此不能理解为对本发明的限制。
下面结合附图和实施例对本发明进一步说明。
如图1所示，一种模拟深部洞室突涌水灾害的真三维物理模型试验系统，主要由盒式密封加载反力装置1、超高压真三维加载系统2、伺服控制高渗透水压加载系统3、倾斜地质构造制作系统4、模型洞室自动开挖系统5以及模型综合测试分析系统6组成。所述的盒式密封加载反力装置1作为模型试验加载的反力装置并用于容纳模型体62和高压水体63，所述的超高压真三维加载系统2通过控制液压千斤顶29对试验模型体进行超高压真三维加载，所述的伺服控制高渗透水压加载系统3用于对试验模型体进行高渗透水压自动加载，所述的倾斜地质构造制作系统4制备具有内含倾斜地质构造的模型体62，所述的模型洞室自动开挖系统5用于开挖不同形状和尺寸的模型洞室，所述的模型综合测试分析系统6自动采集模型体62内部任意部位的位移、应力、高渗透压力和渗流量试验数据并进行快速存储。
如图2至图5所示，所述的盒式密封加载反力装置1主要由钢制的顶梁反力墙模块7、底梁反力墙模块8、左反力墙模块9、右反力墙模块10、前反力墙11模块和后反力墙模块12构件通过高强螺栓15连接组合而成，主要作为模型试验加载的反力装置并用于容纳模型体62和高压水体63，各反力墙模块采用刚度较高的盒式结构型式，使用厚度40mm的高强钢板制作。盒式密封加载反力装置1外尺寸长度、宽度和高度均为3.2m，内部空间尺寸长度、宽度和高度均为2.0m。在各反力墙模块连接的面面接触处设置密封槽13，槽内安装橡胶密封垫圈14。
如图6所示，为保证试验模型体在真三维加载过程中不受相邻加载的干扰，在盒式密封加载反力装置1内壁设置了三维导向框装置16，三维导向框装置16由12根横断面尺寸为200mm×200mm的不锈钢方管通过高强螺栓15连接组合而成，模型试验加载前，模型加载钢板17紧贴模型体62表面并嵌入三维导向框装置16内一定深度。
如图3、图7(a、b、c)和图8所示，在前反力墙模块11中部设置了封闭开挖窗口18，所述的封闭开挖窗口18主要由钢化玻璃板19、洞室开挖窗口20、钢制空心挡水壳21和洞口挡水钢板22组成。根据试验开挖洞室的尺寸在钢化玻璃板19中央设置了洞室开挖窗口20，沿洞室开挖窗口20中心安装钢制空心挡水壳21，钢制空心挡水壳21与开挖洞室口尺寸相同，并向洞内延伸插入模型体62内部一定深度阻止洞室开挖时的水体流出以保证高渗透压力稳定。钢制空心挡水壳21与钢化玻璃板19之间垫有橡胶密封垫圈14，洞口挡水钢板22将洞室开挖窗口20罩住以形成封闭腔体。
如图9和图10所示，所述的超高压真三维加载系统2主要由油箱23、高压油管24、驱动装置25、油压调节器26、压力监测器27、液压控制器28、液压千斤顶29以及加载钢板17组成。油箱23用于盛放液压油，驱动装置25用于将油箱23内的液压油泵入高压油管24， 油压调节器26用于控制油路压力的大小和稳定，压力监测器27用于监测油路压力大小，液压控制器28用于控制驱动装置25和油压调节器26协同工作，液压千斤顶29外嵌于反力墙模块内，千斤顶顶端安装加载钢板17并紧贴试验模型体。试验模型体上下加载面各紧贴一块加载钢板17，试验模型体前、后、左、右面由上而下各紧贴三块加载钢板17，利用超高压真三维加载系统2和盒式密封加载反力装置1可将液压千斤顶29的荷载均匀传给加载钢板17然后再施加到模型体62上，以实现模型试验真三维非均匀加载。其中，超高压真三维加载系统2的额定出力为63.5MPa，每个液压千斤顶29的设计出力为600KN，千斤顶的油缸直径360mm，千斤顶活塞行程为150mm。
如图11所示，所述的伺服控制高渗透水压加载系统3主要由水箱30、自动变频水泵31、高渗透压力流量计32、高渗透压力调节器33、高渗透压力控制器34和高压水管35组成。水箱30用于承载高压水体63，自动变频水泵31用于将水箱30内水体泵入盒式密封加载反力装置1内，高渗透压力流量计32用于监测输出的水量与水压，高渗透压力调节器33用于控制高渗透压力大小并保持其稳定，高渗透压力控制器34用于控制自动变频水泵31和高渗透压力调节器33协同工作，高压水管35将水箱30、自动变频水泵31、高渗透压力流量计32和高渗透压力调节器33串连形成通路进行高水压加载。
伺服控制高渗透水压加载系统3通过向盒式密封加载反力装置1注入高压水体63对模型体62进行高渗透压力加载，其中顶部高渗透压力按σ w顶＝γh 顶进行加载，则底部高渗透压力为σ w底＝γ(h 顶+△h)，h 顶为模型顶部地下水位深度，γ为水体容重，△h为试验模型体高度。模型体62在盒式密封加载反力装置1内部达到饱和，并形成梯度高渗透压力，从而实现随深度变化的高渗透压力加载。伺服控制高渗透水压加载系统3最高可施加50MPa高渗透水压力。
如图12和图13(a、b、c)所示，所述的倾斜地质构造制作系统4包括支撑旋转装置36、材料容纳装置37和材料压实装置38。支撑旋转装置36用于调节材料容纳装置37的倾斜角度，材料容纳装置37用来填筑内含倾斜地质构造的模型体62，材料压实装置38用于分层压实填筑的模型材料。
所述的支撑旋转装置36包括铰支架39、可旋转双节千斤顶40和底板41，四组铰支架39将底梁反力墙模块8后端固定在底板41上，底梁反力墙模块8的前端与四组可旋转双节千斤顶40通过连接件连接，通过可旋转双节千斤顶40的伸长与回缩调节材料容纳装置37的倾斜角度以制备各种倾斜地质构造。材料容纳装置37由反力墙模块组合而成，通过增加和删减反力墙模块的数量来控制模型材料的填筑量。材料压实装置38包括材料压实反力架 42、压实千斤顶43、钢制压环44和钢制压板45，在模型反力装置外部设置材料压实反力架42，其底部固定于地面，压实千斤顶43后端固定于材料压实反力架42上，通过压实千斤顶43和其前端放置的钢制压环44和钢制压板45进行模型材料的分层压实。
根据所要制备的倾斜地质构造，首先通过可旋转双节千斤顶40将材料容纳装置37旋转提升一定高度，然后向材料容纳装置37内填筑一定厚度的模型材料，再利用材料压实装置38分层压实模型材料，直至完成整个试验模型体的制作，最后将可旋转双节千斤顶40回缩，使模型反力装置回到水平状态，从而制作完成内含倾斜地质构造的模型体62。
如图14和15所示，所述的模型洞室自动开挖系统5主要由刀头开挖装置46、刀头旋转驱动装置47、刀头前进驱动装置48、除尘装置49、支撑架50以及开挖控制装置51组成；刀头开挖装置46安装于刀头旋转驱动装置47前端，用于开挖切削模型体62，刀头旋转驱动装置47用于提供刀头开挖装置46的旋转切削力，刀头前进驱动装置48用于提供刀头开挖装置46前进开挖的动力，除尘装置49用于清除开挖切削的模型材料，支撑架50用于支撑整个开挖系统，开挖控制装置51用于控制刀头旋转驱动装置47的转速和刀头前进驱动装置48的步进速率。
如图15所示，所述的刀头开挖装置46由洞室仿形刀壳52、旋转切削刀片53和出尘孔54组成。洞室仿形刀壳52根据开挖洞室形状和尺寸加工制作，旋转切削刀片53固定于洞室仿形刀壳52中间，与刀头旋转驱动装置47连接，用于旋转切削模型体62，旋转切削刀片53可自由伸缩且时刻紧贴洞室内壁从而开挖出不同形状和尺寸的模型洞室，出尘孔54用于将开挖后的材料碎屑运输至装置外面。
洞室自动开挖过程为：通过开挖控制装置51启动刀头旋转驱动装置47和刀头前进驱动装置48，刀头旋转驱动装置47通过旋转驱动连杆55带动旋转切削刀片53沿着洞室内壁旋转，刀头前进驱动装置48通过螺旋驱动连杆56带动刀头旋转驱动装置47前进，并带动刀头开挖装置46前进，从而完成模型洞室开挖。
如图16所示，所述的模型综合测试分析系统主要由防水光纤位移传感器57、防水应力传感器58、防水光纤高渗透压力传感器59、流量监测器60和数据处理软件系统61组成。防水光纤位移传感器57用于监测模型体62内部任意部位的位移，防水应力传感器58用于监测模型体62内部任意部位应力，防水光纤高渗透压力传感器59用于监测模型体62内部任意部位的高渗透压力，流量监测器60用于监测洞室开挖后的渗水量，数据处理软件系统61将测得的数据进行相应处理，实时存储和显示并自动生成模型位移、应力、高渗透压力和流量的时程曲线。
应用本发明对埋深2500m的某大型深埋引水隧洞突涌水进行三维物理模型试验，图17为利用本发明开展模型试验的流程图，图18是利用本发明制备的内含倾斜地质构造的模型体62，图19为本发明模型洞室开挖模拟示意图，图20为利用本发明进行深部洞室开挖隧洞突水现象示意图。
如图17、图18、图19所示，应用本发明开展深部洞室突涌水模型试验的过程如下：
(1)根据工程地质构造分布，采用本发明的倾斜地质构造制作系统4制备具有内含倾斜地质构造的模型体62，并在模型体制作过程中分层埋设位移、应力、渗压、渗流测试传感器；
(2)根据工程地应力分布，按照相似准则，采用本发明的超高压真三维加载系统2对所制备的模型体62进行真三维非均匀加载；
(3)根据工程地下水分布，按照相似准则，采用本发明的伺服控制高渗透水压加载系统3对所制备的模型体62进行水渗透压力加载；
(4)待洞区地应力和水渗透压力加载稳定后，采用本发明的模型洞室自动开挖系统5对所制备的模型体62进行洞室自动开挖；
(5)在模型洞室开挖过程中，采用本发明的模型综合测试分析系统6自动采集模型体内部测点的位移、应力、渗压和渗流量等试验数据并进行快速存储；
(6)分析整理测试数据，并根据模型试验测试分析结果和试验观测现象深入揭示深部洞室的突涌水破坏机制。
如图20所示，本发明的工程应用研究表明：本发明全景再现了倾斜岩层中深埋引水隧洞开挖突水灾害的演变过程，精细模拟了高地应力和高渗透水压耦合作用下深部洞室开挖的非线性变形特征与突涌水灾害演化过程，为研究深部洞室突涌水灾害的发生机理与产生条件提供了重要试验依据。本发明在模拟水电、交通、能源和矿山深部洞室突涌水灾害方面具有广泛的应用前景。
以上所述仅为本申请的优选实施例而已，并不用于限制本申请，对于本领域的技术人员来说，本申请可以有各种更改和变化。凡在本申请的精神和原则之内，所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等，均应包含在本申请的保护范围之内。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种模拟深部洞室突涌水灾害的真三维物理模型试验系统，其特征在于，该系统主要由盒式密封加载反力装置、超高压真三维加载系统、伺服控制高渗透水压加载系统、倾斜地质构造制作系统、模型洞室自动开挖系统以及模型综合测试分析系统组成；
    所述的盒式密封加载反力装置作为模型试验加载的反力装置并用于容纳试验模型体和高压水体；
    所述的超高压真三维加载系统通过控制液压千斤顶对试验模型体进行超高压真三维加载；
    所述的伺服控制高渗透水压加载系统用于对试验模型体进行高渗透水压自动加载；
    所述的倾斜地质构造制作系统用于制备具有内含倾斜地质构造的模型体；；
    所述的模型洞室自动开挖系统用于在试验模型体中开挖不同形状和尺寸的模型洞室；
    所述的模型综合测试分析系统自动采集试验模型体内部任意部位的试验数据并进行快速存储。
  2. 如权利要求1所述的一种模拟深部洞室突涌水灾害的真三维物理模型试验系统，其特征在于，所述的盒式密封加载反力装置主要由钢制的顶梁反力墙模块、底梁反力墙模块、左反力墙模块、右反力墙模块、前反力墙模块和后反力墙模块通过螺栓连接组合而成，各反力墙模块采用刚度较高的盒式结构型式，其尺寸可任意调整；
    进一步的，在各反力墙模块连接的面面接触处设置密封槽，槽内放置橡胶密封垫圈。
  3. 如权利要求2所述的一种模拟深部洞室突涌水灾害的真三维物理模型试验系统，其特征在于，在所述的盒式密封加载反力装置内部设置了三维导向框装置。
  4. 如权利要求2所述的一种模拟深部洞室突涌水灾害的真三维物理模型试验系统，其特征在于，在所述的前反力墙模块中部设置了封闭开挖窗口，所述的封闭开挖窗口主要由钢化玻璃板、洞室开挖窗口、钢制空心挡水壳和洞口挡水钢板组成；根据模型试验开挖洞室的尺寸在钢化玻璃板中央设置所述的洞室开挖窗口，沿洞室开挖窗口中心安装所述的钢制空心挡水壳，所述的钢制空心挡水壳与开挖洞室尺寸相同，并向洞内延伸插入试验模型体内部一定深度阻止洞室开挖时的水体流出以保证高渗透压力稳定；所述的钢制空心挡水壳与钢化玻璃板之间垫有橡胶密封垫圈，洞口挡水钢板将洞室开挖窗口罩住以形成封闭腔体。
  5. 如权利要求1所述的一种模拟深部洞室突涌水灾害的真三维物理模型试验系统，其特征在于，所述的超高压真三维加载系统由油箱、高压油管、驱动装置、油压调节器、压力监测器、液压控制器、液压千斤顶以及加载钢板组成；
    所述的油箱用于盛放液压油；
    所述的驱动装置用于将油箱内的液压油泵入高压油管；
    所述的油压调节器用于控制油路压力的大小和稳定；
    所述的压力监测器用于监测油路压力大小；
    所述的液压控制器用于控制驱动装置和油压调节器协同工作；
    所述的液压千斤顶外嵌于各个反力墙模块内，千斤顶前端安装加载钢板并紧贴试验模型体，从而对试验模型体进行超高压加载。
  6. 如权利要求1所述的一种模拟深部洞室突涌水灾害的真三维物理模型试验系统，其特征在于，所述的伺服控制高渗透水压加载系统主要由水箱、自动变频水泵、高渗透压力流量计、高渗透压力调节器、高渗透压力控制器和高压水管组成；
    所述的水箱用于承载高压水体；
    所述的自动变频水泵用于将水箱内水体泵入盒式密封加载反力装置内；
    所述的高渗透压力流量计用于监测输出的水量与水压；
    所述的高渗透压力调节器用于控制高渗透压力大小并保持其稳定；
    所述的高渗透压力控制器用于控制自动变频水泵和高渗透压力调节器协同工作；
    所述的高压水管将水箱、自动变频水泵、高渗透压力流量计和高渗透压力调节器串连形成通路进行高水压加载。
  7. 如权利要求1所述的一种模拟深部洞室突涌水灾害的真三维物理模型试验系统，其特征在于，所述的倾斜地质构造制作系统包括支撑旋转装置、材料容纳装置和材料压实装置；所述的支撑旋转装置用于调节材料容纳装置的倾斜角度；所述的材料容纳装置用来填筑内含倾斜地质构造的试验模型体，材料压实装置用于分层压实填筑的模型材料，得到试验模型体。
  8. 如权利要求1所述的一种模拟深部洞室突涌水灾害的真三维物理模型试验系统，其特征在于，所述的模型洞室自动开挖系统主要由刀头开挖装置、刀头旋转驱动装置、刀头前进驱动装置、除尘装置、支撑架以及开挖控制装置组成；
    所述的刀头开挖装置安装于刀头旋转驱动装置前端，用于开挖切削模型体；
    所述的刀头旋转驱动装置用于提供刀头开挖装置的旋转切削力；
    所述的刀头前进驱动装置用于提供刀头开挖装置前进开挖动力；
    所述的除尘装置用于清除开挖切削的试验模型体材料；
    所述的支撑架用于支撑整个开挖系统；
    所述的开挖控制装置用于控制刀头切削动力装置的转速和刀头前进动力装置的步进速率。
  9. 如权利要求8所述的一种模拟深部洞室突涌水灾害的真三维物理模型试验系统，其特征在于，所述的刀头开挖装置由洞室仿形刀壳、旋转切削刀片和出尘孔组成；
    所述的洞室仿形刀壳根据开挖洞室形状和尺寸加工制作；
    所述的旋转切削刀片固定于洞室仿形刀壳中间，与刀头旋转驱动装置连接，用于旋转切削试验模型体；所述的旋转切削刀片可自由伸缩且时刻紧贴洞室内壁从而开挖出不同形状和尺寸的模型洞室；
    所述的出尘孔设置于所述的洞室仿形刀壳上，用于将开挖后的材料碎屑运输至装置外面。
  10. 如权利要求1所述的一种模拟深部洞室突涌水灾害的真三维物理模型试验系统，其特征在于，所述的模型综合测试分析系统主要由防水光纤位移传感器、防水应力传感器、防水光纤高渗透压力传感器、流量监测器和数据处理软件系统组成；
    所述的防水光纤位移传感器用于监测模型体内部任意部位位移；
    所述的防水应力传感器用于监测模型体内部任意部位应力；
    所述的防水光纤高渗透压力传感器用于监测模型体内部任意部位高渗透压力；
    所述的流量监测器用于监测洞室开挖后的渗水量；
    所述的数据处理软件系统将测得的模型试验数据实时进行处理、存储和显示并自动生成相关时程变化曲线。
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