WO2020079723A1

WO2020079723A1 - Sandbag with inner-side handle

Info

Publication number: WO2020079723A1
Application number: PCT/JP2018/038285
Authority: WO
Inventors: 坂本和則
Original assignee: 坂本産業株式会社
Priority date: 2018-10-15
Filing date: 2018-10-15
Publication date: 2020-04-23
Also published as: JP6691615B1; JPWO2020079723A1

Abstract

[Problem] To provide a sandbag having the excellent effects that: the sandbag can be stabilized and held even if a worker does not hold the top side part of the sandbag; the opening amount can be maintained; it is easy to visually confirm the inflow amount; and it is possible to avoid danger to the worker and to reduce the work load. [Solution] A sandbag having a handle inside a bottomed cylindrical bag body that has an opening at the top, wherein the cylindrical bag body is constituted from a filler accommodation region for accommodating a filler on the basis of a standardized accommodation amount, and an upper-part binding margin region for sealing after filling. The upper part of the binding margin region is provided with a binding cord, the boundary between the binding margin region and the filler accommodation region is a part that is folded in the circumferential direction, the upper inner side of the filler accommodation region has a plurality of inner-side handle parts, and a configuration means is adopted for the inner-side handle parts. Outer-side reinforcement parts that reinforce the cylindrical bag body from the outer side, inner-side reinforcement parts that reinforce the cylindrical bag body from the inner side, and the outer-side handle parts are integrally joined in the configuration means.

Description

Sandbag with inner handle

The present invention relates to the technology of the sandbag, and more particularly to the technology of the sandbag that contributes to work efficiency and safety during work by providing a handle with increased strength inside the bag body.

When water damage occurs, sandbags may be used to prevent water from flowing out from rivers. Sandbags are filled bags such as earth and sand in a strong and airtight bag. By stacking sandbags to form a wall, they can be used to block outflow of water or to reinforce dykes. To do. There are various sizes, from about 10 kg to about 2 t. When manufacturing a relatively large sandbag of 1 t or more, it is effective to store the filling in the sandbag with a heavy machine or a hopper. However, the sandbag bag may not be able to stand on its own, and when accommodating the filling, a person holds the handle part arranged near the opening of the sandbag bag or around the sandbag bag, and the opening of the sandbag bag is small. It is often dangerous to carry out work to prevent the sandbag from tilting.

It may be possible to hang the sandbag by attaching a rope etc. to the handle arranged on the outer periphery of the sandbag, but the area around the opening of the sandbag is tied at the top when the sandbag is completed and serves as a lid. Therefore, the handle is arranged relatively in the middle of the sandbag. Therefore, it has been necessary to manually perform the work of maintaining the opening so that the opening is wide.

However, it is very dangerous for people to work in the vicinity of heavy machinery, which is a work safety problem. In addition, when making sandbags of 1 t or more, the opening of the sandbag becomes as high as the height of a person during the filling material inflow work, and it is difficult to grasp the inflow amount. It has to be done alternately, which is troublesome, and it is not possible to create sandbags efficiently.

Therefore, even if a person does not hold the sandbag, etc., a structure that can hold the sandbag stably, maintain the opening amount, and easily confirm the inflow amount is required. The applicant of the present invention has developed a sandbag with an inner handle and has received a utility model registration in order to solve such a problem (see Patent Document 1). The technique is capable of stably holding the sand bag and maintaining the opening amount even if the operator does not hold the upper side portion of the sand bag, and can easily visually confirm the inflow amount. It has an excellent effect of avoiding the danger of and reducing the labor load. Specifically, it is a sandbag bag having a handle inside a tubular bag having an opening at the top, and the tubular bag has a size that allows the filling material to be stored based on a standardized storage amount. Of the filling accommodation area and the upper binding margin area portion for sealing after filling, the boundary between the binding margin area portion and the filling accommodation area is a bent portion in the circumferential direction, The storage area has a plurality of inner handle portions in the vertical middle portion inside the tubular portion when the filler is stored. ". However, not only for opening the opening, but also for lifting the sandbag bag filled with the inner handle, the same strength as that of the outer hanging belt (hereinafter referred to as the outer handle) is required.

Also, various technologies related to sandbags have been proposed by people other than the inventor of the present application. For example, there is no risk of damage due to contaminants in the sand, the opening of the opening is good, the open state can be maintained, and the impermeable sandbag that can perform the earth and sand filling operation extremely smoothly. An inner bag for bags and a sandbag provided with the inner bag (see Patent Document 2) have been proposed and are known techniques. More specifically, the inner bag for sandbags has a thermoplastic synthetic resin layer laminated on at least one surface of a cloth-like body formed by using filaments made of a uniaxially stretched thermoplastic synthetic resin for warp and weft. The water-impermeable sheet-like body is formed into a bottomed cylinder having an opening at the top. The inner bag for sandbags is housed in an outer bag made of thermoplastic synthetic resin whose upper portion can be opened to form the sandbag bag 1. With this configuration, good openability can be maintained. However, it is difficult to confirm the inflow rate during sediment inflow because it is blocked by the upper part of the inner bag. Therefore, the problem has not been solved yet.

A bag for sandbags (see Patent Document 3) is proposed, which is made of general-purpose linen cloth and is used for making large sandbags that are suspended by power and used for carrying and sandbag work without relying on human labor. , Which is a known technique. More specifically, a cube-shaped sandbag body is formed, and an opening of the sandbag body is sewn with a tubular mouth body having a fastening string in an extended shape. Above the stitching part on the adjacent side of the sandbag body, hang the hanging belt body that is folded in two to form the hanging part on each corresponding side part, and extend it to the bottom part and cross it in a square shape. It is configured to be sewn to the bottom. With this configuration, since the sandbag body is self-supporting, it is not necessary for a person to hold the sandbag bag. However, it is difficult to confirm the inflow rate during the inflow of sediment because it is blocked by the opening in the upper part of the bag. Therefore, the problem has not been solved yet.

Also, a bag body for sandbags (see Patent Document 4) that can prevent the sewn portion from breaking and prevent the sliding phenomenon of the hanging belt has been proposed and is a known technique. More specifically, it is a bag for sandbags used for sandbags, comprising a base cloth bag and a belt-shaped hanging belt for hanging the base cloth bag, and the hanging belt is sewn to the side surface of the base cloth bag. A bag for sandbags having at least a pair of sewn portions and a non-sewn portion that is not sewn to the base cloth bag body, and the covering material is sewn to each of the base cloth bag bodies so as to cover the sewn portion. It consists of a body. Since the suspension belt can be prevented from slipping due to this configuration, it is used for improving the efficiency of sandbag production, but the handling of the opening during the inflow of sediment is not described, and the above problem has not been solved.

The present inventor, in order to solve such a problem, examined what kind of structure can be provided with an inner handle for avoiding the risk of an operator working while lifting the upper side portion, so that high strength can be achieved. Then, the reinforcing structure of the handle arranged inside, the outer reinforcing portion for reinforcing from the outer side of the tubular bag body, the outer handle portion, and the inner reinforcing portion for reinforcing from the inner side of the inner handle portion, As a result of being connected to the tubular bag, the “sandbag with inner handle” according to the present invention which solves the above-mentioned problems is reached.

Noboru 3203834 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2013-200191 JP-A-2003-105734 JP-A-2014-173363

Even if the worker does not hold the upper part of the sandbag, etc., the sandbag can be stably held and opened, and by providing a strong handle part inside, avoiding the danger and labor burden of the worker. An object of the present invention is to provide a sandbag bag having a handle portion on the inside, which exhibits an excellent effect of enabling reduction.

The sandbag bag with an inner handle according to the present invention is a sandbag bag having a handle inside a bottomed tubular bag body having an opening at the top, and the tubular bag body, the inner handle portion, and the outer handle portion. The tubular bag body is composed of a filling material storage area having a size capable of storing the filling material based on a standardized storage amount, and an upper binding margin area for sealing after the filling. A binding string is provided on the upper part of the binding margin area, and the boundary between the binding margin area and the filling material accommodation area is a bent portion in the circumferential direction, and a plurality of the inside of the upper part of the filling material accommodation area are provided. An inner handle portion, and the inner handle portion is integrally formed by an outer reinforcement portion that reinforces the tubular bag body from the outside, an inner reinforcement portion that reinforces the tubular bag body from the inner side, and the outer handle portion. Adopted the constituent means that are coupled to.

The present invention may also be configured such that the inner reinforcing portion is arranged so as to be sandwiched between the inner handle and the tubular bag body.

The present invention can also employ a means in which the outer handle portion is constituted by one continuous strip-shaped member so as to cross the bottom portion of the tubular bag body and wrap around.

The present invention may also be configured such that a part or all of the binding margin area on the upper portion of the tubular portion is transparent.

The present invention can also be configured to have at least one or more content confirmation transparent portions in a part from the inner handle portion to the bottom portion.

According to the sandbag with the inner handle according to the present invention, the inner handle portion arranged on the inner side has the outer reinforcing portion that reinforces from the outside of the tubular bag body, the outer handle portion, and the inner handle portion. As a result of adopting a configuration in which the tubular bag is coupled to the tubular bag body, even when the inner handle portion is lifted in a state where the filling material storage area is filled with the filling material, the presence of each of the reinforcing portions causes the strength against peeling and pulling. It has a great effect.

Further, according to the sandbag with the inner handle according to the present invention, even if a person does not hold the sandbag, etc., the sandbag can be held stably and can be opened outward from the bent portion, and thus the bag can be opened. Since it is possible to hang it up in a state, it is possible to maintain a wide open state, and it is possible to avoid the danger of the worker and reduce the labor load, which is an excellent effect.

Further, according to the sandbag with an inner handle according to the present invention, in the mounting structure with the inner handle, when the configuration in which the inner reinforcing portion is sandwiched between the inner handle and the tubular bag body is adopted, The inner handle has a disposition structure that allows the user to visually check the state of fraying or tearing of the sewn portion, avoids or predicts danger during work, and exhibits an excellent effect of further improving safety.

It is the whole basic composition perspective view showing the whole sandbag bag with an inside handle concerning the present invention. It is a handle arrangement | positioning block diagram which shows the arrangement | positioning structure of the outer side handle and the inner side handle of the sandbag with an inside handle which concerns on this invention. It is a use condition explanatory view which shows the use condition of the sandbag with an inside handle which concerns on this invention. It is explanatory drawing which shows the presence or absence of a transparent part and the example of arrangement | positioning of the sandbag with an inside handle which concerns on this invention.

The sandbag bag 1 with an inner handle according to the present invention is a sandbag bag having an inner handle portion 200 inside a tubular bag body 100 having an opening 110 at an upper portion thereof, and the tubular bag body 100 is standardized. The filling material storage region 102 having a size that allows the filling material D to be stored based on the storage amount, and the upper binding margin region 101 for sealing after the filling, the filling material storage region 102. In the state in which the filling D is stored, a plurality of inner handle portions 200 are provided in the middle portion of the inside of the tubular bag body 100 in the vertical direction, and an outer reinforcing portion 600 that reinforces from the outside of the tubular bag body 100, and The greatest feature is that a configuration is adopted in which the inner reinforcing portion 605 that reinforces from the inside of the tubular bag body 100 and the outer handle portion 300 are integrally coupled. Hereinafter, the sandbag bag 1 with an inner handle according to the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. The overall shape and the shape of each part of the sandbag with inner handle 1 shown in the present embodiment are not limited to the embodiments described below, but are within the scope of the technical idea of the present invention, that is, the same. It can be changed within the range of the shape and the dimension in which the action and effect can be exhibited.

FIG. 1 is an overall basic configuration perspective view showing the most basic overall configuration of a sandbag bag 1 with an inner handle according to the present invention. The sandbag 1 with an inner handle according to the present invention is in the shape of a bag having a bottom and an opening 110 at the top, and the filler D is filled inside and the top is sealed to function as a sandbag. . Although the sandbags range from about 10 kilograms to about 2 tons, the present invention is intended for a large sandbag of about 1 ton or more that contains the filling D using a heavy machine or the like. However, the shapes, dimensions, or materials shown below are not limited to these, except those specified in relation to the effect, and are the same as the range of creation of the invention, that is, substantially the same. It includes the range that can be easily conceived.

The tubular bag body 100 has a bottomed tubular shape having an opening 110 at the top and a bottom 120 at the bottom. As for the size, the diameter of the opening 110 is about 1 m, the length from the bottom 120 to the opening 110 is about 1 m to 2 m, and the material is polyethylene, polypropylene or the like. It has such strength that it will not be damaged by the pressure of a large amount of filling material D to be filled. From the opening 110, the filling material D is filled in the filling material storage area 102 with a heavy machine or a hopper H. The filling is completed within a range not near the bent portion 130 or in the vicinity thereof. This is because, after the filling is completed, the opening 110 is closed and the binding margin region 101 serves as a lid with the bent portion 130 as a boundary. In each drawing, the shape of the tubular bag body 100 is a cylinder, but it may be a tubular shape having a bottom and an opening 110 at the top, and may be a rectangular parallelepiped or a polygonal column.

The binding margin area 101 is an area that serves as a lid for sealing the tubular bag body 100 after filling the filling material D into the filling material accommodation area 102.

The filling material storage area 102 is an area in which the filling material D can be stored based on a standardized storage amount.

The binding string 103 is a string-shaped member provided at the opening edge of the tubular bag body 100, and is a member that binds the binding margin area 101 to be the lid after the filling material D is stored in the filling material storage area 102. Is.

The opening 110 is an opening area that is open at one end of the tubular bag body 100, serves as an entrance for accommodating the filling D, and is an area that is bound via the binding cord 103.

FIG. 2 is an arrangement configuration diagram of a handle showing an arrangement configuration of an outer handle and an inner handle of the sandbag with an inner handle according to the present invention. Hereinafter, the arrangement configuration of the tubular bag body 100, the inner handle 200, the outer handle 300, the outer reinforcing member 600, and the inner reinforcing member 605 will be described with reference to FIG.

The inner handle portion 200 is arranged inside the tubular bag body 100 in the middle part in the vertical direction. More specifically, if it is a 1-ton sandbag, it is desirable that when the volume of the filling D to be stored is filled, the sandbag is positioned above the filled upper part with a predetermined distance. This is for supporting the tubular bag body 100 during the filling of the filling material D, and by fixing the end portion of the rope R or the like to the inner handle portion 200 and pulling up the tubular bag body 100 from above. , Supports the tubular bag body 100. The structure of the inner handle portion 200 is a ring shape in which a flat strip is folded back so that it can be easily locked with the rope R, and the inner handle portion 200 is arranged in a longitudinal direction with the folding direction being the longitudinal direction, It is effective to sew horizontally and diagonally. The tubular bag 100 may be sewn in the circumferential direction. However, considering the direction of the load, it is effective to arrange them in the vertical direction in terms of strength. Regarding the selection of dimensions and materials, it is necessary to use those that have been sufficiently multiplied by a safety factor so as to be able to withstand the weight of the tubular bag body 100 and the filling material D to be filled, calculated from the tensile strength acting on the handle part. There is. Specifically, the performance of "weatherproof large sandbags" (materials, bags, filling materials, structures) described in the "Weatherproof large sandbag stacking method" design and construction manual defined by the Civil Engineering Research Center. 』I need to be satisfied.

The outer handle portion 300 is a single band-shaped hanging member that communicates with the outer handle portion 300. The outer handle portion 300 is disposed at a position where the outer handle portion 300 intersects the tubular bag body 100 from the side portions that are symmetrical to each other so as to wrap around the bottom portion and to face each other. Is desirable. With such a configuration, the connecting portion can be minimized, and it is effective to dispose the connecting portion on the bottom portion 120 where a large tensile load does not act locally. Further, it is effective that the outer handle portion 300 is attached to the tubular bag body 100 so as to be covered from the outside by the outer reinforcement member 600, and is also integrally attached to the inner handle portion 200 and the inner reinforcement portion 605. Is. Since the force for peeling the inner handle portion 200 from the tubular bag body 100 is a force for pressing the outer handle portion 300 against the tubular bag body 100, the inner handle portion 200 can be prevented from being damaged.

The outer reinforcement portion 600 is a reinforcement portion that reinforces the inner handle portion 200 from the outside of the tubular bag body 100 by sewing through the tubular bag body 100 and the outer handle portion 300.

The inner reinforcement portion 605 is a reinforcement portion that reinforces the inner handle portion 200 and the tubular bag body 100 by sewing in order to reduce the load on the tubular bag body 100. Regarding the arrangement configuration, there is also a configuration in which the inner handle portion 605 and the tubular bag body 100 are sandwiched so as to sandwich the inner handle portion 200, but with such a configuration, the inner handle portion 200 and the tubular bag body 100 are Since the sewing state is not visible and the load of the filler D is directly applied to the tubular bag body 100, as shown in FIG. 2, the inner reinforcing portion 605 is sandwiched between the tubular bag body 100 and the inner handle portion 200. It is preferable to have a structure in which the members are sandwiched as described above.

The sandbag bag 1 with an inner handle according to the present invention has a configuration in which a handle is provided inside in order to efficiently manufacture sandbags, but the inner handle portion 200 has a hanging belt similar to the outer handle portion 300. It is required to exert the function as. Therefore, if the inner handle portion 200 is simply sewn to the tubular bag body 100, the load is concentrated and the possibility of breakage increases. Therefore, in order to increase the strength of the sewn portion of the inner handle portion 200, the outer handle portion 300, the outer reinforcing portion 600, and the inner reinforcing portion 605 are integrally combined.

Further, in the sandbag with inner handle 1 according to the present invention, an embodiment in which the outer handle portion 300 provided on the outer side is continuously formed so as to go around the bottom portion 120 is also effective. In order to disperse the load of the outer handle portion 300 itself, the plurality of outer handle portions 300 are configured by a single continuous strip, and the strips are crossed at the bottom portion 120 and are wrapped around each other, and the joint portion of the strip is arranged on the bottom portion 120. This is because it is advantageous in strength against breakage and the like.

FIG. 3 is a use state explanatory view showing a use state of the sandbag with an inner handle according to the present invention. FIG. 3A shows the sandbag with an inner handle before use, and FIG. 3B shows a state in which the filler D is filled in 102. In order to clearly show the inner handle portion 200, which is a technical feature of the present invention, in the drawing of FIG. 3A, the periphery of the right handle portion 200 is partially shown in a sectional view.

Next, the filling operation of the filling material D will be described with reference to FIG. The end of the rope R is fixed to the inner handle 200. In this example, the inner handle portions 200 are shown at two positions facing each other in the drawing, but it is desirable to set the inner handle parts 200 at four positions, unlike this configuration. After fixing the end portion of the rope R to the inner handle portion 200, the bent portion 130 is folded back. By folding back the bent portion 130, the inside of the tubular bag body 100 can be clearly confirmed.

The filling material D is filled in the filling material accommodation area 102 by a hopper H or a heavy machine. The filling is almost completed with the filling material D filled up to the attachment position of the inner handle portion 200. Even if the filler D is caused to flow in too much, since the bent portion 130 is folded back, the filler D does not flow out of the tubular bag body 100 and be filled more than necessary.

After the filling of the filling material D is completed, remove the rope R from the inner handle portion 200. The folded portion 130 is returned from the folded state to the original state, and further, the lid 110 of the sandbag is sealed by the binding cord 103 so as to close the opening 110, and the sandbag is completed.

In the conventional sandbag, the handle is provided on the outside of the tubular bag body 100. Therefore, as a matter of course, if it is hung, the bent portion 130 cannot be folded back to the outside. Therefore, even if the outer handle is hung with the rope R or the like, the portion corresponding to the bent portion 130 may be pulled inward, so that a person may lift the end portion so as not to enter the inside or the opening portion. 110 must be assisted so that it does not become small, the labor burden is large, and there is a problem in terms of safety.

Also, due to the portion of the binding margin area 101 provided above the bent portion 130, the inside of the tubular bag body 100 is difficult to see, and the filling amount is difficult to understand. Therefore, it is necessary to confirm the filling amount many times during filling. Furthermore, if the filler D is accidentally filled more than necessary, the region corresponding to the binding margin region 101 is filled, and the sandbag cannot be sealed. Therefore, the overfilled filler D has to be manually removed.

However, according to the sandbag bag 1 with the inner handle according to the present invention, the tubular bag body 100 having a bottomed tubular shape having the opening 110 at the upper portion and the inner middle portion of the tubular bag body 100 in the vertical direction are provided. By having a plurality of inner handle portions 200, it is possible to reduce the burden on the provider and to ensure safety in that work can be performed without human intervention. Further, since the bending portion 130 can be folded back to perform the work, the filling amount of the filling material D and the attachment state of the inner handle 200 can be easily visually confirmed. Furthermore, in the present invention, the filling material D is not filled in the region above the bent portion 130, in contrast to the problem of filling the filling material D more than necessary. As described above, the present invention greatly contributes to improvement in efficiency and safety in manufacturing a large sandbag.

FIG. 4 shows a mode in which the content of the filling D can be visually recognized from the outside by providing the transparent part 400 in a part of the sandbag 1 with an inner handle according to the present invention, and FIG. 4A shows the transparent part. 4B shows a configuration in which the transparent portion 400 is not provided, FIG. 4B shows a configuration in which the transparent portion 400 is provided in the binding margin area 101, and FIG. 4C shows a transparent content confirmation transparent portion in the filling material accommodation area 102. 410 shows an embodiment including 410, the one shown on the left side is a configuration provided with a window in which the filling amount of the filling material D can be visually confirmed from the outside in the vertical direction, and the one shown in the center shows the filling The contents of the filled filling D are provided with a large window that can be visually recognized from the outside, and the configuration described on the right is a configuration in which the internal confirmation transparent portion 410 is provided separately in the upper portion, the middle portion and the lower portion. is there. These are configurations in which a part of the tubular bag body 100 can be directly visually recognized. It should be noted that the shapes and sizes shown in the drawings, or ratios to the whole, are not limited to those shown in the drawings, but are merely examples, and may be changed according to the user's request or the like. is there.

In the sandbag bag 1 with the inner handle having the transparent portion 400, the inside of the tubular bag body 100 can be seen, so that the state immediately before the end of filling can be easily grasped and excessive filling can be prevented. Yes, and it is possible to visually confirm the filled contents after sealing.

In the sandbag with inner handle 1 configured to have the transparent portion 410 for confirming contents, the filling state of the filling material D into the filling material accommodation area 102 can be visually confirmed from the side surface, and the contents can be confirmed even after sealing. You can check things. Therefore, it is not necessary to look through the opening 110 many times during the filling operation of the filling material D, and a safe working environment can be provided.

The transparent part 400 and the contents confirmation transparent part 410 are provided by a transparent material for making the binding margin region 101 and the filling accommodation region 102 visible from the outside.

The sandbag with an inner handle according to the present invention is considered to have great industrial applicability because it can efficiently and safely produce sandbags and contributes to disaster recovery.

1 Sandbag Bag 100 with Inner Handle 100 Cylindrical Bag Body 101 Binding Area 102 Filling Material Storage Area 103 Binding Strap 110 Opening 120 Bottom 130 Bending 200 Inner Handle 300 Outer Handle 400 Transparent Part 410 Content Confirmation Transparent Part 500 Fixed part 600 Outer reinforcing part 605 Inner reinforcing part H Hopper R Rope D Filling material

Claims

A sandbag bag having a handle inside a bottomed tubular bag body (100) having an opening (110) at the top,
The tubular bag (100),
An inner handle part (200),
An outer handle part (300),
Consists of
The tubular bag body (100) has a packing material containing area (102) of a size that allows packing of the packing material (D) based on a standardized storage amount and an upper binding for sealing after the packing. It is composed of the surrogate area (101) and
A binding string (103) is provided on the binding margin area (101),
The boundary between the binding margin area (101) and the filling material accommodation area (102) is a bent portion (130) in the circumferential direction,
A plurality of the inner handle parts (200) inside the upper part of the packing accommodating area (102),
The inner handle portion (200) includes an outer reinforcement portion (600) that reinforces the tubular bag body (100) from the outside, and an inner reinforcement portion (605) that reinforces the tubular bag body (100) from the inner side. The sandbag (1) with an inner handle, characterized in that the outer handle (200) is integrally connected.
The sandbag with inner handle (1) according to claim 1, wherein the inner reinforcement portion (605) is arranged so as to be sandwiched between the inner handle and the tubular bag body (100). .
The outer handle portion (300) is constituted by a continuous strip-shaped member (610) so as to cross the bottom portion (120) of the tubular bag body 100 and wrap around the bottom portion (120). Or the sandbag bag (1) with an inner handle according to claim 2.
The sandbag with inner handle (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein a part or all of the binding margin region (101) is transparent.
The inside according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein at least one transparent portion for confirming contents (410) is provided in a part from the inside handle portion (200) to the bottom portion (120). Sandbag with handle (1).