WO2020062341A1 - 一种激光增材装置及其增材制造的方法 - Google Patents

一种激光增材装置及其增材制造的方法 Download PDF

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WO2020062341A1
WO2020062341A1 PCT/CN2018/110197 CN2018110197W WO2020062341A1 WO 2020062341 A1 WO2020062341 A1 WO 2020062341A1 CN 2018110197 W CN2018110197 W CN 2018110197W WO 2020062341 A1 WO2020062341 A1 WO 2020062341A1
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laser
molten pool
frequency short
pulse laser
continuous
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English (en)
French (fr)
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任旭东
童照鹏
周王凡
陈兰
焦加飞
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Jiangsu University
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Jiangsu University
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
    • B22F10/25—Direct deposition of metal particles, e.g. direct metal deposition [DMD] or laser engineered net shaping [LENS]
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/30—Process control
    • B22F10/36—Process control of energy beam parameters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
    • B22F12/10—Auxiliary heating means
    • B22F12/17—Auxiliary heating means to heat the build chamber or platform
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
    • B22F12/40—Radiation means
    • B22F12/41—Radiation means characterised by the type, e.g. laser or electron beam
    • B22F12/43—Radiation means characterised by the type, e.g. laser or electron beam pulsed; frequency modulated
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
    • B22F12/40—Radiation means
    • B22F12/44—Radiation means characterised by the configuration of the radiation means
    • B22F12/45—Two or more
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
    • B22F12/90—Means for process control, e.g. cameras or sensors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y30/00—Apparatus for additive manufacturing; Details thereof or accessories therefor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/30—Process control
    • B22F10/38—Process control to achieve specific product aspects, e.g. surface smoothness, density, porosity or hollow structures
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
    • B22F12/30—Platforms or substrates
    • B22F12/33—Platforms or substrates translatory in the deposition plane
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/25—Process efficiency

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the technical field of laser additive manufacturing, in particular to a laser additive device and a method for additive manufacturing thereof.
  • additive manufacturing technology also known as 3D printing technology
  • 3D printing technology has attracted wide attention of many scholars in recent years, and is called the "third industrial revolution.”
  • laser additive manufacturing is a more advanced manufacturing method for producing net-shaped metal components with excellent performance. It has been widely used in automobiles, aerospace, military equipment, and medical fields. .
  • many scholars at home and abroad have made great progress in the field of laser additive manufacturing technology research, and have successfully prepared alloy components of nickel-based alloys, titanium alloys, stainless steel and other materials with good performance by using this technology.
  • the magnetic field and the molten pool are non-contact, which has a limited effect on the interior of the molten pool.
  • the beams used in laser additive manufacturing are all direct laser beams. The uneven energy distribution within the linear laser beam will cause the melt channel. The boundaries are unclear and irregular, the flatness of the deposited layer is poor, and the bonding strength between layers is low, which further seriously affects the mechanical properties of the components.
  • Laser processing technology parameters and laser equipment are important factors affecting the performance of additive components.
  • the post-test comparison of the prepared additive components is preferred. The best one.
  • Laser additive cost is relatively high. Through a large number of sample detection, it is bound to be time-consuming, labor-intensive and greatly increase production costs.
  • the present invention provides a laser additive device and a method for additive manufacturing thereof, which can solve defects such as easy element segregation, gas cannot be discharged, uneven organization, and thermal stress concentration in the molten pool. .
  • the present invention achieves the above technical objectives through the following technical means.
  • a laser additive device includes a rotating beam laser device and a high-frequency short-pulse laser device
  • the rotating beam laser device outputs a rotating continuous laser, and the continuous laser is used for melting and depositing a filament on a surface of a substrate;
  • the high-frequency short-pulse laser device outputs a high-frequency short-pulse laser, and the high-frequency short-pulse laser is used to input a pulsed laser beam into a molten pool.
  • the auxiliary current device is further included; the auxiliary current device is used to form a current loop between the wire and the molten pool, and is used to directly generate a strong electromagnetic force inside the molten pool.
  • the rotating beam laser device includes a continuous laser generator, a first high-precision mechanical arm, and a continuous laser laser head; the continuous laser generator is connected to the continuous laser laser head; and the continuous laser laser head is installed at the first high On a precision mechanical arm; a wire feeder is used to feed the filament into the continuous laser laser head.
  • the continuous laser laser head has a built-in optical rotation module for generating a rotating beam.
  • the high-frequency short-pulse laser device includes a high-frequency short-pulse laser generator, a high-frequency short-pulse laser head, and a second high-precision robot arm; the high-frequency short-pulse laser generator and the high-frequency short-pulse laser
  • the high-frequency short-pulse laser head is mounted on a second high-precision robotic arm; the high-frequency short-pulse laser head is located beside the continuous laser laser head, and the high-frequency short-pulse laser head is aligned
  • a quasi-melt pool on the surface of the substrate is used to continuously provide a pulsed laser beam into the molten pool.
  • the auxiliary current device includes a power supply device and an additional rolling electrode; one end of the power supply device is connected to the wire, the other end of the power supply device is connected to an additional rolling electrode, and the additional rolling electrode is located at the rear side of the molten pool, It is in contact with the surface of the deposited layer to form a current loop.
  • the information acquisition system includes a high-speed camera, an illumination device, a spectrometer probe, a spectrometer, and a synchronization signal generator;
  • the high-speed camera is located near a molten pool, and the spectrometer probe is used to measure the inside of the molten pool
  • the spectrometer is used to collect data measured by the spectrometer probe;
  • the high-speed camera, lighting device, and spectrometer are connected to a synchronous signal generator to ensure that when the high-speed camera collects images, the spectrometer The lighting device is in a lighting state and ensures that the high-speed camera and the spectrometer collect data at the same time.
  • the high-frequency induction heating system includes a high-frequency induction heating coil and a high-frequency induction heating power source, the high-frequency induction heating coil is located at the bottom of the substrate, the high-frequency induction heating power source and A high-frequency induction heating coil is connected for heating the substrate.
  • a method for a laser additive device for additive manufacturing includes the following steps:
  • the rotating beam laser device outputs a continuous continuous laser to melt and deposit the filament on the surface of the substrate;
  • Preheating the substrate Preheat the substrate through a high-frequency induction heating system
  • On-line monitoring of the quality of the deposited layer real-time detection of the plasma / metal vapor generated in the molten pool through an information acquisition system, judgment of the quality of the deposited layer, and the control computer dynamically adjusts the rotating beam laser device, high-frequency short-pulse laser device and auxiliary current according to the judgment result Device parameters.
  • the laser additive device of the present invention uses a built-in optical rotation module in the continuous laser laser head to rotate the beam during the additive manufacturing process, ensuring that the internal energy and temperature field of a single molten pool are uniformly distributed, and the energy distribution of the linear beam is solved. Uniformity leads to unclear and irregular borders of the melt channel, poor flatness of the deposited layer, and low bonding strength between layers.
  • continuous beam rotation can ensure the uniform distribution of energy and temperature fields within a single molten pool, which is beneficial to the current generation of a uniform electromagnetic field inside the molten pool, and the metal liquid inside the molten pool follows the focal point. Rotate and rotate to achieve full and uniform stirring inside the molten pool.
  • the laser additive device of the present invention provides auxiliary current to the molten pool through additional electrodes, which directly generates strong electromagnetic force inside the molten pool, and the current is not easy to be lost through the matrix material, which promotes the rapid Control the flow to achieve the purpose of heat balance distribution.
  • the laser additive device directly applies the high-frequency short-pulse laser beam inside the molten pool to cause cavitation and crushing effects inside the molten pool, and cooperates with the effect of electromagnetic force and rotating beam on the molten pool.
  • the coupling is used to stir the molten pool uniformly and fully to achieve the purpose of eliminating or suppressing various metallurgical defects inside the component and releasing thermal stress.
  • the laser additive method according to the present invention proposes to determine the quality of the deposited layer based on the state of the plasma / metal vapor in the molten pool.
  • the high-frequency short-pulse laser parameters, continuous laser parameters, auxiliary power parameters, and beam rotation parameters are adjusted in real time, and the entire device forms a closed-loop system, which realizes systematization, automation, and intelligence, saving preparation time and cost, improving efficiency and quality.
  • the laser additive device of the present invention uses a high-frequency short-pulse laser and a high-density current to rotate the laser beam in conjunction with the molten pool to stir the molten pool at the same time.
  • the high-speed camera and spectrometer are used to plasma / metal vapor in the molten pool.
  • the information is collected, the collected information is transmitted to the control computer, the internal conditions of the molten pool are known according to the plasma / metal vapor information, the quality performance of the deposited layer is judged, and the high-frequency short-pulse laser parameters and continuous laser parameters are adjusted in real time based on the judgment results
  • the auxiliary power source parameters and beam rotation parameters can achieve the purpose of suppressing metallurgical defects, optimizing microstructure, and improving the mechanical properties of additive components.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a laser additive device according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a partial plan view of a laser additive device according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a comparison diagram of the residual stress of an additive member prepared by different methods.
  • FIG. 4 is a comparison diagram of tensile strength of an additive member prepared by different methods.
  • FIG. 5 is a microstructure morphology of a titanium alloy component prepared by a laser additive manufacturing method in the prior art.
  • FIG. 6 is a microstructure morphology of a titanium alloy component prepared by the present invention.
  • 1-continuous laser generator 2-first high precision robot arm; 3-high frequency short pulse laser generator; 4-high frequency short pulse laser head; 5-second high precision robot arm; 6-wire feeder; 7-power supply device; 8-additional rolling electrode; 9-continuous laser head; 10-melt pool; 11-high frequency induction heating coil; 12-deposition layer; 13-substrate; 14-high frequency induction heating power supply; 15 -Control computer; 16-speed camera; 17- sync signal generator; 18- spectrometer; 19- plasma / metal vapor; 20- lighting device; 21- spectrometer probe.
  • the laser additive device includes a rotating beam laser device, a high-frequency short-pulse laser device, an auxiliary current device, an information acquisition system, a high-frequency induction heating system, and a control computer 15.
  • the rotating beam laser device includes a continuous laser generator 1, a first high-precision robotic arm 2, a wire feeder 6, and a continuous laser laser head 9; the continuous laser generator 1 is connected to the continuous laser laser head 9 and provides it with A continuous laser light source; a built-in optical rotation module is built into the continuous laser laser head 9, and the laser beam generates a rotating beam during the emission process; the continuous laser laser head 9 is mounted on the first high-precision robot arm 2; the wire feeder
  • the 6-direction rotating continuous laser beam conveys the material wire to the center of the substrate and is deposited on the surface of the substrate. It is a coaxial coaxial wire feed.
  • the built-in optical rotation module in the continuous laser laser head 9 the beam is rotated during the additive manufacturing process to ensure single melting.
  • the internal energy and temperature fields of the pool 10 are evenly distributed, which solves the problems of uneven energy distribution of the linear beam, which leads to unclear and irregular boundaries of the melt channel, poor flatness of the deposited layer, and low bonding strength between layers.
  • the high-frequency short-pulse laser device includes a high-frequency short-pulse laser generator 3, a high-frequency short-pulse laser head 4, and a second high-precision robot arm 5.
  • the high-frequency short-pulse laser generator 3 is connected to the high-frequency short-pulse laser.
  • the pulsed laser head 4 is connected to provide a pulsed laser light source.
  • the high-frequency short-pulse laser head 4 is mounted on a second high-precision robot arm 5; the high-frequency short-pulse laser head 4 is located on the continuous laser laser head 9 On the side, aim at the molten pool 10, and continuously provide a pulsed laser beam into the molten pool 10; the high-frequency short-pulse laser beam directly acts on the inside of the molten pool 10, so that the inside of the molten pool 10 produces cavitation and crushing effects, and cooperates The effect of electromagnetic force and rotating beam on the molten pool, the three are coupled to evenly and fully stir the molten pool to achieve the purpose of eliminating or suppressing various metallurgical defects inside the component and releasing thermal stress.
  • the auxiliary current device includes a power source device 7 and an additional rolling electrode 8.
  • One output stage of the power supply device 7 is connected to the wire, and the other output stage is connected to an additional rolling electrode 8 located on the rear side of the molten pool 10 and in contact with the surface of the deposition layer.
  • the current passes through the molten pool to form a current loop.
  • the additional rolling electrode 8 is fixed on the side of the continuous laser laser head 9 and does not interfere with the high-frequency short-pulse laser head 4; an auxiliary current is supplied to the molten pool through the additional electrode, which directly generates the inside of the molten pool. Strong electromagnetic force, and the current is not easy to be lost through the matrix material, and promote the rapid and controllable flow of liquid metal inside the molten pool to achieve the purpose of heat balance distribution.
  • the information acquisition system includes a high-speed camera 16, a lighting device 20, a spectrometer probe 21, a spectrometer 18, and a synchronization signal generator 17 located beside the molten pool 10.
  • a spectrometer probe 21 disposed near the molten pool 10 is aligned with the plasma / metal vapor 19, and a spectrometer 18 is connected to the spectrometer probe 21 to collect data measured by the spectrometer probe 21; the high-speed camera 16,
  • the lighting device 20 and the spectrometer 18 are connected to a synchronization signal generator 17 to ensure that when the high-speed camera 16 collects images, the lighting device 20 is in an illuminated state, and that the high-speed camera 16 and the spectrometer 18 collect data at the same time.
  • the high-speed camera 16 and the spectrometer 18 are used to collect the plasma / metal vapor 19 information in the molten pool 10, and the collected information is transmitted to the control computer 15, and the internal conditions of the molten pool 10 are known and judged based on the plasma / metal vapor 19 information. According to the judgment results, the quality and performance of the deposited layer 12 are adjusted in real time according to the high-frequency short-pulse laser parameters, continuous laser parameters, auxiliary power parameters, and beam rotation parameters.
  • the entire device forms a closed-loop system, which realizes systemization, automation, and intelligence, saving Preparation time and cost improve efficiency and quality.
  • the high-speed camera 16 of the information acquisition system has a shooting speed of up to 40,000 frames per second and a dynamic range of 160 dB.
  • the spectrometer 18 can measure a wavelength range of 200-1100 nm and a maximum resolution of 0.04 nm.
  • the high-frequency induction heating system includes a high-frequency induction heating coil 11 and a high-frequency induction heating power source 14.
  • the high-frequency induction heating power source 14 is connected to the high-frequency induction heating coil 11 to provide power for heating the substrate 13 placed on a high-precision two-dimensional mobile platform; the high-precision two-dimensional mobile platform may be horizontal Move in the X and Y directions or coordinate the X and Y directions in the plane.
  • the rotating beam laser device, high-frequency short-pulse laser device, auxiliary current device, information acquisition system, high-frequency induction heating system, and high-precision two-dimensional mobile platform are all connected to the control computer 15.
  • the information acquisition system feeds back the obtained information to the control computer 15, and the control computer 15 adjusts the process parameters of the rotating beam laser device, the high-frequency short-pulse laser device, the wire feeding system, and the auxiliary current device in real time to complete the material deposition.
  • the substrate is preheated to the specified temperature, turn on the high-speed camera 16, the lighting device 20, the spectrometer probe 21, the spectrometer 18, and the synchronization signal generator 17;
  • the continuous laser generator 1, high-frequency short-pulse laser generator 3, wire feeder 6, and power supply device 7 to achieve high-frequency short-pulse laser-current coupling assisted rotating beam laser additive manufacturing processing; initial continuous laser generator
  • the parameters are set as follows: the laser power is 1500W, the spot diameter is 2mm, the overlap rate is 50%, and the powder feed rate is 25g / min; the optical rotation module is set as: a rotation evaluation rate of 1500min -1 , a beam deflection angle of 3 °, and a rotating beam The path radius is 1.5mm;
  • the initial high-frequency short-pulse laser generator parameters are set as follows: the center wavelength is 1030nm, the maximum output power is 80W, the pulse output energy is 80 ⁇ J, and the pulse width is 100fs.
  • the initial wire feed speed is 900mm / min; the initial power supply current is set to 100A.
  • the titanium alloy prepared by the ordinary laser additive manufacturing method has coarse grains, uneven grain distribution, anisotropy, and obvious defects such as pores and cracks; as shown in Figure 6,
  • the titanium alloy prepared by combining high-frequency short-pulse laser, high-density current, and co-rotating the laser beam is used to assist the laser additive manufacturing to produce a compact and uniform titanium alloy with fine grains and no pores. , Cracks and other defects can significantly improve the comprehensive mechanical properties of titanium alloys.

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Abstract

一种激光增材装置，包括旋转光束激光系统、高频短脉冲激光系统和辅助电流系统。所述旋转光束激光系统输出旋转的连续激光，用于将材丝熔化沉积在基材（13）表面；所述高频短脉冲激光系统输出高频短脉冲激光，用于向熔池（10）中输入脉冲激光束；所述辅助电流系统用于使材丝与熔池（10）构成电流回路，用于使熔池（10）内部直接产生强电磁力。所述旋转光束激光系统包括连续激光发生器（1）、第一高精度机械手臂（2）和连续激光器激光头（9）；所述高频短脉冲激光系统包括高频短脉冲激光发生器（3）、高频短脉冲激光头（4）和第二高精度机械手臂（5）。还涉及一种激光增材制造的方法。旋转激光束使得熔池内部液体均匀搅拌，强电磁力促进熔池内部液体快速流动，避免了熔池内部容易发生元素偏析、气体无法排出、组织不均匀、热应力集中等缺陷。

Description

一种激光增材装置及其增材制造的方法 技术领域
本发明涉及激光增材制造技术领域，特别涉及一种激光增材装置及其增材制造的方法。
背景技术
增材制造技术又称为3D打印技术，近年来引起了众多学者的广泛关注，被称为“第三次工业革命”。在众多增材制造的方法中，激光增材制造(LAM)又是制备性能优异净形金属构件的一种较为先进的制造方法，目前已广泛应用于汽车、航空航天、军事装备已经医疗等领域。目前，国内外众多学者已经在激光增材制造技术研究领域取得了很大的进展，利用该技术已经成功制备出性能较好的镍基合金、钛合金、不锈钢等材料的合金构件。
但是，在激光增材制造构件过程中，通常会面临一些共性的问题，如在增材构件内部会出现不完全熔化、气孔夹杂物、孔隙、裂纹、晶粒组织粗大等冶金缺陷；由于其“快冷快热”的特性，在构件内部还会产生较大的残余拉应力和元素偏析等；因此，随着激光复合加工技术的发展，很多学者通过外加能场辅助激光增材制造的方法来改善增材构件的综合性能。根据国内外现有的研究和报道，通常使用外加交叉磁场的方式作用在熔池中达到细化微观组织的目的；但是该磁场为静态形式，在运行过程中磁场能量保持不变，无法实时调控，而且磁场与熔池为非接触式影响，对熔池内部的作用效果有限；当前，激光增材制造所使用的光束均为直射激光束，直线激光束内部能量分布不均，会导致熔道边界不清晰、不规则，沉积层平整度差，层间结合强度低，进而严重影响构件的力学性能。
激光加工工艺参数以及激光设备是影响增材构件性能的重要因素，为了获得综合性能优异的激光增材构件，通常尝试众多的工艺参数后，对所制备的增材构件进行后期检测对比，优选出最佳的一个。激光增材成本较高，通过大量的样本检测，必然费时、费力并且大大提高生产成本。
通过对国内外文献进行检索，目前众多研究学者主要集中在通过外加电场或磁场的方法来调控构件的微观组织性能。
发明内容
针对现有技术中存在的不足，本发明提供了一种激光增材装置及其增材制造的方法，可以解决熔池内部容易发生元素偏析、气体无法排出、组织不均匀、热应力集中等缺陷。
本发明是通过以下技术手段实现上述技术目的的。
一种激光增材装置，包括旋转光束激光装置和高频短脉冲激光装置；
所述旋转光束激光装置输出旋转的连续激光，所述连续激光用于将材丝熔化沉积在基材表面；
所述高频短脉冲激光装置输出高频短脉冲激光，所述高频短脉冲激光用于向熔池中输入脉冲激光束。
进一步，还包括所述辅助电流装置；所述辅助电流装置用于使材丝与熔池构成电流回路，用于使熔池内部直接产生强电磁力。
进一步，所述旋转光束激光装置包括连续激光发生器、第一高精度机械手臂和连续激光器激光头；所述连续激光发生器与连续激光器激光头相连；所述连续激光器激光头安装在第一高精度机械手臂上；送丝机用于向所述连续激光器激光头内输送材丝。
进一步，所述连续激光器激光头中内置旋光模组，用于生成旋转光束。
进一步，所述高频短脉冲激光装置包括高频短脉冲激光发生器、高频短脉冲激光头和第二高精度机械手臂；所述高频短脉冲激光发生器与所述高频短脉冲激光头相连；所述高频短脉冲激光头安装在第二高精度机械手臂上；所述高频短脉冲激光头位于所述连续激光器激光头旁侧，且所述高频短脉冲激光头对准基材表面的准熔池，用于向所述熔池中持续提供脉冲激光束。
进一步，所述辅助电流装置包括电源装置和附加滚动电极；所述电源装置一端与材丝相连，所述电源装置另一端与附加滚动电极连接，所述附加滚动电极位于所述熔池后侧，且与沉积层表面相接触，构成电流回路。
进一步，还包括信息采集系统；所述信息采集系统包括高速摄像机、照明装置、光谱仪探头、光谱仪和同步信号发生器；所述高速摄像机位于熔池附近，所述光谱仪探头用于测量所述熔池内产生的等离子体/金属蒸汽，所述光谱仪用于采集所述光谱仪探头测得的数据；所述高速摄像机、照明装置和光谱仪与同步信号发生器相连，保证所述高速摄像机采集图像时，所述照明装置处于照明状态，并且保证所述高速摄像机和所述光谱仪同时采集数据。
进一步，还包括高频感应加热系统；所述高频感应加热系统包括高频感应加热线圈和高频感应加热电源，所述高频感应加热线圈位于基材底部，所述高频感应加热电源和高频感应加热线圈相连，用于加热基材。
一种激光增材装置用于增材制造的方法，包括如下步骤：
通过旋转光束激光装置输出旋转的连续激光，将材丝熔化沉积在基材表面；
通过高频短脉冲激光装置向熔池中输入高频短脉冲激光；
进一步，还包括如下步骤：
熔池内部产生电磁：通过使材丝与熔池构成电流回路，使熔池内部直接产生强电磁力；
预热基材：通过高频感应加热系统给基材预热；
沉积层质量在线监测：通过信息采集系统实时检测所述熔池内产生的等离子体/金属蒸汽，判断沉积层质量，控制计算机根据判断结果动态调整旋转光束激光装置、高频短脉冲激光装置和辅助电流装置的参数。
本发明的有益效果在于：
1.本发明所述的激光增材装置，通过连续激光器激光头中内置旋光模组，在增材制造过程光束旋转，保证单个熔池内部能量和温度场分布均匀，解决了直线光束能量分布不均匀，导致熔道边界不清晰、不规则，沉积层平整度差，层间结合强度低等问题。
2.本发明所述的激光增材装置，连续光束旋转可以确保单个熔池内部能量和温度场分布均匀，有利于电流在熔池内部产生均匀的电磁场，而且，熔池内部金属液体随着焦点的旋转而旋转，实现熔池内部充分、均匀搅拌。
3.本发明所述的激光增材装置，通过附加电极向熔池中提供辅助电流，对熔池内部直接产生强电磁力，且电流不易通过基体材料而损失，促进熔池内部液态金属快速可控流动以达到热量平衡分布的目的。
4.本发明所述的激光增材装置，通过高频短脉冲激光束直接作用在熔池内部，使熔池内部产生空化、破碎效果，协同电磁力和旋转光束对熔池的作用，三者耦合对熔池进行均匀充分搅拌，达到消除或抑制构件内部的各类冶金缺陷、释放热应力的目的。
5.本发明所述的激光增材的方法，提出以熔池中等离子体/金属蒸气的状态为判据，判定沉积层质量好坏情况。利用高速摄像机和光谱仪对熔池内的等离子体/金属蒸气信息进行采集，将所采集的信息传输至控制计算机，根据等离子体/金属蒸气信息知悉熔池内部情况，判断沉积层的质量性能，根据判断结果，实时调控高频短脉冲激光参数、连续激光参数、辅助电源参数和光束旋转参数，整个装置形成闭环系统，实现了系统化、自动化和智能化，节约了制备时间和成本，提高了效率和质量。
6.本发明所述的激光增材装置，通过高频短脉冲激光、高密度电流，协同旋转激光束同时对熔池进行搅拌作用，并通过高速摄像机和光谱仪对熔池内的等离子体/金属蒸气信息进行采集，将所采集的信息传输至控制计算机，根据等离子体/金属蒸气信息知悉熔池内部情况，判断沉积层的质量性能，根据判断结果，实时调控高频短脉冲激光参数、连续激光参数、辅助电源参数和光束旋转参数，达到抑制冶金缺陷、优化微观组织、提高增材构件力学性能目的。
附图说明
图1为本发明激光增材装置示意图。
图2为本发明所述的激光增材的装置局部俯视图。
图3为不同方法所制备增材构件的残余应力对比图。
图4为不同方法所制备增材构件的抗拉强度对比图。
图5为现有技术中的激光增材制造方法所制备钛合金构件微观组织形貌。
图6为本发明所制备钛合金构件微观组织形貌。
图中：
1-连续激光发生器；2-第一高精度机械手臂；3-高频短脉冲激光发生器；4-高频短脉冲激光头；5-第二高精度机械手臂；6-送丝机；7-电源装置；8-附加滚动电极；9-连续激光器激光头；10-熔池；11-高频感应加热线圈；12-沉积层；13-基材；14-高频感应加热电源；15-控制计算机；16-高速摄像机；17-同步信号发生器；18-光谱仪；19-等离子体/金属蒸汽；20-照明装置；21-光谱仪探头。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图以及具体实施例对本发明作进一步的说明，但本发明的保护范围并不限于此。
如图1和图2所示，本发明所述的激光增材装置，包括旋转光束激光装置、高频短脉冲激光装置、辅助电流装置、信息采集系统、高频感应加热系统、控制计算机15。
所述旋转光束激光装置包括连续激光发生器1、第一高精度机械手臂2、送丝机6和连续激光器激光头9；所述连续激光发生器1与连续激光器激光头9相连，为其提供连续激光光源；所述连续激光器激光头9中内置旋光模组，激光束在发射过程中生成旋转光束；所述连续激光器激光头9安装在第一高精度机械手臂2上；所述送丝机6向旋转连续激光束中心处输送材丝并至沉积在基材表面，为光内同轴送丝；通过连续激光器激光头9中内置旋光模组，在增材制造过程光束旋转，保证单个熔池10内部能量和温度场分布均匀，解决了直线光束能量分布不均匀，导致熔道边界不清晰、不规则，沉积层平整度差，层间结合强度低等问题。
所述高频短脉冲激光装置包括高频短脉冲激光发生器3、高频短脉冲激光头4和第二高精度机械手臂5，所述高频短脉冲激光发生器3与所述高频短脉冲激光头4相连，为其提供脉冲激光光源，所述高频短脉冲激光头4安装在第二高精度机械手臂5上；所述高频短脉冲激光头4位于所述连续激光器激光头9旁侧，对准熔池10，向所述熔池10中持续提供脉冲激光束；通过高频短脉冲激光束直接作用在熔池10内部，使熔池10内部产生空化、破碎效果，协同电磁力和旋转光束对熔池的作用，三者耦合对熔池进行均匀充分搅拌，达到消除或抑制构件内部的各类冶金缺陷、释放热应力的目的。
所述辅助电流装置包括电源装置7和附加滚动电极8。所述电源装置7的一个输出级与 材丝相连，另一个输出级与位于熔池10后侧与沉积层表面相接触的附加滚动电极8相连，电流通过熔池，构成电流回路。所述附加滚动电极8固定在所述连续激光器激光头9旁侧，并与所述高频短脉冲激光头4不相干涉；通过附加电极向熔池中提供辅助电流，对熔池内部直接产生强电磁力，且电流不易通过基体材料而损失，促进熔池内部液态金属快速可控流动以达到热量平衡分布的目的。
所述信息采集系统包括位于熔池10旁侧的高速摄像机16、照明装置20、光谱仪探头21、光谱仪18和同步信号发生器17。设置于所述熔池10附近的光谱仪探头21对准所述等离子体/金属蒸汽19，光谱仪18与所述光谱仪探头21相连，采集所述光谱仪探头21测得的数据；所述高速摄像机16、照明装置20和光谱仪18与同步信号发生器17相连，保证所述高速摄像机16采集图像时，所述照明装置20处于照明状态，并且保证所述高速摄像机16和所述光谱仪18同时采集数据。提出以熔池10中等离子体/金属蒸气19的状态为判据，判定沉积层质量好坏情况。利用高速摄像机16和光谱仪18对熔池10内的等离子体/金属蒸气19信息进行采集，将所采集的信息传输至控制计算机15，根据等离子体/金属蒸气19信息知悉熔池10内部情况，判断沉积层12的质量性能，根据判断结果，实时调控高频短脉冲激光参数、连续激光参数、辅助电源参数和光束旋转参数，整个装置形成闭环系统，实现了系统化、自动化和智能化，节约了制备时间和成本，提高了效率和质量。所述信息采集系统的高速摄像机16拍摄速度最高达到每秒40000帧，动态范围高达160dB；所述光谱仪18可测量波长范围为200-1100nm，最高分辨率为0.04nm。
所述高频感应加热系统包括高频感应加热线圈11和高频感应加热电源14。所述高频感应加热电源14和高频感应加热线圈11相连，为其提供电能，对放置在高精度二维移动平台上的基材13进行加热；所述高精度二维移动平台可在水平平面内作X、Y方向移动或X和Y方向联动。
所述旋转光束激光装置、高频短脉冲激光装置、辅助电流装置、信息采集系统、高频感应加热系统、高精度二维移动平台均与控制计算机15相连。所述信息采集系统将获得的信息反馈至控制计算机15，控制计算机15实时调整旋转光束激光装置、高频短脉冲激光装置、送丝系统、辅助电流装置的工艺参数，完成材料沉积。
下面以激光增材制造钛合金为例，使用本发明中一种激光增材的方法，设备示意图如图1所示。具体步骤包括：
A.在控制计算机15中建立增材构件的三维模型，利用内置软件对模型进行切片处理，获取构件的剖面轮廓信息，根据形状信息在控制计算机15中编制完成连续激光束扫描路径；
B.对高精度二维移动平台、连续激光发生器1、高频短脉冲激光发生器3进行初始化设 置；
C.打开高频感应加热电源14，设置高频感应加热线圈11温度值，对基材进行预热，使基材温度达到300℃；
D.待基材预热至指定温度后，打开高速摄像机16、照明装置20、光谱仪探头21、光谱仪18和同步信号发生器17；
E.打开连续激光发生器1、高频短脉冲激光发生器3、送丝机6和电源装置7，实现高频短脉冲激光-电流耦合辅助旋转光束激光增材制造加工；初始连续激光发生器参数设置为：激光功率为1500W，光斑直径为2mm，搭接率为50％，送粉率为25g/min；旋光模组设置为：旋转评率1500min -1，光束偏转角度3°，旋转光束路径半径为1.5mm；初始高频短脉冲激光发生器参数设置为：中心波长为1030nm，最大输出功率80W，脉冲输出能量80μJ,脉宽为100fs。初始送丝速度为900mm/min；初始电源装置电流设置为100A。
F.在增材制造过程中，根据高速摄像机16、光谱仪探头21所获得的等离子体/金属蒸汽19信息，判定沉积层12质量，实时调整连续激光发生器1、高频短脉冲激光发生器3、送丝机6和电源装置7的工艺参数。
G.待增材制造加工结束后关闭所有设备。
利用普通激光增材制造、电磁辅助激光增材制造和本发明方法所制备的块状钛合金试样残余应力和抗拉强度测量情况分别如图3和4所示，图中发现，利用本发明装置和方法所制备的钛合金具有最低的残余应力和最大的抗拉强度；观察显微组织表明。图3和图4中，最右侧的图为根据本发明的方法制作的钛合金试样。
如图5所示，普通激光增材制造方法所制备钛合金组织晶粒粗大，晶粒组织分布不均匀，呈各向异性，并且出现了明显的气孔、裂纹等缺陷；如图6所示，本发明所述的激光增材方法中结合高频短脉冲激光、高密度电流，协同旋转激光束，三者耦合辅助激光增材制造所制备的钛合金组织致密均匀，晶粒细小，没有出现气孔、裂纹等缺陷，能够显著提高钛合金的综合力学性能。
所述实施例为本发明的优选的实施方式，但本发明并不限于上述实施方式，在不背离本发明的实质内容的情况下，本领域技术人员能够做出的任何显而易见的改进、替换或变型均属于本发明的保护范围。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种激光增材装置，其特征在于，包括旋转光束激光装置和高频短脉冲激光装置；
    所述旋转光束激光装置输出旋转的连续激光，所述连续激光用于将材丝熔化沉积在基材(13)表面；
    所述高频短脉冲激光装置输出高频短脉冲激光，所述高频短脉冲激光用于向熔池(10)中输入脉冲激光束。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述激光增材的装置，其特征在于，还包括所述辅助电流装置；所述辅助电流装置用于使材丝与熔池(10)构成电流回路，用于使熔池(10)内部直接产生强电磁力。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的激光增材的装置，其特征在于，所述旋转光束激光装置包括连续激光发生器(1)、第一高精度机械手臂(2)和连续激光器激光头(9)；所述连续激光发生器(1)与连续激光器激光头(9)相连；所述连续激光器激光头(9)安装在第一高精度机械手臂(2)上；送丝机(6)用于向所述连续激光器激光头(9)内输送材丝。
  4. 根据权利要求3所述的激光增材的装置，其特征在于，所述连续激光器激光头(9)中内置旋光模组，用于生成旋转光束。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的激光增材装置，其特征在于，所述高频短脉冲激光装置包括高频短脉冲激光发生器(3)、高频短脉冲激光头(4)和第二高精度机械手臂(5)；所述高频短脉冲激光发生器(3)与所述高频短脉冲激光头(4)相连；所述高频短脉冲激光头(4)安装在第二高精度机械手臂(5)上；所述高频短脉冲激光头(4)位于所述连续激光器激光头(9)旁侧，且所述高频短脉冲激光头(4)对准基材(13)表面的准熔池(10)，用于向所述熔池(10)中持续提供脉冲激光束。
  6. 根据权利要求2所述的激光增材装置，其特征在于，所述辅助电流装置包括电源装置(7)和附加滚动电极(8)；所述电源装置(7)一端与材丝相连，所述电源装置(7)另一端与附加滚动电极(8)连接，所述附加滚动电极(8)位于所述熔池(10)后侧，且与沉积层(12)表面相接触，构成电流回路。
  7. 根据权利要求1-6任一项所述的激光增材装置，其特征在于，还包括信息采集系统；所述信息采集系统包括高速摄像机(16)、照明装置(20)、光谱仪探头(21)、光谱仪(18)和同步信号发生器(17)；所述高速摄像机(16)位于熔池(10)附近，所述光谱仪探头(21)用于测量所述熔池(10)内产生的等离子体/金属蒸汽(19)，所述光谱仪(18)用于采集所述光谱仪探头(21)测得的数据；所述高速摄像机(16)、照明装置(20)和光谱仪(18)与同步信号发生器(17)相连，保证所述高速摄像机(16)采集图像时，所述照明装置(20)处于照明状态，并且保证所述高速摄像机(16)和所述光谱仪(18)同时采集数据。
  8. 根据权利要求1-6任一项所述的激光增材装置，其特征在于，还包括高频感应加热系统；所述高频感应加热系统包括高频感应加热线圈(11)和高频感应加热电源(14)，所述高频感应加热线圈(11)位于基材(13)底部，所述高频感应加热电源(14)和高频感应加热线圈(11)相连，用于加热基材(13)。
  9. 一种根据权利要求1所述的激光增材装置用于增材制造的方法，其特征在于，包括如下步骤：
    通过旋转光束激光装置输出旋转的连续激光，将材丝熔化沉积在基材(13)表面；
    通过高频短脉冲激光装置向熔池(10)中输入高频短脉冲激光；
  10. 根据权利要求9所述的激光增材装置用于增材制造的方法，其特征在于，还包括如下步骤：
    熔池(10)内部产生电磁：通过使材丝与熔池(10)构成电流回路，使熔池(10)内部直接产生强电磁力；
    预热基材(13)：通过高频感应加热系统给基材(13)预热；
    沉积层(12)质量在线监测：通过信息采集系统实时检测所述熔池(10)内产生的等离子体/金属蒸汽(19)，判断沉积层(12)质量，控制计算机(15)根据判断结果动态调整旋转光束激光装置、高频短脉冲激光装置和辅助电流装置的参数。
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