WO2020061116A1 - Agonistes du récepteur farnésoïde x et leurs utilisations - Google Patents

Agonistes du récepteur farnésoïde x et leurs utilisations Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2020061116A1
WO2020061116A1 PCT/US2019/051606 US2019051606W WO2020061116A1 WO 2020061116 A1 WO2020061116 A1 WO 2020061116A1 US 2019051606 W US2019051606 W US 2019051606W WO 2020061116 A1 WO2020061116 A1 WO 2020061116A1
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Prior art keywords
alkyl
compound
solvate
pharmaceutically acceptable
acceptable salt
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PCT/US2019/051606
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English (en)
Inventor
Nicholas D. Smith
Steven P. Govek
Johnny Y. Nagasawa
Andiliy G. Lai
Karensa L. DOUGLAS
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Metacrine, Inc.
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Publication of WO2020061116A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020061116A1/fr

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    • C07D231/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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    • C07D401/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
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    • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
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    • C07D401/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing three or more hetero rings
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    • C07D403/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
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    • C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D405/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
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    • C07D491/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D491/10—Spiro-condensed systems
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Definitions

  • Described herein are compounds that are famesoid X receptor agonists, methods of making such compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and medicaments comprising such compounds, and methods of using such compounds in the treatment of conditions, diseases, or disorders associated with farnesoid X receptor activity.
  • Farnesoid X receptor is a nuclear receptor highly expressed in the liver, intestine, kidney, adrenal glands, and adipose tissue. FXR regulates a wide variety of target genes involved in the control of bile acid synthesis and transport, lipid metabolism, and glucose homeostasis. FXR agonism is a treatment modality for many metabolic disorders, liver diseases or conditions, inflammatory conditions, gastrointestinal diseases, or cell proliferation diseases.
  • ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl that is oxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl; or ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl that is pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, or triazinyl;
  • ring A is phenyl
  • X 1 , X 5 , X 6 , and X 7 are each independently CR 7 or N; wherein at least one of X 1 , X 5 , X 6 , and X 7 are CR 7 ;
  • X 2 is CR 2 or N
  • R 1 and R 2 are taken together with the intervening atoms to form a fused 5- or 6- membered ring with 0-3 N atoms and 0-2 O or S atoms in the ring, wherein the fused 5- or 6-membered ring is optionally substituted with halogen or Ci-C 4 alkyl;
  • X 3 is CR 3 or N
  • each X 4 is independently CH, CF, or N;
  • R 4 is H, F, or -C3 ⁇ 4;
  • R 5 is H, F, or -C3 ⁇ 4;
  • R 4 and R 5 are taken together to form a bridge that is -CH 2 - or -CH 2 CH 2 -;
  • each R 6 is independently H, F, -OH, or -CH 3 ;
  • each R 7 is independently selected from H, halogen, -CN, -OH, Ci-C alkyl, C 2 -
  • L is absent, -Y 2 -L'-, -L'-Y 2 -, cyclopropylene, cyclobutylene, or bicyclo[ 1.1.1 Jpentylene;
  • L 1 is absent or Ci-C 4 alkylene
  • R 8 is H, -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , -CH(CH 3 ) 2 , Ci-C 4 alkoxy, Ci-C 3 fluoroalkyl,
  • R 9 is H, F, or -CH 3 ;
  • R 11 is H, F, or -CH 3 ;
  • R 9 and R 11 are taken together to form a bridge that is -CH 2 - or -CH 2 CH 2 -;
  • R 12 is a monocyclic C 2 -C5heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or two oxo groups, or a C -C 6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C 6 alkyl;
  • R 13 is H or Ci-C 6 alkyl
  • R 12 andR 13 are taken together to form a C -G spirocyclic ring optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from -OH, -N(Ci-C alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, and G- C 6 alkoxy;
  • R 15 is Ci-C alkyl or C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl; wherein Ci-C alkyl or C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl is
  • Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci- C 4 alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, Ci-C 6 fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy;
  • R 16 is H or Ci-C 6 alkyl
  • R 15 andR 16 are taken together to form a C 2 -C 6 heterocycloalkyl optionally
  • each R 17 is independently H or Ci-C 6 alkyl
  • n 0, 1, or 2;
  • n 0, 1, or 2;
  • p 2 or 3
  • q 0, 1, 2, or 3.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X 1 and X 7 are N, and X 5 and X 6 are CH.
  • described herein are famesoid X receptor agonists and uses thereof.
  • described herein is a compound of Formula (I), or a
  • ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl that is oxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl;
  • ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl that is pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl,
  • ring A is phenyl
  • X 1 is CH or N
  • Ci-C 4 alkyl C 2 - C 4 alkenyl, C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, Ci-C 4 alkoxy, Ci-C 4 fluoroalkyl, Ci-C 4 fluoroalkoxy, Ci- C 4 heteroalkyl, or monocyclic C 2 -C5heterocycloalkyl;
  • X 2 is CR 2 or N;
  • R 1 and R 2 are taken together with the intervening atoms to form a fused 5- or 6- membered ring with 0-3 N atoms and 0-2 O or S atoms in the ring, wherein the fused 5- or 6-membered ring is optionally substituted with halogen or Ci-C 4 alkyl;
  • X 3 is CR 3 or N
  • each X 4 is independently CH or N;
  • R 4 is H, F, or -C3 ⁇ 4;
  • R 5 is H, F, or -C3 ⁇ 4;
  • R 4 and R 5 are taken together to form a bridge that is -CH 2 - or -CH 2 CH 2 -;
  • each R 6 is independently H, F, -OH, or -CH 3 ;
  • R 7 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, Ci-C alkyl, C 2 -C alkenyl, C 2 -C alkynyl, Ci-C alkoxy, Ci-C 4 fluoroalkyl, Ci-C 4 fluoroalkoxy, or Ci-C 4 heteroalkyl;
  • L is absent, -Y 2 -L'-, -L'-Y 2 -, cyclopropylene, cyclobutylene, or
  • L 1 is absent or Ci-C alkylene;
  • R 11 is H, F, or -C3 ⁇ 4;
  • R 9 and R 11 are taken together to form a bridge that is -CH 2 - or -CH 2 CH 2 -;
  • R 12 is a tetrahydrofuran ring, a tetrahydropyran ring, or a C4-C 6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C 6 alkyl;
  • R 13 is H or Ci-C 6 alkyl
  • R 12 andR 13 are taken together to form a C 5 -C 9 spirocyclic ring optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from -OH, -N(Ci-C 4 alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, and Ci- C 6 alkoxy;
  • R 14a is selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, -C0 2 H, -C0 2 (Ci-C 4 alkyl), and Ci- C 6 fluoroalkyl;
  • R 15 is Ci-C 4 alkyl or C3-C 6 cycloalkyl; wherein Ci-C 4 alkyl or C3-C 6 cycloalkyl is
  • Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci- C 4 alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, Ci-C 6 fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy;
  • R 16 is H or Ci-C 6 alkyl
  • R 15 andR 16 are taken together to form a C 2 -C 6 heterocycloalkyl optionally
  • n 0, 1, or 2;
  • n 0, 1, or 2;
  • p 2 or 3
  • q 0, 1, 2, or 3.
  • embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), or (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 9 is H. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), or (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 7 is H. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), or (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein m is 0. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), or (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X 1 is N. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), or (I), or a
  • X 1 is CH.
  • R 13 is H.
  • R 12 is a tetrahydrofuran ring, a tetrahydropyran ring, or a C4-C 6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C 6 alkyl.
  • I n some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 12 is a tetrahydropyran ring optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C 6 alkyl.
  • R 12 is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 12 is .
  • R 12 is C4-C 6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C 6 alkyl.
  • R 12 is C4-C 6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C 6 alkyl.
  • R 12 is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 12 is
  • R 12 and R 13 are taken together to form an unsubstituted C 5 -C 9 spirocyclic ring optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N.
  • R 12 and R 13 are taken together to form an unsubstituted C 5 -C 9 spirocyclic ring having
  • some embodiments is a compound of
  • Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 10 is -0C( 0)R 14 .
  • R 14 is I— I .
  • R 14 is I— I .
  • R 14 is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 14 is .
  • each R 14b is independently selected from -OH, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy.
  • R 14 is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 14 is
  • R 14 is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein each R 14C is independently selected from -OH, -N(Ci-C 4 alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy.
  • R 16 is H.
  • R 15 is Ci-C 4 alkyl or C3-C 6 cycloalkyl; wherein Ci-C 4 alkyl or C3-C 6 cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, Ci-C 6 fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy.
  • R 15 is Ci-C 4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C 4 alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, Ci-C 6 fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy.
  • R 15 and R 16 are taken together to form a C 2 -C 6 heterocydoalkyl optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, Ci- C 6 fluoroalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, and -C0 2 R 17 .
  • some embodiments is a compound of Formula (G), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein 0 ' is .
  • R 8 is C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl.
  • R 2 is Ci-C 4 alkyl.
  • R 1 is Ci-C 4 alkyl or Ci-C alkoxy.
  • R 1 is Ci-C 4 alkoxy.
  • R 1 is a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 1 is -OCH 3.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for administration to a mammal by intravenous administration, subcutaneous administration, oral administration, inhalation, nasal administration, dermal administration, or ophthalmic administration.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for administration to a mammal by intravenous administration, subcutaneous administration, or oral administration.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for administration to a mammal by intravenous administration, subcutaneous administration, or oral administration.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for administration to a mammal by oral administration.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of a tablet, a pill, a capsule, a liquid, a suspension, a gel, a dispersion, a solution, an emulsion, an ointment, or a lotion.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of a tablet, a pill, or a capsule.
  • described herein is a method of treating a disease or condition in a mammal that would benefit from FXR agonism comprising administering a compound as described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, to the mammal in need thereof.
  • the disease or condition is a metabolic condition.
  • the disease or condition is a liver condition.
  • the compound is administered to the mammal by intravenous administration, subcutaneous administration, oral administration, inhalation, nasal administration, dermal administration, or ophthalmic administration.
  • described herein is a method of treating or preventing any one of the diseases or conditions described herein comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, to a mammal in need thereof.
  • described herein is a method for the treatment or prevention of a metabolic or liver condition in a mammal comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, to the mammal in need thereof.
  • the metabolic or liver condition is amenable to treatment with an FXR agonist.
  • the method further comprises administering a second therapeutic agent to the mammal in addition to the compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
  • a method of treating or preventing a liver disease or condition in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
  • the liver disease or condition is an alcoholic or non alcoholic liver disease.
  • the liver disease or condition is primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, cholestasis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
  • the alcoholic liver disease or condition is fatty liver (steatosis), cirrhosis, or alcoholic hepatitis.
  • the non-alcoholic liver disease or condition is nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
  • the non-alcoholic liver disease or condition is nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
  • the non alcoholic liver disease or condition is nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and is
  • the non-alcoholic liver disease or condition is nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) without liver fibrosis.
  • NASH nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
  • the non-alcoholic liver disease or condition is intrahepatic cholestasis or extrahepatic cholestasis.
  • a method of treating or preventing a liver fibrosis in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal a compound of Formula (F), (la’),
  • the mammal is diagnosed with hepatitis C virus (HCV), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), cirrhosis, Wilson's disease, hepatitis B virus (HBV), HIV associated steatohepatitis and cirrhosis, chronic viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), or biliary cirrhosis.
  • the mammal is diagnosed with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
  • a method of treating or preventing a liver inflammation in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal a compound of Formula (G), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
  • the mammal is diagnosed with hepatitis C virus (HCV), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), cirrhosis, Wilson's disease, hepatitis B virus (HBV), HIV associated steatohepatitis and cirrhosis, chronic viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), or biliary cirrhosis.
  • the mammal is diagnosed with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
  • the liver inflammation is associated with inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract.
  • the mammal is diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease.
  • gastrointestinal disease or condition in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
  • the gastrointestinal disease or condition is necrotizing enterocolitis, gastritis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease,
  • the gastrointestinal disease is irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D), irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C), mixed IBS (IBS-M), unsubtyped IBS (IBS-U), or bile acid diarrhea (BAD).
  • IBS irritable bowel syndrome
  • IBS-D irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea
  • IBS-C irritable bowel syndrome with constipation
  • IBS-M mixed IBS
  • IBS-U unsubtyped IBS
  • BAD bile acid diarrhea
  • described herein is a method of treating or preventing a disease or condition in a mammal that would benefit from treatment with an FXR agonist, comprising administering to the mammal a compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
  • the methods described herein further comprise administering at least one additional therapeutic agent in addition to the compound of Formula (F), (la’), (I), (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
  • the effective amount of the compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is: (a) systemically administered to the mammal; and/or (b) administered orally to the mammal; and/or (c) intravenously administered to the mammal; and/or (d) administered by inhalation; and/or (e) administered by nasal administration; or and/or (f) administered by injection to the mammal; and/or (g) administered topically to the mammal; and/or (h) administered by ophthalmic administration; and/or (i) administered rectally to the mammal; and/or (j) administered non-systemically or locally to the mammal.
  • any of the aforementioned aspects are further embodiments comprising single administrations of the effective amount of the compound, including further embodiments in which the compound is administered once a day to the mammal or the compound is administered to the mammal multiple times over the span of one day.
  • the compound is administered on a continuous dosing schedule.
  • the compound is administered on a continuous daily dosing schedule.
  • any of the aforementioned aspects involving the treatment of a disease or condition are further embodiments comprising administering at least one additional agent in addition to the administration of a compound of Formula (I) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • each agent is administered in any order, including simultaneously.
  • the mammal or subject is a human.
  • compounds provided herein are administered to a human.
  • compounds provided herein are orally administered.
  • described herein is a method of treating or preventing a metabolic disorder in a subject, comprising: administering to a gastrointestinal tract of the subject a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, thereby activating farnesoid X receptors (FXR) in the intestines, and treating or preventing a metabolic disorder in the subject.
  • FXR farnesoid X receptors
  • the compound’s absorption is preferentially restricted to within the intestines.
  • the method substantially enhances FXR target gene expression in the intestines while not substantially enhancing FXR target gene expression in the liver or kidney.
  • the method substantially enhances FXR target gene expression in the intestines while minimizing systemic plasma levels of the delivered compound. In some embodiments, the method substantially enhances FXR target gene expression in the intestines and the liver while minimizing systemic plasma levels of the delivered compound. In some embodiments, the method substantially enhances FXR target gene expression in the intestines while not substantially enhancing FXR target gene expression in the liver or kidney, and while minimizing systemic plasma levels. In some embodiments, the method substantially enhances FXR target gene expression in the intestines and the liver and provides sustained systemic plasma levels of the delivered compound. In some embodiments, the method reduces or prevents diet-induced weight gain. In some embodiments, the method increases a metabolic rate in the subject. In some embodiments, the increasing the metabolic rate comprises enhancing oxidative phosphorylation in the subject.
  • the method further comprises improving glucose and/or lipid homeostasis in the subject. In some embodiments, the method results in no substantial change in food intake and/or fat consumption in the subject. In some embodiments, the method results in no substantial change in appetite in the subject.
  • the metabolic disorder is selected from obesity, diabetes, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the metabolic disorder is non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. In some embodiments, the method protects against diet-induced weight gain, reduces inflammation, enhances thermogenesis, enhances insulin sensitivity in the liver, reduces hepatic steatosis, promotes activation of BAT, decreases blood glucose, increases weight loss, or any combination thereof.
  • the method enhances insulin sensitivity in the liver and promotes brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation.
  • the method further comprises administering to the subject an insulin sensitizing drug, an insulin secretagogue, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, a glucagon-like peptide (GLP) agonist, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, nicotinamide
  • ribonucleoside an analog of nicotinamide ribonucleoside, or combinations thereof.
  • described herein is a method of treating or preventing inflammation in an intestinal region of a subject, comprising: administering to a
  • the gastrointestinal tract of the subject a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, thereby activating FXR receptors in the intestines, and thereby treating or preventing inflammation in the intestinal region of the subject.
  • the compound’s absorption is preferentially restricted to within the intestines.
  • the method substantially enhances FXR target gene expression in the intestines while not substantially enhancing FXR target gene expression in the liver or kidney.
  • the inflammation is associated with a clinical condition selected from necrotizing enterocolitis, gastritis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, gastroenteritis, radiation induced enteritis, pseudomembranous colitis,
  • the one or more FXR target genes comprises IBABP, OSTa, Perl, FGF15, FGF19, SHP or combinations thereof.
  • the method further comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of an antibiotic therapy to the subject, wherein the method treats or prevents inflammation associated with pseudomembranous colitis in the subject.
  • the method further comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an oral corticosteroid, other anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory therapy, nicotinamide ribonucleoside, an analog of nicotinamide rib onucleo side, or combinations thereof.
  • the method increases HSL phosphorylation and b3 -adrenergic receptor expression.
  • a serum concentration of the compound in the subject remains below its EC50 following administration of the compound.
  • described herein is a method of treating or preventing a cell proliferation disease in a subject, comprising administering to a gastrointestinal tract of the subject a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the compounds described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
  • the cell proliferation disease is an adenocarcinoma.
  • the adenocarcinoma is a colon cancer.
  • the treating the adenocarcinoma reduces the size of the adenocarcinoma, the volume of the adenocarcinoma, the number of adenocarcinomas, cachexia due to the adenocarcinoma, delays progression of the adenocarcinoma, increases survival of the subject, or combinations thereof.
  • the method further comprises administering to the subject an additional therapeutic compound selected from the group consisting of a chemotherapeutic, a biologic, a radiotherapeutic, or combinations thereof.
  • liver disease or condition in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
  • the liver disease or condition is an alcoholic or non-alcoholic liver disease.
  • the liver disease or condition is primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, cholestasis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
  • the alcoholic liver disease or condition is fatty liver (steatosis), cirrhosis, or alcoholic hepatitis.
  • the non-alcoholic liver disease or condition is nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
  • the non-alcoholic liver disease or condition is intrahepatic cholestasis or extrahepatic cholestasis.
  • Articles of manufacture which include packaging material, a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, within the packaging material, and a label that indicates that the compound or composition, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically active metabolite, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or
  • the nuclear hormone receptor farnesoid X receptor (also known as FXR or nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 4 (NR1H4)) (OMIM: 603826) functions as a regulator for bile acid metabolism.
  • FXR is a ligand-activated transcriptional receptor expressed in diverse tissues including the adrenal gland, kidney, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, gall bladder, liver, macrophages, and white and brown adipose tissue.
  • FXRs are highly expressed in tissues that participate in bile acid metabolism such as the liver, intestines, and kidneys.
  • Bile acids function as endogenous ligands for FXR such that enteric and systemic release of bile acids induces FXR-directed changes in gene expression networks.
  • Bile acids are the primary oxidation product of cholesterol, and in some cases, upon secretion into the intestines, are regulators of cholesterol absorption.
  • the rate-limiting step for conversion of cholesterol into bile acids is catalyzed by cytochrome p450 enzyme cholesterol 7-a-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) and occurs in the liver.
  • CYP8B1 mediates production of cholic acid and determines the relative amounts of the two primary bile acids, cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid.
  • Activation of FXR can represses the transcription of CYP7A1 and CYP8B1 by increasing the expression level of the hepatic small heterodimer partner (SHP) (also known as nuclear receptor subfamily 0, group B, member 2; or NR0B2) and intestinal expression of fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) in mice and fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) in human.
  • SHP hepatic small heterodimer partner
  • FGF15 fibroblast growth factor 15
  • FGF19 fibroblast growth factor 19
  • CYP8B1 repression by FXR can be species-specific and FXR activation may in some cases increase CYP8B1 expression in humans (Sanyal et al PNAS , 2007, 104, 15665).
  • FGF15/19 released from the intestine then activates the fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 in the liver, leading to activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway which suppress CYP7A1 and CYP8B1.
  • MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase
  • elevated levels of bile acids have been associated with insulin resistance.
  • insulin resistance sometimes leads to a decreased uptake of glucose from the blood and increased de novo glucose production in the liver.
  • intestinal sequestration of bile acids has been shown to improve insulin resistance by promoting the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-l (GLP1) from intestinal L-cells.
  • GLP-l is an incretin derived from the transcription product of the proglucagon gene. It is released in response to the intake of food and exerts control in appetite and gastrointestinal function and promotes insulin secretion from the pancreas.
  • GLP-l The biologically active forms of GLP-l include GLP-l-(7-37) and GLP-l -(7-36)NH 2 , which result from selective cleavage of the proglucagon molecule. In such cases, activation of FXR leading to decreased production of bile acids correlates to a decrease in insulin resistance.
  • the activation of FXR also correlates to the secretion of pancreatic polypeptide-fold such as peptide YY (PYY or PYY3-36).
  • peptide YY is a gut hormone peptide that modulates neuronal activity within the
  • hypothalamic and brainstem regions of the brain involved in reward processing.
  • reduced level of PYY correlates to increased appetite and weight gain.
  • the activation of FXR indirectly leads to a reduction of plasma triglycerides.
  • the clearance of triglycerides from the bloodstream is due to lipoprotein lipase (LPL).
  • LPL activity is enhanced by the induction of its activator apolipoprotein CII, and the repression of its inhibitor apolipoprotein CIII in the liver occurs upon FXR activation.
  • the activation of FXR further modulates energy expenditure such as adipocyte differentiation and function.
  • Adipose tissue comprises adipocytes or fat cells.
  • adipocytes are further differentiated into brown adipose tissue (BAT) or white adipose tissue (WAT).
  • BAT brown adipose tissue
  • WAT white adipose tissue
  • FXR is widely expressed in the intestine.
  • the activation of FXR has been shown to induce the expression and secretion of FGF19 (or FGF15 in mouse) in the intestine.
  • FGF19 is a hormone that regulates bile acid synthesis as well as exerts an effect on glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and on energy expenditure.
  • FGF19 has also been observed to modulate adipocyte function and differentiation.
  • intestinal FXR activity has also been shown to be involved in reducing overgrowth of the microbiome, such as during feeding (Li et al, Nat Commun 4:2384, 2013).
  • activation of FXR correlated with increased expression of several genes in the ileum such as Ang2 , iNos, and 1118 , which have established antimicrobial actions (Inagaki et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:3920-3925, 2006).
  • FXR has been implicated in barrier function and immune modulation in the intestine.
  • FXR modulates transcription of genes involved in bile salt synthesis, transport and metabolism in the liver and intestine, and in some cases has been shown to lead to improvements in intestinal inflammation and prevention of bacterial translocation into the intestinal tract (Gadaleta et al., Gut. 2011 Apr; 60(4):463 ⁇ 72).
  • FXR modulates transcription of genes involved in bile salt synthesis, transport and metabolism in the liver and intestine, and in some cases may lead to improvements in diarrhea Camilleri, Gut Liver. 2015 May; 9(3): 332 339.
  • G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (also known as GPBAR2, GPCR19, membrane-type receptor for bile acids or M-BAR, or TGR5) is a cell surface receptor for bile acids.
  • TGR5 Upon activation with bile acid, TGR5 induces the production of intracellular cAMP, which then triggers an increase in triiodothyronine due to the activation of deiodinase (DI02) in BAT, resulting in increased energy expenditure.
  • DI02 deiodinase
  • regulation of metabolic processes such as bile acid synthesis, bile-acid circulation, glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, or insulin sensitivity is modulated by the activation of FXR.
  • dis-regulation of metabolic processes such as bile acid synthesis, bile-acid circulation, glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, or insulin sensitivity results in metabolic diseases such as diabetes or diabetes-related conditions or disorders, alcoholic or non-alcoholic liver disease or condition, intestinal inflammation, or cell proliferative disorders.
  • FXR agonists compounds that have activity as FXR agonists.
  • the FXR agonists described herein are structurally distinct from bile acids, other synthetic FXR ligands, and other natural FXR ligands.
  • a metabolic disorder such as diabetes, obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, or insulin resistance
  • methods of treating or preventing a metabolic disorder such as diabetes, obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, or insulin resistance by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an FXR agonist.
  • the compounds are administered to the GI tract of a subject.
  • alcoholic or non-alcoholic liver disease or conditions e.g ., cholestasis, primary biliary cirrhosis, steatosis, cirrhosis, alcoholic hepatitis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), or elevated liver enzymes
  • a therapeutically effective amount of an FXR agonist e.g., via the GI tract.
  • disclosed herein include methods for treating or preventing cholestasis, cirrhosis, primary biliary cirrhosis, non alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), or primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an FXR agonist to a subject in need thereof.
  • methods for treating or preventing cholestasis by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an FXR agonist to a subject in need thereof.
  • disclosed herein include methods for treating or preventing primary biliary cirrhosis by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an FXR agonist to a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, disclosed herein include methods for treating or preventing NASH by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an FXR agonist to a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, disclosed herein include methods for treating or preventing NAFLD by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an FXR agonist to a subject in need thereof.
  • disclosed herein include methods for treating or preventing inflammation in the intestines and/or a cell proliferative disorder, such as cancer, by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an FXR agonist to a subject in need thereof ( e.g ., via the GI tract).
  • FXR agonists that modulate one or more of the proteins or genes associated with a metabolic process such as bile acid synthesis, glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, or insulin sensitivity, such as for example, increase in the activity of FGF19 (FGF15 in mouse), increase in the secretion of GLP-l, or increase in the secretion of PYY.
  • GI gastrointestinal
  • the disclosed compounds demonstrate systemic exposure.
  • the disclosed compounds have local exposure in the intestines, but limited exposure in the liver or systemically.
  • local exposure of the disclosed compounds in the intestines maybe demonstrated by regulation of FXR target genes in the intestines.
  • the target genes may include: SHP, FGF19 (FGF15), IBABP, C3, OST a/b.
  • exposure of the disclosed compounds is about 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, 99.5%, or more in the intestines.
  • exposure of the disclosed compounds is about 0.5%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, or less in the systemic circulation.
  • the exposure of the FXR agonists in the intestinal lumen reduces the chance of side effects which results from systemic action, thereby improving the safety profile of the therapy.
  • the disclosed compounds enhance FXR target gene expression in the intestines.
  • the disclosed compounds further modulate gene expressions in the FXR-mediated pathway, such as for example, FGF19 (FGF15) which inhibits CYP7A1 and CYP8B1 gene expression in the liver. In some instances, the disclosed compounds enhance gene expression in the FXR-mediated pathway.
  • the disclosed compounds reduce or inhibit gene expression in the FXR- mediated pathway.
  • enhancing is about 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 200%, 300%, 500%, 1,000%, 5,000%, 10,000%, 50,000%, 100,000%, 500,000%, or higher in gene expression in the intestines, liver, kidney, or other tissues relative to the gene expression in the absence of the disclosed compound.
  • reducing is about 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 1%, or less in gene expression in the intestines, liver, kidney, or other tissues relative to the gene expression in the absence of the disclosed compound.
  • the method substantially enhances FXR target gene expression in the intestines while minimizing systemic plasma levels of the delivered compound. In some embodiments, the method substantially enhances FXR target gene expression in the intestines and the liver while minimizing systemic plasma levels of the delivered compound. In some embodiments, the method substantially enhances FXR target gene expression in the intestines while not substantially enhancing FXR target gene expression in the liver or kidney, and while minimizing systemic plasma levels. In some embodiments, the method substantially enhances FXR target gene expression in the intestines and the liver and provides sustained systemic plasma levels of the delivered compound.
  • metabolic disorder refers to any disorder that involves an alteration in the normal metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids or a combination thereof.
  • a metabolic disorder is associated with either a deficiency or excess in a metabolic pathway resulting in an imbalance in metabolism of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and/or carbohydrates.
  • Factors affecting metabolism include, but are not limited to, the endocrine (hormonal) control system (e.g ., the insulin pathway, the enteroendocrine hormones including GLP-l, oxyntomodulin, PYY or the like), or the neural control system (e.g., GLP-l in the brain).
  • Exemplary metabolic disorders include, but are not limited to, diabetes, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, liver disease, inflammation related intestinal conditions, cell proliferative disorders, or the like.
  • diabetes is type II diabetes or non-insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).
  • NIDDM non-insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus
  • diabetes-related conditions or disorders include obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance.
  • diabetes-related conditions or disorders further include secondary
  • an FXR agonist is administered for the treatment of type II diabetes, obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, or secondary complications such as atherosclerosis, stroke, fatty liver disease, blindness, gallbladder disease, or polycystic ovary disease.
  • a diabetic subject e.g ., a type II diabetic subject
  • a body mass index (BMI) of 25 or greater, 30 or greater, 35 or greater, 40 or greater, such as a BMI of 25 to 29, 30 to 34, or 35 to 40.
  • an FXR agonist described herein reduces or prevents weight gain in a subject.
  • the weight gain is diet-induced weight gain.
  • the weight gain is non-diet-related, such as familial/genetic obesity or obesity resulting from medication.
  • such methods reduce or prevent weight gain in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more.
  • weight gain is reduced or prevented by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%.
  • the reduction or prevention of weight gain is relative to the reduction or prevention of weight gain observed in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • the FXR agonist reduces the BMI of a subject.
  • such methods reduce the BMI of a subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, or more, relative to a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • the subject is overweight but not obese. In other instances, the subject is neither overweight nor obese.
  • administering results in a decrease in the amount of serum lipids.
  • the decrease in the amount of serum lipids is by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, or more.
  • the decrease in the amount of serum lipids is by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, by about 10% to about 70%, or by about 10% to about 30%.
  • the decrease in the amount of serum lipids is relative to the amount of serum lipids observed in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • administering results in a decrease in triglyceride (e.g., hepatic triglyceride) level.
  • the decrease in triglyceride (e.g., hepatic triglyceride) level is by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, or more.
  • the decrease in triglyceride (e.g, hepatic triglyceride) level is by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, by about 10% to about 70%, or by about 10% to about 30%.
  • the decrease in triglyceride (e.g, hepatic triglyceride) level is by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, or more.
  • triglyceride level is relative to the triglyceride (e.g, hepatic triglyceride) level observed in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • administering results in an increased insulin sensitivity to insulin in the liver.
  • the increase in insulin sensitivity is by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more.
  • the increase in insulin sensitivity is by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%.
  • the increase in insulin sensitivity is relative to sensitivity observed in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • administering results in a decrease in the amount of serum insulin in the subject.
  • the decrease in serum insulin is by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, or more.
  • serum insulin is decreased by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, by about 10% to about 70%, or by about 10% to about 30%.
  • the decrease in serum insulin level is relative to levels observed in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • administering results in a decrease in the amount of serum glucose in the subject.
  • the decrease in serum glucose is by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, or more.
  • serum glucose is decreased by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, by about 10% to about 70%, or by about 10% to about 30%.
  • the decrease in serum glucose level is relative to levels observed in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • an FXR agonist described herein increases browning of white adipose tissue in a subject.
  • the rate of increase of browning of white adipose tissue in the subject is by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more, relative to a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • administration of an FXR agonist does not result in substantial change in food intake and/or fat consumption in the subject.
  • food intake and/or fat consumption is reduced, such as by less than 15%, less than 10%, or less than 5%.
  • no substantial change in appetite in the subject results.
  • reduction in appetite is minimal as reported by the subject.
  • administering results in an increase in the metabolic rate in the subject.
  • the FXR agonist increases the metabolic rate in a subject.
  • the metabolic rate in the subject is increased by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, or more.
  • the metabolic rate is increased by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, by about 10% to about 70%, or by about 10% to about 30%.
  • the increase in metabolic rate is relative to the rate observed in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • the increase in metabolism results from enhanced oxidative phosphorylation in the subject, which in turn leads to increased energy expenditure in tissues (such as BAT).
  • the FXR agonist helps to increase the activity of BAT.
  • the activity of BAT is increased by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, or more.
  • the activity of BAT is increased by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, by about 10% to about 70%, or by about 10% to about 30%.
  • the increase in BAT activity is relative to the activity of BAT observed in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • alcoholic or non-alcoholic liver diseases or conditions include, but are not limited to cholestasis, cirrhosis, steatosis, alcoholic hepatitis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), elevated liver enzymes, and elevated triglyceride levels.
  • an FXR agonist is used in the prevention or treatment of alcoholic or non-alcoholic liver diseases.
  • an FXR agonist is used in the prevention or treatment of cholestasis, cirrhosis, steatosis, alcoholic hepatitis, non-alcoholic
  • NASH non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
  • PSC primary sclerosing cholangitis
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein is used in the treatment of cholestasis in a subject.
  • Cholestasis is an impairment or cessation in the flow of bile, which in some cases, causes hepatotoxicity due to the buildup of bile acids and other toxins in the liver.
  • cholestasis is a component of many liver diseases, including cholelithiasis, cholestasis of pregnancy, primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC).
  • the obstruction is due to gallstone, biliary trauma, drugs, one or more additional liver diseases, or to cancer.
  • the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids enables the absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the intestine and allows the elimination of cholesterol, toxins, and metabolic by- products such as bilirubin from the liver.
  • activation of FXR induces expression of the canalicular bile transporters BSEP (ABCB11) and multidrug resistance- related protein 2 (MRP2; ABCC2, cMOAT), and represses genes involved in bile acid biosynthesis, such as for example sterol l2a-hydroxylase (CYP8B1) and CYP7A1.
  • the FXR agonist reduces cholestasis in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more. In some cases, cholestasis is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%. In some instances, the level of cholestasis is relative to the level of cholestasis in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein is used in the treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) in a subject.
  • PBC is a liver disease that primarily results from autoimmune destruction of the bile ducts that transport bile acids (BAs) out of the liver, resulting in cholestasis.
  • BAs bile acids
  • the FXR agonist reduces PBC in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more. In some cases,
  • PBC is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%. In some instances, the level of PBC is relative to the level of PBC in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein reduces cirrhosis in a subject.
  • the FXR agonist reduces cirrhosis in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more.
  • cirrhosis is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%.
  • the level of cirrhosis is relative to the level of cirrhosis in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with excessive fat in the liver (steatosis) and in some cases progresses to NASH, which is defined by the histologic hallmarks of inflammation, cell death, and fibrosis.
  • primary NASH is associated with insulin resistance
  • secondary NASH is caused by medical or surgical conditions, or drugs such as, but not limited to, tamoxifen.
  • NASH progresses to advanced fibrosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, or end-stage liver disease requiring liver transplantation.
  • NASH develops as a result of triglyceride (TGs) imbalance.
  • TGs triglyceride
  • dysfunctional adipocytes secrete pro-inflammatory molecules such as cytokines and chemokines leading to insulin resistance and a failure of lipolysis suppression in the adipocytes.
  • this failure of lipolysis suppression leads to a release of free fatty acids (FFAs) into the circulation and uptake within the liver.
  • FFAs free fatty acids
  • over accumulation of FFAs in the form of triglycerides (TGs) in lipid droplets leads to oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and upregulation of pro-inflammatory molecules.
  • FXR triglyceride
  • FA fatty acid
  • SREBPlc sterol regulatory element-binding protein lc
  • FXR additionally increases the clearance of TG by stimulating lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity as well as the hepatic uptake of remnants and low-density lipoprotein by inducing syndecan 1 (SDC1) and the VLDL receptor (VLDLR).
  • LPL lipoprotein lipase
  • SDC1 syndecan 1
  • VLDLR VLDL receptor
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein is used in the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
  • NASH non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
  • the FXR agonist reduces NASH the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more.
  • NASH is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%.
  • the level of NASH is relative to the level of NASH in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein is used in the treatment of NAFLD.
  • the FXR agonist reduces NAFLD in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more.
  • NAFLD is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%.
  • the level of NAFLD is relative to the level of NAFLD in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein reduces fatty liver
  • the FXR agonist reduces steatosis in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more. In some instances, steatosis is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%. In some instances, the level of steatosis is relative to the level of steatosis in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • Hepatocyte ballooning a feature denoting cellular injury, is a feature of NASH. Ballooning is a feature that denotes progressive NAFL (types 3 and 4). The term applies to enlarged, swollen-appearing hepatocytes; the affected cells are often intermixed in areas of steatosis and, in classic steatohepatitis, in the perivenular regions. Hepatocellular ballooning is most commonly noted in regions of H & E-detectable perisinusoidal fibrosis. Ballooned hepatocytes are most easily noted when they contain MH (either typical or poorly formed). Hepatocyte ballooning is a structural manifestation of microtubular disruption and severe cell injury.
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein reduces liver ballooning in a subject.
  • the FXR agonist reduces liver ballooning in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more.
  • liver ballooning is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%.
  • the liver ballooning is relative to the level of liver ballooning in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein reduces alcoholic hepatitis in a subject.
  • the FXR agonist reduces alcoholic hepatitis in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more.
  • the level of alcoholic hepatitis is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%.
  • the level of alcoholic hepatitis is relative to the level of alcoholic hepatitis in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein is used in the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC).
  • PSC primary sclerosing cholangitis
  • PSC is a chronic and progressive cholestatic liver disease.
  • PSC is characterized by progressive inflammation, fibrosis, and stricture formation in liver ducts. Common symptoms include pruritus and jaundice.
  • IBD inflammatory bowel disease
  • Up to 70% of patients with PSC also have IBD, most commonly ulcerative colitis.
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein reduces liver enzymes in a subject.
  • the FXR agonist reduce liver enzymes (e.g ., serum ALT and/or AST levels) in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more.
  • the level of liver enzymes is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%.
  • the level of liver enzymes is relative to the level of liver enzymes in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein reduces liver triglycerides in a subject.
  • the FXR agonist reduces liver triglycerides in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more.
  • the level of liver triglycerides is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%.
  • the level of liver triglycerides is relative to the level of liver triglycerides in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • inflammatory conditions include necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), gastritis, ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, pseudomembranous colitis, gastroenteritis, radiation induced enteritis, chemotherapy induced enteritis, gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer, non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD), celiac disease, intestinal celiac disease, gastrointestinal complications following bariatric surgery, gastric carcinogenesis, or gastric carcinogenesis following gastric or bowel resection.
  • the inflammatory condition is NEC and the subject is a newborn or prematurely born infant.
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein is administered to a subject having an inflammatory intestinal condition.
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein is administered to a subject having necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), gastritis, ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, pseudomembranous colitis, gastroenteritis, radiation induced enteritis, chemotherapy induced enteritis, gastro- esophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer, non-ulcer dyspepsia (MJD), celiac disease, intestinal celiac disease, gastrointestinal complications following bariatric surgery, gastric carcinogenesis, or gastric carcinogenesis following gastric or bowel resection.
  • NEC necrotizing enterocolitis
  • gastritis gastritis
  • ulcerative colitis inflammatory bowel disease
  • irritable bowel syndrome pseudomembranous colitis
  • gastroenteritis radiation induced enteritis
  • chemotherapy induced enteritis chemotherapy induced enteritis
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein reduces inflammation of the intestines in a subject (such as a human).
  • the FXR agonist reduces intestinal inflammation in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more.
  • intestinal inflammation is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%.
  • the level of intestinal inflammation is relative to the level of intestinal inflammation in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • gastrointestinal disease is irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D), irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C), mixed IBS (IBS-M), unsubtyped IBS (IBS-U), or bile acid diarrhea (BAD).
  • IBS irritable bowel syndrome
  • IBS-D irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea
  • IBS-C irritable bowel syndrome with constipation
  • IBS-M mixed IBS
  • IBS-U unsubtyped IBS
  • BAD bile acid diarrhea
  • IBS Irritable bowel syndrome
  • IBS-D IBS with diarrhea
  • IBS-C IBS with constipation
  • IBS-M IBS with mixed IBS
  • IBS is not accompanied with either diarrhea or constipation and is categorized as unsubtyped IBS (IBS-U).
  • IBS has four different variations: IBS-D, IBS-C, IBS-M, and IBS-U.
  • the symptoms of IBS are mimicked by a different condition.
  • sugar maldigestion, celiac disease, gluten intolerance without celiac disease, pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, small bowel bacterial overgrowth, microscopic colitis, or bile acid malabsorption (BAM) mimic IBS-D.
  • BAM bile acid malabsorption
  • anismus, pelvic floor dyssynergia or puborectalis spasm, or descending perineum syndrome mimic IBS-C.
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein is used in the treatment of IBS or any of its variations in a mammal.
  • an FXR agonist therapeutic agent reduce IBS symptoms in the mammal by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more.
  • Bile acid malabsorption also known as bile acid diarrhea (BAD), bile acid- induced diarrhea, cholerheic or choleretic enteropathy, or bile salt malabsorption, is a condition in which the presence of bile acids in the colon causes diarrhea.
  • BAM is caused by a number of conditions such as Crohn’s disease, cholecystectomy, coeliac disease, radiotherapy, and pancreatic diseases.
  • BAM is caused by medications such as metformin.
  • BAM is caused by an overproduction of bile acids.
  • Bile acid synthesis is negatively regulated by the ileal hormone fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF-19); low levels of FGF-19 lead to an increase in bile acids. FXR activation promotes the synthesis of FGF-19, consequently lowering the levels of bile acids.
  • FGF-19 ileal hormone fibroblast growth factor 19
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein is used in the treatment of BAM in a mammal.
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein decreases bile acid synthesis.
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein decreases bile acid levels.
  • an FXR agonist and an additional therapeutic agent disclosed herein prevent BAD.
  • an FXR agonist reduces BAM symptoms in the mammal by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more.
  • Graft vs. host disease is a medical complication that arises after a transplant of tissue or cells from a histo-incompatible donor (i.e. a genetically or
  • GI tract GvHD gastrointestinal tract GvHD.
  • Symptoms of GI tract GvHD include difficulty swallowing, pain with swallowing, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and/or abdominal cramping.
  • GI tract GvHD results in sloughing of the mucosal membrane and severe intestinal inflammation. Inflammation of the biliary epithelium is amenable to be controlled by nuclear receptors such as the glucocorticoid receptor (GR),
  • FXR FXR
  • PPARs peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein is used in the treatment of GvHD or a complication of GvHD in a mammal. In some embodiments, an FXR agonist disclosed herein is used in the treatment of GI tract GvHD or a complication of GI tract GvHD in a mammal. In some examples, an FXR agonist reduces GI tract GvHD or a complication of GI tract GvHD in the mammal by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more.
  • GI tract GvHD or a complication of GI tract GvHD is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%.
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein decreases intestinal inflammation caused by GI tract GvHD.
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein reduces intestinal inflammation caused by GI tract GvHD reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%.
  • kidney disease is associated with a liver disease.
  • the kidney disease is associated with a fibrotic liver disease.
  • the kidney disease is associated with a metabolic liver disease.
  • the kidney disease is associated with a metabolic condition such as but not limited to diabetes, metabolic syndrome, NAFLD, insulin resistance, fatty acid metabolism disorder, and cholestasis.
  • the kidney disease is diabetic nephropathy, kidney disease associated with fibrosis, kidney disease not associated with fibrosis, renal fibrosis, or any combination thereof.
  • Diabetic Nephropathy is a kidney disease characterized by damage to the kidney’s glomeruli. Diabetes contributes to an excessive production of reactive oxygen species, which leads to nephrotic syndrome and scarring of the glomeruli. As diabetic nephropathy progresses, the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB) is increasingly damaged and consequently, proteins in the blood leak through the barrier and accumulate in the Bowman’s space.
  • GFB glomerular filtration barrier
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein is used in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy in a mammal.
  • Renal fibrosis is characterized by activation of fibroblasts and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix or connective tissue in the kidney, which is a hallmark of chronic kidney disease.
  • FXR plays an important role in protecting against renal fibrosis. Activation of FXR suppresses renal fibrosis and decreases accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins in the kidney.
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein is used in the treatment of renal fibrosis in a mammal.
  • described herein is a method of treating or preventing a kidney disease or condition in a mammal, comprising administering to the mammal an FXR agonist disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
  • the kidney disease or condition is diabetic nephropathy, kidney disease associated with fibrosis, kidney disease not associated with fibrosis, renal fibrosis, kidney disease associated with a metabolic disease, chronic kidney disease, polycystic kidney disease, acute kidney disease, or any combination thereof.
  • the FXR agonists disclosed herein are used in the prevention or treatment of adenocarcinomas, or a carcinoma derived from glandular tissue or in which the tumor cells form recognizable glandular structures.
  • adenocarcinomas are classified according to the predominant pattern of cell arrangement, as papillary, alveolar, or according to a particular product of the cells, as mucinous adenocarcinoma. In some instances, adenocarcinomas are observed for example, in colon, kidney, breast, cervix, esophagus, gastric, pancreas, prostate, or lung.
  • the compounds disclosed herein are used in the prevention or treatment of a cancer of the intestine, such as colon cancer, e.g. cancer that forms in the tissues of the colon (the longest part of the large intestine), or a cancer of another part of the intestine, such as the jejunum, and/or ileum.
  • colon cancer is also referred to as“colorectal cancer.”
  • colon adenocarcinoma the most common type of colon cancer is colon adenocarcinoma.
  • cancer progression is characterized by stages, or the extent of cancer in the body. Staging is usually based on the size of the tumor, the presence of cancer in the lymph nodes, and the presence of the cancer in a site other than the primary cancer site. Stages of colon cancer include stage I, stage II, stage III, and stage IV. In some embodiments, colon adenocarcinoma is from any stage. In other embodiments, colon adenocarcinoma is a stage I cancer, a stage II cancer, or a stage III cancer.
  • an FXR agonist described herein is administered to a subject having a stage I, stage II, stage III, or stage IV cancer. In some instances, an FXR agonist described herein is administered to a subject having a stage I, stage II, or stage III colon adenocarcinoma.
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein further reduces the tumor burden in a subject.
  • the FXR agonist reduces tumor burden (such as colon tumor burden) in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more.
  • tumor burden is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%.
  • the level of tumor burden is relative to the level of tumor burden in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein further reduces tumor size and/or volume in a subject.
  • the FXR agonist reduces tumor size and/or volume (such as a colon tumor) in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more.
  • tumor size is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%.
  • the tumor size is relative to the tumor size in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein reduces effects of cachexia due to a tumor in a subject.
  • the FXR agonist reduces the effect of cachexia (such as due to a colon tumor) in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more.
  • the effect of cachexia is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%.
  • the effect of cachexia is relative to the effect of cachexia in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • an FXR agonist disclosed herein increases survival rates of a subject with a tumor.
  • the FXR agonist increases the survival rate of a subject with a tumor (such as a colon cancer) in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more.
  • survival rate is increased by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%.
  • the survival rate is relative to the survival rate in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.
  • Compounds described herein including pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, active metabolites and pharmaceutically acceptable solvates thereof, are farnesoid X receptor agonists.
  • ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl that is oxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl;
  • ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl that is pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl,
  • ring A is phenyl
  • X 1 , X 5 , X 6 , and X 7 are each independently CR 7 or N; wherein at least one of X 1 , X 5 , X 6 , and X 7 are CR 7 ;
  • X 2 is CR 2 or N
  • R 1 and R 2 are taken together with the intervening atoms to form a fused 5- or 6- membered ring with 0-3 N atoms and 0-2 O or S atoms in the ring, wherein the fused 5- or 6-membered ring is optionally substituted with halogen or Ci-C 4 alkyl;
  • X 3 is CR 3 or N
  • each X 4 is independently CH, CF, or N;
  • R 4 is H, F, or -C3 ⁇ 4;
  • R 5 is H, F, or -C3 ⁇ 4;
  • R 4 and R 5 are taken together to form a bridge that is -CH 2 - or -CH 2 CH 2 -;
  • each R 6 is independently H, F, -OH, or -CH 3 ;
  • each R 7 is independently selected from H, halogen, -CN, -OH, Ci-C alkyl, C 2 -
  • L is absent, -Y 2 -L'-, -L'-Y 2 -, cyclopropylene, cyclobutylene, or
  • L 1 is absent or Ci-C alkylene;
  • R 9 is H, F, or -C3 ⁇ 4;
  • R 11 is H, F, or -C3 ⁇ 4;
  • R 9 and R 11 are taken together to form a bridge that is -CH 2 - or -CH 2 CH 2 -;
  • R 12 is a monocyclic C 2 -C5heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or two oxo groups, or a C -C 6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C 6 alkyl;
  • R 13 is H or Ci-C 6 alkyl
  • R 12 andR 13 are taken together to form a C -Cyspirocyclic ring optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from -OH, -N(Ci-C alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, and G- C 6 alkoxy;
  • R 14a is selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, -C0 2 H, -C0 2 (Ci-C 4 alkyl), and Ci- C 6 fluoroalkyl;
  • R 15 is Ci-C 4 alkyl or C3-C 6 cycloalkyl; wherein Ci-C 4 alkyl or C3-C 6 cycloalkyl is
  • Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci- C 4 alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, Ci-C 6 fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy;
  • R 16 is H or Ci-C 6 alkyl; or R 15 andR 16 are taken together to form a C2-C 6 heterocycloalkyl optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C 4 alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, Ci-C 6 fluoroalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, and -C0 2 R 17 ;
  • each R 17 is independently H or Ci-C 6 alkyl
  • n 0, 1, or 2;
  • n 0, 1, or 2;
  • p 2 or 3
  • q 0, 1, 2, or 3.
  • substituents are selected from among a subset of the listed alternatives.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein m is 0 or 1.
  • m is 0.
  • m is 1.
  • m is 2.
  • R 13 is H.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 12 is a tetrahydrofuran ring, a tetrahydropyran ring, or a C 4 -C 6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C 6 alkyl.
  • R 12 is a tetrahydropyran ring optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C 6 alkyl.
  • R 12 is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or
  • R 12 is a compound of Formula
  • (F) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 12 is .
  • R 12 is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 12 and R 13 are taken together to form an unsubstituted C 5 -C 9 spirocyclic ring optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 12 and R 13 are taken together to form an unsubstituted C 5 -C 9 spirocyclic ring having the structure:
  • some embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or
  • C 9 spirocyclic ring having the structure: ⁇ is a compound of
  • R 13 are taken together to form an unsubstituted Cs-Cyspirocyclic ring having the structure:
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 10 is -OC( 0)R 14 .
  • pharma ' p is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein each R 14b is independently selected from -OH, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci- C 6 alkyl-OH, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy.
  • each R 14b is independently selected from -OH, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci- C 6 alkyl-OH, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy.
  • p is 2.
  • embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein p is 3.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 14 is .
  • a compound of Formula (G) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 14 is .
  • each R 14c is independently selected from -OH, -N(Ci-C 4 alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, -Ci- C 6 alkyl-OH, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein q is 1, 2, or 3.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein q is 1.
  • R 16 is H.
  • R 15 is Ci-C 4 alkyl or C3-C 6 cycloalkyl; wherein Ci-C 4 alkyl or C3-C 6 cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C 4 alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, Ci- C 6 fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy.
  • R 15 is Ci-C alkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C alkyl) 2 , Ci- C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, Ci-C 6 fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl that is oxazolyl, thiazolyl, or pyrazolyl; or ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl that is pyridinyl or pyrimidinyl.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl that is oxazolyl, thiazolyl, or pyrazolyl.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl that is pyridinyl or pyrimidinyl.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein ring A is phenyl.
  • YX c' - LV ⁇ N-R 8 acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein is ° N N or .
  • (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein is [00118]
  • R 8 is -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , -CH(CH 3 ) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci- C 3 fluoroalkyl, or C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 8 is -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , - CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , -CH(CH 3 ) 2 , Ci-C 3 fluoroalkyl, Ci-C 6 heteroalkyl, or C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl.
  • R 8 is -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , -CH(CH 3 ) 2 .
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 8 is -CH(CH 3 ) 2 .
  • R 8 is Ci- C 6 alkoxy.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) or a
  • R 8 is Ci-C 3 fluoroalkyl.
  • R 8 is Ci-C 6 heteroalkyl.
  • R 8 is C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl.
  • R 1 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, -N(R 17 ) 2 , Ci-C alkyl, C 2 -C alkenyl, C 2 -C alkynyl, Ci-C alkoxy, Ci- C fluoroalkyl, Ci-C fluoroalkoxy, Ci-C heteroalkyl, or monocyclic C 2 -C 5 heterocycloalkyl.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 1 is H, halogen, -CN, Ci-C 4 alkyl, Ci-C 4 alkoxy, Ci-C fluoroalkyl, Ci-C fluoroalkoxy, or Ci-C heteroalkyl.
  • R 1 is H, halogen, Ci-C alkyl, Ci-C alkoxy, or Ci-C fluoroalkyl.
  • embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 1 is Ci-C 4 alkyl, Ci-C 4 alkoxy, or Ci-C 4 fluoroalkyl.
  • R 1 is Ci-C 4 alkyl, Ci-C 4 alkoxy, or Ci-C 4 fluoroalkyl.
  • R 1 is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 1 is H.
  • R 1 is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 1 is halogen.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein one X 4 is CH and one X 4 is N.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein each X 4 is CH.
  • X 2 is CR 2 .
  • X 2 is CR 2 and R 2 is halogen, - CN, -OH, -N(R 15 ) 2 , Ci-C 4 alkyl, C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, Ci-C 4 alkoxy, Ci-C 4 fluoroalkyl, Ci-C 4 fluoroalkoxy, Ci-C 4 heteroalkyl, or monocyclic C 2 -C 5 heterocycloalkyl.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X 2 is CR 2 and R 2 is halogen, -CN, Ci-C 4 alkyl, Ci-C 4 alkoxy, Ci- C 4 fluoroalkyl, Ci-C 4 fluoroalkoxy, or Ci-C 4 heteroalkyl.
  • X 2 is CR 2 and R 2 is halogen, Ci-C 4 alkyl, Ci-C 4 alkoxy, or Ci-C 4 fluoroalkyl.
  • embodiments is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X 2 is CR 2 and R 2 is halogen or Ci-C 4 alkyl.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X 2 is CR 2 and R 2 is halogen.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X 2 is CR 2 and R 2 is -F.
  • X 2 is CR 2 and R 2 is Ci-C 4 alkoxy.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X 2 is CR 2 and R 2 is -OCH 3.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X 2 is CR 2 and R 2 is Ci-C 4 fluoroalkyl.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X 2 is CR 2 and R 2 is -CF 3.
  • a compound of Formula (G) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X 6 is N, and X 1 , X 5 , and X 7 are CH.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X 7 is N, and X 1 , X 5 , and X 6 are CH.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X 1 and X 6 are N, and X 5 and X 7 are CH.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) or a
  • X 1 and X 7 are N, and X 5 and X 6 are CH.
  • X 1 , X 5 , X 6 , and X 7 are CH.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’ is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 4 and R 5 are taken together to form a bridge that is -CH 2 CH 2 -.
  • a compound of Formula (F) or (la’) is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a
  • n is 1 or 2 In some embodiments, n is 1. In some embodiments, n is 2.
  • [00129] is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein L is absent.
  • [00130] is a compound of Formula (F) or (la’), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 9 is H.
  • ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl that is oxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl;
  • ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl that is pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl,
  • ring A is phenyl
  • X 1 is CH or N
  • X 2 is CR 2 or N
  • R 1 and R 2 are taken together with the intervening atoms to form a fused 5- or 6- membered ring with 0-3 N atoms and 0-2 O or S atoms in the ring, wherein the fused 5- or 6-membered ring is optionally substituted with halogen or Ci-C 4 alkyl;
  • X 3 is CR 3 or N
  • each X 4 is independently CH or N;
  • R 4 is H, F, or -CH 3 ;
  • R 5 is H, F, or -CH 3 ;
  • R 4 and R 5 are taken together to form a bridge that is -CH 2 - or -CH 2 CH 2 -;
  • each R 6 is independently H, F, -OH, or -CH 3 ;
  • R 7 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, Ci-C alkyl, C 2 -C alkenyl, C 2 -C alkynyl, Ci-C alkoxy, Ci-C 4 fluoroalkyl, Ci-C 4 fluoroalkoxy, or Ci-C 4 heteroalkyl;
  • L is absent, -Y 2 -L'-, -L'-Y 2 -, cyclopropylene, cyclobutylene, or
  • L 1 is absent or Ci-C alkylene;
  • R 9 is H, F, or -CH 3 ;
  • R 11 is H, F, or -CH 3 ;
  • R 9 and R 11 are taken together to form a bridge that is -CH 2 - or -CH 2 CH 2 -;
  • R 12 is a tetrahydrofuran ring, a tetrahydropyran ring, or a C -C 6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C 6 alkyl;
  • R 13 is H or Ci-C 6 alkyl
  • R 12 andR 13 are taken together to form a C -G spirocyclic ring optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from -OH, -N(Ci-C alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, and G- C 6 alkoxy;
  • R 14a is selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, -C0 2 H, -C0 2 (Ci-C 4 alkyl), and Ci- C 6 fluoroalkyl;
  • Ci-C 6 alkyl Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-0-Ci-C 6 alkyl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl
  • R 15 is Ci-C 4 alkyl or C3-C 6 cycloalkyl; wherein Ci-C 4 alkyl or C3-C 6 cycloalkyl is
  • Ci-C 6 alkyl Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, Ci-C 6 fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy;
  • R 16 is H or Ci-C 6 alkyl
  • R 15 andR 16 are taken together to form a C 2 -C 6 heterocycloalkyl optionally
  • each R 17 is independently H or Ci-C 6 alkyl
  • n 0, 1, or 2;
  • n 0, 1, or 2;
  • p 2 or 3
  • substituents are selected from among a subset of the listed alternatives.
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein m is 0 or 1.
  • m is 0.
  • m is 1.
  • m is 2.
  • R 13 is H.
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein R 12 is a tetrahydrofuran ring, a tetrahydropyran ring, or a C4-C 6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C 6 alkyl.
  • R 12 is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 12 is .
  • R 12 is C4-C 6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C 6 alkyl.
  • R 12 is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 12 is .
  • R 12 is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 12 is .
  • R 12 is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or
  • R 12 is a compound of
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein R 12 and R 13 are taken together to form an unsubstituted G-G spirocyclic ring optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N.
  • R 12 and R 13 are taken together to form an unsubstituted G-G spirocyclic ring optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N.
  • some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a
  • spirocyclic ring having the structure: .
  • R 12 andR 13 are taken together to form an unsubstituted G-G spirocyclic ring
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein
  • R 14 is . In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a
  • R 14a is selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, -C0 2 H, and -C0 2 (Ci-C 4 alkyl).
  • R 14a is selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, -C0 2 H, and -C0 2 (Ci-C 4 alkyl).
  • R 14a is selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, -C0 2 H, and -C0 2 (Ci-C 4 alkyl).
  • R 14a is selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, -C0 2 H, and -C0 2 (Ci-C 4 alkyl).
  • Ci-C 6 alkyl Ci-C 6 alkyl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, -C0 2 H, and -C0 2 (Ci-C
  • Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 14a is C C 6 alkyl.
  • R 14a is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 14a is -Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH.
  • R 14a is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 14a is -C0 2 H.
  • R 14 is i 1 —H 1 (R 14b ) ' p .
  • R 14 is a compound of Formula (I), or a
  • each R 14b is independently selected from -OH, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy.
  • Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein each R 14c is independently selected from -OH, -N(Ci-C 4 alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, and Ci- C 6 alkoxy.
  • each R 14c is independently selected from -OH, -N(Ci-C 4 alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, and Ci- C 6 alkoxy.
  • q is 1, 2, or 3.
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein q is 1.
  • R 16 is H.
  • R 15 is Ci-C alkyl or C 3 - C 6 cycloalkyl; wherein Ci-C 4 alkyl or C3-C 6 cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C 4 alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, Ci- C 6 fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy.
  • R 15 is Ci-C 4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C 4 alkyl)2, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, Ci-C 6 fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy.
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein R 15 and R 16 are taken together to form a C2-C 6 heterocycloalkyl optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH, Ci-C 6 alkyl, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy.
  • ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl that is oxazolyl, thiazolyl, or pyrazolyl; or ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl that is pyridinyl or pyrimidinyl.
  • ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl that is oxazolyl, thiazolyl, or pyrazolyl.
  • ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl that is pyridinyl or pyrimidinyl.
  • R 8 is -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , -CH(CH 3 ) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-C 3 fluoroalkyl, Ci-C 6 heteroalkyl, or C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl.
  • R 8 is -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , -CH(CH 3 ) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-C 3 fluoroalkyl, or
  • C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 8 is -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , -CH(CH 3 ) 2 , Ci-C 3 fluoroalkyl, Ci-C 6 heteroalkyl, or C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 8 is -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , -CH(CH 3 ) 2 .
  • R 8 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy.
  • R 8 is Ci-C 3 fluoroalkyl.
  • R 8 is Ci-C 6 heteroalkyl.
  • R 8 is C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl.
  • R 1 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, -N(R 17 ) 2 , Ci-C 4 alkyl, C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, Ci-C 4 alkoxy, Ci-
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein R 1 is H, halogen, -CN, Ci-C 4 alkyl, Ci-C 4 alkoxy, Ci-C 4 fluoroalkyl, Ci-C 4 fluoroalkoxy, or Ci-C 4 heteroalkyl.
  • R 1 is H, halogen, Ci- C alkyl, Ci-C alkoxy, or Ci-C fluoroalkyl.
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein R 1 is Ci-C 4 alkyl, Ci- C 4 alkoxy, or Ci-C 4 fluoroalkyl.
  • R 1 is Ci-C alkyl or Ci-C alkoxy.
  • R 1 is Ci-C alkyl or Ci-C alkoxy.
  • R 1 is H.
  • R 1 is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 1 is halogen.
  • R 1 is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 1 is -Cl.
  • R 1 is Ci-C alkyl.
  • R 1 is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 1 is -CH 3 .
  • embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 1 is Ci-C 4 alkoxy. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 1 is -OCH 3 . In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 1 is Ci-C 4 fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 1 is -CF 3 .
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein one X 4 is CH and one X 4 is N.
  • X 3 is CR 3 .
  • X 3 is CH.
  • X 2 is CR 2 .
  • X 2 is CR 2 and R 2 is halogen, - CN, -OH, -N(R 15 ) 2 , Ci-C alkyl, C 2 -C alkenyl, C 2 -C alkynyl, Ci-C alkoxy, Ci-C fluoroalkyl, Ci-C fluoroalkoxy, Ci-C heteroalkyl, or monocyclic C 2 -C 5 heterocycloalkyl.
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein X 2 is CR 2 and R 2 is halogen, -CN, Ci-C 4 alkyl, Ci-C 4 alkoxy, Ci- C fluoroalkyl, Ci-C fluoroalkoxy, or Ci-C heteroalkyl.
  • X 2 is CR 2 and R 2 is halogen, Ci-C 4 alkyl, Ci-C 4 alkoxy, or Ci-C 4 fluoroalkyl.
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein X 2 is CR 2 and R 2 is halogen or Ci-C alkyl.
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein X 2 is CR 2 and R 2 is halogen.
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein X 2 is CR 2 and R 2 is -F.
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein X 2 is CR 2 and R 2 is Ci-C 4 alkyl.
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein X 2 is CR 2 and R 2 is -CH 3 .
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein X 2 is CR 2 and R 2 is Ci-C 4 alkoxy.
  • X 2 is CR 2 and R 2 is -OCH 3 .
  • X 2 is CR 2 and R 2 is Ci-C fluoroalkyl.
  • X 2 is CR 2 and R 2 is -CF 3 .
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein R 4 and R 5 are taken together to form a bridge that is -CH 2 CH 2 -.
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein R 4 and R 5 are taken together to form a bridge that is -CH 2 -.
  • n is 1 or 2 In some embodiments, n is 1. In some embodiments, n is 2.
  • ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl that is oxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl;
  • ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl that is pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl,
  • ring A is phenyl
  • R 1 and R 2 are taken together with the intervening atoms to form a fused 5- or 6- membered ring with 0-3 N atoms and 0-2 O or S atoms in the ring, wherein the fused 5- or 6-membered ring is optionally substituted with halogen or Ci-C 4 alkyl;
  • R 12 is a tetrahydrofuran ring, a tetrahydropyran ring, or a C 4 -C 6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C 6 alkyl;
  • R 13 is H or Ci-C 6 alkyl
  • R 12 andR 13 are taken together to form a C 5 -C 9 spirocyclic ring optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from -OH, -N(Ci-C 4 alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, and Ci- C 6 alkoxy;
  • R 14a is selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, -C0 2 H, -C0 2 (Ci-C 4 alkyl), and Ci- C 6 fluoroalkyl;
  • R 15 is Ci-C alkyl or C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl; wherein Ci-C alkyl or C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl is
  • Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci- C 4 alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, Ci-C 6 fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy;
  • R 16 is H or Ci-C 6 alkyl
  • R 15 andR 16 are taken together to form a C 2 -C 6 heterocycloalkyl optionally
  • each R 17 is independently H or Ci-C 6 alkyl
  • p 2 or 3
  • q 0, 1, 2, or 3.
  • Formula (Iaa) is a compound of Formula (lb), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof:
  • ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl that is oxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl;
  • ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl that is pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl,
  • ring A is phenyl
  • R 1 and R 2 are taken together with the intervening atoms to form a fused 5- or 6- membered ring with 0-3 N atoms and 0-2 O or S atoms in the ring, wherein the fused 5- or 6-membered ring is optionally substituted with halogen or Ci-C alkyl;
  • R 12 is a tetrahydrofuran ring, a tetrahydropyran ring, or a C4-C 6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C 6 alkyl;
  • R 13 is H or Ci-C 6 alkyl
  • R 12 andR 13 are taken together to form a C 5 -C 9 spirocyclic ring optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from -OH, -N(Ci-C 4 alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, and Ci- C 6 alkoxy;
  • R 14a is selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, -CO2H, -C0 2 (Ci-C 4 alkyl), and Ci- C 6 fluoroalkyl
  • R 15 is Ci-C 4 alkyl or C3-C 6 cycloalkyl; wherein Ci-C 4 alkyl or C3-C 6 cycloalkyl is
  • Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci- C 4 alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, Ci-C 6 fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy;
  • R 16 is H or Ci-C 6 alkyl
  • R 15 andR 16 are taken together to form a C 2 -C 6 heterocycloalkyl optionally
  • each R 17 is independently H or Ci-C 6 alkyl
  • ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl that is oxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl;
  • ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl that is pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl,
  • ring A is phenyl
  • R 1 and R 2 are taken together with the intervening atoms to form a fused 5- or 6- membered ring with 0-3 N atoms and 0-2 O or S atoms in the ring, wherein the fused 5- or 6-membered ring is optionally substituted with halogen or Ci-C 4 alkyl;
  • R 12 is a tetrahydrofuran ring, a tetrahydropyran ring, or a C 4 -C 6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C 6 alkyl;
  • R 13 is H or Ci-C 6 alkyl
  • R 12 andR 13 are taken together to form a C -Cyspirocyclic ring optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from -OH, -N(Ci-C alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, and Ci- C 6 alkoxy;
  • R 14a is selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, -CO2H, -C02(Ci-C 4 alkyl), and Ci- C 6 fluoroalkyl
  • R 15 is Ci-C 4 alkyl or C3-C 6 cycloalkyl; wherein Ci-C 4 alkyl or C3-C 6 cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci- C alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, Ci-C 6 fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy;
  • R 16 is H or Ci-C 6 alkyl
  • R 15 andR 16 are taken together to form a C2-C 6 heterocycloalkyl optionally
  • each R 17 is independently H or Ci-C 6 alkyl
  • p 2 or 3
  • q 0, 1, 2, or 3.
  • R 13 is H.
  • R 12 is a tetrahydrofuran ring, a tetrahydropyran ring, or a C -C 6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C 6 alkyl.
  • R 12 is a tetrahydropyran ring optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci- C 6 alkyl.
  • R 12 is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 12 is C 4 -C 6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C 6 alkyl.
  • R 12 is C 4 -C 6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from -OH and Ci-C 6 alkyl.
  • R 12 is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a
  • R is In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a
  • R is In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a
  • a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein R 12 andR 13 are taken together to form an unsubstituted C 5 -C 9 spirocyclic ring optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, and N.
  • R 12 and R 13 are taken together to form an unsubstituted C -Cyspirocyclic ring having
  • some embodiments is a compound of
  • R 14 is I— I R .
  • R 14 is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a
  • R 14a is selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, -C0 2 H, and -C0 2 (Ci-C 4 alkyl).
  • R 14a is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 14a is Ci-C 6 alkyl.
  • R 14a is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 14a is -C0 2 H.
  • R 14a is -C0 2 (Ci- C 4 alkyl).
  • each R 14b is independently selected from -OH, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy.
  • R 14 is In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 14 is In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein each R 14c is independently selected from -OH, -N(Ci-C 4 alkyl)2, Ci-C 6 alkyl, -Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, and Ci- C 6 alkoxy.
  • R 16 is H.
  • R 15 is Ci-C 4 alkyl or C 3 - C 6 cycloalkyl; wherein Ci-C alkyl or C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci-C 4 alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, Ci- C 6 fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy.
  • R 15 is Ci-C alkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halogen, -OH, -N(Ci- C 4 alkyl) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkyl-OH, Ci-C 6 fluoroalkyl, and Ci-C 6 alkoxy.
  • ring A is a 5- membered heteroaryl that is oxazolyl, thiazolyl, or pyrazolyl; or ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl that is pyridinyl or pyrimidinyl.
  • ring A is a 5-membered heteroaryl that is oxazolyl, thiazolyl, or pyrazolyl.
  • ring A is a 6-membered heteroaryl that is pyridinyl or pyrimidinyl.
  • ring A is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein ring A is phenyl.
  • (Icc) In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein . In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein .
  • [00168] is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 8 is -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , -CH(CH 3 ) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-C 3 fluoroalkyl, Ci-C 6 heteroalkyl, or C 3 - Cecycloalkyl.
  • R 8 is -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , -CH(CH 3 ) 2 , Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-Cifluoroalkyl, or C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl.
  • R 8 is -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , - CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , -CH(CH 3 ) 2 , Ci-Csfluoroalkyf Ci-C 6 heteroalkyl, or C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl.
  • R 8 is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a
  • R 8 is -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , - CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , -CH(CH 3 ) 2 .
  • R 8 is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 8 is - CH(CH 3 ) 2 .
  • R 8 is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 8 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy.
  • R 8 is C i-Csfluoroalkyk
  • R 8 is Ci-C 6 heteroalkyl.
  • R 8 is Ci-C 6 heteroalkyl.
  • R 8 is Ci-C 6 heteroalkyl.
  • R 8 is C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl
  • R 1 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, - N(R 17 ) 2 , Ci-C alkyl, C 2 -C alkenyl, C 2 -C alkynyl, Ci-C alkoxy, Ci-C fluoroalkyl, Ci- C 4 fluoroalkoxy, Ci-C 4 heteroalkyl, or monocyclic C 2 -C 5 heterocycloalkyl.
  • R 1 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, - N(R 17 ) 2 , Ci-C alkyl, C 2 -C alkenyl, C 2 -C alkynyl, Ci-C alkoxy, Ci-C fluoroalkyl, Ci- C 4 fluoroalkoxy, Ci-C 4 heteroalkyl, or monocyclic C 2 -C 5 heterocycloalkyl.
  • R 1 is H, halogen, -CN, -OH, - N(R 17 ) 2 , Ci-
  • R 1 is H, halogen, -CN, Ci- C alkyl, Ci-C alkoxy, Ci-C fluoroalkyl, Ci-C fluoroalkoxy, or Ci-C heteroalkyl.
  • R 1 is H, halogen, -CN, Ci- C alkyl, Ci-C alkoxy, Ci-C fluoroalkyl, Ci-C fluoroalkoxy, or Ci-C heteroalkyl.
  • R 1 is H, halogen, -CN, Ci- C alkyl, Ci-C alkoxy, Ci-C fluoroalkyl, Ci-C fluoroalkoxy, or Ci-C heteroalkyl.
  • R 1 is H, halogen, -CN, Ci- C alkyl, Ci-C alkoxy, Ci-C fluoroalkyl, Ci-C fluoroalkoxy, or Ci-C heteroalkyl.
  • R 1 is H, halogen, -CN, Ci- C alkyl, Ci-
  • R 1 is H, halogen, Ci-C alkyl, Ci- C 4 alkoxy, or Ci-C4fluoroalkyl.
  • R 1 is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 1 is Ci-C 4 alkyl, Ci-C 4 alkoxy, or Ci-C 4 fluoroalkyl.
  • R 1 is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 1 is H.
  • R 1 is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a
  • R 1 is -Cl.
  • R 1 is Ci-C 4 alkyl.
  • R 1 is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 1 is -CH 3 .
  • R 2 is halogen, -CN, -OH, - N(R 15 ) 2 , Ci-C 4 alkyl, C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, Ci-C 4 alkoxy, Ci-C 4 fluoroalkyl, Ci- C 4 fluoroalkoxy, Ci-C 4 heteroalkyl, or monocyclic C 2 -C 5 heterocycloalkyl.
  • R 2 is halogen, -CN, Ci-C 4 alkyl, Ci-C 4 alkoxy, Ci-C 4 fluoroalkyl, Ci-C 4 fluoroalkoxy, or Ci-C 4 heteroalkyl.
  • embodiments is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a
  • R 2 is halogen, Ci-C alkyl, Ci- C 4 alkoxy, or Ci-C 4 fluoroalkyl.
  • R 2 is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 2 is halogen or Ci-C alkyl.
  • R 2 is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 2 is halogen.
  • R 2 is -F.
  • R 2 is -Cl.
  • R 2 is Ci-C 4 alkyl.
  • R 2 is Ci-C 4 alkyl.
  • R 2 is a compound of Formula (la), (Iaa), (lb), (Ibb), (Ic), or (Icc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 2 is -CH 3.
  • compounds described herein include, but are not limited to, those described in Table 1.
  • compounds described herein are in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
  • active metabolites of these compounds having the same type of activity are included in the scope of the present disclosure.
  • the compounds described herein can exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like. The solvated forms of the
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable,” as used herein, refers a material, such as a carrier or diluent, which does not abrogate the biological activity or properties of the compound, and is relatively nontoxic, i.e., the material is administered to an individual without causing undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the components of the composition in which it is contained.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to a form of a therapeutically active agent that consists of a cationic form of the therapeutically active agent in combination with a suitable anion, or in alternative embodiments, an anionic form of the therapeutically active agent in combination with a suitable cation.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts are obtained by reacting a compound described herein with an acid to provide a "pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt.”
  • the compound described herein i.e. free base form
  • the compound described herein is basic and is reacted with an organic acid or an inorganic acid.
  • Inorganic acids include, but are not limited to, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, and metaphosphoric acid.
  • Organic acids include, but are not limited to, 1 -hydroxy -2- naphthoic acid; 2,2-dichloroacetic acid; 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid; 2-oxoglutaric acid; 4- acetamidobenzoic acid; 4-aminosalicylic acid; acetic acid; adipic acid; ascorbic acid (L); aspartic acid (L); benzenesulfonic acid; benzoic acid; camphoric acid (+); camphor- 10 sulfonic acid (+); capric acid (decanoic acid); caproic acid (hexanoic acid); caprylic acid (octanoic acid); carbonic acid; cinnamic acid; citric acid; cyclamic acid; dodecylsulfuric acid; ethane- l,2-disulfonic acid; ethanesulfonic acid; formic acid; fumaric acid; galactaric acid; gentisic acid; glucoheptonic acid
  • naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid nicotinic acid; oleic acid; oxalic acid; palmitic acid; pamoic acid; phosphoric acid; proprionic acid; pyroglutamic acid (- L); salicylic acid; sebacic acid; stearic acid; succinic acid; sulfuric acid; tartaric acid (+ L); thiocyanic acid; toluenesulfonic acid (p) and undecylenic acid.
  • a compound described herein is prepared as a chloride salt, sulfate salt, bromide salt, mesylate salt, maleate salt, citrate salt or phosphate salt.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts are obtained by reacting a compound described herein with a base to provide a "pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salt.”
  • the compound described herein is acidic and is reacted with a base.
  • an acidic proton of the compound described herein is replaced by a metal ion, e.g ., lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, or an aluminum ion.
  • compounds described herein coordinate with an organic base, such as, but not limited to, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, tromethamine, meglumine, N- methylglucamine, dicyclohexylamine, tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine.
  • compounds described herein form salts with amino acids such as, but not limited to, arginine, lysine, and the like.
  • Acceptable inorganic bases used to form salts with compounds that include an acidic proton include, but are not limited to, aluminum hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, and the like.
  • the compounds provided herein are prepared as a sodium salt, calcium salt, potassium salt, magnesium salt, meglumine salt, N- methylglucamine salt or ammonium salt.
  • solvates contain either stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amounts of a solvent, and are formed during the process of isolating or purifying the compound with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like. Hydrates are formed when the solvent is water, or alcoholates are formed when the solvent is alcohol. Solvates of compounds described herein are conveniently prepared or formed during the processes described herein. In addition, the compounds provided herein optionally exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms.
  • N- oxides if appropriate
  • crystalline forms also known as polymorphs
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds described herein as well as active metabolites of these compounds having the same type of activity.
  • sites on the organic groups (e.g ., alkyl groups, aromatic rings) of compounds described herein are susceptible to various metabolic reactions.
  • the appropriate substituent to decrease or eliminate the susceptibility of the aromatic ring to metabolic reactions is, by way of example only, a halogen, deuterium, an alkyl group, a haloalkyl group, or a deuteroalkyl group.
  • the compounds described herein are labeled isotopically (e.g., with a radioisotope) or by another other means, including, but not limited to, the use of chromophores or fluorescent moieties, bioluminescent labels, or chemiluminescent labels.
  • Compounds described herein include isotopically-labeled compounds, which are identical to those recited in the various formulae and structures presented herein, but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature.
  • isotopes that can be incorporated into the present compounds include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine and chlorine, such as, for example, 2 H, 3 H, 13 C, 14 C, 15 N, 18 0, 17 0, 35 S, 18 F, 36 Cl.
  • isotopically-labeled compounds described herein for example those into which radioactive isotopes such as 3 H and 14 C are incorporated, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution assays.
  • substitution with isotopes such as deuterium affords certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, such as, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements.
  • one or more hydrogen atoms of the compounds described herein is replaced with deuterium.
  • the compounds described herein possess one or more stereocenters and each stereocenter exists independently in either the R or S configuration.
  • the compounds presented herein include all diastereomeric, enantiomeric, atropisomers, and epimeric forms as well as the appropriate mixtures thereof.
  • the compounds and methods provided herein include all cis, trans, syn, anti,
  • E
  • Z
  • isomers as well as the appropriate mixtures thereof.
  • compounds described herein are prepared as their individual stereoisomers by reacting a racemic mixture of the compound with an optically active resolving agent to form a pair of diastereoisomeric compounds/salts, separating the diastereomers and recovering the optically pure enantiomers.
  • resolution of enantiomers is carried out using covalent diastereomeric derivatives of the compounds described herein.
  • diastereomers are separated by separation/resolution techniques based upon differences in solubility.
  • separation of steroisomers is performed by chromatography or by the forming diastereomeric salts and separation by recrystallization, or chromatography, or any combination thereof.
  • stereoisomers are obtained by stereoselective synthesis.
  • compounds described herein are prepared as prodrugs.
  • a “prodrug” refers to an agent that is converted into the parent drug in vivo. Prodrugs are often useful because, in some situations, they are easier to administer than the parent drug. They are, for instance, bioavailable by oral administration whereas the parent is not.
  • the prodrug may be a substrate for a transporter. Further or alternatively, the prodrug also has improved solubility in pharmaceutical compositions over the parent drug. In some embodiments, the design of a prodrug increases the effective water solubility.
  • An example, without limitation, of a prodrug is a compound described herein, which is administered as an ester (the “prodrug”) but then is metabolically hydrolyzed to provide the active entity.
  • a further example of a prodrug is a short peptide (polyaminoacid) bonded to an acid group where the peptide is metabolized to reveal the active moiety.
  • a prodrug upon in vivo administration, is chemically converted to the biologically, pharmaceutically or therapeutically active form of the compound.
  • a prodrug is enzymatically metabolized by one or more steps or processes to the biologically,
  • Prodrugs of the compounds described herein include, but are not limited to, esters, ethers, carbonates, thiocarbonates, N-acyl derivatives, N-acyloxy alkyl derivatives, quaternary derivatives of tertiary amines, N-Mannich bases, Schiff bases, amino acid conjugates, phosphate esters, and sulfonate esters. See for example Design of Prodrugs, Bundgaard, A. Ed., Elseview, 1985 and Method in Enzymology, Widder, K. et al., Ed.; Academic, 1985, vol. 42, p.
  • a hydroxyl group in the compounds disclosed herein is used to form a prodrug, wherein the hydroxyl group is incorporated into an acyloxyalkyl ester, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl ester, alkyl ester, aryl ester, phosphate ester, sugar ester, ether, and the like.
  • a hydroxyl group in the compounds disclosed herein is a prodrug wherein the hydroxyl is then metabolized in vivo to provide a carboxylic acid group.
  • a carboxyl group is used to provide an ester or amide (i.e. the prodrug), which is then metabolized in vivo to provide a carboxylic acid group.
  • compounds described herein are prepared as alkyl ester prodrugs.
  • Prodrug forms of the herein described compounds, wherein the prodrug is metabolized in vivo to produce a compound described herein as set forth herein are included within the scope of the claims.
  • some of the herein-described compounds is a prodrug for another derivative or active compound.
  • a prodrug of the compound disclosed herein permits targeted delivery of the compound to a particular region of the gastrointestinal tract. Formation of a pharmacologically active metabolite by the colonic metabolism of drugs is a commonly used“prodrug” approach for the colon-specific drug delivery systems.
  • a prodrug is formed by the formation of a covalent linkage between drug and a carrier in such a manner that upon oral administration the moiety remains intact in the stomach and small intestine.
  • This approach involves the formation of a prodrug, which is a pharmacologically inactive derivative of a parent drug molecule that requires spontaneous or enzymatic transformation in the biological environment to release the active drug.
  • Formation of prodrugs has improved delivery properties over the parent drug molecule.
  • the problem of stability of certain drugs from the adverse environment of the upper gastrointestinal tract can be eliminated by prodrug formation, which is converted into the parent drug molecule once it reaches the colon.
  • Site specific drug delivery through site specific prodrug activation may be accomplished by the utilization of some specific property at the target site, such as altered pH or high activity of certain enzymes relative to the non target tissues for the prodrug-drug conversion.
  • covalent linkage of the drug with a carrier forms a conjugate.
  • conjugates include, but are not limited to, azo bond conjugates, glycoside conjugates, glucuronide conjugates, cyclodextrin conjugates, dextran conjugates or amino-acid conjugates.
  • the compounds described herein are metabolized upon administration to an organism in need to produce a metabolite that is then used to produce a desired effect, including a desired therapeutic effect.
  • A“metabolite” of a compound disclosed herein is a derivative of that compound that is formed when the compound is metabolized.
  • the term“active metabolite” refers to a biologically active derivative of a compound that is formed when the compound is metabolized.
  • the term“metabolized,” as used herein, refers to the sum of the processes (including, but not limited to, hydrolysis reactions and reactions catalyzed by enzymes) by which a particular substance is changed by an organism. Thus, enzymes may produce specific structural alterations to a compound.
  • cytochrome P450 catalyzes a variety of oxidative and reductive reactions while uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferases catalyze the transfer of an activated glucuronic-acid molecule to aromatic alcohols, aliphatic alcohols, carboxylic acids, amines and free sulphydryl groups.
  • Metabolites of the compounds disclosed herein are optionally identified either by administration of compounds to a host and analysis of tissue samples from the host, or by incubation of compounds with hepatic cells in vitro and analysis of the resulting compounds.
  • the compounds described herein are rapidly metabolized following absorption from the gastro-intestinal tract to metabolites that have greatly reduced FXR agonist activity.
  • the compounds are rapidly metabolized in plasma.
  • the compounds are rapidly metabolized by the intestines.
  • the compounds are rapidly metabolized by the liver.
  • Suitable reference books and treatise that detail the synthesis of reactants useful in the preparation of compounds described herein, or provide references to articles that describe the preparation include for example, “Synthetic Organic Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York; S. R. Sandler et al., “Organic Functional Group Preparations,” 2nd Ed., Academic Press, New York, 1983; H. O. House, “Modem Synthetic Reactions", 2nd Ed., W. A. Benjamin, Inc. Menlo Park, Calif. 1972; T. L. Gilchrist, "Heterocyclic Chemistry", 2nd Ed., John Wiley &
  • X 1 , X 5 , X 6 , X 7 , and R 8 are as described herein.
  • X is a halide.
  • X is iodide or bromide.
  • X is iodide.
  • X is bromide.
  • X is N.
  • R is an alkyl group.
  • R is hydrogen.
  • R is independently an alkyl group or hydrogen.
  • the alkyl groups bonded to the same boron atom, through the respective oxygen atoms on the same boron atom are an alkylene group bridging the two oxygen atoms on the same boron atom.
  • the boron atom, the two oxygen atoms on the same boron atom, and the carbon atoms of the alkylene group that bridge the two oxygen atoms form a five- or six-member ring.
  • the bridging alkylene group is -C(CH3) 2 C(CH 3 ) 2- and is part of a five-member ring.
  • pyrazole 1-1 is reacted under suitable S v f l conditions to provide heteroaryl halide 1-2.
  • suitable S v f l conditions include reacting 1-1 with tBuOH and an appropriate acid at the appropriate temperature for the appropriate time.
  • the appropriate acid is a strong acid.
  • the strong acid is sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, or hydrobromic acid.
  • the strong acid is sulfuric acid.
  • the strong acid is concentrated sulfuric acid.
  • the appropriate time is from about 1 hour to about 12-18 hours, where the range of time from about 12-18 hours is referred to, interchangeably herein, as “overnight”.
  • the appropriate temperature is from about 60 °C to about 110 °C. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is about 80 °C to about 90 °C.
  • suitable S N 2 conditions include reacting 1-1 with an alkyl halide and an appropriate base in an appropriate solvent at the appropriate temperature for the appropriate time.
  • the alkyl halide is 2-iodopropane.
  • the appropriate base is a hydride base. In some embodiments, the hydride base is sodium hydride.
  • the appropriate solvent is a polar aprotic solvent. In some
  • the polar aprotic solvent is DMF.
  • the appropriate time is from about 1 hour to about overnight.
  • the appropriate temperature is from about 0 °C to about room temperature.
  • boron reagent 1-3 is reacted with a heteroaryl halide 1-2 under suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions to provide 1-4.
  • the boron reagent is an aryl boronic acid.
  • the boron reagent is an aryl boronic ester.
  • the boron reagent is a substituted pyridineboronic acid.
  • the heteroaryl halide is a pyrazolyl bromide.
  • the heteroaryl halide is a 3-bromo pyrazole.
  • the heteroaryl halide is a 4-bromo pyrazole.
  • suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions include palladium.
  • suitable metal- catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions include palladium, an appropriate base, and an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature.
  • the palladium is delivered in the form of Pd(dppf)Cl 2.
  • the appropriate base is an inorganic base.
  • the inorganic base is a carbonate, a phosphate, an oxide, or a hydroxide.
  • the inorganic base is an alkali metal inorganic base.
  • the alkali metal is sodium, potassium, cesium, or combinations thereof.
  • the inorganic base is Na 2 C0 3 , K 2 C0 3 , Cs 2 C0 3 , or combinations thereof In some embodiments, the combination is a combination of Na 2 C03 and K2CO3. In some embodiments, the inorganic base is K2CO3.
  • the inorganic base is CS2CO3.
  • the appropriate solvent is an aqueous solvent.
  • the appropriate solvent is a mixture of water and an organic solvent.
  • the organic solvent in the mixture is a Ci-4-alcohol, THF, 2-methyl THF, DMF, dioxane, or a combination thereof.
  • the organic solvent in the mixture is dioxane.
  • the appropriate time is from about 1 hour to about 12-18 hours.
  • the appropriate temperature is from about 50 °C to about 115 °C. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is about 80 °C. In some embodiments, the reaction is performed in a microwave.
  • the appropriate time is from about 10 minutes to about 30 minutes. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is about 120 °C to about 150 °C. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is from about 130 °C to about 170 °C. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is about 150 °C to about 160 °C.
  • aryl halide 1-5 is reacted with boron reagent 1-6 under suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions to provide 1-4.
  • the aryl halide is an aryl bromide.
  • the aryl halide is a substituted pyridyl halide, pyrimidine halide, pyrazine halide, or triazine halide.
  • the aryl halide is a substituted pyridyl halide, pyrimidine halide, or pyrazine halide.
  • the aryl halide is a substituted pyridyl bromide, pyrimidine bromide, or pyrazine bromide. In some embodiments, the aryl halide is a substituted pyridyl bromide. In some embodiments, the aryl halide is a substituted 4-bromo pyridine. In some embodiments, the boron reagent is a heteroaryl boronic acid. In some embodiments, the boron reagent is a heteroaryl boronic ester. In some embodiments, the boron reagent is a heteroaryl pinacolyl boronic ester.
  • the heteroaryl boron reagent is a pyrazolyl boron reagent.
  • suitable metal -catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions include palladium.
  • suitable metal-catalyzed cross- coupling reaction conditions include palladium, an appropriate base, and an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature.
  • the palladium is delivered in the form of Pd(dppf)Cl 2.
  • the appropriate base is an inorganic base.
  • the inorganic base is a carbonate, a phosphate, an oxide, or a hydroxide.
  • the inorganic base is an alkali metal inorganic base.
  • the alkali metal is sodium, potassium, cesium, or combinations thereof.
  • the inorganic base is Na 2 C0 3 , K 2 C0 3 , Cs 2 C0 3 , or combinations thereof In some embodiments, the combination is a combination of Na 2 C0 3 and K 2 C0 3. In some embodiments, the inorganic base is K 2 C0 3. In some embodiments, the inorganic base is Cs 2 C0 3.
  • the appropriate solvent is an aqueous solvent. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is a mixture of water and an organic solvent.
  • the organic solvent in the mixture is a Ci -4 - alcohol, THF, 2-Me THF, DMF, dioxane, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the organic solvent in the mixture is dioxane. In some embodiments, the organic solvent in the mixture is 2-MeTHF.
  • the appropriate time and appropriate temperature are from about 2 hours to overnight and about 90 °C. In some embodiments, the reaction is performed in a microwave. In some embodiments, the appropriate time is from about 10 minutes to about 30 minutes. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is from about 130 °C to about 170 °C. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is about 150 °C to about 160 °C. In some embodiments, intermediates used in the preparation of compounds described herein are prepared as outlined in Scheme 2.
  • substituent R 8 is as described herein.
  • X is iodide, bromide, chloride, or trifluoromethanesulfonate (triflate, -OTf, CF 3 S0 3 -).
  • X is bromide or chloride.
  • X is chloride.
  • aryl fluoride II-A is reacted with tert- butyl carbamate under suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions to provide II- 1.
  • the aryl fluoride is a haloaryl fluoride.
  • the haloaryl fluoride is a halopyridyl fluoride.
  • the halopyridyl fluoride is a chloropyridyl fluoride.
  • suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions include palladium.
  • suitable metal-catalyzed cross- coupling reaction conditions include palladium, an appropriate ligand, an appropriate base, and an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature.
  • the palladium is delivered in the form of palladium acetate.
  • the palladium is delivered in the form of Pd 2 (dba)3.
  • the ligand is a tertiary phosphine.
  • the tertiary phosphine is
  • the appropriate base is an inorganic base.
  • the inorganic base is an alkali metal hydroxide.
  • the alkali metal hydroxide is NaOH, KOH, or mixtures thereof
  • the alkali metal hydroxide is NaOH.
  • the appropriate solvent is an aqueous solvent.
  • the appropriate solvent is a mixture of water and an organic solvent.
  • the organic solvent in the mixture is a Ci -4 -alcohol, THF, DMF, dioxane, or a combination thereof.
  • the organic solvent in the mixture is dioxane.
  • the appropriate time and appropriate temperature are overnight and about 100 °C.
  • aryl fluoride II-l is reacted with heteroaryl II-2 under suitable 8 N AG reaction conditions followed by suitable hydrolysis reaction conditions to provide II-3.
  • the suitable S N Ar reaction conditions are sufficient to provide an intermediate /er -butyloxycarbonyl -protected aniline that provides II-3 after deprotection under suitable hydrolysis reaction conditions.
  • suitable S N Ar reaction conditions include an appropriate base and an appropriate solvent, for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the appropriate base is an inorganic base.
  • the inorganic base is a carbonate base.
  • the carbonate base is an alkali metal carbonate.
  • the alkali metal carbonate is K 2 C0 3.
  • the appropriate solvent is DMSO, NMP, toluene, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is a mixture of water and DMSO, NMP, toluene, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is NMP. In some embodiments, the appropriate time and appropriate temperature are overnight and about 100 °C. In some embodiments, the suitable hydrolysis reaction conditions are sufficient to deprotect the intermediate /er /-butyl oxy carbonyl - protected aniline and provide II-3. In some embodiments, the suitable hydrolysis conditions include an appropriate acid and an appropriate solvent, for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the appropriate acid is aqueous HC1.
  • the appropriate solvent is methanol.
  • the appropriate time and appropriate temperature are about 3 hours and 35 °C. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is room tempreature.
  • X 1 and R 8 are as described herein.
  • R is an alkyl group.
  • R is hydrogen.
  • R is
  • the alkyl groups bonded to the same boron atom, through the respective oxygen atoms on the same boron atom are an alkylene group bridging the two oxygen atoms on the same boron atom.
  • the boron atom, the two oxygen atoms on the same boron atom, and the carbon atoms of the alkylene group that bridge the two oxygen atoms form a five- or six-member ring.
  • the bridging alkylene group is -C(CH3) 2 C(CH 3 )2- and is part of a five-member ring.
  • thioamide III-l is reacted with bromoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal (2 -bromo-l,l-dimethoxy ethane) under suitable condensation reaction conditions followed by suitable bromination reaction conditions to provide 2-substituted bromothiazole III-2.
  • the suitable condensation reaction conditions are sufficient to provide an intermediate 2-substituted thiazole that provides 2-substituted bromothiazole III-2 after bromination under suitable bromination reaction conditions.
  • suitable condensation reaction conditions include an appropriate acid catalyst and an appropriate solvent, for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the appropriate acid is /3 ⁇ 4/ra-tol uenesulfoni c acid.
  • the appropriate solvent is acetic acid.
  • the appropriate time and appropriate temperature are overnight and about 120 °C.
  • the suitable bromination reaction conditions are sufficient to brominate the intermediate 2-substituted thiazole and provide III-2.
  • the suitable bromination conditions include an appropriate brominating agent and an appropriate solvent, for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the appropriate brominating agent is NBS.
  • the appropriate solvent is DMF.
  • the appropriate time and appropriate temperature are about 1 hour and room temperature.
  • boron reagent 1-1 is reacted with a 2-substituted bromothiazole III-2 under suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions to provide III-3.
  • the boron reagent 1-1 is as described for Scheme 1.
  • the 2-substituted bromothiazole is a 5-bromo-2-substituted thiazole.
  • suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions include palladium.
  • suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions include palladium, an appropriate base, and an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature.
  • the palladium is delivered in the form of Pd(dppf)Cl 2.
  • the appropriate base is an inorganic base.
  • the inorganic base is carbonate, a phosphate, an oxide, or a hydroxide.
  • the inorganic base is an alkali metal inorganic base.
  • the alkali metal is sodium, potassium, cesium, or combinations thereof.
  • the inorganic base is Na 2 C0 3 , K 2 C0 3 , Cs 2 C0 3 , or combinations thereof.
  • the combination is a combination of Na 2 C0 3 and K 2 C0 3.
  • the inorganic base is K 2 C0 3.
  • the inorganic base is Cs 2 C0 3.
  • the appropriate solvent is an aqueous solvent. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is a mixture of water and an organic solvent. In some embodiments, the organic solvent in the mixture is a Ci -4 -alcohol, THF, DMF, dioxane, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the organic solvent in the mixture is dioxane. In some embodiments, the appropriate time and appropriate temperature are overnight and about 80 °C.
  • R 8 is as described herein.
  • X is a halide.
  • the halide is bromide or chloride.
  • the halide is bromide.
  • the halide is chloride.
  • a-bromoketone IV-2 is obtained by subjecting ketone IV-1 to suitable bromination conditions.
  • suitable bromination conditions include bromine, HBr, and acetic acid for a suitable time at a suitable temperature.
  • the suitable time is overnight.
  • the suitable temperature is about room temperature.
  • a-haloketone IV-2 is prepared from acid IV-5.
  • IV-5 is treated with (COCl) 2 and DMF in a suitable solvent for a suitable time at a suitable temperature to provide an intermediate acid chloride.
  • the suitable solvent is DCM.
  • the suitable time is about 2.5 hours.
  • the suitable temperature is from about 0 °C to about room temperature.
  • the intermediate acid chloride is treated with
  • the trimethylsilyldiazomethane in a suitable solvent for a suitable time at a suitable temperature to provide a-diazocarbonyl IV-6.
  • the suitable solvent is THF/ACN.
  • the suitable time is about 1 hour. In some embodiments, the suitable temperature is from about 0 °C to about room temperature.
  • a-diazocarbonyl IV-6 when X is bromo, a-diazocarbonyl IV-6 is treated with HBr/H 2 0 in a suitable solvent for a suitable time at a suitable temperature to provide a- bromoketone IV-2.
  • the suitable solvent is THF/ACN.
  • the suitable time is about 30 minutes.
  • the suitable temperature is from about 0 °C to about room temperature.
  • the suitable solvent is THF/ACN.
  • the suitable time is about 30 minutes.
  • the suitable temperature is from about 0 °C to about room temperature.
  • a-haloketone IV-2 is treated with amide IV-3 and an appropriate silver salt, in an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature to provide IV-4.
  • the silver salt is AgOTf, AgBF 4 , AgCl0 4 , or AgSbF 6.
  • the silver salt is AgSbF 6.
  • the silver salt is AgOTf.
  • the solvent is EtOAc, dioxane, or DCE.
  • the time is overnight.
  • the temperature is from about 50 °C to about 100 °C. In some embodiments, the temperature is about 70 °C or about 100 °C.
  • IV-4 is subjected to suitable palladium-catalyzed cross coupling reaction conditions in the presence of a suitable ammonia source to provide IV-7.
  • the suitable ammonia source is LiHMDS.
  • suitable palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions include tris- (dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(O), an appropriate ligand, and an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the appropriate ligand is 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2',4',6'-triisopropylbiphenyl.
  • the appropriate solvent is dioxane or THF.
  • the appropriate time and appropriate temperature are from about 2 hours to overnight and about 100 °C. In some embodiments, the appropriate time and appropriate temperature are overnight and about 60 °C.
  • X 1 and R 8 are as described herein.
  • X is a halide.
  • the halide is bromide or chloride.
  • the halide is bromide.
  • pyridine carboxylic acid V-l is converted to methyl ketone V-2.
  • V-l is converted to V-2 using a sequence of reactions referred to alternatively as the Weinreb ketone synthesis.
  • V-l is reacted under a series of suitable reaction conditions to provide V-2.
  • the series includes suitable carboxylic acid activation reaction conditions, suitable Weinreb amide-forming reaction conditions, and suitable alkylation reaction conditions, applied in that sequence.
  • the carboxylic acid activation reaction conditions include an appropriate carboxylic acid activating agent and a solvent, for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature.
  • the carboxylic acid activating agent is carbonyldiimidazole.
  • the solvent is DCE or DCM.
  • the time and temperature are from 15 minutes to 60 minutes and room temperature.
  • the Weinreb amide-forming reaction conditions include an acid salt of
  • the acid salt of N, (9-di m ethyl hy rox yl am i ne is the hydrochloride salt.
  • the solvent is the same as included in the carboxylic acid activation reaction conditions.
  • the time and temperature are overnight and room temperature.
  • the alkylation reaction conditions include an appropriate alkyl organometallic reagent and a solvent, for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature.
  • the alkyl organometallic reagent is
  • the alkyl organometallic reagent is CH 3 MgBr.
  • the solvent is THF, Et 2 0, or combinations thereof.
  • the solvent is THF.
  • the time and temperature are overnight and from 0 °C to room temperature.
  • an initial temperature is maintained for a first time, after which the temperature is allowed to warm to a second temperature for second time.
  • the initial temperature is about 0 °C
  • the first time is from 15 minutes to 60 minutes
  • the second temperature is room temperature
  • the second time is overnight.
  • methyl ketone V-2 is reacted with a substituted nitrile, where the substitution is by R 8 , under suitable condensation and cyclization reaction conditions followed by suitable amination reaction conditions to provide oxazole-substituted aniline V-3.
  • the suitable condensation and cyclization reaction conditions are sufficient to provide an intermediate oxazole-substituted halopyridine that provides V-3 after amination under suitable amination reaction conditions.
  • the intermediate oxazole-substituted halopyridine is an oxazole-substituted bromopyridine.
  • the condensation and cyclization reaction conditions include an appropriate acid, an appropriate oxidant, and an appropriate solvent, for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • two or more components of the condensation and cyclization reaction conditions are combined and maintained for a first time at a first
  • the acid is triflic acid.
  • the oxidant is 2-iodoxybenzoic acid.
  • the solvent is DCE or DCM.
  • the acid, the oxidant, and the solvent are combined and maintained for the first time at the first temperature.
  • the methyl ketone V-2 is added and maintained for the second time at the second temperature.
  • the substituted nitrile is added and maintained for the third time at the third temperature.
  • triflic acid, 2-iodoxybenzoic acid, and DCE are combined and maintained for the first time at the first temperature, V-2 is added and maintained for the second time at the second temperature, and the substituted nitrile is added and maintained for the third time at the third temperature.
  • the first time and first temperature are about 2 hours and room temperature
  • the second time and second temperature are about 2 hours and room temperature
  • the third time and third temperature are overnight and about 80 °C.
  • the suitable amination reaction conditions are sufficient to aminate the intermediate oxazole-substituted halopyridine and provide V-3.
  • the intermediate oxazole-substituted halopyridine is subjected to suitable palladium-catalyzed cross coupling reaction conditions in the presence of a suitable ammonia source to provide V-3.
  • the suitable ammonia source is LiHMDS.
  • suitable palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions include tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0), an appropriate ligand, and an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the appropriate ligand is 2-dicyclohexylphosphino- 2',4',6'-triisopropylbiphenyl.
  • the appropriate solvent is dioxane or THE
  • the appropriate time and appropriate temperature are from about 2 hours to overnight and about 100 °C. In some embodiments, the appropriate time and appropriate temperature are overnight and about 60 °C.
  • methyl ketone V-2 is reacted with an a-amino acid, where the a-substitution is by R 8 , under suitable condensation and cyclization reaction conditions followed by suitable amination reaction conditions to provide oxazole-substituted aniline V-3.
  • suitable condensation and cyclization reaction conditions are sufficient to provide an intermediate oxazole-substituted halopyridine that provides V-3 after amination under suitable amination reaction conditions.
  • the intermediate oxazole- substituted halopyridine is an oxazole-substituted bromopyridine.
  • the condensation and cyclization reaction conditions include an appropriate acid, an appropriate supplemental oxidant, and an appropriate solvent, for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the acid is / oluenesulfonic acid, pivalic acid,
  • the acid is 4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid, or acetic acid.
  • the acid is
  • the acid is acetic acid.
  • the supplemental oxidant is iodine.
  • the solvent is DMSO.
  • the time and temperature are overnight and about 100 °C.
  • the suitable amination reaction conditions are the same as described in the preceding paragraph.
  • X 2 and R 1 are as described herein.
  • X is a halide.
  • the halide is chloride, bromide or iodide.
  • the halide is bromide.
  • R is -C0 2 R’ or -CN.
  • R’ is -Ci -6 alkyl.
  • R’ is -CH 3 , -C(CH 3 ) 3 , or-CH 2 CH 3.
  • R’ is -CH 2 CH 3.
  • halide VI-1 is cooled to a suitable temperature, reacted under suitable metal-halogen exchange conditions with an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature, and then later reacted with an appropriate ketone VI- 2 for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature to provide a tertiary alcohol.
  • suitable metal-halogen exchange conditions include an organometallic reagent.
  • the appropriate solvent is THF.
  • the organometallic reagent is an alkyllithium.
  • the alkyllithium is n- butyllithium.
  • VI-1 is cooled to about -78 °C before addition of the organometallic reagent.
  • VI-1 is reacted for about one hour at about - 78 °C before addition of ketone VI-2. In some embodiments, VI-1 is reacted for about 2 hours after the addition of ketone VI-2. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature for reacting VI-1 and ketone VI-2 is about -78 °C. In some embodiments, the tertiary alcohol is reacted under appropriate allylation conditions which include use of an allylating reagent and a Lewis acid, in an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature to form VI-3. In some embodiments, the appropriate allylating reagent is allyltrimethylsilane. In some embodiments, the appropriate Lewis acid is BF 3 -OEt 2. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is DCM. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature for the appropriate time is about -78 °C for about 1 hour. In some embodiments, the reaction is further warmed to about room temperature for overnight. In some
  • the appropriate temperature for the appropriate time is about 0 °C for overnight.
  • halide VI-1 is cooled to a suitable temperature, reacted under suitable metal-halogen exchange conditions with an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature, and then later reacted with an appropriate ketone VI- 4 for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature to provide a tertiary alcohol.
  • suitable metal-halogen exchange conditions include an organometallic reagent.
  • the appropriate solvent is THF.
  • the organometallic reagent is an alkyllithium.
  • the alkyllithium is n- butyllithium.
  • VI-1 is cooled to about -60 °C before addition of the organometallic reagent.
  • VI-4 is added slowly for about 45 minutes at about -60 °C. In some embodiments, VI-1 is reacted for about 1 hour at -60 °C after complete addition of ketone VI-4. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature for reacting VI-1 and ketone VI-4 is about -60 °C. In some embodiments, the tertiary alcohol is reacted under appropriate allylation conditions which include use of an allylating reagent and a Lewis acid, in an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature to form VI-5. In some embodiments, the appropriate allylating reagent is allyltrimethylsilane.
  • the appropriate Lewis acid is BF 3 -OEt 2.
  • the appropriate solvent is DCM.
  • the appropriate temperature for the appropriate time is about -65 °C for about 1 hour.
  • VI-5 is reaction under l,3-dioxalane deprotection conditions for an appropriate time period, in an appropriate solvent, and at an appropriate temperature, followed by reductive cyanation of the resulting ketone-intermediate for an appropriate time period, in an appropriate solvent, and at an appropriate temperature to produce VI-6.
  • l,3-dioxalane deprotection conditions include the use an appropriate acid.
  • the appropriate acid is formic acid.
  • the appropriate solvent is a THF/water mixture.
  • the appropriate temperature for the appropriate time is from about 40 °C to about 65 °C overnight.
  • the resulting ketone is reacted under the appropriate reductive cyanation conditions for an appropriate time period, in an appropriate solvent, and at an appropriate temperature to form VI-6.
  • the appropriate reductive cyanation conditions include the use of the appropriate cyanation reagent and an appropriate base.
  • the appropriate cyanation reagent is an appropriate isocyanide.
  • the appropriate isocyanide is toluenesulfonylmethyl isocyanide (Tos-MIC).
  • the appropriate base is a strong, non-nucleophilic base.
  • the strong, non-nucleophilic base is t-BuOK.
  • the appropriate solvent is DME.
  • the ketone intermediate and the appropriate cyanation reagent is cooled to about 0 to 5 °C before addition of the appropriate base.
  • appropriate base is added slowly over about 1 hour at about 0 to 5 °C.
  • the reductive cyanation reaction takes place for about 1 hour at 25 °C after complete addition of the base.
  • the reductive cyanation reaction takes place for about 2 hours at 25 °C after complete addition of the base.
  • the appropriate temperature for the reductive cyanation reaction is about 25 °C.
  • VI-3 or VI-6 are reacted under suitable oxidative cleavage conditions for an appropriate time period, in an appropriate solvent, and at an appropriate temperature to produce VI-7.
  • oxidative cleavage conditions include the use of an osmium reagent and A-methyl morpholi ne A -oxide to form an intermediate diol.
  • the osmium reagent is Os0 4 or K 2 0s0 4 -2H 2 0.
  • the appropriate solvent is an ACN/water mixture.
  • the appropriate solvent is an acetone/water mixture.
  • the appropriate temperature for the appropriate time is from about 0 °C to about room temperature for overnight.
  • the appropriate temperature for the appropriate time is from about 0 °C to about room temperature for 2 hours. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature for the appropriate time is about room temperature for 2 hours.
  • the diol is cleaved to form VI-7 under the appropriate oxidative cleavage conditions for an appropriate time period, in an appropriate solvent, and at an appropriate temperature.
  • appropriate oxidative cleavage conditions include the use of NaI0 4 .
  • the appropriate solvent is a THF/water mixture. In some embodiments, the NaI0 4 is added to the diol intermediate over about 0.5 hours at about 0-5 °C.
  • the appropriate temperature for the appropriate time after complete addition of NaI0 4 is from about 0 °C to about room temperature for 3 hours. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature for the appropriate time after complete addition of NaI0 4 is about room temperature for 3 hours.
  • VI-7 is reduced to a primary alcohol under suitable reducing conditions, and then halogenated under suitable halogenation conditions to produce VI-8.
  • suitable reducing conditions include the use of a borohydride reagent.
  • the reducing conditions include the use of NaBFF in an appropriate solvent, at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate amount of time.
  • the appropriate solvent is THF.
  • the appropriate temperature for the appropriate time is about 0 °C for about 1 hour.
  • the reaction is warmed to about room temperature for about 3 hours.
  • the primary alcohol is reacted under suitable halogenation conditions to produce an alkyl halide.
  • suitable halogenation conditions are bromination conditions that include use of CBr 4 in an appropriate solvent at an appropriate initial temperature followed by PPh 3 in the appropriate solvent, at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate time.
  • the appropriate solvent is a halogenated solvent, such as DCM.
  • the appropriate initial temperature is about 0 °C.
  • the appropriate initial temperature is about 0 °C and PPh 3 is slowly added over about 1 hour.
  • the appropriate temperature and time after complete addition of PPh 3 is about 25 °C for about 1.5 hour.
  • an appropriate solvent for addition of PPh 3 is THF.
  • the reaction is further warmed to about room
  • VI-8 is subjected to intramolecular alkylation conditions to form VI-9.
  • intramolecular alkylation conditions include a suitable base in an appropriate solvent at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate amount of time.
  • the suitable base is lithium diisopropylamide.
  • the appropriate solvent is a HMPA and THF mixture.
  • the suitable base is slowly added over 1 hour at about -65 °C.
  • the appropriate temperature for the appropriate amount of time after complete addition of the appropriate base is
  • VI-9 is reduced to aldehyde VI-10 by suitable reduction conditions.
  • VI-9 is reduced by suitable reduction conditions followed by oxidation to aldehyde VI-10 by suitable oxidation conditions.
  • suitable reduction conditions include the use of DIBALH in an appropriate solvent at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate time.
  • the appropriate solvent is toluene.
  • DIBALH is added at appropriate temperature for the appropriate time.
  • DIBALH is slowly added over 1 hour at about -65 °C.
  • the appropriate temperature for the appropriate time after the complete addition of DIBALH is about -65 °C for about 1 hour.
  • suitable oxidation conditions are chromium-based oxidations.
  • suitable oxidation conditions include the use of PCC in an appropriate solvent at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate time.
  • silica gel is added.
  • the appropriate solvent is DCM. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is about room temperature for about 2 hours.
  • the oxidation conditions include the use of oxalyl chloride and DMSO with an amine base in an appropriate solvent at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate time.
  • the appropriate amine base is TEA.
  • the appropriate solvent is DCM.
  • the appropriate temperature for the appropriate amount of time is about -78 °C for about 1 hour.
  • aldehyde VI-10 is transformed into bisulfite adduct VI-11 under suitable conditions.
  • suitable conditions include the use of the appropriate reagent in an appropriate solvent at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate time.
  • the appropriate reagent is aqueous potassium metabisulfite.
  • the appropriate solvent is THF.
  • the appropriate temperature and time is about 45 °C for about 3.5 hours. In some embodiments, the reaction is further cooled to about room temperature for overnight.
  • bisulfite adduct VI-11 is converted back to aldehyde VI-10 by suitable conditions.
  • suitable conditions include the use of the appropriate base in an appropriate solvent at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate time.
  • the appropriate base is a carbonate salt.
  • the appropriate base is aqueous sodium carbonate.
  • the appropriate solvent is DCM.
  • the appropriate temperature and time is about 25 °C for about 1 hour.
  • both X and X are N. In some embodiments, either X or X is N and the other is CR . In some embodiments, both X 2 and X 3 are CR 2 .
  • halide VII-1 is cooled to a suitable temperature and reacted under suitable metal-halogen exchange conditions with an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature to provide an aryl or heteroaryl magnesium bromide salt VII-2.
  • suitable metal-halogen exchange conditions include a metal reagent.
  • the appropriate solvent is THF.
  • the metal reagent is magnesium.
  • suitable metal- halogen exchange conditions include a salt.
  • a suitable salt includes lithium chloride.
  • suitable metal-halogen exchange conditions include a magnesium activating reagent.
  • a suitable magnesium activating reagent includes DIBAL-H.
  • the suitable metal, the suitable salt, and the suitable solvent are combined at 10 °C or room temperature.
  • magnesium, lithium chloride, and THF are combined at 10 °C.
  • magnesium, lithium chloride, and THF are combined at room temperature.
  • DIBAL-H is added to the mixture of the suitable metal, the suitable salt, and the suitable solvent at 10 °C or room temperature, and the reaction is stirred for about 15 minutes.
  • the temperature is reduced or maintained.
  • the temperature is reduced to 0 °C.
  • a solution of VII-1 in THF is added to the reaction.
  • VII-1 is reacted for about 1 hour to two hours after the addition of VII-1.
  • VII-1 is reacted for about 1 hour at about 10 °C.
  • the appropriate temperature for reacting VII-1 is about 25 °C.
  • aryl or heteroaryl magnesium bromide salt VII-2 is reacted under suitable zinc displacement conditions with an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature to provide a zinc aryl or heteroaryl dimer VII-3.
  • suitable zinc displacement conditions include a zinc halide salt.
  • suitable zinc displacement conditions include a zinc chloride.
  • the appropriate solvent is THF.
  • VII-2 is reacted for about 1 hour after the addition of the zinc halide salt.
  • VII-2 is reacted for about 1 hour at about 25 °C after the addition of the zinc halide salt.
  • the appropriate temperature for reacting VII-2 is about 25 °C.
  • l,4-endoethylenecyclohexyl carboxylic acid is reacted with /V-hydroxyphthalimide under suitable coupling reaction conditions to provide VII-4.
  • suitable coupling reaction conditions include an appropriate coupling agent, an appropriate base, and an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature.
  • the coupling agent is N,N-d ⁇ i sopropyl carbodi i i de.
  • the base is DMAP.
  • the solvent is DCM or DCE.
  • the time and the temperature are overnight and room temperature.
  • VII-2 and VII-4 are reacted under suitable aryl-alkyl cross- coupling reaction conditions to provide aryl-alkyl VII-5.
  • VII-3 and VII-4 are reacted under suitable aryl-alkyl cross-coupling reaction conditions to provide aryl- alkyl VII-5.
  • VII-4 is reacted under suitable aryl-alkyl cross-coupling reaction conditions to provide aryl-alkyl VII-5.
  • the suitable aryl-alkyl cross-coupling reaction conditions include nickel.
  • the suitable aryl- alkyl cross-coupling reaction conditions include nickel when X 2 is -CMe and X 3 is -CMe or when X 2 is -CMe and X 3 is -CH. In some embodiments, the suitable aryl-alkyl cross coupling reaction conditions include nickel when X 2 is -CMe and X 3 is -CMe. In some embodiments, the suitable aryl-alkyl cross-coupling reaction conditions include nickel when X 2 is -CMe and X 3 is -CH.
  • suitable aryl-alkyl cross-coupling reaction conditions include an appropriate source of Ni, an appropriate arylzinc or heteroarylzinc reagent, an appropriate auxiliary ligand, and a solvent, for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the source of Ni is nickel(II) acetylacetonate.
  • the source of Ni is a Ni(II) halide or a solvate thereof.
  • the Ni(II) halide is a Ni(II) chloride or Ni(II) bromide
  • the arylzinc reagent is a substituted phenylzinc reagent.
  • the substituted phenylzinc reagent is a methoxyphenylzinc reagent.
  • the methoxyphenylzinc reagent is bis(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)zinc or bis(4-methoxy-3,5- dimethylphenyl)zinc.
  • the heteroarylzinc reagent is a substituted pyridinylzinc reagent.
  • the substituted pyridinylzinc reagent is a methoxypyridinylzinc reagent.
  • the methoxypyridinylzinc reagent is bis(6-methoxy-5-methylpyridin-3-yl)zinc.
  • the auxiliary ligand is 2,2'-bipyridine.
  • the auxiliary ligand is 2,2'-bipyridine.
  • the auxiliary ligand is an alkyl -substituted 2,2'-bipyridine.
  • the alkyl -substituted 2,2'-bipyridine is 6,6'-dimethyl- 2,2'-bipyridine or 4,4'-di-/er/-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine.
  • the alkyl- substituted 2,2'-bipyridine is 6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine.
  • the alkyl-substituted 2,2'-bipyridine is 6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine.
  • the suitable aryl-alkyl cross-coupling reaction conditions include iron.
  • the suitable aryl-alkyl cross-coupling reaction conditions include iron when X 2 is -CMe and X 3 is N. In some embodiments, the suitable aryl-alkyl cross-coupling reaction conditions include iron when VII-2 is X 2 is -CMe and X 3 is N, and reacted with VII-4.
  • the solvent is acetonitrile, /V, /V'-di m eth yl propyl en eurea
  • DMPU dimethyl methacrylate
  • DMF dimethyl methacrylate
  • THF trifluoroethyl ether
  • the solvent is DMPU.
  • the time and the temperature are overnight and 25 °C.
  • aryl-alkyl VII-5 is reduced to an alcohol by suitable reduction conditions followed by oxidation to aldehyde VII-6 by suitable oxidation conditions.
  • suitable reduction conditions include the use of DIBALH in an appropriate solvent at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate time.
  • the appropriate solvent is DCM.
  • the appropriate temperature for the appropriate time is about -78 °C for about 1 hour.
  • the reaction is further warmed to about room temperature for about two hours to produce an alcohol.
  • suitable oxidation conditions are chromium-based oxidations.
  • suitable oxidation conditions include the use of PCC in an appropriate solvent at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate time.
  • silica gel is added.
  • the appropriate solvent is DCM. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is about room temperature for about 2 hours. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the oxidation conditions include the use of oxalyl chloride and DMSO with an amine base in an appropriate solvent at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate time. In some embodiments, the appropriate amine base is TEA. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is DCM. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature for the appropriate amount of time is about -78 °C for about 1 hour.
  • X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 substituents X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are as described herein.
  • X 2 is C-R 2
  • X 3 is C-H
  • each X 4 is C-H.
  • X is a halide.
  • the halide is chloride, bromide, or iodide.
  • boronic ester VIII-2 is reacted with halide VIII-1 under suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions to provide VIII-3.
  • suitable metal -catalyzed cross-coupling conditions include palladium.
  • suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions include palladium, an appropriate base, and an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature.
  • the palladium is delivered in the form of Pd(dppf)Cl 2 or Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 .
  • the appropriate base is an inorganic base.
  • the inorganic base is a carbonate, a phosphate, an oxide, or a hydroxide.
  • the inorganic base is an alkali metal inorganic base.
  • the alkali metal is sodium, potassium, cesium, or combinations thereof.
  • the inorganic base is Na 2 C0 3 , K 2 C0 3 , Cs 2 C0 3 , or combinations thereof
  • the combination is a combination of Na 2 C0 3 and K 2 C0 3 .
  • the inorganic base is K 2 C0 3 .
  • the inorganic base is Cs 2 C0 3 .
  • the appropriate solvent is an aqueous solvent. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is a mixture of water and an organic solvent.
  • the organic solvent in the mixture is a Ci -4 -alcohol, THF, DMF, DME, dioxane, acetonitrile, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the organic solvent in the mixture is dioxane. In some embodiments, the appropriate time is from about 1 hour to overnight. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is from about 50 °C to about 115 °C. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is about 50 °C. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is about 100 °C.
  • VIII-3 is subjected to suitable hydrogenation conditions, followed by treatment under appropriate acidic conditions to provide cyclohexanone VIII-4.
  • suitable hydrogenation conditions include a palladium catalyst.
  • palladium-catalyzed hydrogenation conditions include 10% Pd/C under an atmosphere including hydrogen gas in an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the hydrogen gas is present in the atmosphere at a partial pressure of about 1 atm.
  • the solvent is EtOAc, ethanol, methanol, or a combination thereof.
  • the appropriate time is from about 4.5 hours to overnight and the appropriate temperature is about room temperature.
  • the acidic conditions include formic acid in a mixture of water and toluene for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the appropriate time is about 4 hours and the appropriate temperature is about 120 °C.
  • the appropriate time is overnight and the appropriate temperature is the boiling point of the solvent.
  • the acidic conditions include PPTS in a mixture of acetone and water for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the appropriate time is about 10 hours and the appropriate temperature is about 60 °C.
  • the acidic conditions include 3 M HC1 and THF for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the appropriate time is from about 3 hours to overnight and the appropriate temperature is about 60 °C.
  • VIII-4 is reacted under suitable one carbon-homologation conditions to provide enol ether VIII-5.
  • suitable one carbon- homologation conditions include deprotonating a phosphonium salt with an appropriate base in an appropriate solvent for an appropriate first time at an appropriate first temperature, before adding the cyclohexanone VIII-4 for a second time at a second temperature.
  • the phosphonium salt is an alkyltriphenylphosphonium salt.
  • the alkyltriphenylphosphonium salt is an alkyltriphenylphosphonium chloride.
  • the alkyltriphenylphosphonium chloride is (methoxymethyl)triphenyl- phosphonium chloride [Ph 3 P + CH 2 OCH 3 Cl ].
  • the appropriate base is LiHMDS, NaHMDS, or KHMDS.
  • the appropriate base is NaHMDS.
  • the appropriate solvent is THF.
  • the appropriate first time is from about 0.5 hour to about 2 hours and the appropriate first temperature is about 0 °C.
  • the appropriate second time is from about 0.5 hour to about 3 hours and the appropriate second temperature is about 0 °C. In some embodiments, the appropriate second time is overnight and the appropriate second
  • enol ether VIII-5 is hydrolyzed under suitable acidic conditions to provide a mixture of cis- and trans-aldehydes, where the trans-aldehyde is VIII- 6.
  • suitable acidic conditions include an appropriate acid in an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the acid is formic acid
  • the solvent is a mixture of water and toluene
  • the time is from about 2 hours to overnight
  • the temperature is from about 120 °C to about 130 °C.
  • the acid is HC1
  • the solvent is THF
  • the time is from about 1 hour to about 6 hours
  • the temperature is about 60 °C.
  • suitable basic conditions include an appropriate base in an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the base is NaOH.
  • the solvent is an aqueous solvent mixture including EtOH, toluene, THF, or combinations thereof.
  • the aqueous solvent mixture includes toluene.
  • the aqueous solvent mixture includes THF.
  • the appropriate time is from about 5 hours to overnight and the appropriate temperature is about room temperature.
  • the base is NaOMe.
  • the solvent is a Ci -4 alcohol, or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the solvent is methanol or ethanol. In some embodiments, the solvent is methanol. In some embodiments, the appropriate time is from 4 hours to overnight and the appropriate temperature is about room temperature. In some embodiments, further purification of the mixture of cis- and trans-aldehydes provides trans- aldehyde VIII-6. In some embodiments, the further purification includes the techniques of crystallization, chromatography, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the further purification includes crystallization.
  • X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 substituents X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are as described herein.
  • X 2 is C-R 2
  • X 3 is C-H
  • each X 4 is C-H.
  • X is a halide.
  • the halide is chloride, bromide, or iodide.
  • IX-1 is cooled to a suitable temperature, reacted under suitable metal-halogen exchange conditions in an appropriate solvent for an appropriate first time and at an appropriate first temperature, and then later reacted with an appropriate ketone IX-2 for an appropriate second time and at an appropriate second temperature to provide IX- 3.
  • suitable metal-halogen exchange conditions include an
  • the organometallic reagent is an alkyllithium reagent. In some embodiments, the alkylithium reagent is n-butyllithium. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is THF. In some embodiments, IX-1 is cooled to about -78 °C before addition of the organometallic reagent. In some embodiments, the first time is from about 1 hour to about 2 hours and the first temperature is about -78 °C. In some embodiments, the second time is about 3 hours and the second temperature is about -78 °C.
  • the second time is overnight and the second temperature is initially about -78 °C and is allowed to warm to room temperature over the course of the second time.
  • alcohol IX-3 is reacted under suitable reduction conditions to form a mixture of saturated and unsaturated substituted cyclohexyl ketals derived from IX-3.
  • the suitable reduction conditions include an appropriate reducing agent and an appropriate acid in an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature.
  • the reducing agent is a silyl hydride and the acid is trifluoracetic acid.
  • the silyl hydride is triethylsilane.
  • the solvent is dichloromethane.
  • the time is from about 1 hour to overnight.
  • the temperature is from about 0 °C to about room temperature.
  • the temperature is about 0 °C.
  • the mixture of saturated and unsaturated substituted cyclohexyl ketals derived from IX-3 is reacted under suitable hydrolysis reaction conditions to form a mixture of saturated and unsaturated substituted cyclohexyl ketones, including the saturated ketone IX-4.
  • the suitable hydrolysis reaction conditions include an appropriate acid in an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the acid is formic acid
  • the solvent is a toluene/water mixture
  • the temperature is about 130 °C
  • the time is overnight.
  • the acid is formic acid
  • the solvent is a THF/water mixture
  • the temperature is about 80 °C
  • the time is overnight.
  • the suitable reduction reaction conditions include an appropriate reducing agent and an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the reducing agent is hydrogen.
  • the hydrogen is delivered at a pressure of from about 15 psi to about 30 psi.
  • suitable reduction reaction conditions include a catalyst.
  • the catalyst includes palladium.
  • the catalyst including palladium is 10% palladium on carbon.
  • the solvent is ethyl acetate and concentrated HC1. In some embodiments, the solvent is ethyl acetate. In some embodiments, the time is from about 30 min to about overnight. In some embodiments, the temperature is about room temperature.
  • ketone IX-4 is transformed into trans-aldehyde IX-6 under reaction conditions also suitable for conversion of ketone VIII-4 to trans-aldehyde VIII-6, as described in Scheme 8.
  • R" is an alcohol protecting group.
  • the alcohol protecting group is methyl, a substituted methyl group, a substituted ethyl group, a substituted benzyl group, or a silyl group, as described in, for example, Wuts, P. G. M. “Greene’s Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis” (2014) John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 978-1- 118-05748-3.
  • the alcohol protecting group is a silyl group.
  • the silyl group is /er/-butyl dimethyl silyl.
  • X-l is subjected to suitable alcohol protection reaction conditions to form a bis-silyl intermediate, followed by suitable hydrolysis reaction conditions to form X-2, in the case where R" is a silyl group.
  • R" is /c77-butyl di methyl si 1 yl and the alcohol protection reaction conditions include a tert- butyl dimethyl silyl halide and an appropriate base, in an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the /f/V-butyl di methyl si 1 yl halide is /c77-butyl di methyl si 1 yl chloride.
  • the base is imidazole.
  • the solvent is DMF. In some embodiments, the time is about 2 hours and the temperature is about room temperature. In some embodiments, the bis-silyl intermediate (a silyl ester) is subjected to suitable hydrolysis reaction conditions to form X-2. In some embodiments, the suitable hydrolysis reaction conditions include a base, in an appropriate solvent, for an appropriate time, at an appropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the base is K 2 C0 3 . In some embodiments, the solvent is a mixture of water, ethanol, and THF.
  • the solvent is aqueous ethanol, aqueous THF, or combinations thereof.
  • the time is about 3 hours and the temperature is about room
  • X-l when R" is methyl, a substituted methyl group, a substituted ethyl group, or a substituted benzyl group, X-l is subjected to suitable alcohol protection reaction conditions to form a bis-alkyl intermediate (where both the carboxylic acid and alcohol -OH are alkylated, to form an ester and ether, respectively, and, for the purposes of Scheme 10, and schemes referencing Scheme 10 or schemes referencing intermediates or products disclosed in Scheme 10, the alkyl groups on the bis-alkyl intermediate are methyl, a substituted methyl group, a substituted ethyl group, or a substituted benzyl group), followed by suitable hydrolysis reaction conditions to form X-2.
  • protected alcohol X-2 is converted to acid chloride X-3, under suitable chlorination reaction conditions.
  • the chlorination reaction conditions include (chloromethylene)dimethyliminium chloride and an appropriate base, in an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the base is anhydrous K 2 C0 3 .
  • the solvent is toluene.
  • the time is from about 0.5 hr to about 2 hours. In some embodiments, the temperature is about 0 °C. In some embodiments, the temperature is room temperature. [00263] In some embodiments, intermediates used in the preparation of compounds described herein are prepared as outlined in Scheme 11.
  • mixed methyl ester carboxylic acid XI-1 is converted to the corresponding one-carbon-homologated and two-carbon-homologated mixed /f/V-butyl ester carboxylic acids (XI-3 and XI-6, respectively).
  • XI-1 is converted to XI-3 and XI-6 using one application (for XI-3) or two applications (for XI-6) of a combination of suitable acid halogenation reaction conditions followed by a sequence of reactions referred to alternatively as the Amdt-Eistert synthesis.
  • mixed methyl ester carboxylic acids XI-1 and XI-4 are converted to mixed methyl tert- butyl diesters XI-2 and XI-5, respectively, using a combination of suitable acid halogenation reaction conditions followed by a sequence of reactions referred to alternatively as the Amdt-Eistert synthesis.
  • the suitable acid halogenation reaction conditions are suitable acid chlorination reaction conditions and are suitable for converting the mixed methyl ester carboxylic acids XI- 1- and XI-4 to the corresponding acid chlorides.
  • the suitable acid chlorination reaction conditions include a chlorination agent and a catalyst in an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the chlorination agent is oxalyl chloride.
  • the catalyst is DMF.
  • the solvent is DCM or DCE.
  • the solvent is DCM.
  • the time and temperature are about 2 hours and about room temperature.
  • the Amdt-Eistert synthesis includes a series of reaction conditions suitable for converting the acid chlorides derived from XI-1 and XI-4 to XI-2 and XI-5, respectively, where the series includes first, diazo ketone-forming reaction conditions, and second, diazo ketone rearrangement reaction conditions.
  • the diazo ketone-forming reaction conditions include an appropriate diazotization reagent and an appropriate solvent, for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature.
  • the diazotization reagent is trimethylsilyldiazomethane.
  • the solvent is acetonitrile, THF, or combinations thereof.
  • the solvent is a mixture of acetonitrile and THF.
  • the time is overnight and the temperature is initially about 0 °C and allowed to increase to about room temperature over the time.
  • the diazo ketone rearrangement reaction conditions include an appropriate silver reagent, an appropriate trapping agent, and an appropriate solvent, for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the silver reagent is silver oxide, silver benzoate, or silver nitrate. In some embodiments, the silver reagent is silver benzoate. In some embodiments, the trapping agent is /cvV-butanol. In some embodiments, the solvent is dioxane. In some embodiments, the time and temperature are overnight and about room temperature.
  • the mixed methyl tert- butyl diesters XI-2 and XI-5 are hydrolyzed under suitable selective hydrolysis reaction conditions to provide the corresponding mixed /f/V-butyl ester carboxylic acids XI-3 and XI-6, respectively.
  • the suitable selective hydrolysis reaction conditions include an appropriate base and an appropriate solvent, for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the base is an alkali metal hydroxide or an alkali metal oxide.
  • the alkali metal is lithium, sodium, potassium, cesium, or combinations thereof.
  • the alkali metal hydroxide is LiOH, or hydrates or solvates thereof.
  • the solvent is a THF/water mixture.
  • the time is overnight and the temperature is about room temperature. In some embodiments, the time is from about 4 hours to overnight and the temperature is 30 °C.
  • the mixed methyl tert- butyl diester XI-2 is selectively hydrolyzed under suitable hydrolysis reaction conditions to provide the mixed methyl ester carboxylic acid XI-4.
  • the suitable hydrolysis reaction conditions include an appropriate acid and an appropriate solvent, for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the acid is 4M HC1 in dioxane.
  • the time is about 1 hour and the temperature is about room temperature.
  • Ring A, X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , X 5 , X 6 , and X 7 and substituents R 1 , R 2 , and R 8 are as described herein.
  • the R is a halide or -OH.
  • the halide is iodo, bromo, or chloro. In some embodiments, the halide is chloro. In some embodiments, R is -OH. In some embodiments, R" is an alcohol protecting group. In some embodiments, the alcohol protecting group is methyl, a substituted methyl group, a substituted ethyl group, a substituted benzyl group, or a silyl group, as described in, for example, Wuts, P. G. M.“Greene’s Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis” (2014) John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 978-1-118-05748-3. In some embodiments, the alcohol protecting group is a silyl group. In some embodiments, the silyl group is /er/-butyl dimethyl silyl.
  • aldehyde VIII-6 (as in Scheme 8 where X 3 and each X 4 are CH, for example) is reacted with aniline XII-2 under suitable reductive amination reaction conditions to provide XII-3a.
  • suitable reductive amination reaction conditions include an appropriate reducing agent and an appropriate solvent, at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate time.
  • the reducing agent is picoline borane, sodium borohydride, or sodium triacetoxyborohydride.
  • the reducing agent is sodium triacetoxyborohydride.
  • the solvent is DCM, DCE, THF, acetonitrile, DMF, or A( A -di m ethyl acetam i de .
  • the solvent is DCM, DCE, or combinations thereof.
  • the solvent is DCM.
  • the time is from about 30 minutes to overnight and the temperature is initially about 0 °C and increased to about room temperature over the time. In some embodiments, the temperature is about room temperature.
  • aldehyde VII-6 (as in Scheme 7 where X 3 and each X 4 are CH, for example) is reacted with aniline XII-2 under suitable reductive amination reaction conditions to provide XII-3b.
  • suitable reductive amination reaction conditions include optionally an appropriate condensation catalyst, an appropriate reducing agent, and an appropriate solvent, at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate amount of time.
  • suitable reductive amination reaction conditions include holding VII-6, XII-2, and the condensation catalyst in the appropriate solvent at a first temperature for a first amount of time, and subsequently adding the reducing agent and holding the resulting mixture at a second temperature for a second amount of time.
  • the solvent is an alcohol. In some embodiments, the solvent is methanol. In some embodiments, the condensation catalyst is acetic acid. In some embodiments, the first temperature is from about room temperature to about 60 °C and the first amount of time is about 3 hours to about 68 hours. In some embodiments, the first temperature is about room temperature and the first amount of time is overnight. In some embodiments, the first temperature is about 60 °C and the first amount of time is about 4 hours. In some
  • the reducing agent is picoline-BH 3.
  • the second temperature is room temperature.
  • the second temperature is about 40 °C.
  • the second amount of time is from overnight to about 4 days.
  • suitable reductive amination reaction conditions include the addition of a suitable reducing agent to a mixture of VII-6, XII-2, and an appropriate solvent and holding the resulting mixture at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate amount of time.
  • the reducing agent is sodium triacetoxyborohydride.
  • 1 equivalent of AcOH is added prior to the reducing agent.
  • the solvent is DCM or DCE.
  • the time is about overnight and the temperature is about room temperature. In some embodiments, the temperature is about 45 °C.
  • amine XII-3a or XII-3b (referred to collectively and alternatively as“XII-3” in the disclosure herein relating to Scheme 10) is reacted with cyclohexane X-3 (as in Scheme 10, for example) under suitable acylation reaction conditions followed by suitable hydrolysis reaction conditions to provide XII-4, respectively.
  • the cyclohexane X-3 is an acid chloride or a carboxylic acid.
  • the suitable acylation reaction conditions are sufficient to provide an intermediate protected cyclohexyl alcohol that provides XII-4 after deprotection under suitable hydrolysis reaction conditions.
  • X 1 is N or CH
  • the acylation reaction conditions include an appropriate base, an appropriate solvent, and optionally DMAP, at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate amount of time.
  • the base is TEA or pyridine.
  • the solvent is DCE, DCM, toluene, pyridine, or combinations thereof.
  • the solvent is DCM.
  • the solvent is toluene.
  • the temperature is 80 °C and the time is from about 1 hour to overnight. In some embodiments the temperature is room temperature and the time is from 1 hour to overnight. In some embodiments the initial temperature is 0 °C and the reaction is warmed to room temperature, and the time is from about 15 minutes to about 5 hours.
  • the reaction conditions include DMAP.
  • X 1 is N
  • the reaction conditions include DMAP
  • the base is TEA
  • the solvent is toluene
  • the temperature is about 80 °C
  • the time is about 1 hour to about 2 hours.
  • X 1 is N
  • the reaction conditions include DMAP
  • the base is pyridine
  • the solvent is toluene
  • the temperature is about 80 °C
  • the time is from about 1 hour to overnight.
  • X 1 is CH
  • the base is TEA
  • the solvent is toluene
  • the temperature is about room temperature
  • the time is from about 1 hour to about 2 hours.
  • X 1 is CH
  • the base is pyridine
  • the solvent is toluene
  • the temperature is about room temperature
  • the time is from about 1 hour to overnight.
  • a coupling reagent is used when X-3 is a carboxylic acid.
  • the coupling reagent is HATEG, EDC, T3P, HBTEG, BCTET, or pyBOP.
  • X-3 is a carboxylic acid
  • the base is triethylamine
  • the solvent is DCM
  • the coupling reagent is T3P
  • optionally DMAP at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate amount of time.
  • the base is TEA or pyridine.
  • the solvent is DCE, DCM, toluene, pyridine, or combinations thereof.
  • the solvent is DCM.
  • the temperature is 40 °C and the time is from about 2 hour to about 63 hours.
  • the temperature is room temperature and the time is from 1 hour to overnight. In some embodiments the initial temperature is 25 °C and the reaction is warmed to 40 °C, and the time is from about 2 hours to about 63 hours. In some embodiments, the reaction conditions include DMAP.
  • the suitable hydrolysis reaction conditions are sufficient to deprotect the intermediate protected cyclohexyl alcohol and provide XII-4.
  • the hydrolysis reaction conditions include an appropriate acid, an appropriate solvent, at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate amount of time.
  • the acid is aqueous HC1.
  • the concentration of the aqueous HC1 is about 1 M.
  • the solvent is THF, methanol, or combinations thereof.
  • the temperature is from about 0 °C to about room temperature and the time is from about 1 hour to about 4 hours.
  • R" is lerl-b uty 1 di m eth y 1 si 1 y 1 , the acid is 1 M HC1, the solvent is a combination of THF and methanol, the temperature is from about 0 °C to about room temperature and the time is from about 1 hour to about 19 hours. In some embodiments, R" is other than
  • X is a halide.
  • the halide is bromide or iodide.
  • aryl halide XIII-1 is prepared according to the methods disclosed in Scheme 12, where XII-2 in Scheme 12 is 2-amino- 4-bromopyridine, 2-amino-4-iodopyridine, 3-bromoaniline, or 3-iodoaniline.
  • aryl halide XIII-1 is reacted with an appropriate
  • suitable metal -catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions include palladium.
  • suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions include palladium, an appropriate base, and an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature.
  • the palladium is delivered in the form of Pd(dppf)Cl 2 or Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 .
  • the palladium is delivered in the form of Pd(PPh 3 ) 4.
  • the appropriate base is an inorganic base.
  • the inorganic base is a carbonate, a phosphate, an oxide, or a hydroxide.
  • the inorganic base is an alkali metal inorganic base.
  • the alkali metal is sodium, potassium, cesium, or combinations thereof.
  • the inorganic base is Na 2 C0 3 , K 2 C0 3 , Cs 2 C0 3 , or combinations thereof
  • the combination is a combination of Na 2 C0 3 and K 2 C0 3.
  • the inorganic base is K 2 C0 3.
  • the inorganic base is Cs 2 C0 3.
  • the appropriate solvent is an aqueous solvent.
  • the appropriate solvent is a mixture of water and an organic solvent.
  • the organic solvent in the mixture is a Ci -4 -alcohol, THF, DMF, dioxane, or a combination thereof.
  • the organic solvent in the mixture is DMF.
  • the appropriate time is from about 3 hours to about 5 hours.
  • the appropriate temperature is from about 50 °C to about 115 °C. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is about 50 °C.
  • the palladium is delivered as Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 , the base is Cs 2 C0 3 , the solvent is a DMF/water mixture, the time is about 4.5 hours, and the temperature is about 50 °C. In some embodiments, the palladium is delivered as Pd(PPh 3 ) , the base is Cs 2 C0 3 , the solvent is 2% water in DMF, the time is about 4.5 hours, and the temperature is about 50 °C.
  • aryl halide XIII-1 is reacted with bis(pinacolato)diboron under suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions to provide a
  • pinacolatoboron-substituted arene intermediate which is subsequently reacted with an appropriately bromine-substituted ring A component, , under suitable metal- catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions to provide XIII-2.
  • aryl halide XIII-1 is reacted with bis(pinacolato)diboron under suitable metal -catalyzed cross- coupling reaction conditions to provide a pinacolatoboron-substituted arene intermediate which is subsequently reacted with an appropriately iodo- substituted ring A component, under suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions to provide
  • the metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions suitable to provide the pinacolatoboron-substituted arene intermediate include an appropriate palladium source, an appropriate base, and an appropriate solvent, for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the palladium source is Pd(dppf)Cl 2.
  • the base is potassium acetate.
  • the solvent is toluene.
  • the time is from about 2 hours to about 5 hours.
  • X 1 is CH
  • X is iodide
  • the metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions suitable to provide the pinacolatoboron-substituted arene intermediate include Pd(dppf)Cl 2 as the palladium source, potassium acetate as the base, toluene as the solvent, the time is about 3.5 hours, and the temperature is 115 °C under the cross-coupling reaction conditions.
  • the metal-catalyzed cross-coupling conditions suitable to provide XIII-2 by reacting the pinacolatoboron-substituted arene intermediate with the appropriately bromine-substituted ring A component include an appropriate palladium source, an appropriate base, and an appropriate solvent, for an appropriate time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the palladium source is Pd(dppf)Cl 2
  • the base is Cs 2 C0 3
  • the solvent is a DMF/water mixture
  • the time is about 2 hours
  • the temperature is about 80 °C.
  • ring A and substituents X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , X 5 , X 6 , X 7 , R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 8 , and m are as described herein.
  • R is independently alkyl, heteroalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or hydrogen, or both R are taken together to form a substituted or unsubstituted fused 4-, 5-, or 6-membered ring with 1-3 N atoms and 0-2 O or S atoms in the ring.
  • XIV-2 is prepared from XIV-1 and an amine, NHR 2.
  • XIV-1 is subjected to carbonyl diimidazole in an appropriate solvent, such as ACN, at an appropriate temperature, such as at about room temperature to about 80 °C, for an appropriate amount of time to provide an intermediate carbamoyl imidazole.
  • the appropriate amount of time is from about 2 hours to about 6 hours or about overnight.
  • the intermediate carbamoyl imidazole is treated with NHR 2 in a suitable solvent, and the reaction is allowed to proceed for an appropriate amount of time at an appropriate temperature.
  • the suitable solvent is acetonitrile.
  • the suitable solvent is MeOH, THF, or DCM.
  • the NHR 2 is added as a solution in MeOH, THF, or DCM.
  • the NHR 2 is added neat.
  • the appropriate amount of time at the appropriate temperature is about 15 minutes to overnight at about room temperature. In some embodiments, the appropriate amount of time is about 1 day to about 7 days. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is from about room temperature to about 50 °C or from about room temperature to about 100 °C.
  • the amine, NHR 2 is delivered as a salt.
  • the salt is a hydrochloride salt. In some embodiments, when the amine, NHR 2 , is delivered as the hydrochloride salt, then a suitable base, such as iPr 2 NEt, is combined with the intermediate carbonyl imidazole, prior to adding the hydrochloride salt.
  • Ci-C x includes Ci-C 2 , C 1 -C 3 . . . Ci-C x.
  • a group designated as "C 1 -C 4 " indicates that there are one to four carbon atoms in the moiety, i.e. groups containing 1 carbon atom, 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms or 4 carbon atoms.
  • C 1 -C 4 alkyl indicates that there are one to four carbon atoms in the alkyl group, i.e., the alkyl group is selected from among methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso propyl, «-butyl, Ao-butyl, sec-butyl, and /-butyl.
  • An“alkyl” group refers to an aliphatic hydrocarbon group.
  • the alkyl group is branched or straight chain.
  • the“alkyl” group has 1 to 10 carbon atoms, i.e. a Ci-Ci 0 alkyl.
  • a numerical range such as“1 to 10” refers to each integer in the given range; e.g.,“1 to 10 carbon atoms” means that the alkyl group consist of 1 carbon atom, 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, 4 carbon atoms, 5 carbon atoms, 6 carbon atoms, etc., up to and including 10 carbon atoms, although the present definition also covers the occurrence of the term“alkyl” where no numerical range is designated.
  • an alkyl is a Ci-C 6 alkyl.
  • the alkyl is methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, or t-butyl.
  • Typical alkyl groups include, but are in no way limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec- butyl, tertiary butyl, pentyl, neopentyl, or hexyl.
  • An“alkylene” group refers to a divalent alkyl group. Any of the above mentioned monovalent alkyl groups may be an alkylene by abstraction of a second hydrogen atom from the alkyl.
  • an alkylene is a Ci-C 6 alkylene.
  • an alkylene is a Ci-C 4 alkylene.
  • an alkylene comprises one to four carbon atoms ( e.g ., C 1 -C 4 alkylene).
  • an alkylene comprises one to three carbon atoms (e.g., C 1 -C 3 alkylene).
  • an alkylene comprises one to two carbon atoms (e.g., Ci-C 2 alkylene). In other embodiments, an alkylene comprises one carbon atom (e.g., Ci alkylene). In other embodiments, an alkylene comprises two carbon atoms (e.g., C 2 alkylene). In other embodiments, an alkylene comprises two to four carbon atoms (e.g., C 2 -C alkylene).
  • Typical alkylene groups include, but are not limited to, -CH 2 -, - CH(C3 ⁇ 4)-, -C(CH 3 ) 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH(CH 3 )-, -CH 2 C(CH 3 ) 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, - CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, and the like.
  • Deuteroalkyl refers to an alkyl group where 1 or more hydrogen atoms of an alkyl are replaced with deuterium.
  • alkenyl refers to a type of alkyl group in which at least one carbon- carbon double bond is present.
  • R is H or an alkyl.
  • an alkenyl is selected from ethenyl (i.e., vinyl), propenyl (i.e., allyl), butenyl, pentenyl, pentadienyl, and the like.
  • alkynyl refers to a type of alkyl group in which at least one carbon- carbon triple bond is present.
  • an alkenyl group has the formula -CoC-R, wherein R refers to the remaining portions of the alkynyl group.
  • R is H or an alkyl.
  • an alkynyl is selected from ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, and the like.
  • Non-limiting examples of an alkynyl group include -CoCH, - CoCCH 3 -CoCCH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 CoCH.
  • An“alkoxy” group refers to a (alkyl)O- group, where alkyl is as defined herein.
  • alkylamine refers to the -N(alkyl) x H y group, where x is 0 and y is 2, or where x is 1 and y is 1, or where x is 2 and y is 0.
  • aromatic refers to a planar ring having a delocalized p-electron system containing 4n+2 p electrons, where n is an integer.
  • aromatic includes both carbocyclic aryl (“aryl”, e.g., phenyl) and heterocyclic aryl (or“heteroaryl” or
  • heteromatic groups e.g., pyridine
  • the term includes monocyclic or fused-ring polycyclic (i.e., rings which share adjacent pairs of carbon or nitrogen atoms) groups.
  • the term“carbocyclic” or“carbocycle” refers to a ring or ring system where the atoms forming the backbone of the ring are all carbon atoms. The term thus distinguishes carbocyclic from“heterocyclic” rings or“heterocycles” in which the ring backbone contains at least one atom which is different from carbon. In some embodiments, at least one of the two rings of a bicyclic carbocycle is aromatic. In some embodiments, both rings of a bicyclic carbocycle are aromatic. Carbocycle includes cycloalkyl and aryl.
  • aryl refers to an aromatic ring wherein each of the atoms forming the ring is a carbon atom.
  • aryl is phenyl or a naphthyl.
  • an aryl is a phenyl.
  • an aryl is a C 6 -C l0 aryl.
  • an aryl group is a monoradical or a diradical (i.e., an arylene group).
  • cycloalkyl refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic aliphatic, non-aromatic group, wherein each of the atoms forming the ring (i.e. skeletal atoms) is a carbon atom.
  • cycloalkyls are spirocyclic or bridged compounds.
  • cycloalkyls are optionally fused with an aromatic ring, and the point of attachment is at a carbon that is not an aromatic ring carbon atom.
  • Cycloalkyl groups include groups having from 3 to 10 ring atoms.
  • cycloalkyl groups are selected from among cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, spiro[2.2]pentyl, norbornyl and bicyclo[l.l. l]pentyl.
  • a cycloalkyl is a C3-C 6 cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl is a monocyclic cycloalkyl. Monocyclic cycloalkyls include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl. Polycyclic cycloalkyls include, for example, adamantyl, norbornyl (i.e., bicyclo[2.2.l]heptanyl), norbornenyl, decalinyl, 7,7-dimethyl-bicyclo[2.2. l]heptanyl, and the like
  • halo or, alternatively,“halogen” or“halide” means fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo. In some embodiments, halo is fluoro, chloro, or bromo.
  • haloalkyl refers to an alkyl in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by a halogen atom.
  • a fluoroalkyl is a Ci-C 6 fluoroalkyl.
  • fluoroalkyl refers to an alkyl in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by a fluorine atom.
  • a fluoroalkyl is a Ci-Cefluoroalkyl.
  • a fluoroalkyl is selected from trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, fluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 1 -fluoromethyl -2 -fluoroethyl, and the like.
  • heteroalkyl refers to an alkyl group in which one or more skeletal atoms of the alkyl are selected from an atom other than carbon, e.g ., oxygen, nitrogen (e.g, -NH-, - N(alkyl)-, sulfur, or combinations thereof.
  • a heteroalkyl is attached to the rest of the molecule at a carbon atom of the heteroalkyl.
  • a heteroalkyl is a Ci- C 6 heteroalkyl.
  • heteroalkylene refers to a divalent heteroalkyl group.
  • heterocycle refers to heteroaromatic rings (also known as heteroaryls) and heterocycloalkyl rings (also known as heteroalicyclic groups) containing one to four heteroatoms in the ring(s), where each heteroatom in the ring(s) is selected from O, S and N, wherein each heterocyclic group has from 3 to 10 atoms in its ring system, and with the proviso that any ring does not contain two adjacent O or S atoms.
  • heterocycles are monocyclic, bicyclic, polycyclic, spirocyclic or bridged compounds.
  • Non-aromatic heterocyclic groups include rings having 3 to 10 atoms in its ring system and aromatic heterocyclic groups include rings having 5 to 10 atoms in its ring system.
  • the heterocyclic groups include benzo-fused ring systems.
  • non-aromatic heterocyclic groups are pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, oxazolidinonyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thioxanyl, piperazinyl, aziridinyl, azetidinyl, oxetanyl, thietanyl, homopiperidinyl, oxepanyl, thiepanyl, oxazepinyl, diazepinyl, thiazepinyl, l,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, pyrrolin-2-yl, pyrrolin-3-yl, indolinyl, 2H-pyranyl, 4H-pyranyl, dioxo
  • aromatic heterocyclic groups are pyridinyl, imidazolyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, pyrazinyl, tetrazolyl, furyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrrolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, indolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, cinnolinyl, indazolyl, indolizinyl, phthalazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, isoindolyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, furazanyl, benzofurazanyl, benzothiophenyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, quinazolinyl, quinox
  • a group derived from pyrrole includes both pyrrol-l-yl (A-attached) or pyrrol-3-yl (C-attached).
  • a group derived from imidazole includes imidazol-l-yl or imidazol-3-yl (both N- attached) or imidazol-2-yl, imidazol-4-yl or imidazol-5-yl (all C-attached).
  • the heterocyclic groups include benzo-fused ring systems.
  • at least one of the two rings of a bicyclic heterocycle is aromatic.
  • both rings of a bicyclic heterocycle are aromatic.
  • heteroaryl or, alternatively,“heteroaromatic” refers to an aryl group that includes one or more ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
  • heteroaryl groups include monocyclic heteroaryls and bicyclic heteroaryls.
  • Monocyclic heteroaryls include pyridinyl, imidazolyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, pyrazinyl, tetrazolyl, furyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrrolyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, and furazanyl.
  • Bicyclic heteroaryls include indolizine, indole, benzofuran, benzothiophene, indazole, benzimidazole, purine, quinolizine, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, phthalazine, quinazoline, quinoxaline, 1,8- naphthyridine, and pteridine.
  • a heteroaryl contains 0-4 N atoms in the ring.
  • a heteroaryl contains 1-4 N atoms in the ring.
  • a heteroaryl contains 0-4 N atoms, 0-1 0 atoms, and 0-1 S atoms in the ring.
  • a heteroaryl contains 1-4 N atoms, 0-1 0 atoms, and 0-1 S atoms in the ring.
  • heteroaryl is a Ci-C 9 heteroaryl.
  • monocyclic heteroaryl is a Ci-C 5 heteroaryl.
  • monocyclic heteroaryl is a 5-membered or 6-membered heteroaryl.
  • bicyclic heteroaryl is a C 6 - Cgheteroaryl.
  • A“heterocycloalkyl” or“heteroalicyclic” group refers to a cycloalkyl group that includes at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. In some embodiments, a heterocycloalkyl is fused with an aryl or heteroaryl.
  • the heterocycloalkyl is oxazolidinonyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, piperazinyl, piperidin-2-onyl, pyrrolidine-2, 5-dithionyl, pyrrolidine-2, 5-dionyl,
  • heteroalicyclic also includes all ring forms of the carbohydrates, including but not limited to the monosaccharides, the disaccharides and the oligosaccharides.
  • a heterocycloalkyl is a C2-Cioheterocycloalkyl.
  • a heterocycloalkyl is a C 4 - Cioheterocycloalkyl.
  • a heterocycloalkyl contains 0-2 N atoms in the ring.
  • a heterocycloalkyl contains 0-2 N atoms, 0-2 O atoms and 0-1 S atoms in the ring.
  • bond refers to a chemical bond between two atoms, or two moieties when the atoms joined by the bond are considered to be part of larger substructure.
  • bond when a group described herein is a bond, the referenced group is absent thereby allowing a bond to be formed between the remaining identified groups.
  • moiety refers to a specific segment or functional group of a molecule. Chemical moieties are often recognized chemical entities embedded in or appended to a molecule.
  • optional substituents are independently selected from D, halogen, -CN, - NH 2 , -OH, -NH(CH 3 ), -N(CH 3 ) 2 , -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -CF 3 , -OCH 3 , and -OCF 3 .
  • substituted groups are substituted with one or two of the preceding groups.
  • substituted groups are substituted with one of the preceding groups.
  • module means to interact with a target either directly or indirectly so as to alter the activity of the target, including, by way of example only, to enhance the activity of the target, to inhibit the activity of the target, to limit the activity of the target, or to extend the activity of the target.
  • modulator refers to a molecule that interacts with a target either directly or indirectly.
  • the interactions include, but are not limited to, the interactions of an agonist, partial agonist, an inverse agonist, antagonist, degrader, or combinations thereof.
  • a modulator is an agonist.
  • administer refers to the methods that may be used to enable delivery of compounds or
  • compositions to the desired site of biological action include, but are not limited to oral routes, intraduodenal routes, parenteral injection (including intravenous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intravascular or infusion), topical and rectal administration.
  • parenteral injection including intravenous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intravascular or infusion
  • topical and rectal administration include, but are not limited to oral routes, intraduodenal routes, parenteral injection (including intravenous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intravascular or infusion), topical and rectal administration.
  • parenteral injection including intravenous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intravascular or infusion
  • topical and rectal administration including topical and rectal administration.
  • Those of skill in the art are familiar with administration techniques that can be employed with the compounds and methods described herein.
  • the compounds and compositions described herein are administered orally.
  • co-administration or the like, as used herein, are meant to encompass administration of the selected therapeutic agents to a single patient, and are intended to include treatment regimens in which the agents are administered by the same or different route of administration or at the same or different time.
  • an“effective amount” or“therapeutically effective amount,” as used herein, refer to a sufficient amount of an agent or a compound being administered, which will relieve to some extent one or more of the symptoms of the disease or condition being treated. The result includes reduction and/or alleviation of the signs, symptoms, or causes of a disease, or any other desired alteration of a biological system.
  • an“effective amount” for therapeutic uses is the amount of the composition comprising a compound as disclosed herein required to provide a clinically significant decrease in disease symptoms.
  • An appropriate “effective” amount in any individual case is optionally determined using techniques, such as a dose escalation study.
  • the terms“enhance” or“enhancing,” as used herein, means to increase or prolong either in potency or duration a desired effect.
  • the term“enhancing” refers to the ability to increase or prolong, either in potency or duration, the effect of other therapeutic agents on a system.
  • An“enhancing- effective amount,” as used herein, refers to an amount adequate to enhance the effect of another therapeutic agent in a desired system.
  • the term“pharmaceutical combination” as used herein, means a product that results from the mixing or combining of more than one active ingredient and includes both fixed and non-fixed combinations of the active ingredients.
  • the term“fixed combination” means that the active ingredients, e.g ., a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a co-agent, are both administered to a patient simultaneously in the form of a single entity or dosage.
  • the term“non-fixed combination” means that the active ingredients, e.g.
  • a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a co- agent are administered to a patient as separate entities either simultaneously, concurrently or sequentially with no specific intervening time limits, wherein such administration provides effective levels of the two compounds in the body of the patient.
  • cocktail therapy e.g. , the administration of three or more active ingredients.
  • the term“subject” or“patient” encompasses mammals.
  • mammals include, but are not limited to, any member of the Mammalian class: humans, non-human primates such as chimpanzees, and other apes and monkey species; farm animals such as cattle, horses, sheep, goats, swine; domestic animals such as rabbits, dogs, and cats;
  • the mammal is a human.
  • the terms“treat,”“treating” or“treatment,” as used herein, include alleviating, abating or ameliorating at least one symptom of a disease or condition, preventing additional symptoms, inhibiting the disease or condition, e.g. , arresting the development of the disease or condition, relieving the disease or condition, causing regression of the disease or condition, relieving a condition caused by the disease or condition, or stopping the symptoms of the disease or condition either prophylactically and/or therapeutically.
  • compositions [00318]
  • the compounds described herein are formulated into pharmaceutical compositions.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions are formulated in a conventional manner using one or more pharmaceutically acceptable inactive ingredients that facilitate processing of the active compounds into preparations that are used pharmaceutically. Proper formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen.
  • the compounds described herein are administered either alone or in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients or diluents, in a pharmaceutical composition.
  • Administration of the compounds and compositions described herein can be affected by any method that enables delivery of the compounds to the site of action.
  • enteral routes including oral, gastric or duodenal feeding tube, rectal suppository and rectal enema
  • parenteral routes injection or infusion, including intraarterial, intracardiac, intradermal, intraduodenal, intramedullary, intramuscular, intraosseous, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, intravascular, intravenous, intravitreal, epidural and subcutaneous), inhalational, transdermal, transmucosal, sublingual, buccal and topical (including epicutaneous, dermal, enema, eye drops, ear drops, intranasal, vaginal) administration, although the most suitable route may depend upon for example the condition and disorder of the recipient.
  • compounds described herein can be administered locally to the area in need of treatment, by for example, local infusion during surgery, topical application such as creams or ointments, injection, catheter, or implant.
  • topical application such as creams or ointments, injection, catheter, or implant.
  • the administration can also be by direct injection at the site of a diseased tissue or organ.
  • compositions suitable for oral administration are presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient; as a powder or granules; as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid or a non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion.
  • the active ingredient is presented as a bolus, electuary or paste.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions which can be used orally include tablets, push-fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol.
  • Tablets may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients.
  • Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with binders, inert diluents, or lubricating, surface active or dispersing agents. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent. In some embodiments, the tablets are coated or scored and are formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein. All formulations for oral administration should be in dosages suitable for such administration.
  • the push-fit capsules can contain the active ingredients in admixture with filler such as lactose, binders such as starches, and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and, optionally, stabilizers.
  • the active compounds may be dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols.
  • stabilizers are added.
  • Dragee cores are provided with suitable coatings.
  • suitable coatings for this purpose, concentrated sugar solutions may be used, which may optionally contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions, and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures.
  • Dyestuffs or pigments may be added to the tablets or Dragee coatings for identification or to characterize different combinations of active compound doses.
  • compositions are formulated for parenteral administration by injection, e.g ., by bolus injection or continuous infusion.
  • Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g. , in ampoules or in multi-dose containers, with an added preservative.
  • the compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des composés qui sont des agonistes du récepteur farnésoïde X, des procédés de fabrication de tels composés, des compositions pharmaceutiques et des médicaments comprenant de tels composés, et des méthodes d'utilisation de tels composés dans le traitement d'états, de maladies ou de troubles associés à l'activité du récepteur farnésoïde X.
PCT/US2019/051606 2018-09-18 2019-09-17 Agonistes du récepteur farnésoïde x et leurs utilisations WO2020061116A1 (fr)

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US10927082B2 (en) 2017-03-15 2021-02-23 Metacrine, Inc. Farnesoid X receptor agonists and uses thereof
WO2021144330A1 (fr) 2020-01-15 2021-07-22 INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) Utilisation d'agonistes de fxr pour traiter une infection par le virus de l'hépatite d
US11084817B2 (en) 2018-09-18 2021-08-10 Metacrine, Inc. Farnesoid X receptor agonists and uses thereof
US11236071B1 (en) 2017-03-15 2022-02-01 Metacrine, Inc. Farnesoid X receptor agonists and uses thereof
WO2022152770A1 (fr) 2021-01-14 2022-07-21 Enyo Pharma Effet synergique d'un agoniste de fxr et d'ifn pour le traitement d'une infection par le virus de l'hépatite b
WO2022229302A1 (fr) 2021-04-28 2022-11-03 Enyo Pharma Potentialisation forte d'effets d'agonistes de tlr3 à l'aide d'agonistes de fxr en tant que traitement combiné

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10927082B2 (en) 2017-03-15 2021-02-23 Metacrine, Inc. Farnesoid X receptor agonists and uses thereof
US10961198B2 (en) 2017-03-15 2021-03-30 Metacrine, Inc. Farnesoid X receptor agonists and uses thereof
US11236071B1 (en) 2017-03-15 2022-02-01 Metacrine, Inc. Farnesoid X receptor agonists and uses thereof
US11084817B2 (en) 2018-09-18 2021-08-10 Metacrine, Inc. Farnesoid X receptor agonists and uses thereof
US11773094B2 (en) 2018-09-18 2023-10-03 Organovo, Inc. Farnesoid X receptor agonists and uses thereof
WO2021144330A1 (fr) 2020-01-15 2021-07-22 INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) Utilisation d'agonistes de fxr pour traiter une infection par le virus de l'hépatite d
WO2022152770A1 (fr) 2021-01-14 2022-07-21 Enyo Pharma Effet synergique d'un agoniste de fxr et d'ifn pour le traitement d'une infection par le virus de l'hépatite b
WO2022229302A1 (fr) 2021-04-28 2022-11-03 Enyo Pharma Potentialisation forte d'effets d'agonistes de tlr3 à l'aide d'agonistes de fxr en tant que traitement combiné

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