WO2020056065A1 - Appareil d'échange de chaleur eutectique - Google Patents

Appareil d'échange de chaleur eutectique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2020056065A1
WO2020056065A1 PCT/US2019/050707 US2019050707W WO2020056065A1 WO 2020056065 A1 WO2020056065 A1 WO 2020056065A1 US 2019050707 W US2019050707 W US 2019050707W WO 2020056065 A1 WO2020056065 A1 WO 2020056065A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
container body
refrigerant
conduits
wall
eutectic
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2019/050707
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
WO2020056065A4 (fr
Inventor
Robert Thomas TOPPER
Original Assignee
Topper Robert Thomas
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Topper Robert Thomas filed Critical Topper Robert Thomas
Publication of WO2020056065A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020056065A1/fr
Publication of WO2020056065A4 publication Critical patent/WO2020056065A4/fr

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D1/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
    • F28D1/06—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with the heat-exchange conduits forming part of, or being attached to, the tank containing the body of fluid
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/00492—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices comprising regenerative heating or cooling means, e.g. heat accumulators
    • B60H1/005—Regenerative cooling means, e.g. cold accumulators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
    • F28D20/02—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using latent heat
    • F28D20/021—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using latent heat the latent heat storage material and the heat-exchanging means being enclosed in one container
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
    • F28F1/10—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
    • F28F1/12—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element
    • F28F1/14—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element and extending longitudinally
    • F28F1/16—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element and extending longitudinally the means being integral with the element, e.g. formed by extrusion
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
    • F28D2020/0004—Particular heat storage apparatus
    • F28D2020/0013—Particular heat storage apparatus the heat storage material being enclosed in elements attached to or integral with heat exchange conduits
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
    • F28D7/0008—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits for one medium being in heat conductive contact with the conduits for the other medium
    • F28D7/0025—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits for one medium being in heat conductive contact with the conduits for the other medium the conduits for one medium or the conduits for both media being flat tubes or arrays of tubes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
    • F28D7/10—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged one within the other, e.g. concentrically
    • F28D7/106—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged one within the other, e.g. concentrically consisting of two coaxial conduits or modules of two coaxial conduits
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/14—Thermal energy storage

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to devices used to cool an interior volume such as, but not limited to, a refrigerated truck. More particularly, the present invention relates to improvements on the configuration of existing cold beams and plates used as eutectic heat exchangers. Still more particularly, the present invention relates to eutectic heat exchangers configured to improve heat transfer between the eutectic material and the exterior of the eutectic surface of the eutectic material container.
  • Containers primarily in the form of beams and plates are a means of refrigerating interior volumes such as, for example, truck bodies.
  • the container is made of a thermally conductive material.
  • a eutectic material in the form of phase change material (PCM) is contained within these containers.
  • the PCM is of the type known to those skilled in the art and may include, but not be limited to, water containing salt, which has a lower freezing temperature than water.
  • the PCM is conditioned to a temperature that enables the absorption of heat that exists within the interior volume, such as heat from the interior of a truck body.
  • the latent heat of the PCM provides the container with a high heat absorption capacity.
  • refrigeration is generally used to chill the PCM to a temperature that is below the transition point, generally from a liquid to a solid but it may also be from a gas to a liquid.
  • internal refrigerant tubing is placed within the PCM inside the container. The refrigerant tubing is used to transfer heating and cooling energy to and from the PCM.
  • Refrigerant is initially run through the tubing to cool the PCM to a very cold liquid or even a solid.
  • the container containing PCM absorbs heat from its surroundings, its phase changes from liquid or solid, and water vapor in the atmosphere around the container may condense and freeze on the container’s exterior surface.
  • the accumulated frost must be removed periodically. Most often this is done by running hot refrigerant gas through the refrigerant tubing within the PCM, which heats the PCM until the exterior surface temperature of the container is above the freezing point of the condensed and frozen water vapor, causing the ice to melt and drain away.
  • Weight is also a problem with the current beam and plate designs of the PCM containers. This is especially true for the plate form of the container, which is fabricated from heavy gauge carbon steel sheets. Any added weight is detrimental to the economic operation of a refrigerated truck, for it increases fuel cost and reduces payload.
  • a eutectic heat exchange apparatus including a eutectic material container and a refrigerant conduit external to the container and the PCM.
  • the apparatus may also include one or more optional internal heat transfer elements and one or more optional external heat exchange elements.
  • the apparatus includes a container body having an interior and an exterior.
  • the PCM is retained in the interior of the container body and a refrigerant conduit is positioned adjacent to the exterior of the container body. This is in contrast to the existing eutectic devices that locate any refrigerant conduit inside the eutectic material container body.
  • the container body is double walled with an internal wall and an external wall, wherein the internal wall has an interior surface and an exterior surface, and the external wall has an interior surface and an exterior surface. The container body is used to contain the PCM within the internal wall.
  • a plurality of refrigerant conduits are located between the exterior surface of the internal wall and the interior surface of the external wall, wherein the plurality of conduits are arranged to transport the refrigerant therethough, which refrigerant is used to cool the PCM and heat the external wall of the container body.
  • the apparatus also has one or more optional internal heat transfer elements coupled to the interior surface of the internal wall of the container body and arranged to extend into the PCM in the container body to enhance heat exchange with the PCM.
  • the optional internal heat transfer elements may be employed dependent upon the size of the container body. They may not be necessary for a relatively small container body.
  • the form of the apparatus with a double-walled container also includes a plurality of partitions positioned between and joined to the internal wall and the external wall of the container body, wherein the plurality of partitions may establish with the internal wall and the external wall the plurality of conduits.
  • the apparatus includes one or more external heat transfer elements coupled to the exterior surface of the external wall of the container body and arranged to extend into an environment surrounding the container body. The optional external heat transfer elements may be employed when only natural convection exists in the space to be cooled.
  • One or more end caps are coupled to the container body and arranged to seal the PCM within the container body.
  • the one or more end caps include a refrigerant inlet port and a refrigerant outlet port in fluid communication with the plurality of microchannels.
  • the container body may be a cylindrical ring shape but not limited thereto.
  • the apparatus of the present invention provides a more efficient arrangement for eutectic material cooling and external surface frost removal than is possible with existing eutectic refrigeration systems. It includes a PCM container body and one or more refrigerant conduits located outside of the PCM container body and arranged to enable heating of the exterior of the container body to facilitate removal of frost located on that exterior.
  • FIG. 1 is a side view with partial cutaway of the eutectic heat exchange apparatus of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a cross sectional end view of the eutectic heat exchange apparatus.
  • FIG. 3 is a cross sectional side view of the heat exchange apparatus.
  • FIGS. 1-3 A eutectic heat exchange apparatus 10 of the present invention is shown in FIGS. 1-3.
  • the apparatus 10 includes a container body 12, one or more optional internal heat transfer elements 14, one or more optional external heat transfer elements 16, a plurality of partitions 18, and enclosures 20 and 22.
  • the container body 12 is shown in the form of a cylinder; however, it is to be understood that the container body 12 may be of a different shape, such as a polygon form, for example.
  • the container body 12 is double-walled, with an internal wall 24 joined to an external wall 26 by the partitions 18. The number of partitions 18 is selectable and their placement is also selectable.
  • the use of a double-walled container body configuration in combination with the partitions 18 provides satisfactory structural integrity for the apparatus 10 while minimizing the weight of the apparatus 10. That is, they form a honeycomb-like construction that is both rigid and light weight.
  • the components of the apparatus 10 are made of one or more materials suitable for carrying out the function of a eutectic cooling device. They are capable of conducting heat within the container body 12 and external to the container body 12.
  • the components may be made of a steel alloy but not limited thereto.
  • the end caps 20 and 22 are joined to first end 28 and second end 30 of the container body 12 in a manner that is sufficient to maintain a liquid-tight seal of the container body 12 throughout all operations of the apparatus 10 when used to cool an interior volume over a commercially reasonable life expectancy.
  • the enclosures 20 and 22 are
  • PCM 34 may be any sort of eutectic material suitable for the specific cooling functionality desired.
  • the one or more optional internal heat transfer elements 14 are joined to, and extend from, interior surface 36 of the internal wall 24 of the container body 12 into the PCM 34.
  • the number of internal heat transfer elements 14, the extent to which they extend into the PCM 34, and their placement in the PCM 34 is selectable as a function of the desired rate at which the PCM 34 is to be cooled or heated.
  • the optional internal heat transfer elements 14 may not be necessary if the size of the container body 12 is relatively small and heat transfer to and from the PCM 34 would not be significantly enhanced by their presence.
  • the one or more optional external heat transfer elements 16 are joined to, and extend from, exterior surface 38 of the external wall 26 of the container body 12 to the environment surrounding the container body 12.
  • the number of external heat transfer elements 16, the extent to which they extend outward to the surrounding environment, and their positioning on the exterior surface 38 of the external wall 26 is selectable as a function of the desired rate at which cooling occurs.
  • the external heat transfer elements 16 are optional in that the apparatus 10 can be used to cool an interior volume without them. They may be useful when only natural convection exists within the interior space to be cooled. They may be less necessary or unnecessary when forced convection is employed.
  • An aspect of inclusion of a double-walled configuration of the container body 12 with the partitions 18 is that the space between partitions establishes a plurality of conduits 40 between adjacent partitions 18.
  • the configuration of each conduit 40 is defined by the partitions 18, exterior surface 42 of the internal wall 24 of the container body 12 and interior surface 44 of the external wall 26 of the container body 12.
  • the conduits 40 are narrow passages that may be used to transport refrigerant such as a refrigerant vapor indirectly to and from the PCM 34.
  • the substantial heat exchange surface area provided by the internal heat transfer elements 14 from the microchannels 40 through the internal wall 24 to the PCM 34 results in a highly efficient heat transfer mechanism for cooling with the refrigerant in the conduits 40 the PCM 34 within the container body 12.
  • the position of the conduits 40 adjacent to the external wall 26 results in a highly efficient heat transfer mechanism for warming with the refrigerant in the conduits 40 the external wall 26 of the container body 12 so that any accumulated frost on the exterior surface 38 can be quickly melted without the need to also warm the PCM 34.
  • the refrigerant is evaporated at low temperature and pressure.
  • Locating the refrigerant conduits 40 outside of the PCM 34, rather than internally within the PCM 34 as exists with present eutectic systems, serves a number of purposes.
  • heat transfer area is increased, and the rate at which heat can be added or removed from the PCM 34 is greatly enhanced.
  • this design offers the entire internal surface area of the enclosing container body 12, an increase of greater than 100% more efficient than existing systems.
  • Heat transfer is further enhanced as needed by inclusion of the optional internal heat transfer elements 14 when the volume of the interior space of the container body 12 dictates such inclusion. It should be appreciated that the thermal conductivity of eutectics is quite low, especially in the frozen state.
  • the internal heat transfer elements 14 are highly conductive and penetrate deep into the PCM 34, greatly increasing the rate at which heat can be transferred to and from the PCM 34, particularly when the interior dimensions of the container body 10 are substantial.
  • the air-side heat transfer or film coefficient is also quite low in conventional eutectic systems. In fact, it is the greatest barrier to the transfer of heat from the surrounding environment to the PCM 34. To overcome this resistance particularly when only natural convection exists in the volume to be cooled by the apparatus 10, the external surface area of the container body 12 is extended by inclusion of the optional external heat transfer elements 16, which project into the surrounding environment.
  • the partitions 18 add considerable strength to the container body 12 to make that a rigid structure.
  • the partitions 18 also conduct heat between the internal wall 24 and the external wall 26 and render the temperature gradient across the shell that is the container body 12 negligible.
  • the conduits 40 play an important role in the removal frost. Rather than evaporating refrigerant, superheated refrigerant gas may be injected into the conduits 40, directly heating the surface on which frost has accumulated. This promotes a very rapid and efficient defrost with minimal heating of the PCM 34 needed. Defrost time is reduced as is the required thermal energy.
  • the retainers 20 and 22 include refrigerant transfer rings 50 and 52 and PCM retention caps 60 and 62.
  • the rings 50 and 52 are configured to contain the refrigerant charge and provide the means by which liquid or hot refrigerant gas enter and exit the conduits 40.
  • ring 50 includes a refrigerant inlet port 42 and the ring 52 includes a refrigerant outlet port 44.
  • Refrigerant 46 from a source that is coupled to the inlet port 42 is delivered from an open source or in a closed system through the inlet port to the conduits 40, passing between the internal wall 24 and the external wall 26 of the container body 12.
  • the refrigerant 46 exits from the conduits 40 via the outlet port 44.
  • the PCM retention caps 60 and 62 are arranged to retain the PCM 34 within the interior of the container body 12. That is, they cover the entire ends 28 and 30 of the container body 12.
  • the refrigerant retention ring 50 and the PCM retention cap 60 may be permanently or removably joined together such as by press fit, bonding or brazing.
  • the refrigerant retention ring 52 and the PCM retention cap 62 also may be permanently or removably joined together such as by press fit, bonding or brazing.
  • a weight reduction of 40% or more can be realized with the double-walled container body 12 configuration, decreasing significantly vehicle fuel cost and increasing significantly payload capacity.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Geometry (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un appareil d'échange de chaleur eutectique comprenant un corps de récipient ayant un intérieur et un extérieur. Le corps de récipient est conçu pour contenir un matériau eutectique dans l'intérieur du corps de récipient. Un ou plusieurs conduits sont positionnés en dehors du corps de récipient de manière adjacente à l'extérieur du corps de récipient et agencés pour transporter un fluide frigorigène. L'appareil comprend également des éléments de transfert de chaleur internes facultatifs qui peuvent se présenter sous la forme d'ailettes couplées à la surface intérieure du corps de récipient et agencées pour s'étendre dans le matériau eutectique dans le corps de récipient pour faciliter le refroidissement du matériau eutectique. Dans une version à double paroi du corps de récipient, des cloisons sont positionnées entre une paroi interne et une paroi externe pour établir les conduits. Des éléments de transfert de chaleur externes facultatifs peuvent être couplés à l'extérieur du corps de récipient pour améliorer l'échange de chaleur avec un environnement entourant le corps de récipient.
PCT/US2019/050707 2018-09-12 2019-09-11 Appareil d'échange de chaleur eutectique WO2020056065A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US201862765647P 2018-09-12 2018-09-12
US62/765,647 2018-09-12

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2020056065A1 true WO2020056065A1 (fr) 2020-03-19
WO2020056065A4 WO2020056065A4 (fr) 2020-04-30

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2023026206A1 (fr) * 2021-08-24 2023-03-02 Sun-Ice Energy Pte. Ltd., Unite de chauffage et/ou de refroidissement a materiau a changement de phase
NO20220752A1 (en) * 2022-06-30 2024-01-01 Cartesian As Thermal energy storage system

Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2610485A (en) * 1950-07-28 1952-09-16 John L Barr Liquid cooler
US4630669A (en) * 1985-08-15 1986-12-23 Motorola, Inc. Heat exchange apparatus for high temperature LPCVD equipment
US4807696A (en) * 1987-12-10 1989-02-28 Triangle Research And Development Corp. Thermal energy storage apparatus using encapsulated phase change material
US5220954A (en) * 1992-10-07 1993-06-22 Shape, Inc. Phase change heat exchanger
US7237404B2 (en) * 2004-12-02 2007-07-03 Cold Car S.R.L. Frigorie accumulator
US20090008074A1 (en) * 2007-07-02 2009-01-08 Vamvakitis Dimitri L Tubular heat exchanger
US20100276121A1 (en) * 2006-01-26 2010-11-04 Dan Sagie Thermal Energy Storage Apparatus
US20120085518A1 (en) * 2010-10-07 2012-04-12 Raytheon Company Method and apparatus for cooling a fiber laser or amplifier
US20150060017A1 (en) * 2013-09-05 2015-03-05 National Central University Cooling apparatus using solid-liquid phase change material
US20170211856A1 (en) * 2014-07-16 2017-07-27 Valeo Systemes Thermiques Condenser cylinder adapted for use in an air-conditioning circuit, more specifically the air-conditioning circuit of an automobile

Patent Citations (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2610485A (en) * 1950-07-28 1952-09-16 John L Barr Liquid cooler
US4630669A (en) * 1985-08-15 1986-12-23 Motorola, Inc. Heat exchange apparatus for high temperature LPCVD equipment
US4807696A (en) * 1987-12-10 1989-02-28 Triangle Research And Development Corp. Thermal energy storage apparatus using encapsulated phase change material
US5220954A (en) * 1992-10-07 1993-06-22 Shape, Inc. Phase change heat exchanger
US7237404B2 (en) * 2004-12-02 2007-07-03 Cold Car S.R.L. Frigorie accumulator
US20100276121A1 (en) * 2006-01-26 2010-11-04 Dan Sagie Thermal Energy Storage Apparatus
US20090008074A1 (en) * 2007-07-02 2009-01-08 Vamvakitis Dimitri L Tubular heat exchanger
US20120085518A1 (en) * 2010-10-07 2012-04-12 Raytheon Company Method and apparatus for cooling a fiber laser or amplifier
US8467426B2 (en) * 2010-10-07 2013-06-18 Raytheon Company Method and apparatus for cooling a fiber laser or amplifier
US20150060017A1 (en) * 2013-09-05 2015-03-05 National Central University Cooling apparatus using solid-liquid phase change material
US20170211856A1 (en) * 2014-07-16 2017-07-27 Valeo Systemes Thermiques Condenser cylinder adapted for use in an air-conditioning circuit, more specifically the air-conditioning circuit of an automobile

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2023026206A1 (fr) * 2021-08-24 2023-03-02 Sun-Ice Energy Pte. Ltd., Unite de chauffage et/ou de refroidissement a materiau a changement de phase
NO20220752A1 (en) * 2022-06-30 2024-01-01 Cartesian As Thermal energy storage system

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