WO2020052600A1 - 一种低温工质发电系统及动力系统 - Google Patents
一种低温工质发电系统及动力系统 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2020052600A1 WO2020052600A1 PCT/CN2019/105428 CN2019105428W WO2020052600A1 WO 2020052600 A1 WO2020052600 A1 WO 2020052600A1 CN 2019105428 W CN2019105428 W CN 2019105428W WO 2020052600 A1 WO2020052600 A1 WO 2020052600A1
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
- F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
- F01K25/08—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours
- F01K25/10—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours the vapours being cold, e.g. ammonia, carbon dioxide, ether
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- the present application relates to the technical field of waste heat utilization, and in particular, to a low-temperature working fluid power generation system and a power system.
- Water is pumped into the waste heat boiler by means of a pump. After absorbing waste heat and industrial waste heat, it is gasified to form high-pressure steam, which is then input to a steam turbine to drive the turbine to rotate at high speed , And drive the generator to output power at high speed.
- the exhaust steam exhausted from the steam turbine is exchanged with the cold water or cold air in the environment through the cooling tower to release the latent heat energy in the exhaust steam, and the condensed water is sent to the waste heat boiler through the water pump to be reheated into steam, which drives the turbine and drives power generation.
- the turbine outputs electrical energy, and the exhaust steam discharged from the steam turbine then releases the latent heat energy from the exhaust steam to the cold water or cold air in the environment through the cooling tower.
- the exhaust steam condenses into water and continues to circulate, so that the power is continuously output.
- the power generation technology and waste heat power generation using water as a power generation medium can absorb and generate electricity of medium and high grade waste heat resources. Since waste waste heat resources are redundant and free heat sources in the industrial production process, the state supports this environmentally friendly waste heat power generation project. Therefore, it is widely used in the industrial market.
- the disadvantage is that the power generation efficiency is low, usually only about 10%. For high-grade waste heat with relatively high temperature, the power generation efficiency is about 20%. Nearly 80 to 90% of the energy is released through the cold water and cold air in the environment. , Cause huge waste, and also cause thermal pollution to the environment.
- organic Rankine cycle power generation uses organic working fluids with a boiling point of about 15 ° C. It can realize waste heat power generation for hot water and steam above 80 ° C.
- the technology is the same as the principle of using water as the working medium for power generation.
- the exhaust steam discharged by the screw expander also uses cold water or cold air in the environment to achieve condensation.
- the working principle is the same as the power generation technology using water as the power generation working medium. Screw expanders are used instead of steam turbines.
- organic Rankine cycle power generation uses a low boiling point working medium with a boiling point of about 15 ° C. The steam generates waste heat for power generation.
- the advantage of this technology is that it can generate low-grade waste heat at around 80 ° C.
- the disadvantage is that the cooling tower needs to be used to release the latent heat of the exhaust steam to the cold water and cold air in the environment, which not only causes thermal pollution in the environment, but also leads to low power generation efficiency, which is generally only about 10%, and the highest is 20 The power generation efficiency is about%, and nearly 80 to 90% of the energy is wasted and released into the environment.
- the waste heat power generation technology uses expensive organic working medium with a price of about 100,000 yuan per ton. Therefore, this waste heat power generation product is not only inefficient, but also the power generation working medium is expensive.
- the purpose of this application is to provide a low-temperature working fluid power generation system and a power system, which can improve the above problems.
- an embodiment of the present application provides a low-temperature working medium power generation system.
- the low-temperature working medium power generation system includes an exhaust steam recovery device and a low-temperature power generation device.
- the exhaust steam recovery device is in communication with the low-temperature power generation device.
- the low-temperature power generation device includes a low-temperature working fluid storage, a low-temperature liquid pump, an exhaust steam heat exchanger, a main heat exchanger, and a low-temperature working fluid steam turbine connected in sequence.
- the exhaust steam recovery device includes the low-temperature working fluid steam turbine, The exhaust steam heat exchanger, the throttling device and the low-temperature working fluid storage are described.
- the liquid low-temperature power generation working medium of the low-temperature power generation device is placed in the low-temperature working medium storage, and is pressurized by a low-temperature liquid pump to transfer the liquid low-temperature power generation working medium to the exhaust steam heat exchanger.
- the liquid cryogenic power working medium absorbs heat in the main heat exchanger
- a high-pressure gas is formed and delivered to the low-temperature working medium steam turbine, which is connected to a generator, and the high-pressure gas drives the low-temperature working medium steam turbine to perform high-speed rotation and work to enable the generator to output electric energy And / or the cryogenic working medium steam turbine drives mechanical equipment and outputs mechanical energy.
- the main heat exchanger is disposed between the exhaust steam heat exchanger and the low-temperature working medium steam turbine, and the main heat exchanger includes a condenser, an air heat exchanger, and a high-temperature flue gas heat exchange. Any one or more of a combination of water heater, hot water waste liquid heat exchanger, equipment cooling system, waste heat recovery device, boiler and waste heat boiler.
- the low-temperature working medium power generation system further includes a liquid refrigerant cycle, and the liquid refrigerant cycle includes a hot refrigerant liquid pipeline, a refrigerant circulating pump, the low-temperature power generation device, and the main replacement.
- the liquid refrigerant cycle includes a hot refrigerant liquid pipeline, a refrigerant circulating pump, the low-temperature power generation device, and the main replacement.
- the main heat exchanger performs heat exchange so that the hot refrigerant liquid loses heat energy, forms a low-temperature liquid of the refrigerant, enters the low-temperature refrigerant pipeline, and sends the low-temperature refrigerant pipeline to the equipment to be cooled through a valve.
- the low-temperature refrigerant absorbs heat to form a hot-refrigerant liquid returning to the hot-refrigerant liquid pipe;
- the liquid refrigerant cycle is an equipment cooling system, an air conditioning system, a gas liquid cooling system, a condenser or a hot water waste liquid heat exchanger system, and is arranged at the low temperature end of the main heat exchanger of the low temperature power generation device.
- the high-temperature end of the main heat exchanger is a high-temperature flue gas heat exchanger, a waste heat recoverer, a boiler, or a waste heat boiler, and the output is connected to the low-temperature working medium steam turbine.
- the main heat exchanger forms external high-pressure gas after absorbing external thermal energy, and sends the high-pressure gas to the low-temperature working medium steam turbine.
- the low-temperature working medium steam turbine is connected to a generator, and the high-pressure gas drives the low-temperature working medium steam turbine at high speed Rotation drives the generator to rotate at high speed to output electrical energy and / or the low-temperature working medium steam turbine drive mechanical equipment to output mechanical energy.
- the low-temperature exhaust steam generated by the low-temperature working medium steam turbine enters the exhaust steam heat exchanger, and the exhaust steam exchanges with the liquid low-temperature power generation working fluid in the exhaust steam heat exchanger.
- the exhaust steam exchanges with the liquid low-temperature power generation working fluid in the exhaust steam heat exchanger.
- a throttling device is provided at the outlet of the exhaust steam heat exchanger, and the throttling device throttles and reduces the pressure, and the low-pressure condensed liquid is returned to the low-temperature working fluid storage of the low-temperature power generation device to form cycle;
- the throttling device is a throttle valve, a shut-off valve, a pressure reducing valve, an expansion valve, or an expander with throttling and reducing pressure;
- the outlet of the throttling equipment of the exhaust steam recovery device is connected to the low-temperature working fluid storage of the low-temperature power generation device, and returns the low-temperature liquid condensed by the exhaust steam recovery device to the low-temperature power generation device.
- the low-temperature working medium storage device forms a cycle.
- the liquid cryogenic power generation working fluid stored in the cryogenic working fluid storage is natural gas, methane, ethane, air, oxygen, nitrogen, argon, hydrogen, helium, common simple gas, hydrocarbon gas substance, gas Any one or more of pure refrigerants, gas refrigerant mixtures, other gas organics, or other mixed gases.
- the exhaust steam recovery device and the low-temperature power generation device are both provided with a thermal insulation layer, vacuum thermal insulation, or other thermal insulation technologies.
- an embodiment of the present application provides a power system including the low-temperature working medium power generation system described in the first aspect.
- An embodiment of the present application provides a low-temperature working medium power generation system and a power system.
- the low-temperature working medium power generation system includes an exhaust steam recovery device and a low-temperature power generation device.
- the exhaust steam recovery device is in communication with the low-temperature power generation device.
- the device includes a low-temperature working fluid storage, a low-temperature liquid pump, an exhaust steam heat exchanger, a main heat exchanger, and a low-temperature working fluid steam turbine connected in sequence.
- the exhaust steam recovery device includes the low-temperature working fluid steam turbine, the exhaust fluid A steam heat exchanger, a throttling device, and the low-temperature working fluid storage.
- the latent heat in the exhaust steam formed by the release of thermal energy from the high-temperature and high-pressure gas generated by the low-temperature power generation device can be recovered by the exhaust steam recovery device, thereby achieving the purpose of efficient power generation using low-grade waste heat and effectively avoiding exhaust steam.
- the waste of latent heat energy, the traditional thermal power generation, biomass power generation and waste heat power generation systems, the cooling tower system accounts for about one-third of the total cost. Since the low temperature working fluid power system and power system do not have a cooling tower system, the low temperature working fluid The power generation system is not only very efficient, but also relatively low-cost compared to traditional power generation systems. Therefore, the low-temperature working fluid power generation system has both the advantages of high efficiency and low cost.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a low-temperature working fluid power generation system according to an embodiment of the present application
- FIG. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of another low-temperature working fluid power generation system according to an embodiment of the present application.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a liquid refrigerant circulation provided by an embodiment of the present application.
- Icons 100-low temperature working fluid power generation system; 111-cryogenic working fluid storage; 112-cryogenic liquid pump; 113-spent steam heat exchanger; 114-main heat exchanger; 115-cryogenic working steam turbine; 121-throttling device 130-generator; 140-liquid refrigerant circulation; 141-hot refrigerant liquid pipeline; 142-refrigerant circulation pump; 143-low temperature refrigerant pipeline; 144-cooling equipment.
- horizontal simply means that its direction is more horizontal than “vertical”, which does not mean that the structure must be completely horizontal, but it can be tilted slightly.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a low-temperature working medium power generation system 100 according to an embodiment of the present application.
- the low-temperature working medium power generation system 100 includes an exhaust steam recovery device and a low-temperature power generation device. It is in communication with the low-temperature power generation device.
- the low-temperature power generation device includes a low-temperature working fluid storage 111, a low-temperature liquid pump 112, an exhaust steam heat exchanger 113, a main heat exchanger 114, and a low-temperature working fluid turbine 115, which are sequentially connected.
- the steam recovery device includes the low-temperature working medium steam turbine 115, the exhaust steam heat exchanger 113, a throttling device 121, and the low-temperature working medium storage 111 which are communicated in this order.
- the low-temperature power generating device is used to provide a liquid low-temperature power generating working medium, which is used to form a high-temperature and high-pressure gas after absorbing heat to drive the low-temperature working medium turbine 115 to rotate.
- the exhaust steam recovery device is used to absorb the latent heat of the exhaust steam and transfer the latent heat to a low-temperature power generation device for reuse.
- the low-temperature working medium power generation system 100 can be applied to recover the cooling water of existing chemical plants, building materials, cement, papermaking, printing and dyeing, textiles, sugar, food, wine, and pharmaceutical factories.
- the waste heat of the gas turbine exhaust gas is suitable for utilizing a large amount of heat energy stored in air or seawater.
- the liquid low-temperature power generating working medium of the low-temperature power generating device is placed in the low-temperature working medium storage 111 and pressurized by a low-temperature liquid pump 112 to transfer the liquid low-temperature power generating working medium to the exhaust steam heat exchanger 113.
- the thermal energy generated by the exhaust steam recovery device is used to raise the temperature of the liquid cryogenic power generation working fluid, and then is sent to the main heat exchanger 114.
- the liquid cryogenic power generation working fluid is in the main heat exchanger 114
- the medium-endothermic heat forms a high-pressure gas, which is sent to the low-temperature working medium turbine 115, which is connected to a generator 130, and the high-pressure gas drives the low-temperature working medium turbine 115 to perform work to generate electricity
- the engine 130 outputs electric energy and / or the low-temperature working medium steam turbine 115 drives mechanical equipment to output mechanical energy.
- the liquid low-temperature power generation working fluid stored in the low-temperature working fluid storage 111 is natural gas, methane, ethane, air, oxygen, nitrogen, argon, hydrogen, helium, ordinary simple gas, hydrocarbon gas substance, and gas refrigerant. Any one or more of the above-mentioned substances, gas refrigerant mixtures, other gas organics, or other mixed gases.
- the main heat exchanger 114 is disposed between the exhaust steam heat exchanger 113 and the low-temperature working medium steam turbine 115.
- the main heat exchanger 114 includes a condenser, an air heat exchanger, and a high-temperature flue gas heat exchanger. Any one or more of a combination of water heater, hot water waste liquid heat exchanger, equipment cooling system, waste heat recovery device, boiler and waste heat boiler.
- Air heat exchangers include high-temperature hot air sources such as steel plants, coking plants and heating furnaces.
- High-temperature flue gas heat exchangers are used to absorb high-temperature waste heat in the flue and hot water waste liquid is replaced Heaters are used to absorb industrial hot water or high-temperature liquid waste heat.
- Each device in the heat exchanger may also be multiple devices, and multiple devices may be connected in series or in parallel.
- the air seawater heat exchanger is provided with a defrost device and a fan device, and the defrost device can provide heat to the shell of the air seawater heat exchanger, and the fan device is used to make the flow Accelerated by seawater or air through an air seawater heat exchanger.
- the defrost device when there is frost on the air sea water heat exchanger, it can be quickly removed.
- the shell of the air seawater heat exchanger is provided with a defrost device, or the air seawater heat exchanger is provided with a defrost device, or the gas part of the air seawater heat exchanger is provided with a defrost device.
- the defrost device includes an electric heating wire, and preferably, the air seawater heat exchanger has a structure such as a plurality of fins to provide heat exchange efficiency of the air seawater heat exchanger.
- the air or seawater can be forced to accelerate and increase through the air seawater heat exchanger to provide the heat exchange efficiency of the air seawater heat exchanger.
- the number of the fan devices is one or more.
- the main heat exchanger 114 absorbs external thermal energy to form a high-pressure gas, and sends the high-pressure gas to the low-temperature working medium turbine 115.
- the low-temperature working medium turbine 115 is connected to a generator 130, and the high-pressure gas drives the low-temperature working medium.
- the steam turbine 115 rotates at a high speed, which drives the generator 130 to rotate at a high speed to output electric energy and / or the low-temperature working medium steam turbine 115 drives mechanical equipment to output mechanical energy.
- the low-temperature working medium steam turbine 115 is a low-temperature-resistant material and is a special steam turbine that meets the characteristics of the low-temperature working medium.
- the low-temperature working medium steam turbine 115 may also be replaced with a prime mover such as an expander and a pneumatic machine that are resistant to low-temperature materials.
- the low-temperature exhaust steam generated by the low-temperature working fluid steam turbine 115 enters the exhaust steam heat exchanger 113, and the exhaust steam exchanges heat with the liquid low-temperature power generation working fluid in the exhaust steam heat exchanger 113, In order to reduce the temperature of the exhaust steam and achieve condensation of the exhaust steam.
- the shell of the exhaust steam heat exchanger 113 needs high-efficiency adiabatic heat preservation. Its function and purpose is to enable the liquid cryogenic power generation working medium to fully absorb the exhaust steam heat energy.
- the bottom of the exhaust steam heat exchanger is also A gas-liquid separation is provided, and the exhaust steam is condensed into a liquid state through heat exchange, and is reduced in pressure and throttled by the throttling device 121, and returned to the low-temperature working fluid storage 111 to form a cycle.
- the low-temperature power generation working medium pipe of the exhaust steam heat exchanger 113 is disposed inside the exhaust steam condensing pipe, the outer shell of the exhaust steam pipe is provided with an efficient thermal insulation layer, and a gas-liquid separation and Space for cryogenic liquids.
- a throttling device is provided at the outlet of the exhaust steam heat exchanger 113, and the throttling device throttles and reduces the pressure, and the condensed liquid at a low pressure is returned to the low-temperature working medium storage 111 of the low-temperature power generation device to form Circulation;
- the throttling device is a throttling valve, a shut-off valve, a pressure reducing valve, an expansion valve or an expander with throttling and reducing pressure; an outlet of the throttling device of the exhaust steam recovery device and the low-temperature power generation
- the low-temperature working substance storage 111 of the device is connected, and the low-temperature liquid condensed by the exhaust steam recovery device is returned to the low-temperature working substance storage 111 of the low-temperature power generation device to form a cycle.
- the low-temperature power generation pipeline and the exhaust steam recovery pipeline are both provided with a thermal insulation layer, vacuum insulation, or other thermal insulation technology.
- the low-temperature working medium power generation system 100 further includes a liquid refrigerant cycle 140, and the liquid refrigerant cycle 140 includes a hot refrigerant liquid pipe 141, a cold refrigerant.
- the refrigerant circulation pump 142, the main heat exchanger 114 of the low-temperature power generation device, the low-temperature refrigerant pipe 143, and the equipment to be cooled 144, and the hot refrigerant liquid generated by the external equipment is delivered to the hot-refrigerant liquid pipeline. 141.
- the low-temperature refrigerant pipe 143 is sent to the to-be-cooled device 144 through a valve.
- the low-temperature refrigerant absorbs heat and forms a hot refrigerant to return to the hot refrigerant liquid pipe 141.
- the liquid refrigerant cycle 140 is an equipment cooling system, an air conditioning system, a gas-liquid cooling system, a condenser, or a hot-water waste liquid heat exchanger system, and is provided at the low-temperature end of the main heat exchanger 114.
- the high-temperature end of the heat exchanger 114 is a high-temperature flue gas heat exchanger, a waste heat recoverer, a boiler or a waste heat boiler, and the output is connected to the low-temperature working medium steam turbine 115.
- the hot refrigerant liquid includes, but is not limited to, water, saline, ethylene glycol or propylene glycol solution, dichloromethane, trichloroethane, and the like.
- a low-temperature working medium is used for power generation (such as liquid air and liquid nitrogen).
- the low-temperature liquid nitrogen pressurizes the low-temperature working medium through a low-temperature liquid pump 112, and is input to a heat exchanger and a heat source for heat exchange.
- the boiling point is extremely low, even if the temperature is about 10 ° C, water and air can vaporize the low-temperature liquid nitrogen power working medium to form high-pressure gas, drive the low-temperature working medium turbine 115 to rotate at high speed and drive the generator 130 to generate electricity, and absorb the heat energy It is converted into kinetic energy and power generation output.
- the exhausted latent heat is absorbed by the cryogenic liquid working medium output by the cryogenic liquid pump 112.
- the low-temperature power-generating working medium is pressurized by the low-temperature liquid pump 112 again, and is transported to the heat exchanger to absorb heat and vaporize, forming a high-pressure driving low-temperature working medium steam turbine 115 to rotate at high speed and driving the generator 130 to generate power, and so on.
- This technology uses low-boiling low-temperature low-temperature power generation working fluids with a boiling point below 0 degrees Celsius, such as extremely low temperature liquid nitrogen, with a boiling point of minus -196 ° C. It is pressurized into a heat exchanger by a low-temperature liquid pump 112, and hot water and hot gas Heat exchange, rapid absorption of heat and gasification to form a high voltage, driving the low-temperature working medium steam turbine 115 to generate electricity and output electric energy.
- the low-temperature working medium power generation system 100 uses a low-boiling low-temperature low-temperature power generating working medium below 0 degrees Celsius, which can absorb low-grade thermal energy and generate electricity.
- the low-temperature working medium power generating system 100 uses a low-temperature liquid working medium to condense and exhaust steam. Thermal energy re-enters the power generation system without discharging energy to the environment or cooling tower system. Therefore, the low-temperature working fluid power generation system 100 has a very high power generation efficiency, and is a high-efficiency energy-saving and environmental protection power generation system and power system.
- an embodiment of the present application further provides a power system, including the low-temperature working medium power generation system 100 described above.
- the embodiment of the present application provides a low-temperature working fluid power generation system 100 and a power system.
- the low-temperature working fluid power generation system 100 includes a spent steam recovery device and a low-temperature power generation device.
- the low-temperature power generation device includes a low-temperature working fluid storage 111, a low-temperature liquid pump 112, an exhaust steam heat exchanger 113, a main heat exchanger 114, and a low-temperature working fluid turbine 115, which are sequentially connected.
- the exhaust steam recovery device includes The low-temperature working medium steam turbine 115, the exhaust steam heat exchanger 113, the throttling device 121, and the low-temperature working medium storage 111 are communicated with each other.
- the latent heat in the exhaust steam formed by the release of thermal energy from the high-temperature and high-pressure gas generated by the low-temperature power generation device can be recovered by the exhaust steam recovery device, thereby achieving the purpose of efficient power generation using low-grade waste heat and effectively avoiding exhaust steam.
- the waste of latent heat energy, traditional thermal power generation, biomass power generation and waste heat power generation systems, the cooling tower system accounts for about one-third of the total cost. Because the low-temperature working medium power generation system 100 and the power system do not have a cooling tower system, the low-temperature working system The low-quality power generation system 100 not only has very high efficiency, but also has a low construction cost compared with the traditional power generation system. Therefore, the low-temperature working fluid power generation system 100 has both the advantages of high efficiency and low cost.
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Abstract
一种低温工质发电系统，包括乏汽回收装置和低温发电装置，乏汽回收装置与低温发电装置连通，低温发电装置包括依次连通的低温工质存储器（111）、低温液体泵（112）、乏汽换热器（113）、主换热器（114）、低温工质汽轮机（115），乏汽回收装置包括依次连通的低温工质汽轮机（115）、乏汽换热器（113）、节流装置（121）和低温工质存储器（111），该系统能回收低温发电装置产生的乏汽中的余热。一种动力系统也被公开。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求于2018年09月11日提交中国专利局的申请号为CN201821487121.3、名称为“一种低温工质发电系统及动力系统”以及2018年09月20日提交中国专利局的申请号为CN201811106208.6、名称为“一种低温工质发电系统及动力系统”的中国专利申请的优先权，其全部内容通过引用结合在本申请中。
本申请涉及余热利用技术领域，具体而言，涉及一种低温工质发电系统及动力系统。
传统的发电系统和余热发电系统，大部分都是采用水作为发电工质，水通过水泵加压输送到余热锅炉中，吸收余热和工业废热后气化形成高压蒸汽，然后输入汽轮机驱动汽轮机高速旋转，并带动发电机高速旋转输出电能。汽轮机排出的乏汽，通过冷却塔与环境中的冷水或者冷空气换热，将乏汽中的潜热能量释放掉，形成冷凝水再通过水泵输送给余热锅炉重新加热成为蒸汽，驱动汽轮机并带动发电机输出电能，汽轮机排出的乏汽再通过冷却塔将乏汽中的潜热能量释放到环境中的冷水或环境中的冷空气中，乏汽冷凝成水再继续循环，如此不断的发电输出。
用水作为发电工质的发电技术和余热发电可对中高品位余热资源进行吸收和发电，由于废余热资源是工业生产过程中多余和免费的热源，同时国家对这种环保的余热发电项目进行扶持，所以在工业市场中应用比较多。
缺点是发电效率低，通常只有10％左右的发电效率，对于温度相对较高的高品位余热，发电效率也就20％左右，近80～90％能量通过环境中的冷水和冷空气被释放掉，造成巨大的浪费，并且还对环境形成热污染。
市场上除了采用水作为发电工质，还有一种低温有机朗肯循环发电，该发电应用沸点温度约为15℃左右的有机工质，可以实现对80℃以上热水和蒸汽进行余热发电，该技术与采用水作为发电工质的原理相同，螺杆膨胀机排出的乏汽，也采用环境中的冷水或冷空气实现冷凝。工作原理与采用水作为发电工质的发电技术相同，采用螺杆膨胀机替代汽轮机，同时由于有机朗肯循环发电采用沸点为15℃左右的低沸点工质，因此能够对80℃以上的热水和蒸汽进行余热发电。
该技术的优势是能够对80℃左右的低品位余热进行发电。缺点是需要采用冷却塔将乏汽潜热释放到环境中的冷水和冷空气中，不但在环境中造成了热污染，同时还导致发电效率低，一般只有10％左右的发电效率，最高也就20％左右的发电效率，近80～90％的能量 被白白的浪费和释放到环境中。同时该余热发电技术，采用了每吨价格约10万元左右的昂贵有机工质，因此这种余热发电产品不但效率低，同时发电工质价格昂贵。
发明内容
本申请的目的在于提供一种低温工质发电系统及动力系统，其能够改善上述问题。
本申请的实施例是这样实现的：
第一方面，本申请实施例提供一种低温工质发电系统，所述低温工质发电系统包括乏汽回收装置和低温发电装置，所述乏汽回收装置与所述低温发电装置连通，所述低温发电装置包括依次连通的低温工质存储器、低温液体泵、乏汽换热器、主换热器和低温工质汽轮机，所述乏汽回收装置包括依次连通的所述低温工质汽轮机、所述乏汽换热器、节流装置和所述低温工质存储器。
可选地，所述低温发电装置的液态低温发电工质放置于所述低温工质存储器中，通过低温液体泵加压，使所述液态低温发电工质输送到所述乏汽换热器中，吸收所述乏汽回收装置产生的热能使所述液态低温发电工质的温度升高，然后输送到所述主换热器中，所述液态低温发电工质在主换热器中吸热形成高压气体，输送到所述低温工质汽轮机中，所述低温工质汽轮机与发电机连接，所述高压气体驱动所述低温工质汽轮机进行高速旋转和做功，以使所述发电机输出电能和/或所述低温工质汽轮机驱动机械设备，输出机械能。
可选地，所述主换热器设置于所述乏汽换热器与所述低温工质汽轮机之间，所述主换热器包括凝汽器、空气换热器、高温烟气热交换器、热水废液换热器、设备冷却系统、余热回收器、锅炉和余热锅炉中的任意一种或多种组合。
可选地，所述低温工质发电系统还包括液体载冷剂循环，所述液体载冷剂循环包括热载冷剂液体管道、载冷剂循环泵、所述低温发电装置、所述主换热器、低温载冷剂管道和待冷却设备，外部设备产生的热载冷剂液体输送至所述热载冷剂液体管道，通过所述载冷剂循环泵加压，输送到低温发电装置的所述主换热器进行换热，以使所述热载冷剂液体失去热能，形成载冷剂的低温液体，进入所述低温载冷剂管道，通过阀门输送给所述待冷却设备，所述低温的载冷剂吸热后形成热载冷剂返回所述热载冷剂液体管道；
所述液体载冷剂循环为设备冷却系统、空调系统、气体液体冷却系统、凝汽器或热水废液换热器系统，设置在所述低温发电装置的所述主换热器的低温端，所述主换热器的高温端为高温烟气热交换器、余热回收器、锅炉或余热锅炉，输出连接所述低温工质汽轮机。
可选地，所述主换热器吸收外部热能后形成高压气体，输送至所述低温工质汽轮机中，所述低温工质汽轮机连接发电机，所述高压气体驱动所述低温工质汽轮机高速旋转，带动发电机高速旋转输出电能和/或所述低温工质汽轮机驱动机械设备，输出机械能。
可选地，所述低温工质汽轮机产生的低温乏汽进入到所述乏汽换热器中，所述乏汽与 所述乏汽换热器内的所述液态低温发电工质进行换热，以降低所述乏汽的温度并实现乏汽冷凝。
可选地，所述乏汽换热器出口设置有节流设备，所述节流设备节流降压，呈低压的冷凝液体返回到所述低温发电装置的所述低温工质存储器中，形成循环；
所述节流设备为具有节流减压的节流阀、截止阀、减压阀、膨胀阀或膨胀机；
所述乏汽回收装置的所述节流设备的出口与所述低温发电装置的所述低温工质存储器连接，将所述乏汽回收装置冷凝的低温液体，返回给所述低温发电装置的所述低温工质存储器，形成循环。
可选地，所述低温工质存储器中存储的液体低温发电工质为天然气、甲烷、乙烷、空气、氧气、氮气、氩气、氢气、氦气、普通简单气体、烃类气体物质、气体制冷剂纯净物、气体制冷剂混合物、其他气体有机物或其他混合气体中的任意一种或多种组合。
可选地，所述乏汽回收装置与所述低温发电装置均设有保温层、真空隔热、或者其他的绝热保温技术。
第二方面，本申请实施例提供一种动力系统，包括上述第一方面所述的低温工质发电系统。
本申请实施例的有益效果是：
本申请实施例提供一种低温工质发电系统及动力系统，该低温工质发电系统包括乏汽回收装置和低温发电装置，所述乏汽回收装置与所述低温发电装置连通，所述低温发电装置包括依次连通的低温工质存储器、低温液体泵、乏汽换热器、主换热器和低温工质汽轮机，所述乏汽回收装置包括依次连通的所述低温工质汽轮机、所述乏汽换热器、节流装置和所述低温工质存储器。
本方案中，可以将低温发电装置产生的高温高压气体释放热能后形成的乏汽中的潜热通过乏汽回收装置进行回收，从而实现了利用低品位余热高效发电的目的，有效地避免了乏汽的潜热能量的浪费，传统火力发电、生物质发电以及余热发电系统，其冷却塔系统约占总成本的三分之一，由于低温工质发电系统及动力系统没有冷却塔系统，该低温工质发电系统不但效率非常高，而且相对传统发电系统建设低成本也低，因此该低温工质发电系统同时具有高效率和低成本的优点。
为了更清楚地说明本申请实施例的技术方案，下面将对实施例中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍，应当理解，以下附图仅示出了本申请的某些实施例，因此不应被看作是对范围的限定，对于本领域普通技术人员来讲，在不付出创造性劳动的前提下，还可以根据这些附图获得其他相关的附图。
图1为本申请实施例提供的一种低温工质发电系统的结构示意图；
图2为本申请实施例提供的另一种低温工质发电系统的结构示意图；
图3为本申请实施例提供的一种液体载冷剂循环的结构示意图。
图标：100-低温工质发电系统；111-低温工质存储器；112-低温液体泵；113-乏汽换热器；114-主换热器；115-低温工质汽轮机；121-节流装置；130-发电机；140-液体载冷剂循环；141-热载冷剂液体管道；142-载冷剂循环泵；143-低温载冷剂管道；144-待冷却设备。
为使本申请实施例的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚，下面将结合本申请实施例中的附图，对本申请实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述，显然，所描述的实施例是本申请一部分实施例，而不是全部的实施例。通常在此处附图中描述和示出的本申请实施例的组件可以以各种不同的配置来布置和设计。
因此，以下对在附图中提供的本申请的实施例的详细描述并非旨在限制要求保护的本申请的范围，而是仅仅表示本申请的选定实施例。基于本申请中的实施例，本领域普通技术人员在没有作出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例，都属于本申请保护的范围。
应注意到：相似的标号和字母在下面的附图中表示类似项，因此，一旦某一项在一个附图中被定义，则在随后的附图中不需要对其进行进一步定义和解释。
在本申请的描述中，需要说明的是，术语“中心”、“上”、“下”、“左”、“右”、“竖直”、“水平”、“内”和“外”等指示的方位或位置关系为基于附图所示的方位或位置关系，或者是该申请产品使用时惯常摆放的方位或位置关系，仅是为了便于描述本申请和简化描述，而不是指示或暗示所指的装置或元件必须具有特定的方位、以特定的方位构造和操作，因此不能理解为对本申请的限制。此外，术语“第一”、“第二”和“第三”等仅用于区分描述，而不能理解为指示或暗示相对重要性。
此外，术语“水平”、“竖直”和“悬垂”等术语并不表示要求部件绝对水平或悬垂，而是可以稍微倾斜。如“水平”仅仅是指其方向相对“竖直”而言更加水平，并不是表示该结构一定要完全水平，而是可以稍微倾斜。
在本申请的描述中，还需要说明的是，除非另有明确的规定和限定，术语“设置”、“安装”、“相连”和“连接”应做广义理解，例如，可以是固定连接，也可以是可拆卸连接，或一体地连接；可以是机械连接，也可以是电连接；可以是直接相连，也可以通过中间媒介间接相连，可以是两个元件内部的连通。对于本领域的普通技术人员而言，可以具体情况理解上述术语在本申请中的具体含义。
本申请的其他特征和优点将在随后的说明书阐述，并且，部分地从说明书中变得显而易见，或者通过实施本申请实施例而了解。本申请的目的和其他优点可通过在所写的说明 书、权利要求书、以及附图中所特别指出的结构来实现和获得。
请参照图1，图1为本申请实施例提供的一种低温工质发电系统100的结构示意图，所述低温工质发电系统100包括乏汽回收装置和低温发电装置，所述乏汽回收装置与所述低温发电装置连通，所述低温发电装置包括依次连通的低温工质存储器111、低温液体泵112、乏汽换热器113、主换热器114和低温工质汽轮机115，所述乏汽回收装置包括依次连通的所述低温工质汽轮机115、所述乏汽换热器113、节流装置121和所述低温工质存储器111。
其中，所述低温发电装置，用于提供液态低温发电工质，液态低温发电工质用于吸热后形成高温高压气体驱动低温工质汽轮机115转动。
所述乏汽回收装置用于吸收乏汽的潜热，并将潜热传递给低温发电装置进行再利用。
需要说明的是，本实施例提供的低温工质发电系统100，可适用于回收现有化工厂、建材、水泥、造纸、印染、纺织、糖业、食品、酒业和药厂的冷却水和制冷系统中的低品质热能余热，以及轧钢厂的冲渣水、油井的地下水、连排水、炼钢、炼铁和焦炉的余热，还有锅炉炉体冷却水余热，锅炉烟气，柴油机尾气，燃气轮机尾气的余热，适用于利用空气或者海水中蕴藏的大量热能等。
其中，所述低温发电装置的液态低温发电工质放置于所述低温工质存储器111中，通过低温液体泵112加压，使所述液态低温发电工质输送到所述乏汽换热器113中，吸收所述乏汽回收装置产生的热能使所述液态低温发电工质的温度升高，然后输送到所述主换热器114中，所述液态低温发电工质在主换热器114中吸热形成高压气体，输送到所述低温工质汽轮机115中，所述低温工质汽轮机115与发电机130连接，所述高压气体驱动所述低温工质汽轮机115做功，以使所述发电机130输出电能和/或所述低温工质汽轮机115驱动机械设备，输出机械能。
所述低温工质存储器111中存储的液体低温发电工质为天然气、甲烷、乙烷、空气、氧气、氮气、氩气、氢气、氦气、普通简单气体、烃类气体物质、气体制冷剂纯净物、气体制冷剂混合物、其他气体有机物或其他混合气体中的任意一种或多种组合。
所述主换热器114设置于所述乏汽换热器113与所述低温工质汽轮机115之间，所述主换热器114包括凝汽器、空气换热器、高温烟气热交换器、热水废液换热器、设备冷却系统、余热回收器、锅炉和余热锅炉中的任意一种或多种组合。
凝汽器用于发电厂汽轮机进行乏汽冷凝，空气换热器包括钢铁厂、焦化厂和加热炉等高温的热空气源，高温烟气热交换器用于吸收烟道中高温余热，热水废液换热器用于吸收工业热水或高温液体余热等。
上述热交换器中的各个设备还可以是多种设备，多种设备之间可以串联或并联。
可选地，当主交换器包括空气海水换热器时，空气海水换热器设置有除冰霜装置和风 扇装置，除冰霜装置能够给空气海水换热器的外壳提供热量，风扇装置用于使流经空气海水换热器的海水或者空气加速。通过除冰霜装置，以便空气海水换热器上存在冰霜时，可以快速去除。例如，空气海水换热器的外壳设置有除冰霜装置，或者，空气海水换热器的内部设置有除冰霜装置，或者，空气海水换热器的气体部位设置有除冰霜装置。优选地，除冰霜装置包括电加热丝，优选地，空气海水换热器具有多个翅片等结构，以提供空气海水换热器的换热效率。通过风扇装置，以能够迫使空气或海水加速和增量经过空气海水换热器，以提供空气海水换热器的换热效率。可选地，风扇装置的数量为一套或者多套。
其中，所述主换热器114吸收外部热能后形成高压气体，输送至所述低温工质汽轮机115中，所述低温工质汽轮机115连接发电机130，所述高压气体驱动所述低温工质汽轮机115高速旋转，带动发电机130高速旋转输出电能和/或所述低温工质汽轮机115驱动机械设备，输出机械能。
所述低温工质汽轮机115为耐低温的材料，符合低温工质特性的专用汽轮机。
所述低温工质汽轮机115还可以替换为耐低温材料的膨胀机和气动机等原动机。
所述低温工质汽轮机115产生的低温乏汽进入到所述乏汽换热器113中，所述乏汽与所述乏汽换热器113内的所述液态低温发电工质进行换热，以降低所述乏汽的温度并实现乏汽冷凝。
所述乏汽换热器113的外壳需高效绝热保冷，其作用和目的是使液态低温发电工质能够充分吸收乏汽热能，为实现乏汽的充分冷凝，所述乏汽热器的底部还设置有气液分离，乏汽经过换热全部冷凝成液态，通过所述节流装置121降压节流，返回所述低温工质存储器111中，形成循环。
优选地，所述乏汽换热器113的低温发电工质管道，设置于乏汽冷凝管道的内部，所述乏汽管道外壳设置高效绝热保冷层，乏汽管道的底部设置有气液分离和储存低温液体的空间。
另外，所述乏汽换热器113出口设置有节流设备，所述节流设备节流降压，呈低压的冷凝液体返回到所述低温发电装置的所述低温工质存储器111中，形成循环；所述节流设备为具有节流减压的节流阀、截止阀、减压阀、膨胀阀或膨胀机；所述乏汽回收装置的所述节流设备的出口与所述低温发电装置的所述低温工质存储器111连接，将所述乏汽回收装置冷凝的低温液体，返回给所述低温发电装置的所述低温工质存储器111，形成循环。
所述低温发电管路与所述乏汽回收管路均设有保温层，真空隔热、或者其他的绝热保温技术。
作为一种实施方式，请参照图2和图3，所述低温工质发电系统100还包括液体载冷剂循环140，所述液体载冷剂循环140包括热载冷剂液体管道141、载冷剂循环泵142、所述 低温发电装置的所述主换热器114、低温载冷剂管道143和待冷却设备144，外部设备产生的热载冷剂液体输送至所述热载冷剂液体管道141，通过所述载冷剂循环泵142加压，输送到所述主换热器114进行换热，以使所述热载冷剂液体失去热能，形成载冷剂的低温液体，进入所述低温载冷剂管道143，通过阀门输送给所述待冷却设备144，所述低温的载冷剂吸热后形成热载冷剂返回所述热载冷剂液体管道141。
所述液体载冷剂循环140为设备冷却系统、空调系统、气体液体冷却系统、凝汽器或热水废液换热器系统，设置在所述主换热器114的低温端，所述主换热器114的高温端为高温烟气热交换器、余热回收器、锅炉或余热锅炉，输出连接所述低温工质汽轮机115。
其中，所述热载冷剂液体包括但不限于有水、盐水、乙二醇或丙二醇溶液、二氯甲烷和三氯乙烷等等。
本申请实施例中，采用低温工质进行发电(例如液空、液氮)，低温液氮通过低温液体泵112对低温工质加压，输入换热器与热源进行换热，由于低温工质沸点极低，即使温度为10℃左右的水和空气，也能够让该低温液氮发电工质气化形成高压气体，驱动低温工质汽轮机115高速旋转和带动发电机130发电，将吸收的热能转为动能和发电输出，排出的乏汽潜热被低温液体泵112输出的低温发电工质吸收，乏汽冷凝成为液态，通过节流装置121节流减压，输入低温工质存储器111。低温发电工质重新被低温液体泵112加压，输送到换热器中吸热汽化，形成高压驱动低温工质汽轮机115高速旋转并带动发电机130发电输出，如此不断的循环。
该技术采用沸点温度0摄氏度以下的低沸点低温发电工质，如温度极低的液氮，沸点温度为零下-196℃，通过低温液体泵112加压到换热器中，与热水和热气换热，迅速吸热气化形成高压，驱动低温工质汽轮机115发电输出电能。该低温工质发电系统100采用0摄氏度以下的低沸点低温发电工质，可以对低品位热能进行吸热和发电，同时该低温工质发电系统100采用低温液体工质冷凝乏汽，乏汽中热能重新进入发电系统，没有将能量排放到环境中，也没有冷却塔系统，因此该低温工质发电系统100发电效率非常高，是一项高效率的节能环保的发电系统和动力系统。
另外，本申请实施例还提供一种动力系统，包括上述的低温工质发电系统100。
综上所述，本申请实施例提供一种低温工质发电系统100及动力系统，该低温工质发电系统100包括乏汽回收装置和低温发电装置，所述乏汽回收装置与所述低温发电装置连通，所述低温发电装置包括依次连通的低温工质存储器111、低温液体泵112、乏汽换热器113、主换热器114和低温工质汽轮机115，所述乏汽回收装置包括依次连通的所述低温工质汽轮机115、所述乏汽换热器113、节流装置121和所述低温工质存储器111。
本方案中，可以将低温发电装置产生的高温高压气体释放热能后形成的乏汽中的潜热 通过乏汽回收装置进行回收，从而实现了利用低品位余热高效发电的目的，有效地避免了乏汽的潜热能量的浪费，传统火力发电、生物质发电以及余热发电系统，其冷却塔系统约占总成本的三分之一，由于低温工质发电系统100及动力系统没有冷却塔系统，该低温工质发电系统100不但效率非常高，而且相对传统发电系统建设低成本也低，因此该低温工质发电系统100同时具有高效率和低成本的优点。
以上所述仅为本申请的优选实施例而已，并不用于限制本申请，对于本领域的技术人员来说，本申请可以有各种更改和变化。凡在本申请的精神和原则之内，所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等，均应包含在本申请的保护范围之内。
Claims (10)
- 一种低温工质发电系统，其特征在于，所述低温工质发电系统包括乏汽回收装置和低温发电装置，所述乏汽回收装置与所述低温发电装置连通，所述低温发电装置包括依次连通的低温工质存储器、低温液体泵、乏汽换热器、主换热器和低温工质汽轮机，所述乏汽回收装置包括依次连通的所述低温工质汽轮机、所述乏汽换热器、节流装置和所述低温工质存储器。
- 根据权利要求1所述的低温工质发电系统，其特征在于，所述低温发电装置的液态低温发电工质放置于所述低温工质存储器中，通过低温液体泵加压，使所述液态低温发电工质输送到所述乏汽换热器中，吸收所述乏汽回收装置产生的热能使所述液态低温发电工质的温度升高，然后输送到所述主换热器中，所述液态低温发电工质在主换热器中吸热形成高压气体，输送到所述低温工质汽轮机中，所述低温工质汽轮机与发电机连接，所述高压气体驱动所述低温工质汽轮机做功，以使所述发电机输出电能和/或所述低温工质汽轮机驱动机械设备，输出机械能。
- 根据权利要求1所述的低温工质发电系统，其特征在于，所述主换热器设置于所述乏汽换热器与所述低温工质汽轮机之间，所述主换热器包括凝汽器、空气换热器、高温烟气热交换器、热水废液换热器、设备冷却系统、余热回收器、锅炉和余热锅炉中的任意一种或多种组合。
- 根据权利要求1所述的低温工质发电系统，其特征在于，所述低温工质发电系统还包括液体载冷剂循环，所述液体载冷剂循环包括热载冷剂液体管道、载冷剂循环泵、所述低温发电装置的所述主换热器、低温载冷剂管道和待冷却设备，外部设备产生的热载冷剂液体输送至所述热载冷剂液体管道，通过所述载冷剂循环泵加压，输送到所述主换热器进行换热，以使所述热载冷剂液体失去热能，形成载冷剂的低温液体，进入所述低温载冷剂管道，通过阀门输送给所述待冷却设备，所述低温的载冷剂吸热后形成热载冷剂返回所述热载冷剂液体管道；所述液体载冷剂循环为设备冷却系统、空调系统、气体液体冷却系统、凝汽器或热水废液换热器系统，设置在所述低温发电装置的所述主换热器的低温端，所述主换热器的高温端为高温烟气热交换器、余热回收器、锅炉或余热锅炉，输出连接所述低温工质汽轮机。
- 根据权利要求1所述的低温工质发电系统，其特征在于，所述主换热器吸收外部热能后形成高压气体，输送至所述低温工质汽轮机中，所述低温工质汽轮机连接发电机，所述高压气体驱动所述低温工质汽轮机高速旋转，带动发电机高速旋转输出电能 和/或所述低温工质汽轮机驱动机械设备，输出机械能。
- 根据权利要求2所述的低温工质发电系统，其特征在于，所述低温工质汽轮机产生的低温乏汽进入到所述乏汽换热器中，所述乏汽与所述乏汽换热器内的所述液态低温发电工质进行换热，以降低所述乏汽的温度并实现乏汽冷凝。
- 根据权利要求1所述的低温工质发电系统，其特征在于，所述乏汽换热器出口设置有节流设备，所述节流设备节流降压，呈低压的冷凝液体返回到所述低温发电装置的所述低温工质存储器中，形成循环；所述节流设备为具有节流减压的节流阀、截止阀、减压阀、膨胀阀或膨胀机；所述乏汽回收装置的所述节流设备的出口与所述低温发电装置的所述低温工质存储器连接，将所述乏汽回收装置冷凝的低温液体，返回给所述低温发电装置的所述低温工质存储器，形成循环。
- 根据权利要求1-7任一项所述的低温工质发电系统，其特征在于，所述低温工质存储器中存储的液体低温发电工质为天然气、甲烷、乙烷、空气、氧气、氮气、氩气、氢气、氦气、烃类气体物质、气体制冷剂纯净物或气体制冷剂混合物中的任意一种。
- 根据权利要求1所述的低温工质发电系统，其特征在于，所述乏汽回收装置与所述低温发电装置均设有保温层。
- 一种动力系统，其特征在于，包括权利要求1-9任一所述的低温工质发电系统。
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