Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
  • G05D—SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
  • G05D7/00—Control of flow
  • G05D7/06—Control of flow characterised by the use of electric means
  • G05D7/0617—Control of flow characterised by the use of electric means specially adapted for fluid materials
  • G05D7/0623—Control of flow characterised by the use of electric means specially adapted for fluid materials characterised by the set value given to the control element
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
  • G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
  • G05B17/00—Systems involving the use of models or simulators of said systems
  • G05B17/02—Systems involving the use of models or simulators of said systems electric
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
  • G05D—SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
  • G05D7/00—Control of flow
  • G05D7/06—Control of flow characterised by the use of electric means
  • G05D7/0617—Control of flow characterised by the use of electric means specially adapted for fluid materials
  • G05D7/0629—Control of flow characterised by the use of electric means specially adapted for fluid materials characterised by the type of regulator means
  • G05D7/0635—Control of flow characterised by the use of electric means specially adapted for fluid materials characterised by the type of regulator means by action on throttling means

Definitions

• the present disclosure relates, in general, to Mass Flow Controllers (MFC) for controlling the flow of fluid through a flow path and, in particular, to an MFC, controller algorithm, and set point filter for controlling the gain of the mass flow controller by controlling the linear response of a mass flow controller valve.
• MFC Mass Flow Controllers
• An MFC is a device for controlling the flow of fluid through a flow path based on a desired flow rate and real-time feedback measurements of measured temperature, pressure, and flow rate of the fluid.
• the mass flow controller electro-mechanically controls opening and closing of a valve to achieve the desired flow rates according to the feedback measurements.
• available MFC lack the sophistication necessary to maintain the finite level of control necessary to constantly and continuously maintain the desired flow rate without the introduction of noise into the system due to various non-linear artifacts.
• a valve control system for controlling operation of a valve.
• the valve control system includes a gain controller for sending a drive value to a valve actuator to control linear response time of a valve and a linearization control system coupled with the gain controller to determine a gain value to control the linear response time of the valve.
• the valve control system also includes a set point filter coupled to the linearization control system to filter a set point value; wherein the linearization control system determines the gain value from the filtered set point value, at least one real-time fluid parameter value, valve model data, an actuator gain, and a valve model gain.
• a method for controlling operation of a valve includes sending, at a gain controller, a drive value to a valve actuator to control linear response time of a valve; determining, at a linearization control system coupled with the gain controller, a gain value to control the linear response time of the valve; and filtering, at a set point filter coupled to the linearization control system, a set point value, wherein the linearization control system determines the gain value from the filtered set point value, at least one real-time fluid parameter value, valve model data, an actuator gain, and a valve model gain.
• a control system for controlling valve response time of a valve based system includes a feedback control system coupled to an actuator of the valve based system to determine a gain value to control the linear response time of a valve; and a set point filter coupled to the gain control system to filter a set point value; wherein the linearization control system determines the gain value from the filtered set point value, at least one real-time fluid parameter value, valve model data, an actuator gain, and a valve model gain.
• Y is controller dri ⁇ e,f(g(x)J is actuator gain, and g YxJ is the valve model gain; the linear response time is less than 300ms and an output response is within 98% of the set point value; and the gain is equal to the reciprocal of a feedback signal indicating fluid flow and an output of the gain controller.
• FIG. 1 is an illustration of a block diagram of an MFC, in accordance with certain example embodiments
• FIG. 2 is an illustration of a controller system for controlling the linear response of a control valve of the MFC, in accordance with certain example embodiments
• FIG. 3A is an illustration of a valve and fluid flow modeling algorithm of the controller system, in accordance with certain example embodiments.
• FIG. 3B is an illustration of a fluid flow control algorithm of the controller system, according to certain example embodiments.
• FIG. 4A is an illustration of a control command filtering ramp signal after it has passed through a filtering process of the controller system, in accordance with certain example embodiments;
• FIG. 4B is an illustration of a performance graph demonstrating precision process control of a filtered set point value in relation to relevant process signals, in accordance with certain example embodiments;
• FIG. 4C is an illustration of a performance graph of pressure based MFC response times versus set point values for different controller system settings.
• FIG. 5 is a block diagram depicting a computing machine and system applications, in accordance to certain example embodiments.
• the MFC and controlling algorithms presented herein have many practical applications, e.g. the MFC and control algorithms provide significant advantages when used in the semiconductor processing field.
• the control algorithms provide advantages over traditional MFC’s, e.g., by implementing control algorithms that achieve fast, precise, and consistent transient response characteristics over an entire control range and under all operating conditions.
• the control algorithms presented here include a flow control algorithm, a flow modeling algorithm, and a valve modeling algorithm that together can significantly improve MFC operations by providing precise linear response control of the MFC’s valve operations.
• set point control command input filtering can add stability and consistency to control unwanted non-linear transient responses.
• the controls algorithms can be completely self-contained within the MFC.
• An advantage of such is that fluid properties can be modeled in real-time as different fluid types are configured, and as actual temperatures, pressures, and flow rates change.
• Another advantage of such is that fluid properties provided by the flow modeling algorithm can be used to establish a relationship between required valve opening for the desired flow rate and the drive signal needed to achieve that flow.
• the flow control algorithm described herein can be a GLL, Gain-Lead- Lag controller, a form of PID controller, which incorporates a variable and dynamic gain input, hereafter referred to as GLL Gain, for linearizing the plant gain of the system, which is the derivative of the feedback signal with respect to the output of the controller.
• An alternative method of performing non real-time GLL gain calculations is to use off-line 2-dimensional tables and external software.
• Undesirable attributes of this implementation are that the GLL Gain table generation is based on a pre-defmed pressure range and temperature rather than actual temperature and pressure, a 2-dimensional gain table requires a large amount of storage, and creation of the table can be time consuming.
• the flow modeling algorithm and a valve modeling algorithm implemented in the MFC firmware provides significant advantages. E.g., GLL gain calculations can be performed on each processing cycle. There is no need for table generation.
• the valve modeling algorithm can process in real-time the pressure, temperature, and fluid rates and, as such, the flow for different fluid types can be managed more accurately.
• GLL gain essentially is the amount of drive change required for a given change in flow. GLL gain can be expressed as 1 / (dFlow/ dDrive) or simply dDrive/dFlow . Since GLL gain can be expressed as dDrive/dFlow, the relationship of drive to flow can be determined. Using the valve modeling algorithm, lift from flow can be determined and vice versa, as will be discussed in greater detail below.
• transient flow control response times can be specified within 200ms +/- lOms.
• This is a significant improvement over traditional systems.
• This can be accomplished using various filtering functions on the flow controller command input.
• command filtering is that the GLL controller now only needs to control with small errors between the command input and the process variable, so it is possible to tune the GLL controller to be more responsive without compromising stability. Without command filtering, any change in command input presents the GLL controller with a large and instantaneous error.
• Y et another advantage is to provide a means to easily provide tiered response times with very little time and effort.
• MFC 100 can include a step 102, a mass flow meter 104, and a valve assembly 106 containing a valve 108 and actuator 110, all of which can be mounted on the step 102 between a fluid inlet 114 and a fluid outlet 116.
• the MFC 100 can further include a valve control system 118 communicable coupled between the mass flow meter 104 and the valve assembly 106.
• the mass flow controller 100 can include inlet and outlet pressure transducers 120, 122 coupled to the flow path at an upstream and downstream position and communicable coupled with the valve control system 118.
• the mass flow meter 104 can include a bypass channel 124 through which fluid flows and another channel with a flow rate sensor 126 through which a smaller portion of the fluid flows.
• the mass flow controller 100 can use a thermal mass flow sensor to measure temperature and flow rate, although other sensor types can be used including a Coriolis-based sensor and a differential pressure sensor.
• the Coriolis-based sensor being capable of determining mass flow independent of temperature, flow profile, density, viscosity, and homogeneity.
• valve control system 118 In practice, as fluid flows past the pressure transducers 120 and 122 and the flow rate sensor 126, real-time pressure data, flow rate data, and temperature data can be provided to valve control system 118.
• the flow rate of the fluid can be sensitive and a number of operating conditions including fluid type, inlet and outlet pressure, temperature, flow rate set point value, and valve operating characteristics all can affect the fluid flow rate, i.e. cause a deviation in the rate from a desired set rate.
• the valve control system 118 can control operation of the valve 10 in real-time by providing an error-correcting drive signal to the valve actuator 110 causing an adjustment to the valve 108 and to the flow rate based on the fluid type, inlet and outlet pressure transducer readings, a flow rate set point value, and valve specifications in order to control the operation of the valve 108.
• Feedback control methods such as proportional control, integral control, proportional-integral (PI) control, derivative control, proportional-derivative (PD) control, integral-derivative (ID) control, and proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control, can be used to control the flow of fluid in the mass flow controller.
• Control system 200 executes a control algorithm that comprises a flow modeling algorithm, a valve modeling algorithm, and a flow control algorithm in order to more accurately control the gain of the MFC 100.
• Controller system 200 includes a Set Point (SP) filter 202, a Gain-Lead-Lag (GLL) controller 204, and a flow control and modeling system 206.
• the GLL controller 204 receives SP values and feedback (FB) signals, e.g. pressure or temperature or both, for controlling the response of the valve 170.
• SP Set Point
• GLL Gain-Lead-Lag
• FB flow control and modeling system
• the flow control and modeling system 206 augments tuning of the GLL controller 204 by further controlling its response according to SP commands, sensor input data, and valve specifications.
• response times of the valve 170 can be more tightly controlled and can be more consistent over a wide range of operating conditions.
• the non-linear transient artifacts that effect the valve response time can be eliminated or significantly reduced.
• the SP filter 202 filters the received set point (SP) values and sends the filtered values to the GLL controller 204 and the modeling and flow control system 206.
• the SP values can be a fluid flow rate value.
• the SP filter 202 can include a configurable rate-limiting filter, such a slew-rate limiting filter, and a low-pass filter to ensure that there are no sudden and discontinuous changes to the command change rate. By delaying the set point, processing of the set point data and the measurements is more precise and, therefore, the non-linear transient artifacts can be significantly reduced or eliminated.
• the GLL controller 204 functions to control the lift of the valve 170 by providing a drive command to the valve actuator 208.
• the modeling and flow system 206 receives an SP value and real-time measurements for inlet/output pressures values, temperature values, fluid type values.
• the modeling and flow system 206 can access and process valve specification data and based on determined fluid modeling characteristics and valve specification data can determine the appropriate gain and control the lift of the value 170 accordingly.
• the algorithm 250 begins at block 252 where a filtered SP value is read.
• the SP values can be provided by a user or programed into the MFC and adjusted periodically dependent on the use case.
• the drive values for a specific valve are scanned to determine a corresponding flow rate value at a given pressure and temperature.
• the algorithm 250 converts the determined flow rate to a predicted lift value using the available valve specification.
• the relationship between drive and lift for a given change in flow i.e. the GLL gain, is calculated.
• the introduction of the filtered SP value eliminates or significantly reduces overshoot that results in the non-linear transient effects and allows for a more accurate determination of the GLL gain according to pressure and, optionally, other environmental readings. As illustrated in the table below, over a range of filtered set point values and gain calculations for a set of fluid measurement reading no overshoot was detected.
• the GLL gain can be defined as the reciprocal of plant gain.
• Plant gain can be defined as the derivative of a feedback control signal indicating fluid flow with respect to the output of the GLL controller, i.e. the drive.
• the GLL gain can be expressed as dDrive/dFlow, i.e. the change in drive is a function of the change in flow, and, as such, the proper relationship between drive and flow can be determined in order to more accurately control the response time of the valve.
• g(x) is the predicted lift from the valve model as a function of fluid flow (SCCM)
• fix) the controller drive fraction of full scale drive
• Y is the controller drive as a function of flow
• Y f(g(x)).
• the GLL gain can be determined using dY dx f ' (g(x))g ' (x) i.e.
• f ' ig(x)) is the actuator gain, i.e. dDrive/dLift
• g’(x) is the valve model gain, i.e. dLift/dDrive.
• the actuator gain f’(g(x)) is the derivative of drive with respect to predicted lift.
• a valve characterization process can be used to obtain drive vs. predicted lift curve.
• the derivative of drive vs. predicted lift can be calculated to generate the actuator gain curve.
• the curve can be represented in the device in any form, e.g. n lh order polynomial, piecewise-linear function, spine, etc.
• the valve model gain g’(x) is a finite difference calculation of the derivative of predicted lift with respect to flow around the current operating conditions. This is with the error between flow and controller set point approaching 0.
• g’(x) is a finite difference calculation of the derivative of predicted lift with respect to flow around the current operating conditions. This is with the error between flow and controller set point approaching 0.
• FIG. 3B illustrated is a fluid flow control algorithm, according to certain example embodiments, denoted generally as 300.
• the fluid flow control algorithm calculates the relationship between the drive value and lift for a given change in flow. The algorithm begins at block 302 where the lift versus flow rate relationship for a flow rate is determined using equation 1:
• g’( x) ( Y2 - Yl ) / ( X2 - XI ) (Eq. 1); and where Yl, Y2 are lift values corresponding to +1-1%, or approximately +/- 1%, of flow rates XI, X2. XI and X2 or the difference thereof define the change in flow rate obtained from set point values and actual flow rate measurements.
• the lift values can be retrieved from the valve specifications stored in memory.
• the algorithm 300 determines the actuator gain as a function of lift using equation 2:
• the algorithm 300 determines the GLL gain using equation 3:
• the corresponding drive signal value is then sent to the GLL controller 204 in order to control the valve actuator 208.
• the GLL gain units can be expressed in fractionalDrive/fractionalFlow .
• the units used can be expressed as Drive (Volts)ZFlow (SCCM Standard Cubic Centimeters per Minute).
• a reason for such expression can be to change drive full scale range of the device after characterization or changing configured full scale range of the device after characterization.
• the algorithms can execute the necessary conversions of GLL gain value from Drive (Volts)/Flow(SCCM) to fractionalDrive/fractionalFlow before the GLL gain values are used.
• the GLL gain units can be expressed in the units GLL controller 204 is configured to operate.
• FIG. 4A illustrated is an example of a set value command before and after filtering at filter 202.
• the trace depicted as“lpf_ramp” illustrates a combined ramp signal after passing through the rate limiting and low-pass filter.
• the ramp time of 200ms combined with the low-pass filter 20ms time-constant produces an output that is within 98% of the final value in 250ms.
• FIG. 4B is an example graph demonstrating precision process control of a filtered set point value in relation to a supply voltage and normalized flow, fractional flow, and a filtered SP value. As can be easily discerned, the difference or error between the filtered SP value and flow is minimal and almost non-existent.
• FIG. 4B is an example graph demonstrating precision process control of a filtered set point value in relation to a supply voltage and normalized flow, fractional flow, and a filtered SP value.
• response time can be anywhere from l35ms to 315ms (l80ms spread) across the set points. Enabling gain control increased consistency by 3 times. Enabling both SP filtering and gain control provides best consistency across set points with a band of +/- lOms.
• the computing machine 400 can correspond to any of the various computers, mobile devices, laptop computers, servers, embedded systems, or computing systems presented herein.
• the module 500 can comprise one or more hardware or software elements, e.g. other OS application and user and kernel space applications, designed to facilitate the computing machine 400 in performing the various methods and processing functions presented herein.
• the computing machine 400 can include various internal or attached components such as a processor 410, system bus 420, system memory 430, storage media 440, input/output interface 450, a network interface 460 for communicating with a network 470, e.g. cellular/GPS, Bluetooth, or WIFI.
• a network 470 e.g. cellular/GPS, Bluetooth, or WIFI.
• the computing machines can be implemented as a conventional computer system, an embedded controller, a laptop, a server, a mobile device, a smartphone, a wearable computer, a customized machine, any other hardware platform, or any combination or multiplicity thereof.
• the computing machines can be a distributed system configured to function using multiple computing machines interconnected via a data network or bus system.
• the processor 410 can be designed to execute code instructions in order to perform the operations and functionality described herein, manage request flow and address mappings, and to perform calculations and generate commands.
• the processor 410 can be configured to monitor and control the operation of the components in the computing machines.
• the processor 410 can be a general purpose processor, a processor core, a multiprocessor, a reconfigurable processor, a microcontroller, a digital signal processor (“DSP”), an application specific integrated circuit (“ASIC”), a controller, a state machine, gated logic, discrete hardware components, any other processing unit, or any combination or multiplicity thereof.
• the processor 410 can be a single processing unit, multiple processing units, a single processing core, multiple processing cores, special purpose processing cores, co-processors, or any combination thereof. According to certain embodiments, the processor 410 along with other components of the computing machine 400 can be a software based or hardware based virtualized computing machine executing within one or more other computing machines.
• the system memory 430 can include non-volatile memories such as read-only memory (“ROM”), programmable read-only memory (“PROM”), erasable programmable read only memory (“EPROM”), flash memory, or any other device capable of storing program instructions or data with or without applied power.
• ROM read-only memory
• PROM programmable read-only memory
• EPROM erasable programmable read only memory
• flash memory or any other device capable of storing program instructions or data with or without applied power.
• the system memory 430 can also include volatile memories such as random access memory (“RAM”), static random access memory (“SRAM”), dynamic random access memory (“DRAM”), and synchronous dynamic random access memory (“SDRAM”). Other types of RAM also can be used to implement the system memory 430.
• RAM random access memory
• SRAM static random access memory
• DRAM dynamic random access memory
• SDRAM synchronous dynamic random access memory
• Other types of RAM also can be used to implement the system memory 430.
• the system memory 430 can be implemented using
• system memory 430 is depicted as being part of the computing machine, one skilled in the art will recognize that the system memory 430 can be separate from the computing machine 400 without departing from the scope of the subject technology. It should also be appreciated that the system memory 430 can include, or operate in conjunction with, a non-volatile storage device such as the storage media 440.
• the storage media 440 can include a hard disk, a floppy disk, a compact disc read only memory (“CD-ROM”), a digital versatile disc (“DVD”), a Blu-ray disc, a magnetic tape, a flash memory, other non-volatile memory device, a solid state drive (“SSD”), any magnetic storage device, any optical storage device, any electrical storage device, any semiconductor storage device, any physical-based storage device, any other data storage device, or any combination or multiplicity thereof.
• the storage media 440 can store one or more operating systems, application programs and program modules, data, or any other information.
• the storage media 440 can be part of, or connected to, the computing machine.
• the storage media 440 can also be part of one or more other computing machines that are in communication with the computing machine such as servers, database servers, cloud storage, network attached storage, and so forth.
• the applications module 500 and other OS application modules can comprise one or more hardware or software elements configured to facilitate the computing machine with performing the various methods and processing functions presented herein.
• the applications module 500 and other OS application modules can include one or more algorithms or sequences of instructions stored as software or firmware in association with the system memory 430, the storage media 440 or both.
• the storage media 440 can therefore represent examples of machine or computer readable media on which instructions or code can be stored for execution by the processor 410.
• Machine or computer readable media can generally refer to any medium or media used to provide instructions to the processor 410.
• Such machine or computer readable media associated with the applications module 500 and other OS application modules can comprise a computer software product.
• a computer software product comprising the applications module 500 and other OS application modules can also be associated with one or more processes or methods for delivering the applications module 500 and other OS application modules to the computing machine via a network, any signal-bearing medium, or any other communication or delivery technology.
• the applications module 500 and other OS application modules can also comprise hardware circuits or information for configuring hardware circuits such as microcode or configuration information for an FPGA or other PLD.
• applications module 500 and other OS application modules can include algorithms capable of performing the functional operations described by the flow charts and computer systems presented herein.
• the input/output (“I/O”) interface 450 can be configured to couple to one or more external devices, to receive data from the one or more external devices, and to send data to the one or more external devices. Such external devices along with the various internal devices can also be known as peripheral devices.
• the I/O interface 450 can include both electrical and physical connections for coupling the various peripheral devices to the computing machine or the processor 410.
• the I/O interface 450 can be configured to communicate data, addresses, and control signals between the peripheral devices, the computing machine, or the processor 410.
• the I/O interface 450 can be configured to implement any standard interface, such as small computer system interface (“SCSI”), serial-attached SCSI (“SAS”), fiber channel, peripheral component interconnect (“PCI”), PCI express (PCIe), serial bus, parallel bus, advanced technology attached (“AT A”), serial ATA (“SATA”), universal serial bus (“USB”), Thunderbolt, FireWire, various video buses, and the like.
• SCSI small computer system interface
• SAS serial-attached SCSI
• PCIe peripheral component interconnect
• PCIe PCI express
• serial bus parallel bus
• advanced technology attached (“AT A”) serial ATA
• SATA serial ATA
• USB universal serial bus
• Thunderbolt FireWire
• the I/O interface 450 can be configured to implement only one interface or bus technology.
• the I/O interface 450 can be configured to implement multiple interfaces or bus technologies.
• the I/O interface 450 can be configured as part of, all of, or to operate in conjunction with, the system bus 420.
• the I/O interface 420 can couple the computing machine to various input devices including mice, touch-screens, scanners, electronic digitizers, sensors, receivers, touchpads, trackballs, cameras, microphones, keyboards, any other pointing devices, or any combinations thereof.
• the I/O interface 420 can couple the computing machine to various output devices including video displays, speakers, printers, projectors, tactile feedback devices, automation control, robotic components, actuators, motors, fans, solenoids, valves, pumps, transmitters, signal emitters, lights, and so forth.
• the computing machine 400 can operate in a networked environment using logical connections through the NIC 460 to one or more other systems or computing machines across a network.
• the network can include wide area networks (WAN), local area networks (LAN), intranets, the Internet, wireless access networks, wired networks, mobile networks, telephone networks, optical networks, or combinations thereof.
• the network can be packet switched, circuit switched, of any topology, and can use any communication protocol. Communication links within the network can involve various digital or an analog communication media such as fiber optic cables, free-space optics, waveguides, electrical conductors, wireless links, antennas, radio-frequency communications, and so forth.
• the processor 410 can be connected to the other elements of the computing machine or the various peripherals discussed herein through the system bus 420. It should be appreciated that the system bus 420 can be within the processor 410, outside the processor 410, or both. According to some embodiments, any of the processors 410, the other elements of the computing machine, or the various peripherals discussed herein can be integrated into a single device such as a system on chip (“SOC”), system on package (“SOP”), or ASIC device.
• SOC system on chip
• SOP system on package
• ASIC application specific integrated circuit
• Embodiments may comprise a computer program that embodies the functions described and illustrated herein, wherein the computer program is implemented in a computer system that comprises instructions stored in a machine-readable medium and a processor that executes the instructions.
• the embodiments should not be construed as limited to any one set of computer program instructions unless otherwise disclosed for an exemplary embodiment.
• a skilled programmer would be able to write such a computer program to implement an embodiment of the disclosed embodiments based on the appended flow charts, algorithms and associated description in the application text. Therefore, disclosure of a particular set of program code instructions is not considered necessary for an adequate understanding of how to make and use embodiments.
• the example embodiments described herein can be used with computer hardware and software that perform the methods and processing functions described previously.
• the systems, methods, and procedures described herein can be embodied in a programmable computer, computer-executable software, or digital circuitry.
• the software can be stored on computer-readable media.
• computer-readable media can include a floppy disk, RAM, ROM, hard disk, removable media, flash memory, memory stick, optical media,
• Digital circuitry can include integrated circuits, gate arrays, building block logic, field programmable gate arrays (FPGA), etc.
• “hardware” can include a combination of discrete components, an integrated circuit, an application-specific integrated circuit, a field programmable gate array, or other suitable hardware.
• “software” can include one or more objects, agents, threads, lines of code, subroutines, separate software applications, two or more lines of code or other suitable software structures operating in two or more software applications, on one or more processors (where a processor includes one or more microcomputers or other suitable data processing units, memory devices, input-output devices, displays, data input devices such as a keyboard or a mouse, peripherals such as printers and speakers, associated drivers, control cards, power sources, network devices, docking station devices, or other suitable devices operating under control of software systems in conjunction with the processor or other devices), or other suitable software structures.
• software can include one or more lines of code or other suitable software structures operating in a general purpose software application, such as an operating system, and one or more lines of code or other suitable software structures operating in a specific purpose software application.
• the term “couple” and its cognate terms, such as“couples” and“coupled,” can include a physical connection (such as a copper conductor), a virtual connection (such as through randomly assigned memory locations of a data memory device), a logical connection (such as through logical gates of a semiconducting device), other suitable connections, or a suitable combination of such connections.
• data can refer to a suitable structure for using, conveying or storing data, such as a data field, a data buffer, a data message having the data value and sender/receiver address data, a control message having the data value and one or more operators that cause the receiving system or component to perform a function using the data, or other suitable hardware or software components for the electronic processing of data.
• a software system is a system that operates on a processor to perform predetermined functions in response to predetermined data fields.
• a system can be defined by the function it performs and the data fields that it performs the function on.
• a NAME system where NAME is typically the name of the general function that is performed by the system, refers to a software system that is configured to operate on a processor and to perform the disclosed function on the disclosed data fields. Unless a specific algorithm is disclosed, then any suitable algorithm that would be known to one of skill in the art for performing the function using the associated data fields is contemplated as falling within the scope of the disclosure.
• a message system that generates a message that includes a sender address field, a recipient address field and a message field would encompass software operating on a processor that can obtain the sender address field, recipient address field and message field from a suitable system or device of the processor, such as a buffer device or buffer system, can assemble the sender address field, recipient address field and message field into a suitable electronic message format (such as an electronic mail message, a TCP/IP message or any other suitable message format that has a sender address field, a recipient address field and message field), and can transmit the electronic message using electronic messaging systems and devices of the processor over a communications medium, such as a network.
• a suitable electronic message format such as an electronic mail message, a TCP/IP message or any other suitable message format that has a sender address field, a recipient address field and message field

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