WO2020029540A1 - 功率开关管的驱动电路及其装置 - Google Patents

功率开关管的驱动电路及其装置 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2020029540A1
WO2020029540A1 PCT/CN2019/070648 CN2019070648W WO2020029540A1 WO 2020029540 A1 WO2020029540 A1 WO 2020029540A1 CN 2019070648 W CN2019070648 W CN 2019070648W WO 2020029540 A1 WO2020029540 A1 WO 2020029540A1
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Prior art keywords
capacitor
voltage
driving circuit
switch
power switch
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PCT/CN2019/070648
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
叶忠
朱丹阳
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上海颛芯企业管理咨询合伙企业（有限合伙）
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Application filed by 上海颛芯企业管理咨询合伙企业（有限合伙） filed Critical 上海颛芯企业管理咨询合伙企业（有限合伙）
Publication of WO2020029540A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020029540A1/zh
Priority to US17/069,113 priority Critical patent/US11165423B2/en
Priority to US17/516,364 priority patent/US11611339B2/en
Priority to US17/659,854 priority patent/US11831307B2/en

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
    • H03K17/00—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking
    • H03K17/51—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking characterised by the components used
    • H03K17/56—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking characterised by the components used by the use, as active elements, of semiconductor devices
    • H03K17/567—Circuits characterised by the use of more than one type of semiconductor device, e.g. BIMOS, composite devices such as IGBT
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
    • H03K17/00—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking
    • H03K17/51—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking characterised by the components used
    • H03K17/74—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking characterised by the components used by the use, as active elements, of diodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/08—Circuits specially adapted for the generation of control voltages for semiconductor devices incorporated in static converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
    • H03K17/00—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking
    • H03K17/08—Modifications for protecting switching circuit against overcurrent or overvoltage
    • H03K17/081—Modifications for protecting switching circuit against overcurrent or overvoltage without feedback from the output circuit to the control circuit
    • H03K17/0812—Modifications for protecting switching circuit against overcurrent or overvoltage without feedback from the output circuit to the control circuit by measures taken in the control circuit
    • H03K17/08122—Modifications for protecting switching circuit against overcurrent or overvoltage without feedback from the output circuit to the control circuit by measures taken in the control circuit in field-effect transistor switches

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of power semiconductor devices, and in particular, to a driving circuit of a power switch tube and a device thereof.
  • Power semiconductor drive circuits are mainly used for driving control of power semiconductor switching devices such as silicon carbide, silicon, and gallium nitride. It is widely used in the design of power converters. These power converters include AC / DC (AC-DC) converters, DC / DC (DC-DC) converters and DC / AC (DC-AC) converters. Terminal equipment using these power converters includes: power supplies, motor-driven equipment, solar energy conversion equipment, new energy vehicles, etc.
  • the drive circuit including field effect transistors (MOS) Q1 and Q2 can accept the input pulse signal, and after power and level amplification, it generates a drive signal that controls the power switch Q3 on and off.
  • MOS field effect transistors
  • Resistor, Dc is the diode
  • Dz is the Zener diode
  • VDD is the power supply voltage.
  • the circuit shown in Figure 1 (a) is the simplest solution to provide a negative voltage to the gate drive voltage Vg of Q3 when a shutdown signal is received.
  • the initial storage voltage of the capacitor (Cn) may be zero or lower than a predetermined voltage after discharging. For a certain period of time after the signal is activated, this will cause the positive gate voltage to be too high and the negative gate voltage to be insufficient (as shown in Figure 2).
  • the capacitor can be charged only when the PWM signal (i.e. the pulse signal) is a high level signal, and if the PWM signal (i.e. the pulse signal) is in a low state (e.g.
  • SiC MOSFETs SiC Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor
  • the driving circuit shown in FIG. 1 (b) uses a simple external circuit Cn and Dz to generate a negative voltage, which solves the startup problem in FIG. 1 (a).
  • this circuit requires a separate isolated bias voltage (ie, voltage source + V), and it is not possible to use a simple bootstrap circuit to power the upper-tube drive circuit of the half bridge, which will add great complexity to the system And increase the cost of the circuit.
  • the driving circuit shown in FIG. 1 (c) simplifies the entire circuit, but the circuit needs isolation biases (+ V and -V) with positive and negative voltages to generate the negative bias required by the power switch. This isolation bias adds significant complexity to the system.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a driving circuit for a power switch tube, which can maintain a capacitor voltage when a pulse signal is a turn-off signal for a long time, and provide a stable turn-off negative voltage for the power switch tube.
  • an embodiment of the present invention discloses a driving circuit for a power switch.
  • An input end of the driving circuit receives a pulse signal, and the pulse signal includes a conduction for controlling the power switch to be turned on and off, respectively.
  • the output terminal of the driving circuit is connected to a capacitor circuit, and the capacitor circuit is used to provide a negative voltage for turning off the power switch tube for the first electrode of the power switch tube when the pulse signal is a turn-off signal;
  • the driving circuit includes a capacitance adjustment unit.
  • the capacitance adjustment unit includes a negative voltage adjustment element.
  • the negative adjustment element can charge a capacitor having a voltage lower than a predetermined voltage when the pulse signal is an off signal.
  • the capacitor is included in the capacitor circuit.
  • the negative pressure regulating element includes a negative voltage charge pump for charging a capacitor having a voltage lower than a predetermined voltage when the driving circuit receives an off signal.
  • the negative voltage charge pump is connected in parallel with the capacitor circuit, and the low-voltage terminal of the capacitor is connected to the first electrode of the power switch tube.
  • the capacitance adjusting unit further includes a positive voltage adjusting element for charging a capacitor having a voltage lower than a predetermined voltage when the driving circuit receives the on signal.
  • the positive voltage adjustment element includes a first resistor and a diode connected in series;
  • the first end of the first resistor is connected to the low-voltage end of the capacitor, the second end of the first resistor is connected to the anode of the diode; the cathode of the diode is grounded.
  • the capacitance adjustment unit further includes an overvoltage adjustment element for clamping the voltage of the capacitor to a predetermined voltage when the voltage of the capacitor exceeds a predetermined voltage.
  • the driving circuit further includes a charging unit, configured to charge the capacitor using a current source included in the charging unit when the driving circuit is started, and,
  • both the low-voltage side of the capacitor and the second electrode of the power switch are grounded.
  • the charging unit further includes a first switch and a second switch;
  • the current source, the first switch, the capacitor circuit and the second switch are connected in series in order;
  • the first end of the second switch is connected to the low-voltage end of the capacitor, and the second end of the second switch is grounded;
  • the current source, the first switch, the capacitor circuit, and the second switch constitute a current path.
  • the current source may be a voltage source with a current limiting function, and an output value of the voltage source is a predetermined voltage of the capacitor.
  • the driving circuit further includes a power amplification unit and a control unit;
  • the power amplifying unit is used to amplify and output the pulse signal received by the driving circuit
  • the control unit is configured to turn off the power switch tube through the clamping circuit when the power supply voltage is lower than the first predetermined voltage and / or the capacitor voltage is lower than the second predetermined voltage.
  • the driving circuit meets at least one of the following conditions:
  • the first electrode is a base and the second electrode is an emitter; when the power switch is a field effect transistor, the first electrode is a gate and the second electrode is a source;
  • the power switch is a silicon carbide, silicon or gallium nitride field effect transistor
  • the overvoltage regulating element includes a Zener diode.
  • An embodiment of the present invention also discloses a driving device for a power switch.
  • the driving device includes the driving circuit disclosed above and a capacitor circuit connected to an output terminal of the driving circuit.
  • An embodiment of the present invention also discloses a driving device for a power switch.
  • the driving device includes the driving circuit disclosed above, a capacitor circuit connected to an output terminal of the driving circuit, and a pulse circuit for generating a pulse signal.
  • An embodiment of the present invention also discloses a driving device for a power switch, which includes a second resistor, a capacitor, and a negative voltage charge pump;
  • the second resistor is connected in series with the capacitor, the high-voltage terminal of the capacitor is connected to the first terminal of the second resistor, and the low-voltage terminal of the capacitor is connected to the first electrode of the power switch tube and the first terminal of the negative pressure charge pump;
  • the second terminal of the second resistor is connected to the second terminal of the negative voltage charge pump, and the second terminal of the second resistor receives a pulse signal for controlling the power switch to be turned on and off;
  • the second electrode of the power switch is grounded.
  • the driving device further includes a current source, a first switch, and a second switch;
  • the current source, the first switch, the second resistor, the capacitor, and the second switch are connected in series in order;
  • the first end of the second switch is connected to the low-voltage end of the capacitor, and the second end of the second switch is grounded;
  • the first switch and the second switch When the capacitor is charged, the first switch and the second switch are turned on and off, and the current source, the first switch, the second resistor, the capacitor, and the second switch constitute a current path.
  • the capacitor can timely supplement the leakage of the stored power generated by the leakage, thereby providing a stable shutdown negative voltage for the power switch tube.
  • the capacitor can be charged with a low-power negative pressure charge pump to maintain the predetermined voltage, thereby saving the circuit area while maintaining the negative voltage for a long time. Reduce circuit costs.
  • the driving module when the driving module receives the on signal, the first resistor and the diode can charge the capacitor when the capacitor voltage is lower than a predetermined voltage.
  • the capacitor when the driving circuit is started or restarted, the capacitor can be quickly charged, which effectively avoids the problem that the positive voltage of the gate of the power switch tube is too high or the negative voltage is insufficient.
  • the first and second electrodes of the power switch tube are grounded at the same time when the capacitor is charged, which can ensure that it is kept off during the charging of the capacitor, thereby improving the charging efficiency of the capacitor and ensuring the reliability of the circuit.
  • the overvoltage regulating element can clamp the voltage of the capacitor to a preset voltage to prevent overcharging.
  • the gate or base voltage of the power switch tube can be pulled down to 0 volts through the Miller clamp pin to turn off the power switch tube and protect the circuit.
  • FIG. 1 (a)-(c) are schematic circuit structure diagrams of a driving circuit of a power switch tube in the prior art
  • FIG. 2 is a timing diagram of a gate voltage change with a PWM signal in FIG. 1 (a);
  • FIG. 1 (a) is a timing diagram of a gate voltage change with a PWM signal in FIG. 1 (a);
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram of a power switch tube and a driving circuit thereof according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a composition of a capacitance adjustment unit according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic circuit structure diagram of a power switch tube and a driving circuit thereof according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 6 is a simulation result of the gate voltage of the power switch in the circuit shown in FIG. 5.
  • the low voltage end of a capacitor refers to the lower end of the capacitor voltage (such as the negative plate of a capacitor), and the high voltage end refers to the higher voltage end (such as the positive plate of a capacitor).
  • the power switch tube can be various types of switch tubes, which is not limited herein.
  • the power switch is a silicon carbide, silicon or gallium nitride field effect transistor.
  • the first electrode is a base and the second electrode is an emitter;
  • the power switch is a field effect transistor, the first electrode is a gate and the second electrode is a source.
  • the predetermined voltage in the present invention refers to a negative voltage that needs to be maintained in the off state of the power switch tube charged into the capacitor when the driving circuit is started or restarted.
  • the capacitor of the present invention may be a single capacitor or a capacitor circuit composed of multiple capacitors connected in parallel and / or in series. It is worth noting that the voltage of the capacitor of the present invention is much higher than the voltage of the parasitic capacitor between the gate and the source (or the base and the emitter) of the power switch tube, such as more than ten times, so that it can be guaranteed when receiving In the case of a pulse signal, the power switch is controlled to be turned off or on, while the negative voltage on the capacitor remains basically unchanged.
  • the PWM and the pulse signals refer to pulse signals used to control the on / off of the power switch tube.
  • the pulse circuit that generates the pulse signal can be an analog controller or a digital controller.
  • a first embodiment of the present invention relates to a driving circuit for a power switch.
  • FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the driving circuit.
  • an input terminal of the driving circuit receives a pulse signal, and the pulse signal includes an on signal and an off signal respectively used to control the on and off of the power switch; the output terminal of the driving circuit is connected
  • the capacitor circuit is used to provide a negative voltage for turning off the power switch tube for the first electrode of the power switch tube when the pulse signal is a turn-off signal.
  • the driving circuit includes a capacitance adjustment unit, a charging unit, a power amplification unit, and a control unit.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a capacitance adjustment unit.
  • the capacitance adjustment unit includes a negative pressure adjustment element, a positive pressure adjustment element, and an overvoltage condition element.
  • the negative voltage regulating element can charge a capacitor having a voltage lower than a predetermined voltage when the pulse signal is an off signal, wherein the capacitor is included in a capacitor circuit.
  • the negative voltage regulating element includes a negative voltage charge pump for charging a capacitor having a voltage lower than a predetermined voltage when the driving circuit receives a turn-off signal.
  • the positive voltage adjusting element is used to charge a capacitor having a voltage lower than a predetermined voltage when the driving circuit receives a turn-on signal.
  • the overvoltage regulating element is used to clamp the voltage of the capacitor to a predetermined voltage when the voltage of the capacitor exceeds a predetermined voltage.
  • the negative voltage charge pump can only charge the capacitor whose voltage is lower than a predetermined voltage when the driving circuit receives the off signal, or the negative voltage charge pump can be set to both drive the When the circuit receives the off signal, it charges the capacitor whose voltage is lower than the predetermined voltage, or when the driving circuit receives the on signal, it charges the capacitor whose voltage is lower than the predetermined voltage.
  • the charging unit is used to charge the capacitor when the driving circuit is started.
  • the charging unit includes a current source, and when the driving circuit is started, the current source charges the capacitor.
  • the current source may be a voltage source with a current limit, and an output voltage of the voltage source is a predetermined voltage of the capacitor.
  • the power amplifying unit is used to amplify and output the pulse signal received by the driving circuit.
  • the control unit is configured to turn off the power switch tube through the clamping circuit when the power supply voltage is lower than the first predetermined voltage and / or the capacitor voltage is lower than the second predetermined voltage.
  • FIG. 5 shows a schematic circuit structure diagram of a driving circuit of a power switch tube in an exemplary example.
  • the driving circuit includes a pulse signal input receiving, a power amplifier unit 1, a current source 2, an undervoltage monitor UVLO 3 and an undervoltage monitor UVLO 6, a driving logic 4, an overvoltage regulating element 5, and a start-up.
  • the power transistor Q3 is an NMOS transistor, and its source is grounded. It can be understood that the type of the power switch tube applicable to the driving circuit of the present invention is not limited to this, and may be other types of switch tubes.
  • the negative voltage charge pump 9, the overvoltage adjustment element 5, the first resistor Rc, and the diode Dc constitute a capacitance adjustment unit.
  • the negative voltage charge pump 9 is used as a negative pressure adjustment element
  • the first resistor Rc and the diode Dc constitute a positive pressure adjustment element
  • the overvoltage adjustment element 5 preferably uses a Zener diode.
  • the capacitor circuit is composed of a capacitor Cn and a second resistor Rg. As shown in FIG. 5, the negative voltage charge pump 9 is connected in parallel with the capacitor Cn. A first terminal thereof is connected to a low-voltage terminal of the capacitor Cn, and a second terminal thereof is connected to a second terminal of a second resistor Rg connected in series with the capacitor Cn.
  • the low-voltage terminal of the capacitor Cn is connected to the gate of the power switch Q3, and the high-voltage terminal is connected to the first terminal of the second resistor Rg.
  • the first terminal of the first resistor Rc is connected to the low-voltage terminal of the capacitor Cn
  • the second terminal of the first resistor Rc is connected to the anode of the diode Dc
  • the cathode of the diode Dc is grounded.
  • the overvoltage adjusting element 5 is connected in parallel with the capacitor Cn, one end of which is connected to the low-voltage end of the capacitor Cn, and the other end is connected to the second end of the second resistor Rg connected in series with the capacitor Cn.
  • the second resistor Rg is used to limit the current of the pulse signal amplified by the power amplification unit.
  • the negative voltage charge pump 9 After receiving the pulse signal to turn off the power switch tube, if the voltage of the capacitor Cn decreases (such as caused by a long-term idle leakage or other interference), the negative voltage charge pump 9 can charge the capacitor Cn.
  • the first resistor Rc and the diode Dc can charge the capacitor.
  • other existing circuits can also be used to charge the capacitor when the pulse signal is at a high level (that is, the pulse signal that turns on the power switch tube), which is not limited herein.
  • the overvoltage adjusting element 5 is used to reduce the voltage of the capacitor to a predetermined voltage when the voltage of the capacitor exceeds a predetermined voltage.
  • the overvoltage regulating element includes a Zener diode. The overvoltage regulating element can reduce the excessive charging current when the capacitor is charged.
  • the current source 2, the first switch Qc, and the second switch K constitute a charging unit.
  • the charging unit is used to charge the capacitor Cn by using the current source included in the charging unit when the driving circuit is started, and the low-voltage terminal of Cn and the source of Q3 are grounded when the charging unit charges Cn.
  • the charging unit can quickly charge Cn when the driving circuit is started or restarted.
  • the capacitor adjustment unit can maintain the voltage of Cn, the negative voltage required for the power switch to be turned off can be maintained without an additional voltage source.
  • the gate and source of Q3 are grounded at the same time when Cn is charged, which can ensure that it remains off during Cn charging, thereby improving the Cn charging efficiency and ensuring the reliability of the circuit.
  • the current source 2, the first switch Qc, the second resistor Rg, the capacitor Cn, and the second switch K are connected in series in this order.
  • the first terminal of the second switch K is connected to the low-voltage terminal of Cn, and the second terminal of the second switch K is grounded.
  • the first switch Qc and the second switch K are turned on, and the current source 2, the first switch Qc, the second resistor Rg, the capacitor Cn, and the second switch K constitute a current path. Realize fast charging of capacitor Cn.
  • charging units may also be used to charge the capacitor Cn, for example, a charging unit including a voltage source, which is not limited herein.
  • a low-power negative voltage charge pump can be used to charge the capacitor that has leaked, so that it can be maintained at the predetermined voltage, thereby maintaining the negative voltage for a long time. At the same time of voltage, it saves circuit area and reduces circuit cost.
  • other existing charging circuits may also be used to charge Cn, which is not limited herein.
  • the power amplifier 1 realizes the function of a power amplification unit.
  • the power amplifier 1 is respectively connected to the driving logic 4 and the second resistor Rg, and is used to amplify the pulse signal received from the driving logic 4 and output to the second resistor Rg, so as to control the on and off of Q3.
  • the under-voltage monitor UVLO 3 and the under-voltage monitor UVLO 6, the drive logic 4 and the start logic 7 constitute a control unit.
  • the control unit is configured to turn off the power switch tube through the clamping circuit when the power supply voltage is lower than the first predetermined voltage and / or the voltage of the capacitor circuit is lower than the second predetermined voltage.
  • the second predetermined voltage here is much smaller than the predetermined voltage of the capacitor, such as the case where the capacitor circuit is short-circuited.
  • the undervoltage monitors 3 and 6 are connected to the driving logic 4 and the starting logic 7.
  • the start logic 4 When the undervoltage monitors 3 and 6 detect that the power supply voltage VDD is lower than the first predetermined voltage and / or the voltage Vcn of the capacitor Cn is lower than the second predetermined voltage, the start logic 4 outputs a signal to the drive logic 7 and the drive logic The controller 7 will reduce the gate voltage of Q3 to zero by controlling the Miller clamp pin (that is, the clamp circuit), thereby turning off O3 and protecting the circuit.
  • control unit is also used to control the on and off of the first switch Qc and the second switch K in the charging unit to control whether the capacitor Cn is charged.
  • control unit can also use other devices to implement its functions based on the existing technology, and there is no limitation here.
  • other circuits may also be used to achieve the same function of the negative voltage charge pump here, which is not limited herein.
  • the control unit When the driving circuit is started or restarted, the capacitor Cn has no stored charge, the control unit will control the first switch Qc and the second switch K to be closed, the current source 2, the first switch Qc, the second resistor Rg, the capacitor Cn, and the second switch K A current path will be formed to quickly charge the capacitor Cn. At the same time, the source and gate of Q3 are grounded, and Q3 is turned off. During this period, if the charging voltage of Cn exceeds a predetermined voltage value, the overvoltage regulating element will clamp it.
  • the capacitor After the capacitor is charged, when the pulse signal is a conduction signal, the high-level conduction signal is amplified by the power amplification unit, the voltage at the high-voltage terminal of Cn is increased, and Q3 is turned on. During this period, if Cn leaks, the circuit composed of Rc and Dc can charge Cn with reduced voltage as much as possible, and if the charging voltage of Cn exceeds a predetermined value, the overvoltage regulating element will clamp it.
  • Cn When the pulse signal module outputs a low-level shutdown signal such as 0V, Cn provides a negative voltage to the gate of Q3, so that Q3 is turned off. During this period, if Cn leaks or otherwise causes the voltage of Cn to decrease, the negative voltage charge pump 9 will charge it.
  • a low-level shutdown signal such as 0V
  • FIG. 6 shows the simulation results of the circuit shown in FIG. 5. It can be seen from FIG. 6 that when the capacitor is leaked, the negative voltage of the gate of Q3 is maintained, that is, the voltage is maintained at a predetermined voltage. When an undervoltage condition occurs (ie, VDD or Vcn is severely reduced), Vg is pulled down to ground.
  • an undervoltage condition ie, VDD or Vcn is severely reduced
  • the invention does not need additional power supply, and can provide a capacitor with timely voltage shutdown due to leakage or slight interference when the pulse signal is a shutdown signal for a long time, such as idle time, thereby providing a stable shutdown for the power switch tube. Negative pressure.
  • the foregoing driving circuit may be a separate integrated circuit or a non-integrated circuit, which is not limited herein.
  • the circuit shown in FIG. 5 may not include the first resistor Rc and the diode Dc, and the negative voltage charge pump 9 charges the capacitor Cn when the pulse signal is the ON signal. .
  • a second embodiment of the present invention relates to a driving device including the driving circuit and the capacitor circuit of the first embodiment.
  • a third embodiment of the present invention relates to a driving device including the driving circuit of the first embodiment, a capacitor circuit, and a pulse circuit that generates a pulse signal.

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Abstract

一种功率开关管的驱动电路，该功率开关管的驱动电路的输入端接收脉冲信号；该驱动电路的输出端连接电容电路，电容电路用于在脉冲信号为关断信号时，为功率开关管的第一电极提供用于关断功率开关管的负电压；驱动电路包括电容调节单元，电容调节单元包括负压调节元件，负压调节元件能够在脉冲信号为关断信号时为电压低于预定电压的电容器充电。该驱动电路可在脉冲信号长时间为关断信号时，及时为电容器补充如因漏电产生的储电量流失，从而为功率开关管提供稳定的关断负压。

Description

功率开关管的驱动电路及其装置 技术领域
本发明涉及功率半导体器件领域，特别涉及一种功率开关管的驱动电路及其装置。
背景技术
功率半导体驱动电路，主要用于碳化硅、硅、氮化镓等功率半导体开关器件的驱动控制。它广泛用于功率变换器的设计。这些功率变换器包括AC/DC(交流-直流)变换器，DC/DC(直流-直流)变换器和DC/AC(直流-交流)变换器。使用这些功率变换器的终端设备包括：电源、电机驱动设备、太阳能变换设备、新能源汽车等。
现有的驱动电路的结构如图1(a)-(c)所示。其中，包含场效应晶体管(MOS)Q1和Q2的驱动电路能够接受输入的脉冲信号，经功率和电平放大后，产生控制功率开关管Q3通断的驱动信号，Cn为电容器，Rg和Rc为电阻，Dc为二极管，Dz为稳压二极管，VDD为电源电压。
图1(a)所示的电路是在收到关断信号时为Q3的栅极驱动电压Vg提供负电压的最简单的解决方案。但是，在PWM(Pulse Width Modulation，脉冲宽度调制)信号启动时，电容器(Cn)的初始储电压在放电后可能为零或低于预定电压。在信号启动后的某段时间内，这会导致正栅极电压过高，而负栅极电压不足(如图2所示)。并且，在该电路中，只有在PWM信号(即脉冲信号)为高电平信号时才能对电容器充电，而如果PWM信号(即脉冲信号)长时间处于低电平状态(如闲置状态)，则电容器因为漏电或者其他干扰因素造成的电压下降无法被及时补充，从而导致栅极负压不足，无法保持功率开关管重新开关动作时的可靠关断，从而对功率开关器件和电路的可靠性造成问题，特别是对于通常具有较窄的正栅极电压范围和较低栅极门槛电压的SiC MOSFET(SiC Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor，碳化硅金属-氧化物半导体场效应晶体管)而言尤其如此。
图1(b)所示的驱动电路利用外部简单电路Cn和Dz产生负电压，解决了图1(a)中的启动问题。然而，该电路需要单独隔离的偏压(即电压源+V)，而无法用简单的自举 升压(Bootstrap)电路对半桥的上管驱动电路供电，会给系统增加很大的复杂性，并增加电路的成本。
图1(c)所示的驱动电路简化了整个电路，但是该电路需要具有正电压和负电压的隔离偏压(+V和-V)来产生功率开关管所需的负偏压。这种隔离偏置会给系统增加很大的复杂性。
因此，急需提供一种简单、可靠、低引脚数，但功能齐全的IC集成电路解决方案来实现功率开关器件的栅极驱动功能。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种功率开关管的驱动电路，可在脉冲信号长时间为关断信号时，保持电容器电压，为功率开关管提供稳定的关断负压。
为解决上述技术问题，本发明的实施方式公开了一种功率开关管的驱动电路，该驱动电路的输入端接收脉冲信号，脉冲信号包括分别用于控制功率开关管导通和关断的导通信号和关断信号；该驱动电路的输出端连接电容电路，电容电路用于在脉冲信号为关断信号时，为功率开关管的第一电极提供用于关断功率开关管的负电压；
驱动电路包括电容调节单元，电容调节单元包括负压调节元件，负调节元件能够在脉冲信号为关断信号时为电压低于预定电压的电容器充电，其中，电容器包含在电容电路中。
在一示范例中，上述负压调节元件包括负压电荷泵，该负压电荷泵用于在驱动电路接收到关断信号时为电压低于预定电压的电容器充电。
在一示范例中，负压电荷泵与电容电路并联，电容器的低压端与功率开关管的第一电极连接。
在一示范例中，电容调节单元还包括正压调节元件，正压调节元件用于在驱动电路接收到导通信号时为电压低于预定电压的电容器充电。
在一示范例中，正压调节元件包括串联接的第一电阻和二极管；
第一电阻的第一端与电容器的低压端连接，第一电阻的第二端与二极管的阳极连接；二极管的阴极接地。
在一示范例中，电容调节单元还包括过压调节元件，用于在电容器的电压超过预定电压时，钳位电容器的电压至预定电压。
在一示范例中，该驱动电路还包括充电单元，用于在该驱动电路启动时，采用该充电单元所包含的电流源对电容器充电，并且，
在充电单元对电容器充电时，电容器的低压端和功率开关管的第二电极均接地。
在一示范例中，充电单元还包括第一开关和第二开关；
电流源、第一开关、电容电路和第二开关依次串联接；
第二开关的第一端连接电容器的低压端，第二开关的第二端接地；
在对电容器充电时，电流源、第一开关、电容电路和第二开关组成电流通路。
在另一示范例中，所述电流源可以是带限流功能的电压源，电压源的输出值即为电容器的预定电压。
在一示范例中，该驱动电路还包括功率放大单元和控制单元；
功率放大单元用于将驱动电路接收到的脉冲信号放大后进行输出；
控制单元用于在电源电压低于第一预定电压和/或电容器的电压低于第二预定电压时，通过钳位电路关断功率开关管。
在一示范例中，该驱动电路满足下列条件中的至少一个：
当功率开关管为双极性晶体管时，第一电极为基极，第二电极为发射极；当功率开关管为场效应晶体管时，第一电极为栅极，第二电极为源极；
功率开关管为碳化硅、硅或者氮化镓场效应晶体管；
过压调节元件包括稳压二极管。
本发明的实施方式还公开了一种功率开关管的驱动装置，该驱动装置包括上述公开的驱动电路和与该驱动电路的输出端连接的电容电路。
本发明的实施方式还公开了一种功率开关管的驱动装置，该驱动装置包括上述公开的驱动电路、与该驱动电路的输出端连接的电容电路、以及产生脉冲信号的脉冲电路。
本发明的实施方式还公开了一种功率开关管的驱动装置，该装置包括第二电阻、电容器和负压电荷泵；
第二电阻与电容器串联，电容器的高压端连接第二电阻的第一端，电容器的低压端连接功率开关管的第一电极和负压电荷泵的第一端；
第二电阻的第二端连接负压电荷泵的第二端，并且第二电阻的第二端接收控制功率开关管导通和关断的脉冲信号；
功率开关管的第二电极接地。
在一示范例中，该驱动装置还包括电流源、第一开关和第二开关；
电流源、第一开关、第二电阻、电容器和第二开关依次串联接；
第二开关的第一端连接电容器的低压端，第二开关的第二端接地；
在对电容器充电时，第一开关和第二开关断合，电流源、第一开关、第二电阻、电容器和第二开关组成电流通路。
本发明实施方式与现有技术相比，主要区别及其效果在于：
无需额外的电源，便能够在脉冲信号长时间为关断信号(如闲置时间)时，及时为电容器补充因漏电产生的储电量流失，从而为功率开关管提供稳定的关断负压。
进一步地，在电容器被充电至所需的预定电压后，采用小功率的负压电荷泵便可为电容器充电，使其保持在预定电压，从而在长时间保持负电压的同时，节省电路面积，减少电路成本。
进一步地，当驱动模块接收到导通信号时，第一电阻和二极管能够在电容器电压低于预定电压时为电容器充电。
进一步地，能够在驱动电路启动或者重启时，迅速为电容器充电，有效避免功率开关管的栅极正电压过高或者负电压不足的问题。同时，在电容器充电时将功率开关管的第一和第二电极同时接地，能确保其在电容器充电期间保持关断，从而在提高电容器充电效率的同时保证电路的可靠性。
进一步地，过压调节元件能够将电容器的电压钳在预设电压，以免过充。
进一步地，能够在电源电压过低或者电容器电压过低时，通过米勒钳位引脚将功率开关管的栅极或者基极电压拉低至0伏，以关断功率开关管，保护电路。
附图说明
图1(a)-(c)是现有技术中功率开关管的驱动电路的电路结构示意图；
图2是图1(a)中的栅极电压随PWM信号的变化时序图；
图3是根据本发明实施方式的功率开关管及其驱动电路的方框示意图；
图4是根据本发明实施方式的电容调节单元的组成示意图；
图5是根据本发明实施方式的功率开关管及其驱动电路的电路结构示意图；
图6是图5所示的电路中的功率开关管栅极电压的仿真结果。
具体实施方式
在以下的叙述中，为了使读者更好地理解本申请而提供了许多技术细节。但是，本领域的普通技术人员可以理解，即使没有这些技术细节和基于以下各实施方式的种种变化和修改，也可以实现本申请各权利要求所要求保护的技术方案。
可以理解，在本发明中，电容器的低压端指电容器电压较低的一端(如电容器的负极板)，相应地，高压端指电压较高的一端(如电容器的正极板)。
此外，可以理解，在本发明中，功率开关管可以是各种类型的开关管，在此不作限制。优选地，功率开关管为碳化硅、硅或者氮化镓场效应晶体管。当功率开关管为双极性晶体管时，第一电极为基极，第二电极为发射极；当功率开关管为场效应晶体管时，第一电极为栅极，第二电极为源极。
此外，可以理解，在本发明中预定电压是指驱动电路在启动或者重启时，充入电容器中的需要维持功率开关管处于关断状态的负电压。本发明的电容器可以是单个电容器，也可以是多个电容器并联和/或串联组成的电容器电路。值得注意的是，本发明的电容器的电压远高于功率开关管栅极和源极(或者基极与发射极)之间的寄生电容器的电压，如十倍以上，这样便可保证在接收到脉冲信号时，控制功率开关管关断或者导通，而电容上的负 压基本保持不变。
此外，可以理解，在本发明中，PWM、脉冲信号均指的是用于控制功率开关管通断的脉冲信号。此次，产生脉冲信号的脉冲电路可以是模拟控制器或数字控制器。
为使本发明的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚，下面将结合附图对本发明的实施方式作进一步的详细描述。
本发明的第一实施方式涉及一种功率开关管的驱动电路。图3是该驱动电路的方框示意图。
具体地，如图3所示，该驱动电路的输入端接收脉冲信号，脉冲信号包括分别用于控制功率开关管导通和关断的导通信号和关断信号；该驱动电路的输出端连接电容电路，电容电路用于在脉冲信号为关断信号时，为功率开关管的第一电极提供用于关断功率开关管的负电压。驱动电路包括电容调节单元、充电单元、功率放大单元以及控制单元。
图4是电容调节单元的结构示意图。如图4所示，电容调节单元包括负压调节元件、正压调节元件以及过压条件元件。负压调节元件能够在脉冲信号为关断信号时为电压低于预定电压的电容器充电，其中，电容器包含在电容电路中。优选地，负压调节元件包括负压电荷泵，用于在驱动电路接收到关断信号时为电压低于预定电压的电容器充电。正压调节元件用于在驱动电路接收到导通信号时为电压低于预定电压的电容器充电。过压调节元件用于在电容器的电压超过预定电压时，钳位电容器的电压至预定电压。可以理解，在本发明的一些示范例中，负压电荷泵可以仅在驱动电路接收到关断信号时为电压低于预定电压的电容器充电，也可以将负压电荷泵设置为既可以在驱动电路接收到关断信号时为电压低于预定电压的电容器充电，也可以在驱动电路接收到导通信号时为电压低于预定电压的电容器充电。
充电单元用于在该驱动电路启动时对电容器充电。优选地，在一示范例中，充电单元包括电流源，在该驱动电路启动时，电流源对电容器充电。在另一示范例中，电流源可以是带限流的电压源，电压源的输出电压即为电容器的预定电压。
功率放大单元用于将驱动电路接收到的脉冲信号放大后进行输出。
控制单元用于在电源电压低于第一预定电压和/或电容器的电压低于第二预定电压时，通过钳位电路关断功率开关管。
以上为本发明的核心思想所涉及的电路的模块，为了更详细的说明本发明的技术方案，图5示出了一示范例中功率开关管的驱动电路的电路结构示意图。如图5所示，该驱动电路包括脉冲信号输入接收、功率放大单元1、电流源2、欠压监控器UVLO 3和欠压监控器UVLO 6、驱动逻辑器4、过压调节元件5、启动逻辑器7、第二开关8、负压电荷泵9、第一电阻Rc、二极管Dc、第二电阻Rg、电容器Cn和第一开关Qc。并且，在该示范例中，功率三极管Q3为NMOS管，其源极接地。可以理解，本发明驱动电路适用的功率开关管的类型并不限于此，可以是其他类型的开关管。
在该电路中，负压电荷泵9、过压调节元件5、第一电阻Rc和二极管Dc组成电容调节单元。其中，负压电荷泵9作为负压调节元件，第一电阻Rc和二极管Dc组成正压调节元件，过压调节元件5优选使用稳压二极管。电容电路由电容器Cn和第二电阻Rg组成。如图5所示，负压电荷泵9与电容器Cn并联，其第一端连接电容器Cn的低压端，第二端连接与电容器Cn串连接的第二电阻Rg的第二端。同时，电容器Cn的低压端与功率开关管Q3的栅极连接，高压端连接第二电阻Rg的第一端。第一电阻Rc的第一端与电容器Cn的低压端连接，第一电阻Rc的第二端与二极管Dc的阳极连接，二极管Dc的阴极接地。过压调节元件5与电容Cn并联，其一端连接电容器Cn的低压端，另一端连接与电容器Cn串连接的第二电阻Rg的第二端。第二电阻Rg用限制被功率放大单元放大的脉冲信号的电流。
当接收到关断功率开关管的脉冲信号后，如果电容器Cn的电压降低(如长时间闲置漏电或者其他干扰造成的)，负压电荷泵9便能够为电容器Cn充电。
当驱动模块接收到导通功率开关管的脉冲信号时，第一电阻Rc和二极管Dc能够为电容器充电。在本发明的其他实施方式中，也可以采用其他现有的电路在脉冲信号为高电平(即导通功率开关管的脉冲信号)时为电容器充电，在此不做限制。
过压调节元件5用于在电容器的电压超过预定电压时，降低电容器的电压至预定电压。优选地，过压调节元件包括稳压二极管。过压调节元件能在电容器充电时，减少过量的充电电流。
在上述图5所示的电路中，电流源2、第一开关Qc和第二开关K组成充电单元。充电单元用于在驱动电路启动时，采用该充电单元所包含的电流源对电容器Cn充电，并且，在充电单元对Cn充电时Cn的低压端和Q3的源极均接地。该充电单元能够在驱动电路启动或者重启时，迅速为Cn充电。并且，由于电容调节单元可保持Cn的电压，因此，无需 额外的电压源，便可维持功率开关管关断所需的负压。同时，在Cn充电时将Q3的栅极和源极同时接地，能确保其在Cn充电期间保持关断，从而在提高Cn充电效率的同时保证电路的可靠性。具体地，电流源2、第一开关Qc、第二电阻Rg、电容器Cn和第二开关K依次串联接。第二开关K的第一端连接Cn的低压端，第二开关K的第二端接地。在对Cn充电时，第一开关Qc和第二开关K导通，电流源2、第一开关Qc、第二电阻Rg、电容器Cn和第二开关K组成电流通路。实现对电容器Cn的快速充电。
在本发明的其他实施方式中，也可以采用其他充电单元为电容器Cn充电，例如，包含电压源的充电单元，在此不做限制。
在该驱动电路启动或重启时，电容器被充电至所需的预定电压后，采用小功率的负压电荷泵便可为发生漏电的电容器充电，使其保持在预定电压，从而在长时间保持负电压的同时，节省电路面积，减少电路成本。此外，在本发明的其他示例中，也可以采取现有的其他充电电路为Cn充电，在此不做限制。
此外，在图5所示的电路中，功率放大器1实现功率放大单元的功能。该功率放大器1分别连接驱动逻辑器4和第二电阻Rg，用于将从驱动逻辑器4接收的脉冲信号放大后输出到第二电阻Rg，从而控制Q3的通断。
在图5所示的电路中，欠压监控器UVLO 3和欠压监控器UVLO 6、驱动逻辑器4和启动逻辑器7组成控制单元。控制单元用于在电源电压低于第一预定电压和/或电容电路的电压低于第二预定电压时，通过钳位电路关断功率开关管。应当理解，此处的第二预定电压远远小于电容器的预定电压，如电容电路被短路的情况。具体地，欠压监控器3和6与驱动逻辑器4和启动逻辑器7连接。当欠压监控器3和6检测到电源电压VDD低于第一预定电压和/或者电容器Cn的电压Vcn低于第二预定电压时，启动逻辑器4会输出信号至驱动逻辑器7，驱动逻辑器7会通过控制米勒钳位引脚(即钳位电路)将Q3的栅极电压减少为零，从而关断O3，起到电路保护作用。
此外，控制单元还用于控制上述充电单元中第一开关Qc和第二开关K的通断，以控制对电容Cn是否充电。
可以理解，控制单元也可以基于现有技术采用其他器件实现其功能，在此不做限制。此外可以，在本发明的其他实施方式中，也可以采用其他电路对实现此处负压电荷泵同样的功能，在此不做限制。
图5所示电路的工作原理如下：
当驱动电路启动或者重启时，电容Cn未存储电荷，控制单元将控制第一开关Qc和第二开关K闭合，电流源2、第一开关Qc、第二电阻Rg、电容器Cn以及第二开关K将组成电流通路，为电容器Cn快速充电，同时，Q3的源极和栅极均接地，Q3截止。在此期间，如果Cn的充电电压超过预定电压值时，过压调节元件会将其钳位。
电容器充电完成后，当脉冲信号为导通信号时，该高电平的导通信号被功率放大单元放大，Cn高压端的电压升高，Q3被导通。在此期间，如果Cn发生漏电，Rc和Dc组成的电路尽可以为电压降低的Cn充电，并且，如果Cn的充电电压超过预定值，过压调节元件会将其钳位。
在脉冲信号模块输出低电平的关断信号如0V时，Cn为Q3的栅极提供负压，使得Q3截止。在此期间，如果Cn发生漏电或者其他导致Cn的电压减小的情况，负压电荷泵9会为其充电。
在上述过程中，如果发生由Cn短路或者其他原因导致的，Cn电压或者VDD极度降低(如降为0V)的情况，启动逻辑器7会输出信号至驱动逻辑器4，其会控制将Q3的栅极电压减少为零，从而起到电路保护作用。
图6示出了图5所示电路的仿真结果，从图6中可以看出，在电容器发生漏电时，Q3栅极的负压被保持，即电压被保持在预定电压。当发生欠压情况(即VDD或者Vcn严重降低)时，Vg被拉低至地电压。
本发明无需额外的电源，便能够在脉冲信号长时间为关断信号时，如闲置时间，及时为电容器补充因漏电或者受到轻微干扰等产生的电压流失，从而为功率开关管提供稳定的关断负压。
上述驱动电路在实际应用中，可以是一个单独的集成电路，也可以是非集成电路，在此不做限制。
可以理解，在本发明的其他示范例中，图5所示的电路也可以不包含第一电阻Rc和二极管Dc，而由负压电荷泵9在脉冲信号为导通信号时，为电容器Cn充电。
本发明的第二实施方式涉及一种驱动装置，该驱动装置包括第一实施方式的驱动电路、以及电容电路。
本发明的第三实施方式涉及一种驱动装置，该驱动装置包括第一实施方式的驱动电路、电容电路、以及产生脉冲信号的脉冲电路。
需要说明的是，在本专利的权利要求和说明书中，诸如第一和第二等之类的关系术语仅仅用来将一个实体或者操作与另一个实体或操作区分开来，而不一定要求或者暗示这些实体或操作之间存在任何这种实际的关系或者顺序。而且，术语“包括”、“包含”或者其任何其他变体意在涵盖非排他性的包含，从而使得包括一系列要素的过程、方法、物品或者设备不仅包括那些要素，而且还包括没有明确列出的其他要素，或者是还包括为这种过程、方法、物品或者设备所固有的要素。在没有更多限制的情况下，由语句“包括一个”限定的要素，并不排除在包括所述要素的过程、方法、物品或者设备中还存在另外的相同要素。
虽然通过参照本发明的某些优选实施方式，已经对本发明进行了图示和描述，但本领域的普通技术人员应该明白，可以在形式上和细节上对其作各种改变，而不偏离本发明的精神和范围。

Claims (14)

  1. 一种功率开关管的驱动电路，其特征在于，该驱动电路的输入端接收脉冲信号，所述脉冲信号包括分别用于控制所述功率开关管导通和关断的导通信号和关断信号；该驱动电路的输出端连接电容电路，所述电容电路用于在所述脉冲信号为关断信号时，为所述功率开关管的第一电极提供用于关断所述功率开关管的负电压；
    所述驱动电路包括电容调节单元，所述电容调节单元包括负压调节元件，所述负压调节元件能够在所述脉冲信号为关断信号时为电压低于预定电压的电容器充电，其中，所述电容器包含在所述电容电路中。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的功率开关管的驱动电路，其特征在于，所述负压调节元件包括负压电荷泵，该负压电荷泵用于在所述驱动电路接收到关断信号时为电压低于预定电压的所述电容器充电。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的功率开关管的驱动电路，其特征在于，所述负压电荷泵与所述电容电路并联，所述电容器的低压端与所述功率开关管的第一电极连接。
  4. 根据权利要求3所述的功率开关管的驱动电路，其特征在于，所述电容调节单元还包括正压调节元件，所述正压调节元件用于在所述驱动电路接收到导通信号时为电压低于预定电压的所述电容器充电。
  5. 根据权利要求4所述的功率开关管的驱动电路，其特征在于，所述正压调节元件包括串联接的第一电阻和二极管；
    所述第一电阻的第一端与所述电容器的低压端连接，第一电阻的第二端与所述二极管的阳极连接；所述二极管的阴极接地。
  6. 根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的功率开关管的驱动电路，其特征在于，所述电容调节单元还包括过压调节元件，用于在所述电容器的电压超过预定电压时，钳位所述电容器的电压至所述预定电压。
  7. 根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的功率开关管的驱动电路，其特征在于，还包括充电单元，用于在该驱动电路启动时，采用该充电单元所包含的电流源对所述电容器充电，并且，
    在所述充电单元对所述电容器充电时，所述电容器的低压端和所述功率开关管的第二 电极均接地。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的功率开关管的驱动电路，其特征在于，所述充电单元还包括第一开关和第二开关；
    所述电流源、第一开关、电容电路和第二开关依次串联接；
    所述第二开关的第一端连接所述电容器的低压端，所述第二开关的第二端接地；
    在对所述电容器充电时，所述电流源、第一开关、电容电路和第二开关组成电流通路。
  9. 根据权利要求8所述的功率开关管的驱动电路，其特征在于，还包括功率放大单元和控制单元；
    所述功率放大单元用于将所述驱动电路接收到的脉冲信号放大后输出；
    所述控制单元用于在电源电压低于第一预定电压和/或所述电容器的电压低于第二预定电压时，通过钳位电路关断所述功率开关管。
  10. 根据权利要求9所述的功率开关管的驱动电路，其特征在于，满足下列条件中的至少一个：
    当所述功率开关管为双极性晶体管时，所述第一电极为基极，第二电极为发射极；当所述功率开关管为场效应晶体管时，所述第一电极为栅极，第二电极为源极；
    所述功率开关管为碳化硅、硅或者氮化镓晶体管；
    所述过压调节元件包括稳压二极管。
  11. 一种功率开关管的驱动装置，其特征在于，包括如权利要求1-10中任一项所述的驱动电路和与该驱动电路的输出端连接的所述电容电路。
  12. 一种功率开关管的驱动装置，其特征在于，包括如权利要求1-10中任一项所述的驱动电路、与该驱动电路的输出端连接的所述电容电路、以及产生所述脉冲信号的脉冲电路。
  13. 一种功率开关管的驱动装置，其特征在于，包括第二电阻、电容器和负压电荷泵；
    所述第二电阻与所述电容器串联，所述电容器的高压端连接所述第二电阻的第一端，所述电容器的低压端连接所述功率开关管的第一电极和负压电荷泵的第一端；
    所述第二电阻的第二端连接所述负压电荷泵的第二端，并且所述第二电阻的第二端接收控制所述功率开关管导通和关断的脉冲信号；
    所述功率开关管的第二电极接地。
  14. 根据权利要求13所述的功率开关管的驱动装置，其特征在于，还包括电流源、第 一开关和第二开关；
    所述电流源、第一开关、第二电阻、电容器和第二开关依次串联接；
    所述第二开关的第一端连接所述电容器的低压端，所述第二开关的第二端接地；
    在对所述电容器充电时，所述第一开关和第二开关断合，所述电流源、第一开关、第二电阻、电容器和第二开关组成电流通路。
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