WO2020019036A1 - Batterie photo-rechargeable - Google Patents

Batterie photo-rechargeable Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2020019036A1
WO2020019036A1 PCT/AU2019/050784 AU2019050784W WO2020019036A1 WO 2020019036 A1 WO2020019036 A1 WO 2020019036A1 AU 2019050784 W AU2019050784 W AU 2019050784W WO 2020019036 A1 WO2020019036 A1 WO 2020019036A1
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Prior art keywords
battery
metal
electrode
photo
photovoltaic
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PCT/AU2019/050784
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English (en)
Inventor
Yuxiang Hu
yang BAI
Lianzhou Wang
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The University Of Queensland
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Priority claimed from AU2018902713A external-priority patent/AU2018902713A0/en
Application filed by The University Of Queensland filed Critical The University Of Queensland
Publication of WO2020019036A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020019036A1/fr

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/46—Accumulators structurally combined with charging apparatus
    • H01M10/465—Accumulators structurally combined with charging apparatus with solar battery as charging system
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
    • H01L31/053—Energy storage means directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. a capacitor integrated with a PV cell
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/054—Accumulators with insertion or intercalation of metals other than lithium, e.g. with magnesium or aluminium
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/36—Accumulators not provided for in groups H01M10/05-H01M10/34
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
    • H02S40/00—Components or accessories in combination with PV modules, not provided for in groups H02S10/00 - H02S30/00
    • H02S40/30—Electrical components
    • H02S40/38—Energy storage means, e.g. batteries, structurally associated with PV modules
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
    • H10K30/40—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation comprising a p-i-n structure, e.g. having a perovskite absorber between p-type and n-type charge transport layers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic radiation-sensitive element covered by group H10K30/00
    • H10K39/10—Organic photovoltaic [PV] modules; Arrays of single organic PV cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K85/50—Organic perovskites; Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites [HOIP], e.g. CH3NH3PbI3
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
    • H01L31/042—PV modules or arrays of single PV cells
    • H01L31/0445—PV modules or arrays of single PV cells including thin film solar cells, e.g. single thin film a-Si, CIS or CdTe solar cells
    • H01L31/046—PV modules composed of a plurality of thin film solar cells deposited on the same substrate
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
    • H01M4/66—Selection of materials
    • H01M4/661—Metal or alloys, e.g. alloy coatings
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E70/00—Other energy conversion or management systems reducing GHG emissions
    • Y02E70/30—Systems combining energy storage with energy generation of non-fossil origin

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to photovoltaic technology and to rechargeable battery technology, and in particular to a photo-rechargeable battery, and a process for producing a photo-rechargeable battery.
  • a photo-rechargeable battery including: a photovoltaic component; and a battery component; wherein the photovoltaic component and the battery component are both formed on a common substrate and are integrated; wherein the battery component includes a metal battery having a metal anode, and the photovoltaic component includes a plurality of perovskite photovoltaic cells interconnected in series to provide a relatively high voltage for charging the metal battery; and wherein the photovoltaic component includes a metal electrode and is electrically interconnected to the metal battery by the metal electrode, which also constitutes the metal anode of the metal battery.
  • the metal battery is at least one of: an aluminium battery; a lithium battery; a sodium battery; a magnesium battery; a zinc battery; and, an iron battery; and, the metal electrode is at least one of: an aluminium electrode; a lithium electrode; a sodium electrode; a magnesium electrode; a zinc electrode; and, an iron electrode.
  • the metal electrode and the metal battery include the same metal.
  • the metal battery is an aluminium-ion battery
  • the metal electrode is an aluminium electrode
  • the plurality of perovskite photovoltaic cells is three perovskite photovoltaic cells to provide the photovoltaic component with an output voltage in excess of 3.0 volts.
  • the common substrate is a glass substrate. In some embodiments, the common substrate is a flexible polymer substrate.
  • the perovskite photovoltaic cells are formed from a stack of layers, including a patterned transparent and electrically conductive layer on a transparent substrate, a hole transport layer on the patterned transparent and electrically conductive layer, a perovskite layer on the hole transport layer, an electron transport layer on the perovskite layer, an insulating buffer layer on the electron transport layer, and a metal layer on the buffer layer.
  • the hole transport layer is composed of poly(bis(4- phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine) (PTAA).
  • the electron transport layer is composed of [6,6]-Phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester.
  • the buffer layer is composed of bathocuproine.
  • the photovoltaic component of integrated perovskite photovoltaic cells achieves a photovoltaic conversion efficiency (PCE) of at least 18.5%.
  • the photo-rechargeable battery achieves an overall photovoltaic conversion/storage efficiency (PCSE) of at least 12%.
  • PCSE photovoltaic conversion/storage efficiency
  • the aluminium-ion battery has a graphite-based cathode, a discharge capacity at least 80 mAh g 1 at 0.5 C-rate, and at least 75 mAh g 1 at 20 C-rate.
  • the aluminium-ion battery has an energy storage efficiency (ESE) of at least 79% at 0.5 C-rate.
  • a photo-rechargeable battery production process including: forming a photovoltaic component and a battery component on a common substrate; wherein the battery component includes a metal battery having a metal anode, and the photovoltaic component includes a plurality of perovskite photovoltaic cells interconnected in series to provide a relatively high voltage for charging the metal battery; and integrating the photovoltaic component and the battery component by forming a metal electrode to electrically interconnect the photovoltaic component and the battery component, wherein the metal electrode constitutes both an electrical contact of the photovoltaic component and the metal anode of the metal battery.
  • the plurality of perovskite photovoltaic cells is three perovskite photovoltaic cells to provide the photovoltaic component with an output voltage in excess of 3.0 volts.
  • the step of forming the photovoltaic component and the battery component on the common substrate includes depositing a layer of metal and patterning the deposited layer of metal to form electrical interconnections between the perovskite photovoltaic cells and the metal battery.
  • the metal battery is at least one of: an aluminium battery; a lithium battery; a sodium battery; a magnesium battery; a zinc battery; and, an iron battery; and, the metal electrode is at least one of: an aluminium electrode; a lithium electrode; a sodium electrode; a magnesium electrode; a zinc electrode; and, an iron electrode.
  • the metal electrode and the metal battery include the same metal.
  • the metal battery is an aluminium-ion battery
  • the metal electrode is an aluminium electrode
  • the step of forming the photovoltaic component on the common substrate includes: forming a patterned transparent and electrically conductive layer on a transparent substrate; forming a hole transport layer on the patterned transparent and electrically conductive layer; forming a perovskite layer on the hole transport layer; forming an electron transport layer on the perovskite layer; forming a graphitic carbon layer on the electron transport layer; forming an electrically insulating buffer layer on the graphitic carbon layer; and forming a metal layer on the buffer layer.
  • the hole transport layer is composed of poly(bis(4- phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine) (PTAA).
  • the electron transport layer is composed of [6,6]-Phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester and C60.
  • the buffer layer is composed of bathocuproine.
  • a photo-rechargeable battery including: a photovoltaic component; and a battery component; wherein the photovoltaic component and the battery component are both formed on a common substrate and are integrated; wherein the battery component includes an metal battery having a metal anode, and the photovoltaic component includes a plurality of photovoltaic cells interconnected to provide a voltage for charging the metal battery; and wherein the photovoltaic component includes a metal electrode and is electrically interconnected to the metal battery by the metal electrode, which also constitutes the metal anode of the metal battery.
  • a photo-rechargeable battery production process including: forming a photovoltaic component and a battery component on a common substrate; wherein the battery component includes an metal battery having a metal anode, and the photovoltaic component includes a plurality of photovoltaic cells interconnected in series to provide a voltage for charging the metal battery; and integrating the photovoltaic component and the battery component by forming a metal electrode to electrically interconnect the photovoltaic component and the battery component, wherein the metal electrode constitutes both an electrical contact of the photovoltaic component and the metal anode of the metal battery.
  • the metal battery is at least one of: an aluminium battery; a lithium battery; a sodium battery; a magnesium battery; a zinc battery; and, an iron battery; and, the metal electrode is at least one of: an aluminium electrode; a lithium electrode; a sodium electrode; a magnesium electrode; a zinc electrode; and, an iron electrode.
  • the metal electrode and the metal battery include the same metal.
  • the metal battery is an aluminium-ion battery
  • the metal electrode is an aluminium electrode
  • Figure 1 includes (a) a schematic illustration of a photo-rechargeable battery in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; (b) a block diagram showing major components of the photo-rechargeable battery; and (c) a photograph of the actual photo- rechargeable battery;
  • Figure 2 includes a) a plan-view SEM image of a MAPbR film on a PTAA-coated ITO (Indium tin oxide) substrate; and b) a cross-sectional SEM image of a single photovoltaic cell;
  • Figure 3 includes a) a J-V curve and b) an EQE curve (the integrated current density is 22.45 mA cm 2 ) of a single photovoltaic cell;
  • Figure 4 is a plan view of a mask for patterning an ITO layer to define the ITO electrodes of the integrated photovoltaic module
  • Figure 5 is a graph showing the steady-state photocurrent and efficiency at the maximum power point (2.62 V) of the integrated photovoltaic module
  • Figure 6 includes histograms of the statistical distributions of a) photo conversion efficiency (PCE) and b) Foe of the described integrated photovoltaic modules (35 samples);
  • Figure 7 includes a) X-ray diffraction (XRD) and b) Raman spectra of graphitic cathode material;
  • Figure 8 includes a), b) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and c), d) transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of a thin graphitic carbon film cathode;
  • Figure 9 demonstrates the electrochemical performance of individual aluminium-ion battery and integrated photovoltaic module components of the photo-rechargeable battery, and includes: (a) a J-V curve of the perovskite solar module (PSM) system with the corresponding data (./.sc, Voc , fill factor (FF) and PCE), (b) lst, 5th, and 50th charge and discharge curves of AIB at a 0.5 C rate (41 mA g 1 ), (c) Charge-discharge capacities and corresponding energy storage efficiency (ESE) of the aluminium-ion battery under increasing current density from 0.5 C to 20 C rate, and (d) Long-term cycling of charge-discharge capacities and ESE of the AIB at 10 C-rate;
  • PSM perovskite solar module
  • Figure 10 demonstrates the performance of the integrated photo-rechargeable battery, and includes: (a) photo-charging curves (red) by PSM and galvanostatically discharging curves (black) of the battery within ten-times cycling (b) the PCE (rp) of the PSM and overall efficiency (PCSE, h 2 ) before and after cycling measurement (c) Overall efficiencies (PCSE, rp) comparison of reported solar harvest-storage devices, including dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC)-supercapacitor (DSSC-SC), DSSC-LIB, Silicon solar cell-LIB (Silicon-LIB), PSCs- LIB, with the described photo-rechargeable battery;
  • DSSC dye-sensitized solar cell
  • DSSC-SC dye-sensitized solar cell
  • DSSC-SC dye-sensitized solar cell
  • DSSC-SC dye-sensitized solar cell
  • DSSC-SC dye-sensitized
  • Figure 11 includes a) J-V curves, b) Foe, c) fill factor of the cycling tested photovoltaic modules of the integrated device and d) discharging capacity of the battery of the integrated device during cycling measurement;
  • Figure 12 demonstrates the performance of the photovoltaic module and the integrated device subject to daily light intensity variations, and includes: (a) PCE of a certified silicon solar cell illuminated by different light intensities (blue line); the red line displays the metabolic sunlight intensity at different times of a selected day at the St Lucia Campus of the University of Queensland (inset figure); (b) overall PCSE of the integrated device (red line) and the PCE of the integrated photovoltaic module (blue line);
  • Figure 13 includes J-V curves of a) the photovoltaic module and b) a certified silicon solar cell under various light intensity;
  • Figure 14 includes a photovoltaic cell photo-charging curves (red) and galvanostatically discharging curves (black) of the integrated device under conditions of a) increased light intensities 20 mW cm 2 (0.2 Sun), 50 mW cm 2 (0.5 Sun), 75 mW cm 2 (0.75 Sun), 100 mW cm 2 (1.0 Sun) and d) reduced light intensities 75 mW cm 2 (0.75 Sun), 50 mW cm 2 (0.5 Sun), 20 mW cm 2 (0.2 Sun);
  • Figure 15 is a histogram showing PCE (hi) and overall PCSE (h 2 ) variation of the integrated device under drastic changing light intensities.
  • Embodiments of the present invention include a photo-rechargeable battery that has unprecedented performance relative to prior art photo-rechargeable batteries by using interconnected perovskite photovoltaic cells as the energy source component, a metal battery as the energy storage component, and tightly integrating these components by forming and interconnecting them on a common substrate, wherein a contact electrode of the solar cells is formed from metal, and also constitutes the anode of the metal battery.
  • the perovskite photovoltaic cells can be formed from one or more perovskite materials, including organic-inorganic perovskites, inorganic perovskites, double perovskites, and/or lead-free perovskites, for example.
  • the metal battery can be any of a variety of different metal battery types, including batteries based on the metals aluminium, magnesium, zinc, or iron, for example, and may or may not be a metal-ion battery.
  • an aluminium-air/sulfur battery is not a metal- ion battery, but is a type of metal battery.
  • the photovoltaic cells include a series of perovskite photovoltaic cells, and the metal is aluminium.
  • This combination of features is able to provide a photo-rechargeable battery with a power conversion efficiency of at least 18.5%, an overall photoelectric conversion/storage efficiency (PCSE) in excess of 12% under standard solar illumination (and even higher under weak illumination), and excellent rate capacity and cycling stability, as described below.
  • PCSE photoelectric conversion/storage efficiency
  • the components and operating principle of a photo-rechargeable battery in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention are illustrated in Figure 1.
  • the battery includes a perovskite photovoltaic module 102 and an aluminium-ion battery 104.
  • the aluminium-ion battery 104 is stable over a wide range of temperatures, and is able to handle the relatively high current densities generated by the perovskite photovoltaic module 102.
  • the photovoltaic module 102 is constituted by a series-connected stack of at least three nominally identical perovskite solar cells 106 to provide a relatively high output voltage of 3.28 V.
  • the photovoltaic module 102 can be constituted by any type or types of perovskite photovoltaic modules or cells that can provide sufficient output voltage for charging the battery 104, including simple perovskite solar cells and monolithic perovskite tandem solar cells, for example.
  • the use of identical solar cells 106 in the stack improves the overall photovoltaic conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic module 102.
  • the aluminium ion battery 104 is tightly integrated with the photovoltaic module 102 by using their outermost aluminium electrode of the photovoltaic module 102 as the anode of the battery 104.
  • FIG. lb The charge transport pathway and related reactions that occur during the photo charging process are illustrated in Figure lb.
  • the photovoltaic module 102 converts solar energy to electric energy for powering the battery 104.
  • electrons generated in the perovskite layer by incident sunlight transfer through an electron transporting material (ETM) and then the outmost metal electrode (dual -functional aluminium electrode) where the electrons directly participate in the anodic reaction of the aluminium-ion battery 104, as shown schematically in Figure lb.
  • the corresponding photo-generated hole transfers through a hole transport material (HTM) to a transparent electrode of the photovoltaic module 102 and is finally neutralized by the electrons from the cathode of the battery 104.
  • ETM electron transporting material
  • HTM hole transport material
  • the electron transport material is composed of P[6,6]- Phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM); however, one or more other electron transport materials may be used in other embodiments, including CBM, C60, and/or ZnO, for example. Other suitable electron transport materials and combinations thereof will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
  • the hole transport material is composed of poly(bis(4- phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine) (PTAA); however, one or more other hole transport materials may be used in other embodiments, including PEDOT:PSS, NiO, CuSCN, and/or CuGaCh, for example. Other suitable hole transport materials and combinations thereof will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
  • the transparent electrode is an Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) electrode, but one or more other transparent electrically conductive materials may be used in other embodiments, including FTO or flexible conductive materials such as ITO coated plastics such as Polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) or Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), for example.
  • ITO Indium Tin Oxide
  • flexible conductive materials such as ITO coated plastics such as Polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) or Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), for example.
  • PEN Polyethylene naphthalate
  • PET Polyethylene terephthalate
  • Other suitable transparent electrically conductive materials and combinations thereof will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
  • the photo-rechargeable battery can be used as a normal battery to release the stored energy.
  • a photograph of a fabricated embodiment of the photo- rechargeable battery is shown in Figure lc.
  • each of the perovskite photovoltaic cells has a planar heterojunction p-i-n structure consisting of the following stack of layers: indium-doped tin oxide (ITO) conductive electrodes/hole transport materials (HTMs)/perovskite/electron transport materials/metal electrode.
  • ITO indium-doped tin oxide
  • HTMs hole transport materials
  • MFFNFFPbl ⁇ , (MAPbl ⁇ ,) perovskite layers were formed on poly(triarylamie) (PTAA)-coated ITO substrates by an anti-solvent assisted one-step deposition method, as described in Chen, H. et al. A Defect-Free Principle for Advanced Graphene Cathode of Aluminium-Ion Battery.
  • PTAA poly(bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6- trimethylphenyl)amine)
  • PTAA poly(bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6- trimethylphenyl)amine)
  • a perovskite (MAPbE) precursor solution was prepared as described in Chen, B. et al. Efficient Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells for 23.0%- Efficiency Perovskite/Silicon Four-Terminal Tandem Cells. Adv. Energy Mater., doi: 10.
  • the MAPb , precursor solution was spun onto the PTAA hole transport layer at 2000 rpm for 2 s and at 4000 rpm for 20 s. After 10 seconds of spin-coating, the substrates were washed with 300 pL of toluene. Subsequently, the films were annealed at 65 °C for 10 min and at 100 °C for 10 min. [6,6]-Phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM, to facilitate electron transport) was coated by spin coating 2 wt% PCBM in di chlorobenzene at 6000 rpm for 35 s and then annealing at 100 °C for 30 min. The films were transferred to an evaporation chamber and 20 nm C60, 8 nm of bathocuproine (BCP, buffer layer) and Al were sequentially deposited under vacuum.
  • BCP bathocuproine
  • the buffer layer is composed of BCP in the described embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that one or more other suitable materials can be used in other embodiments, including for example amorphous metal oxides, LiF, and other insulating materials and combinations thereof.
  • Figure 3a shows the current density-voltage (J-V) characteristics for a single perovskite photovoltaic cell, having a short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 23.1 mA cm 2 , an open-circuit voltage (Foe) of 1.1 V, and a fill factor (FF) of 75.4%, yielding a high PCE (rp) of 19.2%.
  • the integral of the external quantum efficiency (EQE) spectrum shown in Figure 3b reached 22.45 mA cm 2 , which is in good agreement with that extracted from the J-V curve of Figure 3a).
  • an (at least nominally) optimal ITO pattern was used to produce the high performance perovskite photovoltaic module 102, providing an output voltage over 3.0 V.
  • the miniaturized photovoltaic module 102 was formed by interconnecting three identical perovskite photovoltaic cell formed from the same perovskite film on a common substrate. This strategy significantly improved the cell uniformity and reduced the performance mismatch between the photovoltaic cells in each photovoltaic module 102. In addition, it avoids additional Ohmic resistance as no external electrical wires are used.
  • the miniaturized perovskite photovoltaic module 102 delivered a high photovoltage of 3.28 V and a remarkable high PCE of 18.5% extracted from the J-V curve as exhibited in Figure 3a.
  • the steady-state photocurrent and efficiency of the perovskite photovoltaic module 102 measured at the maximum power point (2.62 V) are presented in Figure 5, which confirms the performance parameters extracted from the J-V curve and verifies the absence of photocurrent hysteresis.
  • the statistics of PCE and Voc distributions exhibited in Figure 6 demonstrate the reproducibility and reliability of the high performance photovoltaic module 102.
  • GCF Thin graphitic carbon films
  • CVD chemical vapor deposition
  • PET gold-coated glasses/polyethylene terephthalate
  • the graphitic carbon film was formed in a tube furnace with a gas supply unit that allows the introduction of liquid carbon sources during CVD growth.
  • a Ni foil Prior to CVD, a Ni foil (thickness: 25 pm, purity: 99.99%, Alfa Aesar) was washed with water and acetone, and then cleaned in a reactive ion etching system (Prog 200 RIE) for 5 min.
  • a reactive ion etching system Prog 200 RIE
  • the floating carbon film was transferred onto a suitable substrate, namely a Si0 2 /Si substrate for characterization, and a gold coated glass or flexible (e.g., PET or other flexible polymer) substrate for electrode fabrication.
  • a suitable substrate namely a Si0 2 /Si substrate for characterization, and a gold coated glass or flexible (e.g., PET or other flexible polymer) substrate for electrode fabrication.
  • the graphite film was mixed with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) (weight ratio of 9: 1) in DI water, followed by high-vacuum heating at 100 °C overnight.
  • PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
  • the l-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [EMIm]Cl, 98%, Sigma) was mixed with anhydrous aluminium chloride (99.99%, Sigma-Aldrich) (mole ratio of 1.3) to obtain the ionic liquid (IL) electrolyte.
  • IL ionic liquid
  • Glass fibre was applied as the separator (What-man).
  • the anode electrode (aluminum layer) is also the electron transfer layer of the photovoltaic module 102, and is deposited in an evaporation chamber to ensure it has sufficient thickness.
  • XRD X-ray diffraction
  • XRD, Raman spectroscopy, SEM, and TEM measurements were performed to characterize the morphology and crystalline structure of the graphitic carbon films, as shown in Figures 7 and 8.
  • the aluminium electrode of the photovoltaic module 102 also functioned as the anode of the aluminium-ion battery 104.
  • An ionic liquid (IL) electrolyte and glass fibre were applied as the electrolyte and separator, respectively, of the battery.
  • the electrochemical performance of the aluminium-ion battery 104 is shown in Figure 9. The galvanostatic charge and discharge curves were displayed in Figure 9b.
  • a reversible capacity of 82 mAh g 1 can be achieved at current density of 0.5 C (equivalent to specific current of 41 mA g 1 ).
  • the negligible variation in charge-discharge curve of Figure 9b) after 50 cycles demonstrates the excellent reversibility of the battery 104.
  • rate- performance is a significant parameter of the battery component in a solar-battery system.
  • the rate-capacity of the aluminium-ion battery 104 was extraordinary stable (Figure 9c) with a retained capacity of around 76 mAh g 1 under high current density (a“C-rate” of 20 C, being defined as the product of the current and time that the battery can provide when fully charged, in this case being 1640 mA g 1 ).
  • the energy storage efficiency (ESE, h 3 ) of the battery component in a solar-battery system is critical to its overall photoelectric conversion/storage efficiency.
  • the aluminium-ion battery 104 Compared with other reported batteries, the aluminium-ion battery 104 exhibits one of the highest ESE (79% at 0.5 C-rate). Even at a high specific current of 1640 mA g 1 (20 C), the energy storage efficiency was still maintained above 73%, which contributes to the high overall PCSE of the photo-rechargeable battery.
  • Figure 9d shows long term cycling of the aluminium-ion battery 104 at a specific current of 10 C (or 820 mA g 1 ). The charge-discharge capacity remains extraordinary stable during the measurement with a stable corresponding ESE of around 77%.
  • the overall PCSE (h 2 ) is expressed as a percentage of the system’s output electric energy over the input solar energy, which is a critical evaluation criterion for solar-rechargeable batteries and other solar energy harvesting-storage systems.
  • the overall PCSE is determined by both the solar-to-electricity conversion efficiency in the photovoltaic module 102 and the energy storage efficiency in the battery 104.
  • a high performance photovoltaic module 102 with a record high PCE of around 18.5% guarantees efficient energy conversion. Since the photovoltaic module 102 and battery 104 share the same aluminium electrode, the electric energy from the photovoltaic module 102 is directly delivered to the battery 104 with negligible loss during transmission. Furthermore, the comparable high ESE (h 3 ) of AIBs also contributes to the overall PCSE (h 2 ).
  • the total energy conversion- storage efficiency (Figure lOb) of the integrated photo- rechargeable battery is as high as 12.04 %, outperforming other energy systems reported in the literature, including LIBs, Li-air batteries, supercapacitor integrated/series-jointed with various PV components.
  • Figure lOb shows the stability of the integrated device after ten cycles of repeated illumination and galvanostatic discharging. Even after ten cycles (AM 1.5 G Hz, 100 mW cm 2 ), the photovoltaic module 102 only has a slight degradation of its photovoltaic property (92% retention in PCE).
  • the current density and voltage (J-V) curves of the cycled photovoltaic module 102 are shown in Figure 8a with corresponding Jc, Voc , and Fill factor ( Figures 8b and 8c).
  • the discharging capacity also remains stable during the cycling test (see Figure 8d).
  • the overall PSCE (h 2 ) of the integrated device could still achieve 10.38% after ten cycles, corresponding to average of 0.18% reduction in h 2 .
  • PCE of a certified silicon solar cell which is widely utilized as a commercial PV device, under daily variational light intensity is shown in Figure l2a.
  • the PCE is reduced by around 25 % under 20 mW cm 2 light density (9.1%), which results in a substantial decrease of overall PCSE (h 2 ).
  • DSSC dye-sensitized solar cell
  • perovskite solar cells exhibit much better PCE tolerance to variations in light intensity.
  • Figure l2b shows the influence of light-intensity on the overall PCSE of the integrated photo-rechargeable battery described herein.
  • the efficiencies of the photovoltaic module 102 and the integrated photo-rechargeable battery were measured under daily variational light density.
  • the blue line in Figure l2b shows the PCE of the photovoltaic module 102 with a small variation under light intensity of 20 mW cm 2 (17.7 %, 109% retention of PCE) comparing with that of 100 mW cm 2 (16.2 %).
  • a similar variation of PCE also occurs when the light intensity reduces from 100 mW cm 2 to 20 mW cm 2 (17.3 %, 106% retention). This enhanced solar harvest efficiency performance guarantees a stable high energy input to the aluminium-ion battery 104.
  • the integrated photo-rechargeable battery described herein is able to achieve a record PCE efficiency of 18.5% and a record high PCSE of 12.04%.
  • the shared electrode of the photovoltaic module 102 and the battery components 104 ensure a minimum energy loss during electron transfer.
  • the photovoltaic module 102 and the integrated photo-rechargeable battery described herein both maintain stable performance under substantial variations in light illumination with 109% (PCE) and 107% (PCSE) efficiency retention under same weaken light-intensity, respectively.
  • metal batteries and electrodes including but not limited to a lithium battery, a sodium battery, a magnesium battery, a zinc battery, an iron battery, or the like, and a lithium electrode, a sodium electrode, a magnesium electrode, a zinc electrode, an iron electrode, or the like.
  • the metal electrode and the metal battery include the same metal.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne une batterie photo-rechargeable comprenant un composant photovoltaïque et un composant de batterie. Le composant photovoltaïque et le composant de batterie sont tous deux formés sur un substrat commun et sont intégrés. Le composant de batterie comprend une batterie métallique ayant une anode métallique, et le composant photovoltaïque comprend plusieurs cellules photovoltaïques à pérovskites interconnectées en série pour fournir une tension relativement élevée pour charger la batterie métallique ; et le composant photovoltaïque comprend une électrode métallique et est électriquement interconnecté à la batterie métallique par l'intermédiaire de l'électrode métallique, qui constitue également l'anode métallique de la batterie métallique.
PCT/AU2019/050784 2018-07-26 2019-07-25 Batterie photo-rechargeable WO2020019036A1 (fr)

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