WO2020008232A1 - Efficient electrodes on hole transporting layer of methyl ammonium metal halide perovskite solar cell - Google Patents

Efficient electrodes on hole transporting layer of methyl ammonium metal halide perovskite solar cell Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2020008232A1
WO2020008232A1 PCT/IB2018/054896 IB2018054896W WO2020008232A1 WO 2020008232 A1 WO2020008232 A1 WO 2020008232A1 IB 2018054896 W IB2018054896 W IB 2018054896W WO 2020008232 A1 WO2020008232 A1 WO 2020008232A1
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Prior art keywords
electrodes
solar cell
gap
electrode
transporting layer
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PCT/IB2018/054896
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French (fr)
Inventor
S. M. Iftiquar
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Iftiquar S M
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Priority to PCT/IB2018/054896 priority Critical patent/WO2020008232A1/en
Publication of WO2020008232A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020008232A1/en

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/02—Details
    • H01L31/0224—Electrodes
    • H01L31/022408—Electrodes for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier
    • H01L31/022425—Electrodes for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for solar cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
    • H10K30/80—Constructional details
    • H10K30/81—Electrodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
    • H10K30/80—Constructional details
    • H10K30/81—Electrodes
    • H10K30/82—Transparent electrodes, e.g. indium tin oxide [ITO] electrodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K85/50—Organic perovskites; Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites [HOIP], e.g. CH3NH3PbI3
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells

Definitions

  • a methyl ammonium metal halide perovskite solar cell comprises a photovoltaic conversion element, an electrically connected front electrode, back electrode that is divided into concentric and non-concentric electrodes, wherein concentric back electrode comprises two or more separate electrodes.
  • the said photovoltaic conversion element consists of a photosensitive element, where energetic electron-hole pairs are generated due to light absorption that is disposed in between electron transporting layer or n-type layer, and hole transporting layer or p- type layer.
  • the present invention relates to a solar cell device, particularly to the structure of a solar cell electrode.
  • Sun light is considered as one of the most widely available pollution free source of energy.
  • a photovoltaic solar cell can absorb the light energy of the solar radiation and convert it to electrical energy.
  • methyl ammonium metal halide perovskite solar cell is one type of solar cell.
  • the electrodes are not concentric type, typical prior art examples are as schematically shown in FIG. 1, FIG. 2, FIG. 3.
  • reference numeral 101 indicates back electrode
  • reference numeral 102 indicates the methyl ammonium metal halide perovskite solar cell
  • reference numeral 103 indicates front electrode
  • reference numeral 104 indicates supporting material.
  • reference numeral 201 indicates back electrode
  • reference numeral 202 indicates the methyl ammonium metal halide perovskite solar cell
  • reference numeral 203 indicates front electrode
  • reference numeral 204 indicates supporting material.
  • FIG. 1 indicates back electrode
  • reference numeral 102 indicates the methyl ammonium metal halide perovskite solar cell
  • reference numeral 203 indicates front electrode
  • reference numeral 204 indicates supporting material.
  • FIG. 1 indicates back electrode
  • reference numeral 202 indicates the methyl ammonium metal halide perovskite solar cell
  • reference numeral 301 indicates back electrode
  • reference numeral 302 indicates the methyl ammonium metal halide perovskite solar cell
  • reference numeral 303 indicates front electrode
  • reference numeral 3031 indicates exposed part of front electrode
  • reference numeral 304 indicates supporting material.
  • This type of solar cells generally have a transparent support material, on which front electrode is fabricated. Electron transporting layer is fabricated on this electrode. Methyl ammonium metal halide type perovskite material is fabricated on the electron transporting layer by spin casting method. Then hole transporting layer is fabricated on the methyl ammonium metal halide type perovskite material. Then back electrode is fabricated.
  • the thickness of prepared film in spin casting method is non-uniform over the film surface.
  • Present invention significantly reduces this problem by electrically separating the regions of non- uniform thicknesses.
  • Methyl ammonium lead iodide based perovskite solar cell is an example of methyl ammonium metal halide perovskite solar cell. These methyl ammonium metal halide perovskite solar cells are spin casted on a supporting substrate. Concentric electrodes are used at the back of the solar cell. The concentric electrodes are designed to divide the spin casted surface area into several smaller surface areas. Each surface area that are covered by each electrode, have reduced non uniformity. In this invention, the part of the solar cell covered by each concentric electrodes, act like concentric solar cells with reduced shunting loss of output electrical energy of the solar cell. In this way, performance of the smaller concentric solar cells improve.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a prior art methyl ammonium metal halide perovskite solar cell
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a prior art methyl ammonium metal halide perovskite solar cell
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a prior art methyl ammonium metal halide perovskite solar cell
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of top-view of two concentric back electrodes, as indicated by reference numerals 404, 405 that comprise gap-material Y, as indicated by reference numerals 402, 403;
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of two concentric electrodes, as indicated by reference numerals 508, 510 that comprise gap-material Y, as indicated by reference numerals 507, 509;
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of two concentric electrodes, as indicated by reference numerals 608, 610 that comprise the gap-material Y, as indicated by reference numerals 607, 609, 611, 613, extending from the back electrode to the front surface of the electron transporting layer of solar cell;
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of two concentric electrodes, as indicated by reference numerals 708, 710 that comprise the gap-material Y, as indicated by reference numerals 707, 709, 711,
  • gap-material Y extends from the back electrode to the front surface of the absorber layer of solar cell
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of two concentric electrodes, as indicated by reference numerals 808, 810 that comprise the gap-material Y, as indicated by reference numerals 807, 809, 811,
  • gap-material Y extends from the back electrode to the front surface of the hole transporting layer of solar cell ;
  • FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of two concentric electrodes, as indicated by reference numerals 908, 910 that comprise the gap-material Y, as indicated by reference numerals 907, 909, 911,
  • gap-material Y extends from the back electrode to the front surface of the concentric electrodes
  • FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of one circular electrode, as indicated by reference numeral 1007 that comprise the gap-material Y, as indicated by reference numerals 1006, 1008 where the gap- material Y extends from the back surface of the electrode to the back surface of the front electrode of solar cell;
  • FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of one circular electrode, as indicated by reference numeral 1107 that comprise the gap-material Y, as indicated by reference numerals 1106, 1108 where the gap- material Y extends from the back electrode to the front surface of the absorber layer of solar cell;
  • FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of one circular electrode, as indicated by reference numeral 1207 that comprise the gap-material Y, as indicated by reference numerals 1206, 1208 where the gap- material Y extends from the back electrode to the front surface of the hole transporting layer of solar cell;
  • FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of one circular electrode, as indicated by reference numeral 1307 that comprise the gap-material Y, as indicated by reference numerals 1306, 1308 where the gap- material Y extends from the back electrode to the front surface of the concentric electrodes.
  • the supporting material side of the solar cell is considered as front side while the concentric electrode side of the solar cell is considered as back side.
  • FIG. 5 both of these figures show the back surface of the one of the embodiments of the invented device, indicating two concentric electrodes.
  • reference numeral 401 indicates a part of the layer that is disposed on the hole transporting layer as back electrode of the solar cell
  • reference numerals 402, 403 indicate gap-material Y
  • reference numeral 404 indicates one of the concentric electrodes
  • reference numeral 405 indicates a central disk-type electrode.
  • the gap-material Y separates the electrodes.
  • FIG. 5 a different view of the device in FIG.4 is shown in addition to a part of the exposed front electrode as indicated by reference numeral 5041.
  • FIG. 5041 In FIG.
  • reference numeral 501, 506 indicate part of the back electrode layer that is disposed on the hole transporting layer of the solar cell
  • reference numerals 507, 509 indicate gap-material Y
  • reference numeral 508 indicates one of the concentric electrodes
  • reference numeral 510 indicates a central disk-type electrode
  • reference numeral 502 indicates hole transporting layer
  • reference numeral 503 indicates absorber layer
  • reference numeral 511 indicates electron transporting layer
  • reference numeral 504 indicates front electrode
  • reference numeral 505 indicates supporting material.
  • the gap-material Y separates the electrodes.
  • FIG.6 A clearer schematic diagram of one of the embodiments, as shown in FIG. 4, FIG. 5, is shown in FIG.6 as cross-sectional schematic diagram.
  • FIG. 7, FIG. 8, FIG. 9, FIG. 10, FIG. 11, FIG. 12, FIG, 13, various detailed embodiments of the present investigation is shown.
  • FIG. 6, FIG. 7, FIG. 8, FIG. 9, FIG. 10, FIG. 11, FIG. 12, FIG, 13, various sizes of the gap-material Y is shown indicating various embodiments of the invention with various levels of electrical isolations of the concentric solar cells.
  • reference numeral 601 indicates a part of the layer that is disposed on the hole transporting layer as back electrode of the solar cell
  • reference numerals 607, 609, 611, 613 indicate gap-material Y
  • reference numerals 608, 610 indicate the concentric electrodes, where reference numerals 608 and 612 are part of the same electrode.
  • reference numeral 604 indicates front electrode
  • reference numeral 614 indicates electron transporting layer
  • reference numeral 605 indicates a support material.
  • the gap-material Y penetrates through all the layers of the solar cell except the front electrode.
  • reference numeral 701 indicates a part of the layer that is disposed on the hole transporting layer as back electrode of the solar cell
  • reference numerals 707, 709, 711, 713 indicate gap-material Y
  • reference numerals 708, 710 indicate the concentric electrodes, where reference numerals 708 and 712 are part of the same electrode.
  • reference numeral 704 indicates front electrode
  • reference numeral 705 indicates a support material
  • reference numeral 714 indicates electron transporting layer.
  • the gap-material Y penetrates through the back electrodes, hole transporting layer and absorber layer of the solar cell.
  • reference numeral 801 indicates a part of the layer that is disposed on the hole transporting layer as back electrode of the solar cell
  • reference numerals 807, 809, 811, 813 indicate gap-material Y
  • reference numerals 808, 810 indicate the concentric electrodes, where reference numerals 808 and 812 are part of the same electrode.
  • reference numeral 805 indicates a support material
  • reference numeral 814 indicates electron transporting layer.
  • the gap-material Y penetrates through the back electrodes and hole transporting layer of the solar cell.
  • reference numeral 901 indicates a part of the layer that is disposed on the hole transporting layer as back electrode of the solar cell
  • reference numerals 907, 909, 911, 913 indicate gap-material Y
  • reference numerals 908, 910 indicate the concentric electrodes, where reference numerals 908 and 912 are part of the same electrode.
  • reference numeral 905 indicates a support material
  • reference numeral 914 indicates electron transporting layer.
  • the gap-material Y penetrates through the back electrodes of the solar cell.
  • FIG. 10 shows another embodiment of the present invention, in which only one disk-type electrode is demonstrated.
  • reference numeral 1001 indicates a part of the layer that is disposed on the hole transporting layer as back electrode of the solar cell
  • reference numerals 1006, 1008 indicate gap-material Y
  • reference numeral 1007 indicates a disk-type electrode.
  • reference numeral 1005 indicates a support material
  • reference numeral 1002 indicates hole transport layer
  • reference numeral 1003 indicates absorber layer
  • reference numeral 1010 indicates electron transporting layer
  • reference numeral 1004 indicates front electrode
  • 10041 indicates exposed front electrode.
  • the gap-material Y penetrates through all the layers of the solar cell except the front electrode of the solar cell.
  • FIG. 11 shows another embodiment of the present invention, in which only one disk-type electrode is demonstrated.
  • reference numeral 1101 indicates a part of the layer that is disposed on the hole transporting layer as back electrode of the solar cell
  • reference numerals 1106, 1108 indicate gap-material Y
  • reference numeral 1107 indicates a disk-type electrode.
  • reference numeral 1105 indicates a support material
  • reference numeral 1102 indicates hole transport layer
  • reference numeral 1103 indicates absorber layer
  • reference numeral 1110 indicates electron transporting layer
  • reference numeral 1104 indicates front electrode
  • 11041 indicates exposed front electrode.
  • the gap-material Y penetrates through the back electrodes, hole transporting layer, absorber layer of the solar cell.
  • reference numeral 1201 indicates a part of the layer that is disposed on the hole transporting layer as back electrode of the solar cell
  • reference numerals 1206, 1208 indicate gap-material Y
  • reference numeral 1207 indicates a disk-type electrode
  • reference numeral 1205 indicates a support material
  • reference numeral 1202 indicates hole transport layer
  • reference numeral 1203 indicates absorber layer
  • reference numeral 1210 indicates electron transporting layer
  • reference numeral 1204 indicates front electrode
  • 12041 indicates exposed front electrode.
  • the gap-material Y penetrates through the back electrodes, hole transporting layer of the solar cell.
  • FIG. 13 shows another embodiment of the present invention, in which only one disk-type electrode is demonstrated.
  • reference numeral 1301 indicates a part of the layer that is disposed on the hole transporting layer as back electrode of the solar cell
  • reference numerals 1306, 1308 indicate gap-material Y
  • reference numeral 1307 indicates a disk-type electrode.
  • reference numeral 1305 indicates a support material
  • reference numeral 1302 indicates hole transport layer
  • reference numeral 1303 indicates absorber layer
  • reference numeral 1310 indicates electron transporting layer
  • reference numeral 1304 indicates front electrode
  • 13041 indicates exposed front electrode.
  • the gap-material Y penetrates through the back electrodes of the solar cell.
  • a solar cell comprising: a front electrode; an electron transporting layer connected to the front electrode; an absorber layer connected to the electron transporting layer; a hole transporting layer connected to the absorber layer; a back electrode connected to the hole transporting layer; wherein the improvement comprise dividing the back electrode into concentric and non-concentric electrodes connected to the hole transporting layer;
  • the concentric electrodes are separated from its neighboring electrode or electrodes.
  • a solar cell as recited in claim 1, wherein the said electrodes comprise at least one
  • annular electrode or at least one disk-type electrode.
  • a solar cell as recited in claim 2, wherein thickness of the said electrodes are more than 5 nm and separated from its neighboring electrode (or electrodes) by a gap-material Y that is different in composition from the composition of the said electrodes.
  • the said gap-material Y comprises a material of lower electrical conductivity than the electrical conductivity of the said electrodes.
  • the said gap-material Y comprises a material of lower electrical conductivity.
  • thickness, of the said gap-material Y is more than the local thickness of the said electrodes but less than the distance between the top surface of the electron transporting layer and bottom surface of the said electrodes.
  • electrodes comprise aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO).
  • said electrodes comprise indium tin oxide.
  • said electrodes comprise indium tin oxide.
  • the back electrodes comprise the electrodes, residual parts of the electrode that are not concentric.
  • the said absorber layer comprises methyl ammonium metal halide perovskite material.
  • a solar cell as recited in claim 21, wherein the said absorber layer comprises hydrogenated thin film silicon alloy.
  • a solar cell as recited in claim 21, wherein the said absorber layer comprises crystalline silicon.

Abstract

A methyl ammonium metal halide perovskite solar cell comprises a photovoltaic conversion element, an electrically connected front electrode, back electrode that is divided into concentric and non- concentric electrodes, wherein concentric back electrode comprises two or more separate electrodes. The said photovoltaic conversion element consists of a photosensitive element, where energetic electron-hole pairs are generated due to light absorption that is disposed in between electron transporting layer or n-type layer, and hole transporting layer or p-type layer.

Description

Efficient electrodes on hole transporting layer of methyl ammonium metal halide perovskite solar cell
ABSTRACT
A methyl ammonium metal halide perovskite solar cell comprises a photovoltaic conversion element, an electrically connected front electrode, back electrode that is divided into concentric and non-concentric electrodes, wherein concentric back electrode comprises two or more separate electrodes. The said photovoltaic conversion element consists of a photosensitive element, where energetic electron-hole pairs are generated due to light absorption that is disposed in between electron transporting layer or n-type layer, and hole transporting layer or p- type layer.
Technical Field
The present invention relates to a solar cell device, particularly to the structure of a solar cell electrode.
Background Art
Sun light is considered as one of the most widely available pollution free source of energy. A photovoltaic solar cell can absorb the light energy of the solar radiation and convert it to electrical energy.
There are various types of solar cells available, of which, methyl ammonium metal halide perovskite solar cell is one type of solar cell. Generally, in the solar cells, the electrodes are not concentric type, typical prior art examples are as schematically shown in FIG. 1, FIG. 2, FIG. 3. In the FIG. 1, reference numeral 101 indicates back electrode, reference numeral 102 indicates the methyl ammonium metal halide perovskite solar cell, reference numeral 103 indicates front electrode, reference numeral 104 indicates supporting material. In the FIG. 2, reference numeral 201 indicates back electrode, reference numeral 202 indicates the methyl ammonium metal halide perovskite solar cell, reference numeral 203 indicates front electrode, reference numeral 204 indicates supporting material. In the FIG. 3, reference numeral 301 indicates back electrode, reference numeral 302 indicates the methyl ammonium metal halide perovskite solar cell, reference numeral 303 indicates front electrode, reference numeral 3031 indicates exposed part of front electrode, reference numeral 304 indicates supporting material. The problem with a conventional electrode is that if there is a non-uniform characteristics of the device over the surface, the electrodes cannot be used to differentiate them. For example, but not limited to this example, if thickness of layers vary from one point to another over the surface, the electrodes cannot be used to differentiate them.
Various types of solar cells are in development, for example, as disclosed in the US Patent No. US20160086739. This type of solar cells generally have a transparent support material, on which front electrode is fabricated. Electron transporting layer is fabricated on this electrode. Methyl ammonium metal halide type perovskite material is fabricated on the electron transporting layer by spin casting method. Then hole transporting layer is fabricated on the methyl ammonium metal halide type perovskite material. Then back electrode is fabricated. However, in many vcases, the thickness of prepared film in spin casting method is non-uniform over the film surface. In a non-uniformly thick solar cell, the generated electric current density and output voltage are non-uniform over the points of non-uniformity. Therefore, local shunting of electric current takes place. The type of electrodes, as disclosed in US Patent No. US20160086739, is not enough to address this problem.
Present invention significantly reduces this problem by electrically separating the regions of non- uniform thicknesses.
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
Present invention provides an improved solar cell, out of the problem of non-uniformity in film- thickness in a spin casted solar cell that easily happens in spin casting on a larger surface area. Methyl ammonium lead iodide based perovskite solar cell is an example of methyl ammonium metal halide perovskite solar cell. These methyl ammonium metal halide perovskite solar cells are spin casted on a supporting substrate. Concentric electrodes are used at the back of the solar cell. The concentric electrodes are designed to divide the spin casted surface area into several smaller surface areas. Each surface area that are covered by each electrode, have reduced non uniformity. In this invention, the part of the solar cell covered by each concentric electrodes, act like concentric solar cells with reduced shunting loss of output electrical energy of the solar cell. In this way, performance of the smaller concentric solar cells improve.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a prior art methyl ammonium metal halide perovskite solar cell; FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a prior art methyl ammonium metal halide perovskite solar cell; FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a prior art methyl ammonium metal halide perovskite solar cell;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of top-view of two concentric back electrodes, as indicated by reference numerals 404, 405 that comprise gap-material Y, as indicated by reference numerals 402, 403;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of two concentric electrodes, as indicated by reference numerals 508, 510 that comprise gap-material Y, as indicated by reference numerals 507, 509;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of two concentric electrodes, as indicated by reference numerals 608, 610 that comprise the gap-material Y, as indicated by reference numerals 607, 609, 611, 613, extending from the back electrode to the front surface of the electron transporting layer of solar cell;
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of two concentric electrodes, as indicated by reference numerals 708, 710 that comprise the gap-material Y, as indicated by reference numerals 707, 709, 711,
713 where the gap-material Y extends from the back electrode to the front surface of the absorber layer of solar cell;
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of two concentric electrodes, as indicated by reference numerals 808, 810 that comprise the gap-material Y, as indicated by reference numerals 807, 809, 811,
813 where the gap-material Y extends from the back electrode to the front surface of the hole transporting layer of solar cell ;
FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of two concentric electrodes, as indicated by reference numerals 908, 910 that comprise the gap-material Y, as indicated by reference numerals 907, 909, 911,
913 where the gap-material Y extends from the back electrode to the front surface of the concentric electrodes;
FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of one circular electrode, as indicated by reference numeral 1007 that comprise the gap-material Y, as indicated by reference numerals 1006, 1008 where the gap- material Y extends from the back surface of the electrode to the back surface of the front electrode of solar cell;
FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of one circular electrode, as indicated by reference numeral 1107 that comprise the gap-material Y, as indicated by reference numerals 1106, 1108 where the gap- material Y extends from the back electrode to the front surface of the absorber layer of solar cell;
FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of one circular electrode, as indicated by reference numeral 1207 that comprise the gap-material Y, as indicated by reference numerals 1206, 1208 where the gap- material Y extends from the back electrode to the front surface of the hole transporting layer of solar cell; FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of one circular electrode, as indicated by reference numeral 1307 that comprise the gap-material Y, as indicated by reference numerals 1306, 1308 where the gap- material Y extends from the back electrode to the front surface of the concentric electrodes.
In all the above figures the supporting material side of the solar cell is considered as front side while the concentric electrode side of the solar cell is considered as back side.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Detailed description and embodiments of this invention is given in the following. Referring to FIG. 4, FIG. 5, both of these figures show the back surface of the one of the embodiments of the invented device, indicating two concentric electrodes. In FIG. 4, reference numeral 401 indicates a part of the layer that is disposed on the hole transporting layer as back electrode of the solar cell, reference numerals 402, 403 indicate gap-material Y, reference numeral 404 indicates one of the concentric electrodes, reference numeral 405 indicates a central disk-type electrode. Here the gap-material Y separates the electrodes. In FIG. 5, a different view of the device in FIG.4 is shown in addition to a part of the exposed front electrode as indicated by reference numeral 5041. In FIG. 5, reference numeral 501, 506 indicate part of the back electrode layer that is disposed on the hole transporting layer of the solar cell, reference numerals 507, 509 indicate gap-material Y, reference numeral 508 indicates one of the concentric electrodes, reference numeral 510 indicates a central disk-type electrode, reference numeral 502 indicates hole transporting layer, reference numeral 503 indicates absorber layer, reference numeral 511 indicates electron transporting layer, reference numeral 504 indicates front electrode, reference numeral 505 indicates supporting material. Here the gap-material Y separates the electrodes.
A clearer schematic diagram of one of the embodiments, as shown in FIG. 4, FIG. 5, is shown in FIG.6 as cross-sectional schematic diagram. In this cross-sectional schematic diagram, and in FIG. 7, FIG. 8, FIG. 9, FIG. 10, FIG. 11, FIG. 12, FIG, 13, various detailed embodiments of the present investigation is shown. Referring to the FIG. 6, FIG. 7, FIG. 8, FIG. 9, FIG. 10, FIG. 11, FIG. 12, FIG, 13, various sizes of the gap-material Y, is shown indicating various embodiments of the invention with various levels of electrical isolations of the concentric solar cells.
In FIG. 6, reference numeral 601 indicates a part of the layer that is disposed on the hole transporting layer as back electrode of the solar cell, reference numerals 607, 609, 611, 613 indicate gap-material Y, reference numerals 608, 610 indicate the concentric electrodes, where reference numerals 608 and 612 are part of the same electrode. In FIG. 6, reference numeral 604 indicates front electrode, reference numeral 614 indicates electron transporting layer, reference numeral 605 indicates a support material. Here the gap-material Y penetrates through all the layers of the solar cell except the front electrode. In FIG. 7, reference numeral 701 indicates a part of the layer that is disposed on the hole transporting layer as back electrode of the solar cell, reference numerals 707, 709, 711, 713 indicate gap-material Y, reference numerals 708, 710 indicate the concentric electrodes, where reference numerals 708 and 712 are part of the same electrode. In FIG. 7, reference numeral 704 indicates front electrode, reference numeral 705 indicates a support material, reference numeral 714 indicates electron transporting layer. Here the gap-material Y penetrates through the back electrodes, hole transporting layer and absorber layer of the solar cell.
In FIG. 8, reference numeral 801 indicates a part of the layer that is disposed on the hole transporting layer as back electrode of the solar cell, reference numerals 807, 809, 811, 813 indicate gap-material Y, reference numerals 808, 810 indicate the concentric electrodes, where reference numerals 808 and 812 are part of the same electrode. In FIG. 8 reference numeral 805 indicates a support material, reference numeral 814 indicates electron transporting layer. Here the gap-material Y penetrates through the back electrodes and hole transporting layer of the solar cell.
In FIG. 9, reference numeral 901 indicates a part of the layer that is disposed on the hole transporting layer as back electrode of the solar cell, reference numerals 907, 909, 911, 913 indicate gap-material Y, reference numerals 908, 910 indicate the concentric electrodes, where reference numerals 908 and 912 are part of the same electrode. In FIG. 9 reference numeral 905 indicates a support material, reference numeral 914 indicates electron transporting layer. Here the gap-material Y penetrates through the back electrodes of the solar cell.
FIG. 10 shows another embodiment of the present invention, in which only one disk-type electrode is demonstrated. In FIG. 10, reference numeral 1001 indicates a part of the layer that is disposed on the hole transporting layer as back electrode of the solar cell, reference numerals 1006, 1008 indicate gap-material Y, reference numeral 1007 indicates a disk-type electrode. In FIG. 10 reference numeral 1005 indicates a support material, reference numeral 1002 indicates hole transport layer, reference numeral 1003 indicates absorber layer, reference numeral 1010 indicates electron transporting layer, reference numeral 1004 indicates front electrode, 10041 indicates exposed front electrode. Here the gap-material Y penetrates through all the layers of the solar cell except the front electrode of the solar cell.
FIG. 11 shows another embodiment of the present invention, in which only one disk-type electrode is demonstrated. In FIG. 11, reference numeral 1101 indicates a part of the layer that is disposed on the hole transporting layer as back electrode of the solar cell, reference numerals 1106, 1108 indicate gap-material Y, reference numeral 1107 indicates a disk-type electrode. In FIG. 11 reference numeral 1105 indicates a support material, reference numeral 1102 indicates hole transport layer, reference numeral 1103 indicates absorber layer, reference numeral 1110 indicates electron transporting layer, reference numeral 1104 indicates front electrode, 11041 indicates exposed front electrode. Here the gap-material Y penetrates through the back electrodes, hole transporting layer, absorber layer of the solar cell. FIG. 12 shows another embodiment of the present invention, in which only one disk-type electrode is demonstrated. In FIG. 12, reference numeral 1201 indicates a part of the layer that is disposed on the hole transporting layer as back electrode of the solar cell, reference numerals 1206, 1208 indicate gap-material Y, reference numeral 1207 indicates a disk-type electrode. In FIG. 12 reference numeral 1205 indicates a support material, reference numeral 1202 indicates hole transport layer, reference numeral 1203 indicates absorber layer, reference numeral 1210 indicates electron transporting layer, reference numeral 1204 indicates front electrode, 12041 indicates exposed front electrode. Here the gap-material Y penetrates through the back electrodes, hole transporting layer of the solar cell.
FIG. 13 shows another embodiment of the present invention, in which only one disk-type electrode is demonstrated. In FIG. 13, reference numeral 1301 indicates a part of the layer that is disposed on the hole transporting layer as back electrode of the solar cell, reference numerals 1306, 1308 indicate gap-material Y, reference numeral 1307 indicates a disk-type electrode. In FIG. 13 reference numeral 1305 indicates a support material, reference numeral 1302 indicates hole transport layer, reference numeral 1303 indicates absorber layer, reference numeral 1310 indicates electron transporting layer, reference numeral 1304 indicates front electrode, 13041 indicates exposed front electrode. Here the gap-material Y penetrates through the back electrodes of the solar cell.
What is claimed is:
1. A solar cell, comprising: a front electrode; an electron transporting layer connected to the front electrode; an absorber layer connected to the electron transporting layer; a hole transporting layer connected to the absorber layer; a back electrode connected to the hole transporting layer; wherein the improvement comprise dividing the back electrode into concentric and non-concentric electrodes connected to the hole transporting layer;
wherein the concentric electrodes are separated from its neighboring electrode or electrodes.
2. A solar cell, as recited in claim 1, wherein the said electrodes comprise at least one
annular electrode or at least one disk-type electrode.
3. A solar cell, as recited in claim 2, wherein thickness of the said electrodes are more than 5 nm and separated from its neighboring electrode (or electrodes) by a gap-material Y that is different in composition from the composition of the said electrodes. The invention of claim 3, wherein the said electrodes are separated, by the gap-material Y, by more than 100 nm from neighboring electrode or electrodes.
The invention of claim 4, wherein the said gap-material Y comprises a material of lower electrical conductivity than the electrical conductivity of the said electrodes.
The invention of claim 5, wherein the said gap-material Y provides a means of reducing flow of electric charge between the neighboring electrodes.
The invention of claim 6, wherein the said gap-material Y is distributed parallel to the plane of the said electrodes.
The invention of claim 7, wherein the said gap-material Y comprises a material of lower electrical conductivity.
The invention of claim 8, wherein thickness, of the said gap-material Y, is more than the local thickness of the said electrodes but less than the distance between the top surface of the electron transporting layer and bottom surface of the said electrodes.
The invention of claim 9, wherein the said gap-material Y provides a means of reducing flow of electric charge across the gap-material Y.
The invention of claim 10 wherein the said electrodes comprise Au.
The invention of claim 10 wherein said electrodes comprise Ag.
The invention of claim 10 wherein said electrodes comprise Al.
The invention of claim 10 wherein said electrodes comprise aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO).
The invention of claim 10 wherein said electrodes comprise indium tin oxide.
The invention of claim 10 wherein said electrodes comprise Au/Ag.
The invention of claim 10 wherein said electrodes comprise Au/Al.
The invention of claim 10 wherein said electrodes comprise AZO/Au.
The invention of claim 10 wherein said electrodes comprise indium tin oxide.
The invention of claim 10 wherein said electrodes comprise graphene.
The invention of claim 1-20 wherein the back electrodes comprise the electrodes, residual parts of the electrode that are not concentric. A solar cell, as recited in claim 21, wherein the said absorber layer comprises methyl ammonium metal halide perovskite material.
A solar cell, as recited in claim 21, wherein the said absorber layer comprises hydrogenated thin film silicon alloy.
A solar cell, as recited in claim 21, wherein the said absorber layer comprises crystalline silicon.

Claims

What is claimed is:
1. A solar cell, comprising: a front electrode; an electron transporting layer connected to the front electrode; an absorber layer connected to the electron transporting layer; a hole transporting layer connected to the absorber layer; a back electrode connected to the hole transporting layer; wherein the improvement comprise dividing the back electrode into concentric and non- concentric electrodes connected to the hole transporting layer; wherein the concentric electrodes are separated from its neighboring electrode or electrodes.
2. A solar cell, as recited in claim 1, wherein the said electrodes comprise at least one annular electrode or at least one disk-type electrode.
3. A solar cell, as recited in claim 2, wherein thickness of the said electrodes are more than 5 nm and separated from its neighboring electrode (or electrodes) by a gap-material Y that is different in composition from the composition of the said electrodes.
4. The invention of claim 3, wherein the said electrodes are separated, by the gap-material Y, by more than 100 nm from neighboring electrode or electrodes.
5. The invention of claim 4, wherein the said gap-material Y comprises a material of lower
electrical conductivity than the electrical conductivity of the said electrodes.
6. The invention of claim 5, wherein the said gap-material Y provides a means of reducing flow of electric charge between the neighboring electrodes.
7. The invention of claim 6, wherein the said gap-material Y is distributed parallel to the plane of the said electrodes.
8. The invention of claim 7, wherein the said gap-material Y comprises a material of lower
electrical conductivity.
9. The invention of claim 8, wherein thickness, of the said gap-material Y, is more than the local thickness of the said electrodes but less than the distance between the top surface of the electron transporting layer and bottom surface of the said electrodes.
10. The invention of claim 9, wherein the said gap-material Y provides a means of reducing flow of electric charge across the gap-material Y.
11. The invention of claim 10 wherein the said electrodes comprise Au.
12. The invention of claim 10 wherein said electrodes comprise Ag.
13. The invention of claim 10 wherein said electrodes comprise Al.
14. The invention of claim 10 wherein said electrodes comprise aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO).
15. The invention of claim 10 wherein said electrodes comprise indium tin oxide.
16. The invention of claim 10 wherein said electrodes comprise Au/Ag.
17. The invention of claim 10 wherein said electrodes comprise Au/Al.
18. The invention of claim 10 wherein said electrodes comprise AZO/Au.
19. The invention of claim 10 wherein said electrodes comprise indium tin oxide.
20. The invention of claim 10 wherein said electrodes comprise graphene.
21. The invention of claim 1-20 wherein the back electrodes comprise the electrodes, residual parts of the electrode that are not concentric.
22. A solar cell, as recited in claim 21, wherein the said absorber layer comprises methyl
ammonium metal halide perovskite material.
23. A solar cell, as recited in claim 21, wherein the said absorber layer comprises hydrogenated thin film silicon alloy.
24. A solar cell, as recited in claim 21, wherein the said absorber layer comprises crystalline silicon.
PCT/IB2018/054896 2018-07-02 2018-07-02 Efficient electrodes on hole transporting layer of methyl ammonium metal halide perovskite solar cell WO2020008232A1 (en)

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WO2021180885A1 (en) 2020-03-11 2021-09-16 Ospedale San Raffaele S.R.L. Treatment of stem cell deficiency

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US6846984B2 (en) * 2000-04-27 2005-01-25 Universitat Konstanz Solar cell and method for making a solar cell
WO2013171520A1 (en) * 2012-05-18 2013-11-21 Isis Innovation Limited Optoelectronic device comprising perovskites
WO2015092397A1 (en) * 2013-12-17 2015-06-25 Isis Innovation Limited Photovoltaic device comprising a metal halide perovskite and a passivating agent

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US6846984B2 (en) * 2000-04-27 2005-01-25 Universitat Konstanz Solar cell and method for making a solar cell
WO2013171520A1 (en) * 2012-05-18 2013-11-21 Isis Innovation Limited Optoelectronic device comprising perovskites
WO2015092397A1 (en) * 2013-12-17 2015-06-25 Isis Innovation Limited Photovoltaic device comprising a metal halide perovskite and a passivating agent

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