WO2020003010A1

WO2020003010A1 - A solar power apparatus with an improved receiver and high temperature tubular electrolysis cells

Info

Publication number: WO2020003010A1
Application number: PCT/IB2019/051187
Authority: WO
Inventors: Rajesh Dhannalal Jain
Original assignee: Rajesh Dhannalal Jain
Priority date: 2018-06-27
Filing date: 2019-02-14
Publication date: 2020-01-02

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to an apparatus comprising a receiver and other allied arrangements to heat shaped solids, Faceted Large Format improved Quartz Enclosure (FLFQE)and a solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) enabled to capture direct normal solar irradiance in shaped solids in a controlled environment, SOECs to store the thermal energy in the form of a heat source to be used for diverse applications. In another embodiment, a High Temperature Tubular Electrolysis Cells (HTTECs) which can be replaced by SOECs in a Fresnel Lens Tunnel (FLT) Solar Apparatus for splitting of steam. In another embodiment, the SOECs can be replaced by High Temperature Magneto-Hydro-dynamic Electrolyser in a Fresnel Lens Tunnel (FLT) Solar Apparatus for splitting of steam. In yet another embodiment, a protection apparatus for the FLT and ELFR is disclosed. In yet another embodiment, a Ferris FLT Concentrated Solar apparatus with reduced torque and minimum wind load is disclosed.

Description

A SOLAR POWER APPARATUS WITH AN IMPROVED RECEIVER AND HIGH

TEMPERATURE TUBULAR ELECTROLYSIS CELLS

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS AND PRIORITY

The present application claims priority from an Indian Complete After Provisional Application Number 201821024017 filed on 4^th February 2018 which further claims priority from an Indian Provisional Patent Application Number 201821024017 filed on 27^th June 2018.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to a field of storing and utilising thermal energy, and more particularly, to a solar power apparatus with an improved receiver and high temperature tubular electrolysis cells enabled to capture direct normal solar irradiance in shaped solids in a controlled environment and to store the thermal energy in the form of a heat source to be used for diverse applications.

BACKGROUND

The subject matter discussed in the background section should not be assumed to be prior art merely as a result of its mention in the background section. Similarly, a problem mentioned in the background section or associated with the subject matter of the background section should not be assumed to have been previously recognized in the prior art. The subject matter in the background section merely represents different approaches, which in and of themselves may also correspond to implementations of the claimed technology.

A moderate number of concentrated solar power devices or plants are currently employed to generate solar power by using reflectors to concentrate a large area of sunlight to a small area. Such heat is generally stored or utilised to drive a heat engine or for any other purpose.

The applicant of the present application has also developed a solar power apparatus enabled to capture direct normal solar irradiance in the form of thermal energy which is explained in detail in the Indian Patent Application Number 201721030093 filed on 24^th August 2017. The apparatus comprises a receiver containing a re-circulating Thermal energy storage (TES) material and having a predefined radius and a predefined length wherein the receiver further comprises an inlet port, a tubular body providing for the heating surface and an exit port, wherein the inlet port is fixed to an inlet manifold by fixing means and the exit port fixed to an exit manifold by fixing means. The receiver is placed horizontal to the surface of the earth, in the North-South direction enabling the hotspots to be generated along the predefined length and the periphery of the cross-sectional area of the receiver enabling the TES material to be heated in the tubular body.

Such existing receiver as described in the abovementioned application is enabled using direct irradiation thermal energy storage materials comprising particles and Indirect Irradiation of fluids. Such existing receivers lack capability to directly irradiate shaped solids all around the circumference and transferring the shaped solids and directly Irradiate to ionize gases/fluids in a controlled environment through the receiver system. Further, there is a requirement of developing provisions for transferring or conveying the heated shaped solids with minimum wastage of heat or with minimum heat transfer losses and in the controlled environment. An additional drawback for the current Fresnel lens tunnel apparatus described in the abovementioned patent application is that it has protection from, dust and weather like rain, hail etc. by way of a Reflector and Lens Mount with Shield (RLMS). This Shield encloses the apparatus from all sides and induces wind loads. Such wind load consideration is applicable when there is need to develop apparatus of a big size wherein the wind load calculations are necessary.

Therefore, there is an utmost need to develop system and methods for direct irradiation of shaped solids and direct irradiation and ionisation systems and methods for gases/fluids and further to protect them from various environmental considerations.

SUMMARY

This summary is provided to introduce concepts related system and method for operating a managing discharge from a pump remotely and the concepts are further described below in the detailed description. This summary is not intended to identify essential features of the claimed subject matter nor is it intended for use in determining or limiting the scope of the claimed subject matter.

In an embodiment, the present disclosure relates to an apparatus comprising a receiver and other allied arrangements to directly irradiate and heat shaped solids, enclosed in a Quartz Tube for providing a controlled environment, which can be replaced by Faceted Large Format improved Quartz Enclosure (FLFQE). The shaped solid can be replaced by a solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC)enabled to capture direct normal solar irradiance in a controlled environment, to store the thermal energy and to be used for diverse applications. In another embodiment, a High Temperature Tubular Electrolysis Cells (HTTECs) receiver, which can be replaced by SOECs in a Fresnel Lens Tunnel (FLT) and Enveloped Linear Fresnel Reflector (ELFR) Solar Apparatus for splitting of steam and connected to the inlet and exit manifolds. In another embodiment, SOECs which can be replaced by a Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic-Receiver in FLT and ELFR Apparatus for splitting of steam using the capability of the apparatus to ionize steam at the focus and use the Lorenz Force law to separate the ions and electrolyse steam and is connected to the inlet and exit manifolds. In yet another embodiment, a protection apparatus for each of the individual components of the FFT and the EFFR is disclosed. In yet another embodiment, a Ferris FFT Concentrated Solar apparatus with reduced torque and minimum wind load is disclosed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES

The detailed description is described with reference to the accompanying Figures. In the Figures, the left-most digit(s) of a reference number identifies the Figure in which the reference number first appears. The same numbers are used throughout the drawings to refer like features and components.

Figure 1 illustrates an improved receiver with uncut guide rods in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter.

Figure 2 illustrates the improved receiver with cut guide rods in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter.

Figure 3 illustrates a sectional view of the improved receiver at the focal point in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter.

Figure 4 illustrates an alumina bush in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter.

Figure 5 illustrates a circuitry for hydrogen gas production in controlled environment using the improved receiver in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter.

Figure 6 illustrates a simple splitting mechanism of steam into hydrogen and carbon dioxide in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter.

Figure 7 illustrates a complete structure of High Temperature Tubular Electrolysis Cell improved receiver in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter.

Figure 8 illustrates a close view of the outlet of High Temperature Tubular Electrolysis Cell improved receiver in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter.

Figure 9 illustrates a side view of the outlet of High Temperature Tubular Electrolysis Cell improved receiver in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter.

Figure 10 illustrates a side view of High Temperature Tubular Electrolysis Cell improved receiver in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter.

Figure 11 illustrates a SOEC improved receiver in a linear Fresnel lens apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter. Figure 12 illustrates the sectional view of the SOEC improved receiver in the linear Fresnel lens apparatus with an embodiment of the present subject matter.

Figure 13 illustrates a SOEC improved receiver in spot Fresnel lens apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter.

Figure 14 illustrates the sectional view of a SOEC improved receiver in the spot Fresnel lens apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter.

Figure 15 illustrates another sectional view of the SOEC improved receiver in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter.

Figure 16 illustrates an improved protection apparatus for the reflector in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter.

Figure 17 illustrates an improved protection apparatus for the Fresnel lens in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter.

Figure 18 illustrates the improved protection apparatus in opened state for the Fresnel lens in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter.

Figure 19 illustrates a view of both the improved protections means for reflectors and the Fresnel lens in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter.

Figure 20 illustrates peripheral load area calculations for all sides in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter.

Figure 21 illustrates a simulated central area for wind load calculations for 1.45 KW apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter.

Figure 22 illustrates a simulated peripheral area for wind load calculations for 1.45 KW apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter.

Figure 23 illustrates a 1.45 KW apparatus having center of gravity from pivot in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter.

Figure24 illustrates a simulated mass of RLMS for 1.45 KW in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter.

Figure25 illustrates a graph of simulated Torque on 1.45 KW apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter.

Figure 26 illustrates a peripheral area calculation for 9.4 KW apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter. Figure 27 illustrates a central area calculation for 9.4 KW apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter.

Figure 28 illustrates a 9.4 KW apparatus having center of gravity from pivot in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter.

Figure 29 illustrates a simulated mass of RLMS for 9.4 KW in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter.

Figure 30 illustrates a graph of simulated Torque on 9.4 KW apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter.

Figure 31 illustrates the apparatus displaying torque applied at central axis without leverage in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter.

Figure 32 illustrates a Ferris FLT Concentrated Solar apparatus with reduced torque requirement for elevation tracking by applying the elevation tracking torque to the circumference of the Ferris FLT there by using the Leverage about the central axis and minimum wind load in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter.

Figure 33 illustrates a Faceted Large Format improved Quartz Enclosure having 5 sides.

Figure 34 illustrates a sectional view of a Faceted Large Format improved Quartz Enclosure having 5 sides.

Figure 35 illustrates a cross-Sectional view of a Faceted Large Format improved Quartz Enclosure having 5 sides

Figure 36 illustrates the Force creation by the of interaction of a charge and a magnetic field as per the Lorentz Force Law

Figure 37 illustrates the basic principles of the Lorentz Force Law

Figure 38 illustrates the basic Right-Hand Rule for vectoring the Force, Magnetic Field and the Velocity of a Charge.

Figure 39 illustrates the concept of a High Temperature Magneto -Hydro-dynamic Electrolyser improved Receiver

Figure 40 illustrates the cross-section view of a High Temperature Magneto-Hydro-dynamic Electrolyser improved Receiver

Figure 41 illustrates the working of a High Temperature Magneto-Hydro-dynamic Electrolyser improved Receiver Figure 42 illustrates the concept of a High Temperature Magneto -Hydro-dynamic Electrolyser improved Receiver placed between the central hubs of the FLT apparatus.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure relates to a field of storing and utilising thermal energy, and more particularly, to a solar power apparatus with an improved receiver and high temperature tubular electrolysis cells enabled to capture direct normal solar irradiance in shaped solids in a controlled environment and to store the thermal energy in the form of a heat source to be used for diverse applications. The present disclosure relates to an apparatus comprising a receiver and other allied arrangements for irradiating Shaped Solids, enclosed in a Quartz Tube for providing a controlled environment, which can be replaced by Faceted Large Format improved Quartz Enclosure(FLFQE) and The shaped solid can be replaced by a High Temperature Tubular Electrolysis Cells (HTTECs)which can be replaced by a SOEC in an FLT Solar Apparatus for splitting of steam, and a High Temperature Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic Electrolyser improved Receiver enabled by the Ionization capability of the concentrations at the focus.

Referring Figure 1, an improved receiver in which a shaped solid 106 surrounded by uncut guide rods 110 is disclosed. The guide rods 110 are supported by alumina guide bush 104, wherein the alumina guide bush 104 are mounted in a stainless -steel pipe 112. Further, in the irradiation zone, the stainless- steel pipe 112, guide rods 110 are enclosed in a quartz tube 102 as illustrated in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter. The quartz tube 102 is sealed by flanges with appropriate seals and connecting pipes 108 at both the ends thereby forming an arrangement for heating shaped solids through solar irradiation.

In an embodiment, the following modifications which can be made in the solar power apparatus enabled to capture direct normal solar irradiance in the form of thermal energy which is explained in detail in the Indian Patent Application Number 201721030093: a. A receiver capable of providing high temperature heating of shaped solids 106 in a controlled environment in the Fresnel Lens Tunnel Solar Apparatus by direct Irradiating of shaped solids through a Quartz tube, a method for Mass Transfer through the Receiver in a controlled environment. This present disclosure makes it possible to irradiate shaped solids all around the circumference and transferring the shaped solids in a controlled environment through the receiver system.

b. A High Temperature Tubular Electrolysis Cell receiver (HTTEC) enabled to perform high temperature electrolysis for producing hydrogen and/or carbon monoxide from water and/or carbon dioxide with oxygen as a by-product wherein such HTTEC is heated in the receiver with direct irradiation. c. A fuel cell receiver also may be Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell receiver (SOEC) enabled to perform high temperature electrolysis of producing hydrogen and oxygen from steam and in the presence of electrolyte, wherein the SOEC is heated in the receiver with directed irradiation from Linear/Spot Fresnel Lens.

d. A protection apparatus for each of the individual components of the FLT and the ELFR.

e. A Faceted Large Format improved Quartz Enclosure to provide for controlled environment, to be used with large diameter Receivers in large size apparatus having lenses with large focal lengths.

f. A High Temperature Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic Receiver capable of electrolyzing steam ionized by high temperatures generated at the focus and enabled by Lorentz Force Law and Right-Hand Rule

Referring Figure 2, the improved receiver with cut guide rods 202 is illustrated in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter. The cut guide rods 202 enable heating of the solid shaped pellet 106 through direct solar irradiations from the FLT apparatus.

Referring Figure 3, a sectional view of the improved receiver at the focal point is illustrated in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter. In another embodiment, the FLT apparatus is capable of achieving extremely high temperatures at its focal point or at the focal line. The aim of the receiver described in the present disclosure is to pass shaped solid pellet 106 through the focal point or focal line and to convey through and heat at the focus, the shaped solid pellet 106, in a controlled environment.

Figure 4 illustrates an alumina bush 104 in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter. The bush consists of cavity within the guide bush which supports the high temperature sustaining support cum guide rods 110 made up of materials like Tungsten Carbide or Titanium Carbide, through which the pellets 106 are conveyed.

In yet another embodiment, in order to sustain such high temperatures at the focus, the shaped solid is conveyed through a minimum of two support cum guide rods 104 made up of high temperature alloys like titanium carbide. The support cum guide rods 110 are developed in a way such that they provide an advantage of providing least resistance by reducing contact area with heated shaped solid pellet 106 wherein the reduced contact area results in reduced heat losses by conduction. The support cum guide rods 104 are held together in position by internally shaped guide bushes having a cavity 402 to hold the rods and are made up of insulating material like Alumina or high temperature ceramic material. Shaped solids 106, in form of solid pellets or a tube having an Inner Diameter and Outer Diameter, or either in form of shaped foam or coated on a base pipe or as a may be stacked in a silo insulated having a feeding mechanism and a pushing mechanism so as to convey the shaped solids through a controlled environment in concentric tubes containing ceramic support bushes and the support cum guide rods 104. If the length to diameter (L/d) Ratio of the pellets is large, then the Support cum Guide Rods can be cut at the focal point to enhance the efficiency of the heat transfer. Thus, depending on the geometry of the solid shaped pellet 106 the guide cum support rods can be‘cut’202 or‘un-cut’ 104 at the focal point. Time required to attain the desired temperature will decide the time to activate the pushing mechanism. After the solid shaped pellets 106 are pushed through the support cum guide rods 110, it is heated and reduced in the receiver using irradiations from the Fresnel lens.

Referring to Figure 5, the pellets 106 are transferred from the pellet feeder 502 to the receiver by a pushing mechanism, wherein the receiver acts as the irradiation and reducing zone 506. After the solid shaped pellets 106 are reduced and conveyed through the channel to the l80-degree isolation ball valve, which separates the solid shaped reduced pelletl06 and oxygen gas in the circuitry. The reduced pellets 106 are further separated into and conveyed to the oxidizing reactors and to the collecting bins 514 for inspection.

Referring to Figure 6, a simple splitting mechanism of steam into hydrogen and carbon dioxide is illustrated in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter. Further, Figure 7 illustrates a complete structure of Fligh Temperature Tubular Electrolysis Cell receiver in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter. An embodiment consists of tubular SOECs receiver 704, a steam inlet 702, hydrogen enriched steam outlet 708, oxygen outlet 712, stainless steel cum carrier tube 710.

Further, Figure 8 illustrates a close view of the outlet of High Temperature Tubular Electrolysis Cell receiver 700 in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter. The high temperature tubular electrolysis cell receiver (HTTES) 700 having oxygen enriched steam passage 802 and outlet of the oxygen enriched steam passage 710 is illustrated.

Further, Figure 9 illustrates a side view of the outlet of High Temperature Tubular Electrolysis Cell receiver (HTTEC) 700 in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter.

Further, Figure 10 illustrates a cross section view of the High Temperature Tubular Electrolysis Cell Receiver700 in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter.

In yet another embodiment, with reference to FIGS 5-10, the HTTEC receiver are placed in the center and the concentration of irradiance along the length and the circumference is achieved using Linear Fresnel Lenses. The HTTEC receiver enable the heating of metal oxide shaped solids, foams, pellets for red-ox cycles to produce hydrogen with mass transfer, sintering of shaped solids pellet 106, testing of materials for high temperature usage and heating of HTTECs for water splitting. High temperature electrolysis occurs in the HTTECs and water is separated into hydroxyl (OH ) and hydrogen (H⁺) ions, which subsequently are extracted as hydrogen rich water and oxygen gas at their outlets 708 and 712 respectively.

In yet another embodiment, heating of High Temperature Tubular Electrolysis Cells is described herewith. They are basically of two types comprising polymer-based membrane cells and ceramic based membrane cells. High-temperature electrolysis (also HTE or steam electrolysis) is a technology for producing hydrogen and/or carbon monoxide from water and/or carbon dioxide with oxygen as a by product. High temperature electrolysis is more efficient economically than traditional room-temperature electrolysis because some of the energy is supplied as heat, which is cheaper than electricity, and because the electrolysis reaction is more efficient at higher temperatures. Further in the embodiment, at 2500 °C, electrical input is unnecessary because water breaks down to hydrogen and oxygen through thermolysis. Such temperatures were thought to be impractical to be achieved using solar energy; proposed HTE systems operate between surface temperatures of 800°C and900 °C.

The efficiency improvement of high-temperature electrolysis is best appreciated by assuming that the electricity used comes from a heat engine, and then considering the amount of heat energy necessary to produce one kg hydrogen (141.86 megajoules), both in the HTE process and in producing the electricity used. At 100 °C, 350 megajoules of thermal energy are required (41% efficient). At 850 °C, 225 megajoules are required (64% efficient).

In yet another embodiment, a large-scale application of the solar apparatus is disclosed considering the wind loads and a protection apparatus comprising the protection means for the reflector and for the Fresnel lens.

Figure 11 illustrates a fuel cell receiverl 100 in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter. The fuel cell 1100 may be a solid oxide electrolytic cell (SOECs) enclosed in a quartz tube 1108. In an embodiment, the SOECs are heated by the irradiations from the linear Fresnel lens. This SOEC are enclosed in the quartz tube 1108 so that the surface temperatures generated could be controlled around l500°C and above. The cathode enclosed in porous high temperature ceramic like a porous alumina layer 1102 is irradiated, and the heat generated on the surface of the porous ceramic is used to ionize the steam trapped between enveloped cathode and quartz tube 1104 coming through the steam inlet for cathode 1106. The oxygen rich air and hydrogen rich steam is then extracted through passages for hydrogen extraction 1112 and oxygen extraction 1110. Figure 12 illustrates the sectional side view of the fuel cell receiver in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter. The seals for anode 1210 and cathode 1208 have been described. Further, the electrolyte 1206 between anode 1202 and cathode enclosed in porous alumina layer is illustrated.

Figure 13 illustrates the fuel cell receiver 1300 enclosed in an internally finned quartz tube l304supported by Quartz tube and seal holder 1302 accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter. In an embodiment, the fuel cells or SOECs enclosed in the internally finned quartz tube l304are heated by the irradiations from Spot Fresnel Lens.

Figure 14 illustrates the sectional side view of the fuel cell receiver 1300 enclosed in an internally finned quartz tube 1304 in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter. In an embodiment, the SOECs enclosed in the internally finned quartz tube l308are heated by the irradiations from Spot Fresnel Lens.

The difference between linear Fresnel lens setup and spot Fresnel lens setup is that the cathode 1102 is irradiated on a spot in the fuel cell, unlike that of linear Fresnel lens, where the cathode 1102 is irradiated linearly throughout.

Figure 15 illustrates the cross-section of the fuel cell receiver in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter. In an embodiment, with reference to FIGS 11-15, in which the high temperature generated ionizes the steam trapped between cathode enveloped in porous alumina layer and the quartz tube 1108, generating temperatures in the ranges of l000°C(from linear Fresnel lens) and 2000 °C (for spot Fresnel lens), producing hydrogen (H+) and hydroxyl (OH-) ions, which reacts with the cathode 1102 forming steam enriched with hydrogen (TF) gas, and forms oxygen (0₂) enriched air at the anode 1202.The oxygen enriched air is extracted through passage 1110, whereas the steam enriched with hydrogen (H₂) gas is extracted through the passage 1112. The cathode is enclosed in a porous ceramic layer (alumina) H02to increase its sustainability at high temperatures. The very high temperature generated at the SOEC will provide the thermal energy needed to reduce the required Gibbs Free Energy and thus reduce the electrical current requirements for electrolysis of steam thereby enabling Virtual Thermal Decomposition.

Figure 16 and Figure 17 illustrates a protection apparatus for the reflector and for the Fresnel lens in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter. In an embodiment, the protection apparatus consists of protective layer for each reflector 1602, reflectors 1604, outer rolling shutter 1704 and inner rolling shutter 1706. It also illustrates the shutter in protection mode 1702.

Further, Figure 18 illustrates the protection apparatus in opened state for the Fresnel lens in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter. Further, Figure 19 illustrates a view of both protections means for reflectors and the Fresnel lens Tunnel (FLT) in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter.

The current apparatus will create a lot of wind load leading to unrealistic weights to counter them and therefore to avoid Wind loads on the RLMS for extremely large FLT CSPs, the RLMS is modified and the protection is provided to the individual components of the FLT as well as the ELFR as follows. a. The Dust shield is eliminated as the scrubbers keep cleaning the individual components.

b. After the elimination of the dust shield, the FLT CSP can go grid scale basically using the concepts of Ferris Wheels and will be called“Ferris FLT CSP”. The Ferris wheel apparatus will be fixed on to large Turn Tables to provide for the Azimuth Tracking.

For the understanding of the wind load and its effect on the tilting moments, Figures 20-30 have been illustrated for consideration of peripheral load area on all sides, central area for wind load, mass calculation for the solar apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter.

Further, Figure 31 illustrates a 1.45 KW apparatus of a FLT 3100wherein torque is applied at central axis without leverage in accordance with an embodiment of the present subject matter.

A computer analysis of tilting wind moments and torque required to achieve elevation tracking has been shown in figures 21, 22, 25, 29, 30 comparing a 1.45 KW apparatus and a 9.4 KW FLT CSP apparatus. The total Wind load derived for the 1.45KW is as follows:

1) Total Wind Loads Negative = 31.88 KN + 42.61 KN = 74.49 KN

2) Total Wind Loads Positive = 24.57 KN + 28.33 KN = 52.9 KN Producing a wind tilting moment of:

3) Moment = 74.49 KN x 3.25 m = 242 KN-m

4) Moment = 52.9 KN x 3.25 m = 172 KN-m

The Torque required to achieve the elevation tracking for the 1.45 KW apparatus having

5) Mass of 1524 Kg is 2800 NM

Similarly, the Total Wind load derived for the 9.4 kW apparatus is as follows:

1) Total Wind Loads Negative = 238.7 KN + 149.4 KN = 388.1 KN

2) Total Wind Loads Positive = 136.4 KN + 132.8 KN = 269.2 KN

Producing a wind tilting moment of: 3) Moment Negative = 388.1 KN x 7.6 m = 2949.5 KN-m

4) Moment positive = 269.2 x 7.6 m = 2045.9 KN-m

The Torque required to achieve the elevation tracking for the 9.4 KW apparatus having Mass of 7100 Kg is 56,000 NM

Thus, if we compare the wind tilting moments and the elevation torque requirement of the 1.45 KW & the 9.4 KW apparatus, we can conclude regular FLT Design 3100 in present design where it is rotated by rotating the central axis along the hubs is not suited for large power rating application.

Thus, a Ferris Fresnel Lens Tunnel Apparatus has been designed. The Ferris FLT uses the Leverage generated by applying the rotating torque on the circumference of the Ferris FLT, thus this reduces the elevation tracking torque. Now this design enables the FLT Apparatus to be made on a larger power rating. Further, Figure 32 illustrates the assembled apparatus displaying a Ferris wheel FLT CSP consisting of roof of each reflector 3202, outer rolling shutter box 1804, inner rolling shutter box 1806, turn table 3204, a Ferris wheel 3206 and drive motors 3202. These Future Ferris FLT apparatus 3202 may have a lens size of about 4.5 m x 5 m. The focal length of the Lens is may be up to 8.5 m. When such large lenses with large focal lengths are used, large diameter quartz tubes are needed to provide for direct irradiation and the desired controlled atmosphere. Limitations in diameter of the quartz tube are that a maximum diameter of 500 mm can be produced.

This limitation may be overcome by manufacturing a Faceted Large Format Quartz Enclosure (FLFQE) 3300, which is illustrated in the figures 33,34 and 35.

Figure 33 illustrates a Faceted Large Format Quartz Enclosure (FLFQE) for a FLT having five lenses 3300. Further, the FLFQE 3300 comprises a central hub 3302, a FLFQE hub 3304, faceted metal enclosure with flat quartz plate 3306, connections between FLFQE and central hub 3308, bearing block 3312, and FLFQE seal holder 3314.

Figure 34 illustrates the sectional view of the faceted large format quartz enclosure (FLFQE) 3300 for FLT having five lenses. The faceted metal enclosure with flat quartz plates 3306 are sealed using FLFQE seal 3404. Further, figure 35 illustrates a close sectional view of the faceted large format quartz enclosure (FLFQE) 3300 for a FLT having five lenses.

Further, the number of facets or faceted metal enclosure with flat quartz plate 3306 may be equal to the number of Fresnel lenses forming the Fresnel Lens Tunnel. Further, the FLFQE 3300 is manufactured to be air tight by fabricating a metal faceted metal enclosure with flat quartz plate 3306 by bending and welding suitable metal sheet and providing for fixing and sealing of required Quartz sheet/plates 3502 to the opening provided in the metal enclosure to allow for the concentrating irradiation to directly irradiate the contents of the receiver, particularly the pellet for radiation 106. The FLFQE 3300 may be fixed to the central hub 3302 on either side so as to rotate along with the and ELFR, the FLT and parallel to each corresponding Fresnel Lens and provide the means for direct irradiation and controlled atmosphere.

It is illustrated in high temperature electrolysis the advantages of elevated temperatures as the Gibbs Free Energy requirement reduces. In larger apparatus the temperatures that may be achieved can be as high as 2000°C. Such high temperature may ionize the steam. Thus, there is a need to provide for a receiver that may take advantages of such a situation where ionized steam is available at the focus of a FLT Apparatus.

Thus, the need of a receiver that utilizes the ionized steam available at the focus of a FLT apparatus may be overcome by manufacturing a Fligh Temperature Magneto-FIydro-dynamic Electrolyser improved Receiver.

Figure 36,37 and 38 illustrates the principal of Lorentz Force Law which is known in the art. The principal of Lorentz Force Law may be used in a receiver configured for Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic Electrolysis. Figure 36, it illustrates the Magnetic force experienced by a moving charge in a magnetic field. Equation 1 defines the Magnetic force experienced by a moving charge in a magnetic field.

Based on figure 36, it may be realised that the force is perpendicular to both the velocity of charge q and the magnetic field B. It must also be noted that the force exerted on a stationary charge or a charge moving parallel to the magnetic field is zero. Also, the direction of the force is given by the right-hand rule.

F = qv x B . Equation (1)

Further, referring to figure 37, the interaction of a magnetic field with a moving charge as defined from the Lorentz Force Law, has been illustrated. The electric field and magnetic field can be defined by Lorentz Force Law represented in equation 2. The electric force is straightforward, being in the direction of if the charge q is positive. But the direction of the magnetic part is given by the right-hand rule.

F = qE + qv ^x B . Equation (2)

Further, the force created by the interaction is perpendicular to both the velocity of the charge and the magnetic field. The direction of the force is given by“Right Hand Rule”, as illustrated in the figure 38. The electrolysis of pure water may not be possible as free ions in pure water are in the range of 1 in a million. To enhance the conductivity of pure water an acid or base may be added. In pure water, at the negatively charged cathode, a reduction reaction take place, with electrons (e ) from the cathode being given to hydrogen cations to form hydrogen gas. The half reaction, balanced with acid, is:

Reduction at cathode: 2 H⁺(aq) + 2e H₂(g)

Further, at the positively charged anode, an oxidation reaction occurs, generating oxygen gas and giving electrons to the anode to complete the circuit:

Oxidation at anode: 2 H₂0(l) 0₂(g) + 4 H⁺(aq) + 4e

The same half reactions can also be balanced with base as listed below. Not all half reactions must be balanced with acid or base. Many do, like the oxidation or reduction of water listed here. To add half reactions, they must both be balanced with either acid or base. The acid-balanced reactions predominate in acidic (low pH) solutions, while the base-balanced reactions predominate in basic (high pH) solutions.

Cathode (reduction): 2 H₂0(1) + 2e H₂(g) + 2 OH (aq)

Anode (oxidation): 2 OH (aq) 1/2 0₂(g) + H₂0(l) + 2 e

Combining either half reaction pair yields the same overall decomposition of water into oxygen and hydrogen:

Overall reaction: 2 H20(l) 2 H2(g) + 02(g)

At temperatures above 2000 °C a good amount of steam ionizes into H⁺ Ions and OH Ions. When these ions, present in steam pass through a magnetic field they are subject to the Lorentz Force Laws, causing deflections based by the Right-Hand Rule. An anode and a cathode placed at appropriate positions based on the Right-Hand Rule may entrap these ions and oxidize/reduce these ions to produce H₂ gas at the cathode and a mixture of 0₂ gas and water in form of steam at the anode.

Figure 39 illustrates High Temperature Magneto-Hydro-dynamic Electrolyser improved Receiver 3900. Further, the receiver may comprise a perforated anode with flat roof 3906, and a perforated cathode with sloping roof 3914, whose positions are decided as per the Lorentz Force Law, normal to the velocity vector and normal to the electromagnetic field. The receiver further comprises a steam injection nozzle placed at the focus 3916. The mentioned components are enclosed in a quartz tube 4106 as represented in fig 41. Further, the magnetic field may be created by placing force cooled electromagnets or force cooled permanent magnet (1) 3902 and magnet (2) 3912 parallel to each other. Further, the force cooled permanent magnet (1) 3902 and magnet (2) 3912 may be enclosed in a water jacket 3904. Further, the receiver may comprise an un-ionised steam extraction pipe 3910, and a H₂ extraction pipe 3908. Figure 40 illustrates the cross-section view of a High Temperature Magneto-Hydro-dynamic Electrolyser improved Receiver 3900. The receiver may comprise a water jacket 3904 having water inlet 4004 and water outlet 4002, which may be used in forced cooling of the permanent magnet (1) 3902 and magnet (2) 3912.

Figure 41 illustrates the working of a High Temperature Magneto-Hydro-dynamic Electrolyser improved Receiver 3900. The receiver may comprise an electric connection for anode 4102 and electric connection for cathode 4104.

Figure 42 illustrates a High Temperature Magneto-Hydro-dynamic Electrolyser improved Receiver 3900 placed between the central hubs of the FLT apparatus.

Some portion of the incoming steam may be ionized into H⁺ ions and OH ions as it flows into the electromagnetic field. Further, as ¾ gas is lighter than air the perforated cathode 3914 may be placed in the upper portion of the Quartz tube 4106. Further, the H⁺ ions may get attracted towards the perforated cathode, so that the generated ¾ gas may be easily trapped in the sloping roof collector and swept away through the ¾ extraction pipe 3908. Similarly, the OH ions are attracted to the perforated anode 3906 which may be placed in the lower half of the quartz tube 4106. The 0₂ gas and the steam generated at the anode may get trapped inside the flat roof collector of the anode enclosure 3906 and may be swept away through the O2 extraction pipe 4108. Un-Ionized steam may pass through the receiver and may be swept away through the middle un-ionized steam extraction pipe 3910.

Although implementations for the solar power apparatus with an improved receiver and high temperature tubular electrolysis cellscollector and High Temperature Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic Electrolysis receiver has been described in language specific to structural features and/or methods, it is to be understood that the appended claims are not necessarily limited to the specific features or methods described. Rather, the specific features and methods are disclosed as examples of implementations for solar power apparatus with an improved receiver and high temperature tubular electrolysis cells.

Various modifications to the embodiment will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art and the generic principles herein may be applied to other embodiments. However, one of ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize that the present disclosure is not intended to be limited to the embodiments illustrated but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features described herein.

The foregoing description shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in any limiting sense. A person of ordinary skill in the art would understand that certain modifications could come within the scope of this disclosure. The embodiments, examples and alternatives of the preceding paragraphs or the description and drawings, including any of their various aspects or respective individual features, may be taken independently or in any combination. Features described in connection with one embodiment are applicable to all embodiments, unless such features are incompatible.

Claims

aim:

1. A solar power apparatus for capturing direct normal solar irradiance in a controlled environment for diverse applications, comprising:

a receiver having a predefined radius, and a predefined length, comprising an inlet port, an exit port, and a tubular body to enable controlled atmosphere, wherein the tubular body is one or a quartz tube 102 or Faceted Metal Enclosure 3306 having N sides, wherein each side of the Faceted Metal Enclosure 3306 is covered with a quartz plate 3502, wherein the inlet port is fixed to an inlet manifold by fixing means and the exit port fixed to an exit manifold by fixing means, wherein the receiver is configured to directly irradiate and heat at least one of shaped solids 106, a solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) 1100, a High Temperature Tubular Electrolysis Cells (HTTECs) 700, or a Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic Electrolyser 3900 enabled inside the receiver; a Fresnel Lens Tunnel (FLT) 3100 having N sides and connected to the inlet and exit manifolds, wherein each side of the FLT comprises a Fresnel Lens parallel to a corresponding side of the Faceted Metal Enclosure 3306, wherein the Fresnel Lens Tunnel having a predefined diameter, and a predefined length, to concentrate Direct Normal Irradiance in the form of hotspots on the receiver, wherein each side of the FLT is covered by a protection apparatus;

a set of Reflectors 1604 to power each side of the FLT which is not receiving direct normal solar irradiance, wherein each reflector of the set of Reflectors having a predefined length of the FLT is fixed in position by fixing means to a Ferris wheel 3206 such that the incoming solar rays are reflected off the respective reflectors in a direction towards and normal to the respective sides of the FLT, wherein Ferris wheel 3206 capable of being rotated in unison along with the FLT, set of Reflectors 1604 and Faceted Metal Enclosure, wherein the Ferris wheel 3206 is fixed on to large Turn Tables 3204 to provide for the Azimuth Tracking with reduced torque and minimum wind load.

2. The solar power apparatus of claim 1, wherein the receiver for heating shaped solids comprises a set of support cum guide rods 110 of Titanium Carbide, wherein the set of support cum guide rods carry the shaped solid 106 to the reducing zone 506, wherein the set of support cum guide rods 110 are supported by alumina bushes 104, wherein the bushes 104 are further enclosed in stainless steel pipe 112,

a pellet silo with pellet feeder 502 and pellet pushing mechanism 504, at the inlet side of the stainless-steel pipe 112, to transfer the shaped solid 106 into the pellet irradiation and reducing zone 506, wherein the shaped solid 106 is heated by direct normal irradiance in a controlled atmosphere.

3. The solar power apparatus of claim 1, wherein the receiver for heating the High Temperature Tubular Electrolysis Cells (HTTECs) comprises

a set of solid oxide electrolysis cells 704 supported by stainless steel support cum carrier tube 710, wherein the set of solid oxide electrolysis cells 704 and the stainless-steel support cum carrier tube 7 lOis enclosed in the quartz tube having inlet for steam 702 and outlet passages for hydrogen rich steam 708 and outlet for oxygen gas 712.

4. The solar power apparatus of claim 1, wherein the receiver for heating the Magneto-Hydro- Dynamic Electrolyser comprises

a steam injection nozzle 3916 placed at the focal point adjacent to a cathode 3914 and an anode 3906, enclosed in a quartz tube 4106 and surrounded by force cooled permanent magnets (3902, 3912) used for attracting ions formed by high temperature ionization of steam by the influence of magnetic force experienced by a charge in magnetic field.

5. The solar power apparatus of claim 4, wherein the anode 3906 is perforated with roof 3906, and the cathode 3914 is perforated with roof 3914.

6. The solar power apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the receiver for heating the solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) comprises air inlet for anode 1104 and steam inlet for cathode 1106 and an outlet for O2 enriched air 1110 and an outlet for ¾ enriched steam 1112 enclosed in a quartz tube 1108, wherein the solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) is heated from direct normal irradiance.

7. The solar power apparatus of claim 1, wherein the Fresnel Lens of the FLT is one of a Linear Fresnel Lens or a Spot Fresnel Lens, wherein the FLT enables a linear Fresnel lens setup or a Spot Fresnel lens setup.

8. The solar power apparatus of claim 1, wherein the set of reflectors 1604 are protected by a protector roof.