WO2019238995A1 - Procedimientos de preparación de clústeres cuánticos atómicos purificados - Google Patents
Procedimientos de preparación de clústeres cuánticos atómicos purificados Download PDFInfo
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- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
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- A61K31/706—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom
- A61K31/7064—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom containing condensed or non-condensed pyrimidines
- A61K31/7068—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom containing condensed or non-condensed pyrimidines having oxo groups directly attached to the pyrimidine ring, e.g. cytidine, cytidylic acid
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- A61K33/00—Medicinal preparations containing inorganic active ingredients
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- A61K33/38—Silver; Compounds thereof
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- A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
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- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
- A61P35/04—Antineoplastic agents specific for metastasis
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- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
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- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/05—Metallic powder characterised by the size or surface area of the particles
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
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- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y5/00—Nanobiotechnology or nanomedicine, e.g. protein engineering or drug delivery
Definitions
- the invention relates to methods for purifying atomic quantum clusters, purified compositions and uses of said compositions.
- WO2012 / 059572 and EP2457572 describe a combination of at least one AQC and at least one antineoplastic drug for the prevention and / or treatment of a cell proliferation disorder.
- AQC which consist of between 2 and 25 zero valence transition metal atoms that have a cytotoxic and antiproliferative effect on cancer cell lines and, therefore, can be used in combination with antineoplastic agents to treat cell proliferation disorders.
- An object of the invention is to provide purified compositions and methods of preparing purified AQC compositions.
- the invention provides a process of purification of atomic quantum clusters (AQC) consisting of 3 or less metal atoms of zero valence transition comprising:
- the invention provides a composition purified by the process described herein, which is substantially free of AQC consisting of more than 3 zero valence transition metal atoms.
- the invention provides a composition comprising atomic quantum clusters (AQC) consisting of 3 or less transition metals of zero valence, which is substantially free of AQC consisting of more than 3 transition metal atoms of zero valence
- AQC atomic quantum clusters
- the invention provides the composition described herein, in combination with an antiproliferative agent for use in the treatment of a cell proliferation disorder.
- the invention provides the composition described herein, optionally in combination with an antiproliferative agent, for use in the prevention of cancerous metastases of the lymph nodes.
- the invention provides the composition described herein, in combination with an antiproliferative agent, for use in the treatment of cancerous metastases of lymph nodes.
- the invention provides the composition described herein, in combination with an antiproliferative agent for use in the treatment of a cell proliferation disorder.
- FIG. 1 Synthesis and purification of Ag3 clusters (Ag3 AQC). Scheme of electrochemical synthesis (left) and purification procedure, using a thiolated resin (right) for the production of AQC of Ag3. Box: DFT calculations showing that the interaction of Ag3 AQC with thiols is energetically unfavorable.
- FIG. 1 AQC UV-Vis absorption spectrum of Ag3 in water.
- FIG. 4 ESI mass spectrometry.
- Figure 5 Image of AFM of AQC of Ag3 deposited in mica (mean quadratic roughness «150 pm).
- Figure 6 HOMO-LUMO distances and position of HOMO / LUMO levels for some Ag clusters of different sizes, according to the Jellium approach.
- Figure 7 Optimized geometry and relative energy of three isomeric AQC structures of Ag3 (large, three-atom structure) in the presence of three O2 molecules (small, two-atom molecules).
- Figure 8 Optimized AQC geometry of Ag3 (large, three-atom structure) in the presence of five, seven and nine O2 molecules (small, two-atom molecules).
- FIG. 10 Ag3 AQCs induce nucleosome destabilization.
- Individual nucleosomes were treated with etoposide (60 mM), doxorubicin (20 mM) or DMSO (vehicle) for 4 hours at room temperature, or AQC of Ag3 (AQC, 83 ng / mL) for 30 minutes. From each reaction, half of the sample was electrophoresed under non-denaturing conditions and the gel was stained with ethidium bromide (upper left panel) and silver (lower left panel). The remaining part of the sample was analyzed to verify that equal amounts of histones were charged in all cases (right panel). The position of unbound DNA, assembled nucleosomes and histones is indicated.
- Figure 11 Fluorescence titration spectral curves recorded for the AQC Ag3 / H system. (a) Spectral curves, (b) Binding isotherm with linear adjustment of ec. 2 to the data pairs.
- Figure 12 CD spectral curves registered for the AQC system of Ag3 / H.
- Figure 13 Direct display of chromatin accessibility through STORM super resolution microscopy.
- f Quantification of chromatin density.
- Figure 15 The co-administration of AQC of Ag3 and cisplatin (CDDP) increases the amount of platinum bound to DNA in proliferating A549 cells and in lung tumors of mice, resulting in an increase in cell mortality.
- CDDP cisplatin
- FIG 16 Co-administration of AQC of Ag3 and CDDP increases the amount of platinum bound to DNA in (a) glioblastoma cell lines (U87) and (b) breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7).
- the cells were treated with Ag3 AQC (83 ng / mL) for 1 hour and with CDDP (50 mM) for an additional 24 hours. After that, the cells were collected, the DNA was extracted and the amount of platinum was quantified by mass spectrometry. Data represent the mean ⁇ standard deviation of 2 independent experiments with 3 replicates per experiment. Mann Whitney test ((*) p ⁇ 0.01).
- Figure 17 Co-administration of AQC of Ag3 and drugs that act on DNA.
- A549 Luc-C8 cells were seeded in 96-well and 24-hour plates (proliferating cells) (a) or 72 hours (non-proliferative cells) (b) then treated with 1) Ag3 AQC (55.61 ng / ml_ ) in serum-free medium for 1 hour and 24 hours more in complete medium, 2) Ag3 AQC (55.61 ng / ml_) in serum-free medium for 1 hour and 24 hours more with different doses of CDDP (EC5: 5 mM , EC25: 10 pM, EC50: 50 pM and EC75: 100 pM).
- CDDP was replaced by carboplatin (EC5: 0.25 pM, EC25: 0.5 pM, EC50: 1 pM and EC75: 2 pM) or oxaliplatin (EC5: 2.5 pM, EC25: 12.5 pM, EC50: 50 pM and EC75: 200 pM) with similar results found for CDDP.
- carboplatin EC5: 0.25 pM, EC25: 0.5 pM, EC50: 1 pM and EC75: 2 pM
- oxaliplatin EC5: 2.5 pM, EC25: 12.5 pM, EC50: 50 pM and EC75: 200 pM
- Figure 18 Quantification by mass spectrometry of CDDP bound to DNA in cell cultures pretreated with Ag3 medium or AQC (83 ng / mL) for 1 hour and after 24 hours with CDDP (50 pM) for an additional 24 hours.
- Figure 19 Co-administration of AQC of Ag3 with drugs that bind to DNA increases cell mortality.
- A549 cells were previously incubated for 1 hour with medium or with Ag3 AQC (83 ng / mL) and treated for 24 hours with 50 pM oxaliplatin (OXA), 1 mM carboplatin (CBCDA), b, gemcitabine ( GEM) 100 pM (c), carmustine (BCNU) 400 pM (d) and doxorubicin (DOX) 7.5 pM (e), and then cell viability was measured by flow cytometry. Data represent the mean ⁇ standard deviation of 3 independent experiments with 3 replicates per experiment. Mann Whitney test ((*) p ⁇ 0.01). (f) Measurement of intracellular DOX uptake.
- Figure 21 The co-administration of Ag3 AQC enhances the CDDP-mediated reduction of tumor growth and invasion of mediastinal lymph nodes in mice with orthotopic lung cancer.
- Tumor growth measured in vivo by luminescence (I VIS® Spectrum). The black arrows represent the treatment administration times
- the black arrows represent the treatment administration times
- Mouse body weight throughout the experiment
- Quantification of the tumor load measured ex vivo in the pulmonary and mediastinal lymph nodes.
- (d) Immunohistochemical staining of mouse lungs using anti-CK7 antibody. Bar 300 pm.
- Figure 22 Schematic representation and fluorescence spectrum of the cluster samples obtained after the first dialysis with DNA as a separation medium.
- Figure 23 Schematic representation and fluorescence spectrum of cluster samples obtained after final dialysis with DNA as a separation medium. The DNA was denatured before this stage of dialysis extraction to release purified Ag3 clusters.
- atomic quantum clusters refers to a group / cluster of 2 to 500 transition metals of zero valence, such as between 2 and 200, 2 and 100 , 2 and 50 or 2 and 25 transition metal atoms, and with a size less than 2 nm, such as less than 1 nm.
- the AQCs may comprise zero-valence transition metal atoms of identical (mononuclear clusters) or different (heteronuclear clusters) transition metals. It will be understood that this term does not include metal ions.
- references to AQC consisting of "more than 3" zero valence transition metal atoms refer to AQC comprising 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more transition metal atoms of zero valence (that is, this term does not include AQC with 3 metal atoms). Therefore, this term can be used interchangeably with "4 or more".
- references to AQCs that consist of "3 or less" zero valence transition metal atoms refer to AQCs with 2 or 3 atoms of transition of zero valence metals. It will also be understood that references to AQCs consisting of "3" zero valence transition metal atoms refer to AQCs with only 3 zero valence transition metal atoms.
- transition metal refers to the elements of the periodic table known as transition metals, but does not refer to the electrical behavior of said elements.
- the confinement of electrons in the AQC causes the quantum separation of energy levels that produce important changes in the properties of these materials, as reported in EP1914196. Therefore, the metal atoms in the AQCs described herein may have a behavior similar to a semiconductor or even an insulator.
- substantially free of may be used to refer to a composition that is mostly or totally free of an entity specifically mentioned below (for example, AQC with more than 3 transition metal atoms of zero valence), or at least not It contains the entity in an amount such that the entity affects the efficiency, storage capacity, ease of use with respect to the necessary safety issues and / or the stability of the composition.
- entity specifically mentioned below for example, AQC with more than 3 transition metal atoms of zero valence
- purified refers to compositions where substantially all AQCs consisting of the unwanted number of zero-valence transition metal atoms have been removed.
- the processes described herein increase the degree of purity of the compositions by substantially eliminating all AQC (preferably all) consisting of more than 3 transition metal atoms of zero valence.
- separation medium refers to a material that has the ability to separate entities from a mixture.
- the separation medium has the ability to selectively purify AQCs consisting of 3 or less zero-valence transition metal atoms of a mixture of AQC containing larger clusters (i.e., 4 or more atoms of transition metals of zero valence). Examples of such means are provided herein.
- thiol refers to a carbon-linked sulfhydryl (R-SH) group (where R represents an alkyl or other organic substituent).
- aromatic group is well known in the art and refers to a flat cyclic molecule or fraction with (or comprising) a ring of resonance bonds. This includes benzene (i.e., ObHb) and derivatives thereof. Most aromatic groups are benzene derivatives. However, this term may also include heteroaromatic groups (i.e., one or more of the atoms in the aromatic ring is of a non-carbon element), for example, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, oxazole, thiophene and its benzoanulated analogs.
- DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
- the polynucleotide chains are composed of nucleotides, each of which comprises a base, a sugar (deoxyribose) and a phosphate group. Nucleotides are linked together in a chain by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate group of the next, to produce a sugar-phosphate main chain.
- the bases may comprise natural bases (ie, cytosine [C], guanine [G], adenine [A] or thymine [T]) or unnatural bases.
- the bases of the two separate polynucleotide chains are linked together by hydrogen bonds according to the base pairing rules (A with T and C with G) to form double stranded DNA.
- This definition includes DNA that has been modified, for example, to include unnatural bases or a modified main chain, provided that a double helix is formed so that the AQC of 3 atoms can be intercalated.
- a purification process of atomic quantum clusters (AQC) consisting of 3 or less zero-valence transition metal atoms comprising: (i) the application of a solution comprising a mixture of AQC to a medium of separation, wherein said separation means binds to AQC which consist of more than 3 transition metal atoms of zero valence or binds to AQC consisting of 3 or less transition metal atoms of zero valence; and
- the present invention provides a process of purification of atomic quantum clusters (AQC) comprising the application of a solution comprising a mixture of AQC to a separation medium and the isolation of AQCs consisting of 3 or less transition metal atoms of zero valence.
- AQC atomic quantum clusters
- the present invention provides a method for selectively purifying AQC consisting of 3 or less transition metal atoms of zero valence.
- the separation medium is attached to the AQCs consisting of more than 3 transition metals of zero valence and the process comprises isolating the AQCs consisting of 3 or less transition metals atoms of zero valence. of the unbound solution.
- References to the "unbound solution” refer to the solution that contains components that are not attached to the separation medium. Examples of such means are provided herein.
- One skilled in the art would know if a means of separation is capable of binding to AQC consisting of more than 3 atoms of transition metals of zero valence using procedures known in the art. For example, they could test the eluate after passing the sample through the separation medium and determine the types of AQC present in the eluate using fluorescence spectroscopy. Other characterization procedures are described in the Examples, which can be used in combination or alternatively for fluorescence spectroscopy.
- the separation means comprises a functional group that binds to AQC consisting of more than 3 transition metal atoms of zero valence.
- the functional group is a thiol group.
- the separation means comprises a thiolated resin, such as thiolated silica.
- the amount of dissolved oxygen in aqueous samples of AQC of Ag3 is sufficient to prevent the interaction of AQC of Ag3 with thiols, as seen in the box in Figure 1, where the union of methyl thiol with the AQC of Ag3 is not favorable (characterized by a positive binding energy).
- the only species in addition to the AQC of Ag3 in the samples are AQC of Ag2.
- these clusters are no longer spectators due to their lack of reactivity.
- said Ag2 AQCs can be separated from Ag3 AQCs by the methods described herein.
- the AQC mixture is present in an aqueous solution.
- the aqueous solution comprises dissolved oxygen, such as at at least 2 times, or at least 3 times, the concentration of AQC (in particular, the concentration of AQC consisting of 3 transition metals of zero valence) present in the mixture.
- the separation means binds to the AQCs that consist of 3 or less zero valence transition metal atoms and the process comprises discarding the AQC that consist of more than 3 valence transition metal atoms. zero in the unbound solution and isolate the AQCs consisting of 3 or less transition metal atoms of zero valence from the separation medium.
- the process comprises isolation by means of a process (for example, heating) of the separation medium to release AQC consisting of 3 or less transition metals of zero valence.
- the separation means comprises a functional group that binds to AQC consisting of more than 3 transition metal atoms of zero valence.
- the separation medium comprises DNA.
- the separation means comprises DNA that is substantially double stranded (ie, so that a double helix is formed).
- the DNA can be completely double stranded (i.e., with blunt ends) or substantially double stranded (i.e., when one or more of the nucleotides in the DNA is not present on a base pair, for example, to form a single stranded adherent end) .
- the DNA has at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 or 100 nucleotides in length. In one embodiment, the DNA is 15 or more, such as 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 or 100 or more nucleotides in length. It will be understood that these embodiments refer to the number of nucleotides in each strand of the double stranded DNA, although the number of nucleotides in each strand may be the same or different (for example, if the DNA is substantially double stranded).
- the size / length of the DNA used will be sufficient to allow the use of the DNA as a means of separation, that is, so that it can be separated from the AQC consisting of more than 3 transition metal atoms of zero valence that remain without bind in solution and that can be isolated from said solution.
- the DNA is of sufficient size to prevent it from passing through the semipermeable membrane of a dialysis device (which would depend on the pore size of the membrane used). Therefore, in one embodiment, the molecular weight (PM) of the DNA is greater than the pore size of the semipermeable membrane used.
- the PM of the DNA is greater than 3.5 kDa, such as about 4 kDa or greater.
- a person skilled in the art would know how to design and synthesize DNA of the appropriate length.
- DNA can be used to selectively purify AQCs consisting of 3 metal atoms of zero valence because this is the only cluster size that is sandwiched into the DNA. Larger clusters do not interact with DNA and AQCs consisting of 2 metal atoms of zero valence can be easily removed (for example, they can be separated by dialysis) because they are weakly bound to the outside of the double helix of DNA
- the process comprises the application of a wash solution to remove AQC consisting of less than 3 transition metals of zero valence (i.e., AQC consisting of 2 metal atoms of zero valence transition), so that only AQCs consisting of 3 zero valence transition metal atoms are joined by the separation means.
- the process comprises isolation by a process comprising denaturation of the DNA to release AQC consisting of 3 transition metal atoms of zero valence.
- the process may further comprise the application of a second wash solution to isolate the released AQCs consisting of 3 zero-valent transition metal atoms from the denatured DNA, for example by dialysis.
- the DNA is denatured by heating, for example, at about 96 ° C.
- a wash solution can be used to isolate the released AQCs consisting of 3 transition metals of zero valence.
- this embodiment includes the placement of a dialysis device comprising the denatured DNA and the AQC consisting of 3 transition metals of zero valence, in a solution of washing and isolation of the released AQCs consisting of 3 transition metal atoms of zero valence (which have passed into the washing solution).
- the process further comprises the application of the isolated AQCs consisting of 3 or less transition metal atoms of zero valence to a second separation means and the isolation of the AQCs consisting of 3 atoms of zero valence transition metals. This allows AQCs consisting of 3 atoms to be separated from AQCs consisting of 2 atoms that do not bind to the second separation medium.
- the second separation means is attached to the AQC consisting of 3 transition metal atoms of zero valence and the process comprises discarding the AQC consisting of less than 3 transition metal atoms of zero valence (i.e., the AQC consisting of 2 transition metal atoms of zero valence) in the unbound solution, and isolating the AQC consisting of 3 transition metal atoms of zero valence of the second separation means.
- the process comprises isolation by means of a process (for example, heating) of the separation medium to release AQC consisting of 3 or less transition metals of zero valence.
- the second separation means comprises a functional group that binds to AQC consisting of more than 3 transition metal atoms of zero valence.
- the functional group is an aromatic group, such as a cyclic and polycyclic aromatic group.
- Said aromatic group may additionally carry one or more substituents, for example, alkyl groups (such as methyl), alkenyl groups (such as allyl), halogen groups (eg chlorine), etc.
- the aromatic group may comprise a benzene ring.
- Said benzene ring may be present in a polybenzene structure, such as: naphthalene (a fused pair of benzene rings); anthracene or phenanthrene (three fused benzene rings); tetracene, chrysene, triphenylene or pyrene (four fused benzene rings); pentaphene or benzo [a] pyrene (five fused benzene rings).
- the aromatic group may comprise a pyrene ring.
- the benzene ring may comprise one or more additional substituents, such as: toluene or styrene (also known as ethenylbenzene, vinylbenzene or phenylethane).
- the aromatic group may comprise a pyridine group.
- the aromatic group may be selected from the list consisting of benzene and pyridine.
- the aromatic group can be part of a larger structure, which can be used in the second separation medium such as graphene, nanotubes of carbon, fullerenes or quantum carbon points.
- the second separation means comprises double stranded DNA. Since DNA can be used to purify AQCs consisting of 3 transition metals of zero valence only, it will be understood that it can be used only as a separation medium or together with the processes described above as a second separation medium. The last option guarantees that AQCs consisting of 3 zero-transition metal atoms can be purified.
- the process may comprise: (i) application of a mixture of AQC to a separation medium comprising a thiolated resin; (ii) collection of the unbound solution comprising AQC consisting of 3 or less transition metal atoms of zero valence; and (iii) application of this solution to a second / additional separation medium comprising double stranded DNA.
- AQCs consisting of 3 zero valence transition metal atoms are isolated by heating the second separation means to release the AQC consisting of 3 zero valence transition metal atoms and applying a wash solution to isolate the released AQCs consisting of 3 transition metal atoms of the second separation medium, for example, by chromatography or dialysis.
- the second separation means can be heated to about 100 ° C to release AQCs consisting of 3 transition metals of zero valence.
- a wash solution can then be used to isolate the released AQCs consisting of 3 transition metals of zero valence.
- one or more of the purification procedures described herein may be repeated one or more times. By carrying out the purification procedure several times can increase the purification of the sample and allow the desired purification to be achieved.
- the separation medium is used in a chromatographic procedure.
- Chromatography is a procedure used to separate a mixture by passing a mobile phase that comprises the mixture through a phase stationary (for example, comprising the separation means described herein). The mixture is separated based on the way in which the components of the mobile phase interact with the stationary phase. It will be understood that if the separation medium retains the AQCs that consist of more than 3 atoms of transition metals of zero valence, then the eluate (comprising the AQCs consisting of 3 or less atoms of transition metals of zero valence will be collected) ).
- the separation medium retains the AQCs that consist of 3 or less zero valence transition metal atoms, then the eluate (which comprises the AQC consisting of more than 3 zero valence transition metals) is discarded. .
- the separation medium is present in a chromatography column.
- chromatography columns are commercially available.
- the chromatography column can be used as part of various chromatographic procedures that include, for example, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
- the process is a chromatographic process where the separation medium is the solid phase and the solution comprising a mixture of AQC is the mobile phase.
- the AQCs that consist of more than 3 zero valence transition metal atoms are joined by the solid phase and the AQCs that consist of 3 or less zero valence transition metal atoms are isolated from the mobile phase. .
- the AQCs consisting of 3 or less zero valence transition metal atoms are joined and then isolated from the solid phase.
- the mobile phase comprising the AQCs consisting of more than 3 zero-transition metal atoms is discarded, before the separation medium is treated (for example, heated) to release the AQCs consisting at 3 or less zero valence transition metal atoms and a second mobile phase, for example, a washing solution, is applied to the separation medium to isolate the released AQC consisting of 3 or less valence transition metal atoms zero.
- a second mobile phase for example, a washing solution
- the separation medium is used in a dialysis procedure.
- Dialysis is a procedure of separation of molecules that is based on their diffusion rates through a semipermeable membrane.
- the solution comprising a mixture of AQC could be applied to a separation medium and then placed in a dialysis device (for example, a cassette of dialysis or a dialysis tube). Said cassettes, tubes or dialysis devices are commercially available.
- Dialysis membranes can be chosen with a molecular weight cut chosen according to the separation requirements (for example, according to the molecular weight of the DNA used in the separation medium).
- the process comprises applying a solution comprising a mixture of AQC to a separation medium and then placing the mixture in a dialysis device comprising a semipermeable membrane, for example a membrane of 3.5 kDa Said semipermeable membrane prevents the passage of the separation means and anything attached to them.
- a dialysis device comprising a semipermeable membrane, for example a membrane of 3.5 kDa Said semipermeable membrane prevents the passage of the separation means and anything attached to them.
- the separation medium is bound to the AQCs that consist of 3 or less transition metal atoms of zero valence
- the solution that passes through the semipermeable membrane (comprising the AQCs consisting of more than 3 atoms of transition metals of zero valence) is discarded.
- AQC Atomic Quantum Clusters
- the metal atoms are selected from silver (Ag), gold (Au), copper (Cu), platinum (Pt), iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), palladium (Pd), nickel (Ni) , rhodium (Rh), lead (Pb), iridium (Ir), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os), cobalt (Co), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V) or any combination thereof.
- the metal atoms are selected from Ag, Au, Cu, Pt or any combination thereof.
- the metal atoms are Ag.
- the AQCs described herein are stable, that is, they retain the number of atoms and, therefore, their properties, over time, so that they can be isolated and manipulated like any other chemical compound. AQCs can be preserved for months, even years, without the need for an external stabilizer.
- the AQC mixture can be synthesized by various known procedures. in the art, for example, those described in EP1914196 or Buceta et al. 2015, which are incorporated by reference in this report.
- the mixture can also be synthesized using the procedure described herein in Example 1. More specifically, there is provided a method for synthesizing silver AQC comprising performing the procedure in a three electrode electrochemical cell comprising a electrode of hydrogen as a reference electrode and two silver electrodes as a counter electrode and working electrode, where the silver electrodes comprise a surface area that is greater than 5 cm 2 , such as greater than 10 cm 2 , for example approximately 17 cm 2 , and where a constant voltage that is greater than 4 V, such as about 6 V, is applied at about 25 ° C for at least 3,000 seconds, for example about 3,600 seconds.
- Silver electrodes can be polished before synthesis, for example, using sandpaper and / or alumina. The process can be carried out in purified, deaerated water, such as deaerated MilliQ water. Optionally, any excess Ag + ions can be removed by adding NaCl and subsequent precipitation and filtration.
- references to the AQCs used herein include those in the form of hydrate, that is, they have water molecules attached to the cluster via a non-covalent bond.
- a purified composition is provided by a process as described herein, which is substantially free of AQC consisting of more than 3 zero valence transition metal atoms.
- compositions comprising AQC consisting of 3 or less transition metal atoms of zero valence will be described herein. It has been found that such compositions do not have a cytotoxic effect on eukaryotic cells themselves, but provide a surprising synergistic effect when combined with drugs that act on DNA. This mechanism is unique for clusters of this size. Therefore, this application provides, for the first time, the motivation to purify the AQC, so that the composition consists only of AQC with 3 or less transition metal atoms of zero valence. Even if compositions comprising small AQCs have been synthesized previously, see for example Buceta et al. 2015, the reports indicate that they were not purified before the analysis.
- compositions of the invention provide purer compositions than described above and, therefore, have the distinctive property of having no cytotoxic effect on eukaryotic cells when administered alone (for example, see Example 8).
- composition comprising atomic quantum clusters (AQC) consisting of 3 atoms or less of zero valence transition metals, which is substantially free of AQC consisting of more than 3 transition metal atoms of zero valence.
- AQC atomic quantum clusters
- the composition is substantially free of AQC consisting of more than 3 transition metals of zero valence, for example, the composition may contain less than about 10 mol% (molar percentage based on the total AQC content of the composition), such as less than about 7 mol%, less than about 5 mol%, less than about 2 mol%, less than about 1 mol% or less than about 0.5 mol% of AQC consisting of more than 3 transition metal atoms of zero valence.
- the composition is substantially free of AQC consisting of 2 transition metal atoms of zero valence.
- the isolation of AQC consisting of 3 zero-transition metal atoms can be achieved, for example, using DNA as a separation medium.
- the compositions described herein may be referred to as purified compositions.
- the composition is substantially free of AQC consisting of more than 2 transition metal atoms of zero valence, for example, the composition may contain less than about 10 mol% (mole percentage based on the total AQC content of the composition), such as less than about 7 mol%, less than about 5 mol%, less than about 2 mol%, less than about 1 mol% or less than about 0.5 mol% of AQC consisting of more than 2 transition metal atoms of zero valence.
- the composition may contain less than about 10 mol% (mole percentage based on the total AQC content of the composition), such as less than about 7 mol%, less than about 5 mol%, less than about 2 mol%, less than about 1 mol% or less than about 0.5 mol% of the AQCs consist of more than 3 and 2 transition metals of zero valence.
- a property of a composition that can be considered "substantially free of AQC consisting of more than 3 zero-transition metal atoms" is that it has no cytotoxic effect when administered alone, that is, not in the presence of an agent. antiproliferative and / or when AQC with larger clusters are present. This property can be used to identify such compositions.
- the composition is substantially free of metal ions.
- Metal ions are often a byproduct during the synthesis of AQCs. These can be eliminated using, for example, NaCI or the purification procedures described herein. It will be understood that the reference to metal ions is with respect to the ions of the transition metal contained in the AQCs.
- the composition contains less than about 20 mol%, such as less than about 15 mol%, 10 mol%, the 5 mol%, 2 mol%, 1 mol% or 0.5 mol% of metal ions (i.e. ion free ions of the transition metal used to synthesize the AQCs).
- metal ions i.e. ion free ions of the transition metal used to synthesize the AQCs.
- the new purification approaches set forth herein allowed obtaining a sufficiently high amount of metallic AQC of 3 atoms to explore the action of these AQCs on chromatin, in particular in human lung and breast adenocarcinomas and glioblastomas cell lines, and in mice carrying cancer.
- the composition is provided as described herein, in combination with an antiproliferative agent for use in the treatment of a cell proliferation disorder.
- AQCs consisting of 3 or less zero-valence transition metal atoms do not have cytostatic or cytotoxic properties characteristic of eukaryotic cells. This fact contradicts the teaching of WO2012 / 059572 and EP2457572 (see Example 3 and Example 4 of WO2012 / 059572 and EP2457572) and indicates that the material described in that document as Ag3 was not purified Ag3 and must have contained other biologically active contaminants.
- purified AQCs are administered consisting of 3 zero valence transition metal atoms in combination with an antiproliferative agent, in particular DNA binding agents, there is a surprising synergistic effect.
- references to a "cell proliferation disorder” refer to a disorder that produces a new abnormal growth of cells or a growth of abnormal cells without physiological control. This can produce an unstructured mass, that is, a tumor.
- the cell proliferation disorder is a tumor and / or cancer.
- Cancers may include, but are not limited to: spleen cancer, colorectal and / or colon cancer, colon carcinomas, ovarian carcinomas, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, uterine carcinomas, lung cancer, stomach cancer , esophageal cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic carcinomas, kidney cancer, bladder cancer, prostate cancer, testicular cancer, bone cancer, skin cancer, sarcoma, Kaposi sarcomas, brain tumors, myosarcomas, neuroblastomas, lymphomas and leukemia, melanoma, glioma, medulloblastoma and carcinoma of the head and neck.
- the cancer is selected from lung, breast, colon or brain cancer (in particular, glioblastoma).
- the cancer is brain cancer, such as glioblastoma.
- the composition is provided as described herein, optionally in combination with an antiproliferative agent, for use in the prevention of cancerous metastases of the lymph nodes.
- the composition described herein is provided, in combination with an agent. antiproliferative, for use in the treatment of cancerous metastases of the lymph nodes.
- the lymph node is a mediastinal ganglion. These mediastinal nodes are a group of lymph nodes located in the thoracic cavity of the body.
- the prevention of cancerous metastasis is an essential part of cancer treatment to prevent secondary cancers and recurrences.
- the administration of Ag3 AQC has the capacity to reduce tumor burden in the mediastinal nodes.
- administration of cisplatin with AQC of Ag3 was significantly more efficient in reducing lymph node invasion than cisplatin alone (see Example 17 and Figure 21). Therefore, it has surprisingly been found that the compositions of the invention have an additional beneficial effect in the treatment and prevention of cancerous metastases of the lymph nodes.
- the antiproliferative agent is selected from DNA binding drugs, DNA intercalation drugs, alkylating agents and nucleoside analogs.
- the antiproliferative agent is one that acts to inhibit or suppress cell growth, multiplication and proliferation. They normally act by destroying rapidly dividing cells, that is, those that are affected by cell proliferation disorder.
- Cytotoxic DNA binding drugs are the first option in the treatment of many types of cancer.
- An important factor in the resistance of chemotherapy is that an insufficient amount of drug can reach DNA, and chromatin is an important barrier that limits accessibility to DNA.
- chromatin compaction that affects the action of chemotherapeutic DNA-binding drugs could not be assessed.
- unloaded metal clusters of only 3 atoms the present application provides evidence of the importance of attacking chromatin compaction to increase the therapeutic index of chemotherapy.
- the antiproliferative agent is a DNA binding agent, such as cisplatin, oxaliplatin, carboplatin, carmustine or doxorubicin.
- the antiproliferative agent is cisplatin.
- the antiproliferative agent is not cisplatin.
- the antiproliferative agent is a nucleoside analog, such as gemcitabine.
- compositions of the invention can be administered with multiple antiproliferative agents, such as at least one, for example two, three, four or more antiproliferative agents.
- the composition and the antiproliferative agent are administered simultaneously.
- the two agents are administered at the same time or substantially at the same time. They can also be administered by the same route and, optionally, in the same composition. Alternatively, they can be administered by different routes, that is, separately, but at the same time or substantially at the same time.
- composition and the antiproliferative agent are administered in sequence.
- the two agents are administered at different times, so that one of the agents is administered before the second agent. They can be administered by the same routes or by different routes.
- the composition is administered before the antiproliferative agent.
- the AQCs in the composition induce chromatin decompaction, which increases the efficacy of the antiproliferative agent once administered. Therefore, if the agents are administered separately, the antiproliferative agent is administered while the composition is still effective, that is, the composition and the antiproliferative agent are administered within a period of time that will exert a synergistic effect after administration to a patient.
- the composition is administered no more than about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 or 24 hours before the antiproliferative agent.
- the composition is administered approximately 15, 20, 30 or 45 minutes or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 , 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 or 24 hours before the antiproliferative agent.
- the composition is administered between 0 and 24 hours, for example between 0 and 20 hours, 0 and 10 hours, 0 and 6 hours, 0 and 4 hours, 0 and 2 hours or 0 and 1 hour, before proliferative agent
- This embodiment includes simultaneous administration (ie, 0 hours) and in sequence.
- the composition and the antiproliferative agent are present in a weight ratio such that the resulting composition will exert a synergistic effect upon administration to a patient.
- Suitable weight ratios can be determined by procedures well known to those skilled in the art.
- the composition is provided as described herein, in combination with radiotherapy for use in the treatment of a cell proliferation disorder, such as cancer.
- a composition of the invention comprising AQC consisting of three or less transition metals of zero valence is used which is substantially free of AQC consisting of more than 3 atoms of transition metals of zero valence, and which can optionally be combined with an antiproliferative agent.
- compositions of the invention have the ability to intercalate in the DNA and produce chromatin decompaction. Therefore, they can be used to increase the susceptibility of the cells treated to radiation and, therefore, improve the effectiveness of radiotherapy.
- Radiation therapy also known as radiation therapy
- Such therapy may be in the form of an external beam or as internal radiotherapy.
- the choice of radiotherapy may depend of the type of cancer, the size of the tumor, the location of the tumor and other factors, such as age, general health and medical history of the patient and the other types of cancer treatment used.
- composition and radiotherapy are applied simultaneously. In an alternative embodiment, the composition and radiotherapy are applied in sequence.
- compositions of the invention can improve the efficacy of an antiproliferative agent or radiotherapy at least twice, for example three times, compared to the efficacy of the antiproliferative agent or radiotherapy for the treatment of the disorder alone.
- a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compositions as described herein.
- the pharmaceutical composition may further comprise an antiproliferative agent (for example, if they are to be administered simultaneously). If both agents are present in the pharmaceutical composition, they may be in the form of a mixture or spatially separated from each other, either as part of the same dosage form or as a kit of parts.
- compositions, and combinations where appropriate can be formulated as a pharmaceutical composition, optionally comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, diluent or carrier.
- pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include one or more of water, saline, phosphate buffer, dextrose, glycerol, ethanol and the like, as well as combinations thereof. Suitable pharmaceutical carriers, excipients or diluents are described in "Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences” by EW Martin.
- Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers may further comprise small amounts of auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, preservatives or buffers, which enhance the shelf life or effectiveness of the compositions of the invention.
- compositions may also include non-sticks, binders, coatings, disintegrants, flavors, colors, lubricants, sorbents, preservatives, sweeteners, lyophilized excipients (including lyoprotectants) or compression aids.
- the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can be administered in a plurality of pharmaceutical administration forms, for example, solids (such as tablets, pills, capsules, granules, etc.) or liquids (such as solutions, suspensions, syrups, ointments, creams , gels or emulsions).
- the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may comprise a therapeutically effective amount.
- the therapeutically effective amount (that is, the amount that produces an effect to help cure or cure the disorder to be treated) that can be administered to a subject will depend on multiple factors, such as disease status, age, sex and weight of the individual, and the ability of the pharmaceutical composition to elicit a desired response in the individual.
- a therapeutically effective amount is also an amount with which any toxic or harmful effect of the composition is compensated by the therapeutically beneficial effects.
- composition is provided as described herein, in combination with an antiproliferative agent for the treatment of a cell proliferation disorder.
- the composition is provided as described herein, optionally in combination with an antiproliferative agent, for use in the prevention of cancerous metastases of the lymph nodes.
- the use of the composition is provided as described herein, optionally in combination with an antiproliferative agent, to prevent metastasis of lymph node cancer.
- the use of the composition is provided as described herein, in combination with radiotherapy for the treatment of a cell proliferation disorder.
- the use of a composition as described herein is provided in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a cell proliferation disorder.
- the composition can be used in combination with an antiproliferative agent and / or radiation.
- Treatment Procedures According to one aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for treating a patient with a cell proliferation disorder that comprises the administration of a composition as described herein, in combination with an antiproliferative agent and / or radiotherapy.
- the embodiments described hereinbefore for the compositions may be applied to said treatment procedure (eg, administration time, formulation of the composition, etc.).
- a method for preventing cancerous metastasis of the lymph nodes comprising the administration of a composition as described herein, optionally in combination with an antiproliferative agent and / or radiotherapy.
- a method for treating cancerous metastasis of the lymph nodes comprising the administration of a composition as described herein, in combination with an antiproliferative agent and / or radiotherapy.
- the patient can be any subject suffering from the disorder.
- the patient is a mammal.
- the mammal is selected from a human being or a mouse.
- the composition (and optionally the antiproliferative agent) is administered by any suitable mode of administration, such as intravenously, intraarterially, intracardially, intracutaneously, subcutaneously, transdermally, interperitoneally, intramuscularly, orally, lingually, sublingually, buccally, intrarectal or by enema.
- suitable mode of administration such as intravenously, intraarterially, intracardially, intracutaneously, subcutaneously, transdermally, interperitoneally, intramuscularly, orally, lingually, sublingually, buccally, intrarectal or by enema.
- a topical application is also possible (for example, for the treatment of melanomas).
- a particular form of topical application consists in introducing the composition (and optionally the antiproliferative agent) into a vehicle system, in particular a drug delivery system, and implementing said delivery system. vehicle in the cancerous tissues, where said carrier system releases said composition (and optionally the agent) specifically at the site of the cancerous tissue. In this way, it is possible to avoid side effects, as may occur in the case of systemic administration, that is, to reduce the general tension in the organism.
- a kit comprising the separation means described herein for use in a process for the purpose of purifying a mixture of AQC (i.e. to isolate AQCs consisting of 3 or minus zero valence transition metal atoms), optionally comprising instructions for using said kit according to the purification procedures described herein.
- kits of parts comprising: (i) the composition and (ii) an antiproliferative agent.
- the two components (i) and (ii) may be in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant, diluent or carrier.
- the kit according to this aspect of the invention can be used in the treatment of a cell proliferation disorder.
- Sandpaper 1,000 grit was supplied by Wolfcraft Espa ⁇ a S.L., Madrid, Spain. All aqueous solutions were prepared with MilliQ quality water using a Direct-Q8UV system from Millipore (Millipore Ibérica S.A., Madrid, Spain). The thiol functionalized silica particles (SiliaMetS® Thiol, 40-63 pm, 60A) were purchased from Teknokroma Anal ⁇ tica S.A., Barcelona, Spain. Mica sheets (V-1 quality muscovite) were purchased from SPI Supplies, West Chester, PA, USA.
- VWR Puranity TU system
- VWR UV and ultrafilter lamp
- UV-vis v fluorescence spectroscopy The spectroscopy experiments of UV-vis and fluorescence were performed at room temperature using 1 cm long Hellma quartz cuvettes (Hellma GmbH & Co. KG, Müllheim, Germany). UV-vis spectra were recorded with an Analytik Jena Specord S600 spectrometer (Analytik Jena AG, Jena, Germany) with a diode array detector, and fluorescence spectra were recorded with a Varian Cary Eclipse fluorometer (Agilent Technologies Spain, SL, Madrid, Spain).
- AFM Atomic force microscope
- ESI mass spectra were acquired using an LTQ Orbitrap Discovery mass spectrometer (Thermo-Fisher Scientific, Waltham, USA) equipped with an ESI source that operated in negative ionization mode.
- the conditions of the ESI source were the following: source voltage -4.5 kV, heated capillary temperature 275 ° C, capillary voltage -35 V and coating gas and auxiliary gas 5 and 2 (N 2 , arbitrary units).
- the spectra were recorded in the m / z range of 100 to 2,000 with a scan rate of 1 scan / s.
- the mass resolution was set at 30,000 FWHM.
- the Orbitrap instrument was calibrated using a calibration solution according to the manufacturer's instructions.
- follow-up experiments were performed to obtain maximum sensitivity for cluster detection.
- the solutions were injected directly into the cell after mixing 1 to 1 with a solution of acetonitrile with 1 mM NH4CI and 0.1% formic acid.
- lonometer The ion concentration was measured using a previously calibrated pH and Ion-Meter GLP 22 (Crison Instruments SA, Barcelona, Spain) by adding a stabilizing solution (5 M sodium nitrate) in a 2: 100 ratio to the sample at a constant temperature of 25 ° C. Atomic absorption spectroscopy by flame.
- the total Ag content in the cluster samples was analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy, performed with a Perkin-Elmer 3110 with an Ag Lumia hollow cathode lamp from Perkin-Elmer (Madrid, Spain) (10 mA current).
- the human lung adenocarcinoma cell line (A549) and the human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF7) were obtained from DMSZ (Leibniz Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany).
- a luciferase-expressing cell line obtained from A549 cells by stable transfection of the Northworm luciferase gene expressed from the CMV promoter (A549 Luc-C8 Bioware® cell line) obtained from Caliper LifeSciences (Caliper Life Sciences, Hopkinton, MA, USA). UU.).
- Modified Dulbecco Eagle (high glucose) (D5671, Sigma). The medium was supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum and 1% v / v L-glutamine, penicillin and streptomycin (Gibco, Thermofisher). In the case of modified cell lines, puromycin (1.3 pg / mL for A549-Luc and 5 pg / mL for U87-Luc) was added to the medium to select stably transfected cells. The cells were incubated in a humidified incubator at 37 ° C with 5% CO2 and grown on 100 mm culture plates to approximately 70-80% confluence.
- the medium was removed and the cells were washed with phosphate buffer saline (PBS); Trypsin / EDTA (Gibco) was used to induce cell shedding. Finally, the cells were suspended in culture medium and transferred to new plates in a ratio of 1: 5 or 1: 10. When necessary, the cells were counted with a Neubauer hemocytometer. All procedures were performed under sterile conditions in a laminar air flow hood. All cell lines were stored frozen with complete growth medium supplemented with 10% DMSO (Sigma, D2650) at liquid nitrogen vapor temperature.
- PBS phosphate buffer saline
- Trypsin / EDTA Gibco
- mice In vivo studies athymic female mice weighing approximately 20-25 grams were used at the age of 8-12 weeks (Janvier Laboratoires, Le Genest-Saint-lsle, France). The animals were acclimatized for at least 1 week before experimentation and were housed in ventilated polypropylene cages at an average temperature of 22 ° C, with 12 hours of daily exposure to light and 12 hours to darkness. All mice received a standard diet of food and water laboratory ad libitum. The experiments were performed according to the Standards of the Bioethics Committee of the University of Santiago de Compostela and in accordance with the Principles of Laboratory Animal Care according to Spanish national legislation (RD 53/2013).
- the antitumor efficacy of AQC from Ag3 was evaluated in a model of orthotopic lung cancer that metastasizes to mediastinal lymph nodes.
- the model was developed following the protocol described by Borrajo et al. J. Control. Release 2016, 238: 263, adapted from Cui et al. Cancer Res. Treat. 2006, 38: 234.
- a suspension of 1 c 10 6 cells expressing non-small cell lung carcinoma luciferase (A549 Luc-C8 Bioware® cell line) was injected into PBS (50 pL) through the intercostal space in the left lung of hairless nude mice. During this procedure, the mice were anesthetized with 4% isoflurane inhalation.
- luciferin was injected into the intraperitoneal cavity at a dose of 150 mg / kg body weight approximately 5 minutes before imaging. Luciferase bioluminescence was performed under anesthesia with vaporized isoflurane using an I VIS® Living Image® System (Caliper Life Sciences, Hopkinton, MA, USA) that allowed monitoring of primary tumor growth and cell dissemination. cancerous semiquantitatively. After obtaining images in vivo for several days (up to 37 days), the mice were sacrificed and protein extracts from different organs were obtained to quantify luciferase activity.
- the organs were homogenized in DIP buffer (50 mM, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCI, 1 mM EDTA, EGTA 2.5 mM, 0.1% Tween-20, 10 mM b-glycerophosphate, 1 mM sodium orthovanadate, 0.1 M PMSF, 0.1 M NaF and bitor protease cocktail (Sigma) using a homogenizer tissues. After 15 minutes of high speed centrifugation, the supernatants were quantified using a Bradford colorimetric procedure, and the luminescence was measured using a Lumat BL 9507 luminometer (Berthold Technologies GmbH & Co., Bad Wildbad, Germany). The results were expressed as relative luminescence units (RLU) per pg of extracted protein.
- RLU relative luminescence units
- A549 cells were plated at 20,000 cells / plate in a medium containing 10% FBS. After 24 hours, the medium was replaced with medium supplemented with 0.05% FBS for 72 hours. The cells were collected and the cell cycle profile was analyzed by flow cytometry to evaluate the percentage of cells in the G0 / G1 phase (quiescent state). The cells were fixed in 70% ethanol overnight, washed twice with PBS and incubated for 30 minutes in the dark in 0.5 mL of propidium iodide (0.1 mg / mL).
- Chromatin accessibility after Ag3 AQC treatment was measured in an A549 cell line and in tissues of mice bearing orthotopic lung tumors derived from A549 cells.
- 5 x 10 5 A549 cells were seeded in 60 mm culture plates, and 24 (proliferating cells) or 72 (dead serum cells) hours later treated with Ag3 AQC (55.61 ng / mL) for 1 hour in medium without serum. The medium was then completely replaced for 3 hours, and the cells were washed twice with PBS, trypsinized and centrifuged. Supernatants were removed and the cell pellets washed with PBS and suspended in lysis buffer.
- mice Orthotopic lung tumor carriers derived from A549 cells were injected AQC of Ag3 (0.05 mg / kg). After 24 hours, the animals were sacrificed and the lungs and kidneys were removed. Small pieces (1-2 mm 3 ) of tumor (lung) and kidney were homogenized using a Dounce homogenizer and suspended in lysis buffer. From this point on, cells and tissues were treated similarly; Chromatin was isolated and treated with a mixture of nucleases following the instructions provided by the manufacturer using an EpiQuick TM chromatin accessibility test kit (Epigentek, Farmingdale, NY, USA). The DNA was then isolated and amplified using the real-time PCR system (Applied Biosystems, Thermofisher, Spain) and gene specific primers for GAPDH (Epigentek).
- mice bearing tumors were injected with 1) 100 pL of CDDP (4 mg / kg) or 2) 50 pL of CDDP (4 mg / kg ) and 50 pL of AQC of Ag3 (0.05 mg / kg). After 24 hours, the animals were sacrificed and the organs were removed. Small pieces (1-2 mm 3 ) of tumor (lung) and other organs (heart, liver, kidney, spleen, brain and bone marrow) were separated using a scalpel.
- the amount of platinum was determined by mass spectrometry using an ICP-MS BRUCKER 820-MS with a low flow glass Micromist nebulizer and a double pass spray chamber with a Peltier cooling (3 ° C) and a lamp Quartz (Bruker Corp., Billerica, MA, USA).
- A549 cells (6 x 10 4 ) were seeded in 12-well plates and 24 hours later (proliferating cells) or 72 hours later (quiescent cells) were treated with 1) Ag3 AQC (55.61 ng / mL ) in serum-free medium for 1 hour and then 24 hours in complete medium; 2) AQC of Ag3 (55.61 ng / mL) in serum-free medium for 1 hour and then 24 hours with various drugs (50 mM CDDP, 50 pM OXA, 100 mM CBDCA, 100 pM GEM, 400 pM BCNU or DOX 7 ,5 pm); 3) 24 hours with various drugs (50 pM CDDP, 50 pM OXA, 100 mM CBDCA, 100 pM GEM, 400 pM BCNU or 7.5 pM DOX); or 4) AQC of Ag 3 (55.61 ng / mL) in medium
- the cells were collected, washed with PBS and suspended in 500 pL of PBS. To prepare stained samples, the cell suspension was mixed with the Guava ViaCount reagent (Millipore) following the manufacturer's instructions. Stained cells were analyzed in the Guava EasyCyte flow cytometer (Millipore) using the Guava ViaCount software.
- A549 Luc-C8 cells were seeded in 96-well plates and 24 hours (proliferating cells) or 72 hours (serum-free cells) were later treated with 1) Ag3 AQC (55.61 ng / mL) in medium without serum for 1 hour and 24 hours more in complete medium, 2) AQC of Ag3 (55.61 ng / mL) in medium without serum for 1 hour and 24 hours more with different doses of CDDP (IC5: 5 mM, IC25: 10 pM, IC50: 50 pM and IC75: 100 pM), OXA (IC5: 2.5 pM, IC25: 12.5 pM, IC50: 50 pM and IC75: 200 pM) or CBDA (IC5: 0.25 pM, IC25: 0.5 pM, IC50: 1 mM and IC75: 2 mM) and 3) 24 hours with different doses of CDDP (IC5: 5 pM,
- A549 cells (5 x 10 5 ) were seeded in 60 mm culture plates. After 24 hours, the cells were treated with Ag3 AQC (41.5 ng / mL) for 1 hour in serum free medium. The medium was then removed and completely replaced for 0, 4 or 24 hours. At this time, the cells were collected and their RNA was isolated using the NucleoSpin RNA kit (Macherey-Nagel, Düren, Germany) following the manufacturer's instructions.
- RNA concentration was quantified using a spectrophotometer (Nanodrop 2000), and the quality was evaluated by measuring the RNA Integrity Number (RIN) using the Agilent RNA 6000 Nano kit and the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, USA) ⁇ Only samples with RIN> 7 were considered acceptable. Samples were stored at -80 ° C until use. Human Gene ST 2.1 Array (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, USA) was used to hybridize human samples following the manufacturer's instructions. Background correction, normalization, probe summary and data analysis were performed using the Expression Console and the Transcriptome Analysis Console (Affymetrix).
- H2AX phosphorylated H2AX
- Block-9 buffer 150 pL of Block-9 buffer with 0.6 pg / mL of FITC anti-pH2AX conjugate (ser139) (16-202A, Millipore) was added, and the cells were incubated at 4 ° C for 3 hours while protected of the light. The cells were washed twice with PBS and incubated overnight in the dark with 0.1 mL of propidium iodide (0.01 mg / mL). Stained cells were analyzed on the Guava EasyCyte flow cytometer using the InCyte (Millipore) program.
- A549 cells (5 x 10 5 ) were seeded in 60 mm plates and 24 hours later treated with Ag3 AQC (55.61 ng / mL) or positive H2O2 control (100 mM) for 1 hour in serum free medium. The cells were subsequently collected by trypsinization and washed once in ice-cold PBS (free of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ). The cells were then suspended in cold PBS (1 x 10 5 cells / mL) and an alkaline comet assay was performed according to the instructions provided by the manufacturer (Trevigen, Gaithersburg, USA). The images were obtained using an Olympus 1X51 microscope equipped with an Olympus DP72 camera and software CellSens Imaging (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).
- DOX nuclear uptake was determined by fluorescence microscopy.
- A549 cells (5 x 10 5 ) were seeded in 12-well plates. After 24 hours, the cells were treated with 1) DOX (7.5 mM) for 30 minutes or 2) AQC of Ag3 (55.61 ng / mL) for 30 minutes and DOX (7.5 pM) for another 30 minutes
- the images were obtained using an Olympus 1X51 microscope equipped with an Olympus DP72 camera and the CellSens Imaging software (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).
- A549 cells (5 x 10 5) were seeded in 12 - well plates. Twenty-four hours later, the cells were treated with 1) DOX (7.5 pM) for 4 hours or 2) AQC of Ag3 (55.61 ng / mL) for 30 minutes and DOX (7.5 pM) for 4 hours. After this, the cells were collected, washed with cold PBS and fixed with 0.2% paraformaldehyde (PFA) for 5 minutes. The samples were then suspended in 200 pL of PBS and analyzed on the Guava EasyCyte flow cytometer using the InCyte program.
- PFA paraformaldehyde
- the mouse lungs were fixed in formalin with 10% neutral buffer for 24 hours and included in paraffin.
- 4 mm thick sections were mounted on FLEX IHC microscope slides (Dako-Agilent, Glostrup, Denmark) and heated in an oven at 60 ° C for 1 hour.
- the immunohistochemical technique was performed automatically using an AutostainerLink 48 (Dako-Agilent). After dewaxing and epitope recovery in the EnVision FLEX target recovery solution (high pH) for 20 minutes at 97 ° C, the slides were allowed to cool in PT Link slides at 65 ° C and then in a wash buffer Dako for 5 minutes at room temperature (TA).
- TA room temperature
- the immunostaining protocol included incubation at room temperature in: (1) EnVision FLEX peroxidase blocking reagent (Dako-Agilent) for 5 minutes; (2) ready-to-use primary FLEX antibody (Dako-Agilent) anti-CK7 (clone OV-TL 12/30), for 20 minutes; (3) EnVision FLEX / HRP (dextran polymer conjugated with horseradish peroxidase and goat anti-mouse and anti-rabbit immunoglobulins isolated by affinity) for 20 minutes; (4) working solution of the substrate (mixture) (3,3'-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride chromogen solution) (Dako-Agilent) for 10 minutes; and (5) hematoxylin EnVision FLEX (Dako-Agilent) for 9 minutes. Sections were examined and photographed using an Olympus PROVIS AX70 microscope equipped with an Olympus DP70 camera.
- the activity was evaluated using the Human Topoisomerase I relaxation kit according to the manufacturer (Inspiralis, Norwich, United Kingdom). Briefly, 0.5 mg of pBR322 DNA relaxed for 30 minutes at room temperature with AQC of Ag3 was pre-incubated in a 30 mL reaction under the following conditions: 35 mM Tris-HCI (pH 7.5), 24 mM KOI, 4 mM MgCl2, 2 mM DTT, 1.8 mM spermidine, 1 mM ATP, 6.5% glycerol (w / v) and 0.1 mg mL -1 of BSA. After this, 1 U of human mole I was added and incubation was continued for 30 minutes at 37 ° C.
- reaction was stopped by the addition of 30 mL of chloroform / isoamyl alcohol and 6 mL of loading buffer before loading on an agarose gel (1%: w / v) in TAE (40 mM Tris-acetate, 2 mM EDTA ) without ethidium bromide.
- Topo II Human Topoisomerase II Deconcatenation Assay Human Topo II activity was evaluated using a commercial kit (Inspiralis, Norwich, United Kingdom). Briefly, 200 ng of kDNA were pre-incubated for 5 minutes at room temperature with AQC of Ag3 at various concentrations in 40 mM HEPES-KOH (pH 7.6), 100 mM potassium glutamate, 10 mM magnesium acetate, 10 mM DTT, 1 mM ATP and 50 mg mL -1 of albumin, in 30 mL of total reaction volume. After this, 1 U of Topo II was added and incubation was continued for 30 minutes at 37 ° C.
- reaction was stopped by the addition of 30 mL of chloroform / isoamyl alcohol and 6 mL of loading buffer, vortexed and centrifuged briefly (5-10 seconds each) before loading on an agarose gel (1% : p / v) in TAE (40 mM Trisacetate, 2 mM EDTA).
- the synthesis was carried out with a Biologic VMP300 potentiostat (Seyssinet-Pariset, France).
- a thermally insulated three electrode electrode cell from Methrom was used with a hydrogen electrode as a reference and two Ag sheets (surface area of 17.5 cm 2 ) as a counter electrode and working electrode. These electrodes were placed facing each other and separated at a distance of 3 cm.
- a constant voltage of 6 V was applied at 25 ° C for 3,600 seconds.
- the two silver electrodes were polished with sandpaper followed by alumina ( ⁇ 50 nm), washed thoroughly with MilliQ water and treated with ultrasound.
- EXAMPLE 2 Purification of AQC from Ag3 using DNA An aqueous dispersion of small silver clusters was synthesized as described in Example 1. A sample containing Ag cations and small size clusters (less than 10 atoms) was used for the preparation of DNA adducts and methods of dialysis. The characterization of AFM and UV-Vis indicated that the sample contained mainly Ag2 and Ag3 clusters.
- the incubation mixture, Ag + AQC DNA (1: 1 by mass) was prepared by mixing calculated volumes of aqueous DNA solutions and Ag AQC samples, followed by gentle stirring for 12 hours at room temperature. After this step, the mixture was transferred to a dialysis cassette with a 3.5 kDa membrane.
- the cassette was immersed in MilliQ water for 24 hours.
- a solution of greater ionic strength (1 M NaC1) was used in order to eliminate any trace of silver cation present as a minor impurity after the first dialysis stage.
- the DNA / AQC mixture Prior to the third dialysis, the DNA / AQC mixture was heated at 96 ° C for 8 hours, to denature the DNA allowing separation of interleaved clusters, and immediately cooled to 0 ° C to avoid renaturation. The last dialysis was performed in MilliQ water for 24 hours at 0 ° C.
- the procedure consisted of adding 400 mg of thiolated silica particles to approximately 1 L of the synthesis reaction. The mixture was stirred overnight, with subsequent separation of silica particles. A selective electrode of ions to verify the removal of Ag + ions, and several techniques were used to characterize Ag clusters in the final samples (as previously reported in Huseyinova et al., J. Phys. Chem. 2000, 104: 2630, and Buceta and col., 2015, and as described herein).
- the purified samples were finally concentrated at 35 ° C using a rotary evaporator (Buchi Rotavapor R-210 at a pressure of 2 mbar) (Massó Anal ⁇ tica SA, Barcelona, Spain) at a final concentration of approximately 30 mg / L as determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy by flame.
- a rotary evaporator (Buchi Rotavapor R-210 at a pressure of 2 mbar) (Massó Anal ⁇ tica SA, Barcelona, Spain) at a final concentration of approximately 30 mg / L as determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy by flame.
- Cluster samples were characterized by UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, AFM mass spectrometry and ESI-TOF. The spectroscopic characterization of the samples is very as previously reported for AQC of Ag3 in Lin et al. ACS Nano 2009, 3: 395.
- Figure 2 shows the UV-Vis spectrum of an AQC water dispersion of Ag3. The absence of the Ag plasmon band (around 400 nm) indicates the absence of free electrons due to the confinement of the quantum size, which is observed with the clusters (see Philip et al. Nano Lett. 2012, 12: 4661). In comparison with the previously reported UV-Vis samples of AQC of Ag3 naked in Buceta et al.
- FIG. 3 shows that Ag3 AQCs have a single emission peak at « 305 nm, which is very consistent with the results previously obtained in Huseyinova et al., 2000.
- This band can be associated, using the Jellium model approximation, to clusters containing only 2 or 3 atoms.
- the presence of only one peak for any excitation wavelength shows the high monodispersity of the sample (even at such a high concentration of clusters), and confirms the high efficiency of the synthesis and purification procedures developed in this work.
- Figure 4 of the SI shows the agreement of the isotopic distributions with the theoretical simulations and also with previous publications (for example, figure 2 of the backing information of Buceta et al., 2015). Therefore, the results show the presence of only AQC of Ag2 and AQC of Ag3 in very good agreement with the previous characterization procedures.
- Ag2 AQCs are present in the samples, their presence has no influence on the reported results. In an earlier publication, no experimental evidence of the formation of a DNA-Ag2 complex, or distortion of DNA with these species could be detected (see Buceta et al., 2015, page 7725, right column). In addition, theoretical calculations clearly demonstrate that Ag2 AQCs are not intercalated in DNA unlike Ag3 AQCs that show an intercalation interaction. In addition, Ag2 AQCs must have a closed electronic layer configuration (1S2), which would indicate a very stable and non-reactive behavior (see Akola et al., Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. 2008, 105: 9157).
- Ag3 AQCs did not show cytotoxicity when administered to A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells (for example, see Figure 15c-e).
- Eukaryotic DNA is packaged in chromatin that has a physical barrier that must be overcome by DNA binding factors (Skene et al. Bife 2014, 3: e02042). Therefore, it was considered whether chromatin could affect the action of Ag3 AQC eukaryotic cells.
- the nucleosome is the basic unit of chromatin (Kornberg & Lorch, Ce // 2016, 98: 285).
- the nucleosome assembly depends on the torsion in the DNA molecule.
- Doxorubicin (DOX) that modifies DNA torsion affects nucleosomes (Yang et al. Curr. Biol. 2013, 23: 782 and Pang et al. Nat. Commun. 2013, 4: 1908). Therefore, using DOX as a model, it was investigated whether Ag3 AQCs affect nucleosome assembly. As with DOX, Ag3 AQCs were sufficient to dissociate single-nucleosome preparations ( Figure 10).
- Ge displacement test For the gel displacement test, 5% non-denaturing polyacrylamide gels were prepared using TBE buffer. After a preliminary run of 1 hour at 100 V, the reactions containing nucleosomes were mixed with the DNA loading buffer and electrophoresis was performed at 100 V for 2 h. The gels were stained with ethidium bromide to visualize the DNA and the signal was captured using the Gel Doc XR (Bio-Rad) system. To detect histones, the gels were subsequently stained with silver using the PlusOne Silver staining kit (GE Healthcare Europe GmbH, Barcelona, Spain).
- Nucleosomes migrated more slowly than free DNA in native gels, as detected by staining with ethidium bromide for DNA (Figure 10a, upper left panel) or by silver staining for histones (Figure 10a, lower left panel). The same samples were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and stained with silver, which shows that in all cases equal amounts of histones were loaded ( Figure 10a, right panel).
- Doxorubicin (DOX) which dissociated in nucleosomes, and etoposide, which has no effect, were used as controls (Banerjee et al. FEBS Open Bio 2014, 4: 251).
- the AQCs of Ag3 were sufficient to dissociate the nucleosomes ( Figure 10a).
- the effect of Ag3 AQCs on nucleosome stability depends on the dose ( Figure 10b).
- CD circular dichroism
- FIG. 11 shows the fluorescence spectral curves recorded by adding AQC of Ag3 to a histone solution (H) of 13.4 pM; a cooling effect is observed due to the formation of the AQC complex of Ag3 / H according to equation (ec.) 1.
- a first estimate of Df and A 93 / H -FH is obtained from the amplitude of the titration curve.
- the final values of Df and K were obtained by an iterative procedure.
- K EB / octame m e r o 1, 9 x 10 5 M 1
- Kir / octam e r o 1, 4 x 10 5 M 1 , with only a negligible difference between low and high ionic strength values.
- These constants were two orders of magnitude lower than those of the Ag3 / octamer AQC system, indicating that the interaction with the octamer could be of a different nature.
- Figure 12a reveals strong variations in the histone CD spectral curves caused by the addition of very small amounts of AQC of Ag3, reaching saturation for CAQC-A93 / CH 3 ⁇ 4 0.02, indicating that the effect of AQC of Ag3 in the octamer is huge.
- Ag3 AQCs affect the histone nucleus by altering the secondary structure of the octamer and disaggregating it, probably due to the high affinity of Ag3 AQCs with the formed fragments.
- the cells were then fixed and permeabilized with methanol-acetone solution (1: 1) at 20 ° C for 10 minutes and blocked (3% BSA + 0.01% Triton X-100) for 1 hour at TA Finally, the cells were washed three times with PBS and stained with Alexa Fluor 647 following the instructions provided by the manufacturer (Click-iT® EdU Alexa Fluor® 488 Imaging Kit, Thermo Fisher Scientific).
- Chromatin images were taken using a commercial microscope system from Nikon Instruments (NSTORM). First, 647 nm laser light was used at a maximum power density for 15 minutes to bring the vast majority of AlexaFluor647 molecules bound to EdU into the dark state. Subsequently, 50,000-frame image sequences were acquired using 647 nm continuous laser excitation to directly excite AlexaFluor647 and, at the same time, 405 nm (5%, 30 pW) laser light was used to reactivate the dye in a fluorescent state ( dSTORM).
- Imaging was performed using an image buffer described above (Cysteamine MEA [SigmaAldrich, # 30070-50G], Glox Solution: 0.5 mg / mL glucose oxidase, 40 mg / mL catalase [all Sigma], 10% glucose in PBS), see Bates et al. Science 2007, 317: 1749.
- Representative images of nuclei containing fluorescent EdU were taken using conventional microscopy and STORM superresolution.
- Figure 13a the square represents the size and typical location of the images with magnification for obtaining STORM images.
- magenta points represent x and individual locations, while the dark areas correspond to regions without chromatin. All images are 50 pm 2 in size and represent approximately 1/3 of the nucleus, as shown by the yellow square in Figure 13a, and contain the same number of locations that allow a reliable visual determination of the differences in the accessibility of the chromatin
- STORM images were analyzed and reproduced as described previously in Bates et al. 2007. Briefly, the spots on the images of a single molecule were identified as a function of a threshold and adjusted to a Gaussian to identify its position in x and y. The application of this approach in the 50,000 frames produces the raw STORM data, which consists of a list of x-y coordinates, corresponding to the localized positions of all fluorophores. The reconstructed images from the x-y coordinates were shown using Insight3, after drift correction.
- EXAMPLE 11 Investigation of the effect of Ag3 AQCs using the chromatin accessibility test A hypersensitive nuclease approach (Gross & Garrard, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1988, 57: 159) was used in combination with a real-time PCR assay (qPCR) (Rao et al. J. Immunol. 2001, 167: 4494) in the region of the cleaning gene, GAPDH, to further explore whether Ag3 AQCs have an effect not only on cells but also on multicellular organisms. The presence of nucleosomes can be identified according to the accessibility of DNA to exogenous nucleases (Kornberg and Lorch 2016).
- the DNA, protected by the nucleosome, is inaccessible to exogenous nucleases and is available for subsequent amplification of the qPCR with significant changes in the threshold cycle (Ct) between digested and undigested samples; Ct is a relative measure of the concentration of the target in the qPCR reaction.
- Ct is a relative measure of the concentration of the target in the qPCR reaction.
- DNA that is outside the nucleosome is accessible to nucleases and is susceptible to digestion; This DNA is not available for qPCR, with a large change in Ct between digested and undigested samples.
- a schematic diagram of the experimental approach adopted is described in Figure 14a. A549 proliferating cells showed greater chromatin accessibility to external nucleases, as shown by the change in Ct between treated and untreated cells ( Figure 14b).
- the effect of Ag3 AQCs was also investigated in animals carrying a lung tumor.
- the effect of administering CDDP alone or co-administered was compared. with AQC of Ag3, in the amount of CDDP bound to DNA in the lung (which contains the tumor) and in other mouse organs (selected as potential targets of unwanted side effects of CDDP).
- a single administration of CDDP in combination with Ag3 AQC to tumor-bearing mice when compared to the administration of the same dose of CDDP alone, increased the amount of DNA-bound CDDP by a factor of 5.5 only in the lung, without affecting the amount of CDDP bound to the DNA in the other organs (Figure 15b).
- nucleosomes near the origins of replication are the objectives of the AQC of Ag3, and that the action of the AQCs of Ag3 is limited to the S phase of the cell cycle.
- EXAMPLE 17 Anticancer efficacy in vivo.
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