WO2019154105A1 - Control Information Transmission - Google Patents

Control Information Transmission Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2019154105A1
WO2019154105A1 PCT/CN2019/073098 CN2019073098W WO2019154105A1 WO 2019154105 A1 WO2019154105 A1 WO 2019154105A1 CN 2019073098 W CN2019073098 W CN 2019073098W WO 2019154105 A1 WO2019154105 A1 WO 2019154105A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
data
scheduling information
indication
transmitted
signals representing
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PCT/CN2019/073098
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Umer Salim
Sebastian Wagner
Bruno Jechoux
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Jrd Communication (Shenzhen) Ltd
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Publication date
Application filed by Jrd Communication (Shenzhen) Ltd filed Critical Jrd Communication (Shenzhen) Ltd
Priority to CN201980010798.9A priority Critical patent/CN111886844B/zh
Publication of WO2019154105A1 publication Critical patent/WO2019154105A1/en

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W72/00—Local resource management
    • H04W72/20—Control channels or signalling for resource management
    • H04W72/23—Control channels or signalling for resource management in the downlink direction of a wireless link, i.e. towards a terminal
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W74/00—Wireless channel access
    • H04W74/04—Scheduled access

Definitions

  • the following disclosure relates to the transmission of downlink data, and particularly to systems for improving the efficiency of downlink communications.
  • Wireless communication systems such as the third-generation (3G) of mobile telephone standards and technology are well known.
  • 3G standards and technology have been developed by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) .
  • 3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project
  • the 3 rd generation of wireless communications has generally been developed to support macro-cell mobile phone communications.
  • Communication systems and networks have developed towards a broadband and mobile system.
  • UE User Equipment
  • RAN Radio Access Network
  • CN Core Network
  • LTE Long Term Evolution
  • E-UTRAN Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunication System Territorial Radio Access Network
  • 5G or NR new radio
  • NR is proposed to utilise an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexed (OFDM) physical transmission format.
  • OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexed
  • NR is intended to support Ultra-reliable and Iow-latency communications (URLLC) .
  • URLLC Ultra-reliable and Iow-latency communications
  • a user-plane latency of 1ms has been proposed with a reliability of 99.99999%) .
  • Communications over the physical wireless link are defined by a number channels, for example the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) which is used to transmit control information, in particular Downlink Control Information (DCI) , which defines how data will be transmitted to the UE over the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) .
  • PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel
  • DCI Downlink Control Information
  • PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel
  • DCI in PDCCH carries scheduling and control information relevant for data (PDSCH) .
  • Scheduling information primarily indicates to UE which time-frequency resources are allocated for its relevant data (PDSCH) transmission.
  • the control information in DCI for downlink transmission comprises of other necessary parameters which enable the UE to decode the scheduled data. These parameters may include the modulation, coding scheme, Hybrid-automatic-repeat-request related parameters and the parameters related to uplink response for example.
  • a resource block is the smallest unit of time/frequency resources that can be allocated to a user.
  • the resource block is x-kHz wide in frequency and 1 slot long in time.
  • the default slot duration in NR is 14 OFDM symbols but there is also mini-slot duration possible (e.g. 1, 2, 3, up to 13 OFDM symbols) .
  • the exact time duration of a slot in milliseconds (ms) depends on the consisting number of OFDM symbols and on SCS, e.g. for 15 kHz SCS and 14 OFDM symbols, 1 slot is 1ms long.
  • a resource-element group equals one RB during one OFDM symbol.
  • a control-channel element (CCE) consists of 6 REGs.
  • a PDCCH consists of one or more CCEs (e.g. L ⁇ ⁇ 1, 2, 4, 8 ⁇ ) . This number is defined as the CCE aggregation level (AL) .
  • the set of ALs and the number of PDCCH candidates per CCE AL per DCI format size that the UE monitors can be configured.
  • each UE For each serving cell, each UE is configured with a number of control resource sets (CORESETs) to monitor for PDCCH.
  • CORESET is defined by: starting OFDM symbol, time duration (consecutive symbols, up to 3) , set of RBs, CCE-to-REG mapping (and REG bundle size in case of interleaved mapping) .
  • B consecutive REGs in time (and frequency, in case B is larger than the size of CORESET in symbols) form a REG bundle.
  • the distributed resource mapping is realised by interleaving and the interleaving is operated on the REG bundles.
  • B 6 in case of non-interleaved CCE-to-REG mapping
  • a PDCCH search space at CCE AL L is defined by a set of PDCCH candidates for this CCE AL.
  • 3GPP defines generally the term “reliability” in TR 38.802 as the success probability R of transmitting X bits within L seconds.
  • L is the time it takes to deliver a small data packet from the radio protocol layer 2/3 SDU ingress point to the radio protocol layer 2/3 SDU egress point of the radio interface, at a certain channel quality Q (e.g., coverage-edge) .
  • the latency bound L includes transmission latency, processing latency, retransmission latency (if any) , and queuing/scheduling latency (including scheduling request and grant reception if any) .
  • NR considers in TR 38.913 that “Ageneral URLLC reliability requirement for one transmission of a packet is (1-10 -5 ) for 32 bytes with a user plane latency of 1ms. ”
  • the reliability R can be given by the following equation.
  • R c and R d denote the probability of successful PDCCH and PDSCH transmission, respectively.
  • negligible effect of false-alarm probability is assumed (i.e. error due to falsely valid PDCCH detection by the UE while there is no DCI transmission) .
  • Large enough CRC e.g. 24 bits, when coding the DCI, can achieve this.
  • P c and P d denote the probability of erroneous PDCCH and PDSCH transmission, respectively.
  • R R c R d1 + (1 -R c ) R DTX R c R d2 + R c (1 -R d1 ) R N R c R d2
  • R d1 and R d2 denote the probability of successful initial PDSCH transmission and PDSCH retransmission, respectively;
  • R DTX denotes the probability of gNB detecting DTX or NACK, when UE “sends” DTX (i.e. does not send anything) in UL;
  • R N denotes the probability of gNB detecting DTX or NACK, when UE sends NACK.
  • the first term of the summation regards the successful receipt of initial transmission
  • the second term regards the successful receipt of retransmission in case PDCCH detection fails
  • the third term regards the successful receipt of retransmission in case the initial PDSCH decoding fails.
  • control channel transmissions There are many ways of improving the reliability of control channel transmissions, but these may involve the utilisation of greater transmission resources. It is possible that insufficient control channel resources are available to schedule transmissions to fully utilise data transmission capacity and hence such data transmission capacity may go unused leading to inefficient use of resources.
  • Multi-shot transmission with or without adaptive HARQ can improve the reliability but this can be limiting under latency constraints. Under heavy traffic situations combined with strict latency requirements, it is quite possible that the network has to do its best with single shot transmission to meet the latency and the reliability at the same time.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of transmission resources.
  • Each slot 100 is split into a control region 101 and a data region 102.
  • the control region is utilised to transmit control information, for example PDCCH, to schedule transmission of the PDSCH channel 103 in the data region of the slot.
  • control information for example PDCCH
  • PDCCH for example UE
  • the PDCCH for a certain UE occupies all control resources but the associated PDSCH for this UE (also shown dotted) only utilises a subset of the data resources.
  • PDCCH may require a large amount of resources due to the use of higher aggregation levels to improve reliability, for example due to the UE being at the cell edge, or having poor channel conditions.
  • Data resources 104 are thus unused, but cannot be utilised by another UE due to the lack of control resources in which a scheduling transmission can be made.
  • Another UE which also needs to be serviced and whose data is available at the gNB in the same time interval is thus not serviced in this occasion as there are no control resources available to transmit the required PDCCH, potentially breaking latency constraints for the services of the other UE.
  • Such a situation occurs due to PDCCH blocking, even though there are resources available to transmit the data.
  • the present invention is seeking to solve at least some of the outstanding problems in this domain.
  • a method of transmitting data from a base station to a user equipment (UE) in a wireless cellular communications network comprising the steps of transmitting signals representing data from a base station to a UE via a wireless link; receiving the signals representing the data at the UE and storing those signals; subsequent to starting transmitting the signals representing the data, transmitting from the base station to the UE scheduling information, wherein the scheduling information identifies the resources utilised to transmit the signals representing the data; and receiving at the UE the scheduling information; and utilising, at the UE, the scheduling information to recover the data from the stored signals.
  • the scheduling information may be transmitted after transmission of the signals representing the data is completed.
  • the scheduling information may indicate the end of data transmission signals during the transmission or after the end of the control transmission signals.
  • the signals representing the data may be transmitted in a data transmission region of a first slot, and the scheduling information is transmitted in a control region of a second slot.
  • the signals representing the data may be transmitted on a PDSCH and the scheduling information is transmitted on a PDCCH.
  • the scheduling information may be transmitted in a downlink control information message.
  • the signals representing the data may be transmitted in a first slot, and the scheduling information is transmitted in a subsequent slot.
  • the scheduling information may be transmitted in the slot adjacent to the first slot.
  • the scheduling information may not be transmitted in the slot adjacent to the first slot.
  • the scheduling/control information may comprise an indication of time domain PDSCH resource comprising the signals representing the data, utilising a row index of an RRC configured table.
  • Additional rows may be configured in the RRC configured table to represent data transmitted prior to scheduling information.
  • the method may further comprise the step of, prior to transmission of the signal representing the data, transmitting an indication to the UE that data signals may be received prior to scheduling information relating to those data signals.
  • the indication may be an RRC message.
  • the indication may be transmitted dependent on control resource availability.
  • the indication may be transmitted dependent on the class or type of UE.
  • the indication may be transmitted as a broadcast message or as a message to a particular UE.
  • the indication may further comprise an indication of the maximum delay between the signals representing the data, and the scheduling information.
  • the maximum delay may be indicated as a number of PDCCH occasions.
  • the indication may further comprise an indication of frequency resources which may be utilised for the transmission of data prior to related scheduling information.
  • a method of transmitting data from a base station to a user equipment (UE) in a wireless cellular communications network comprising the steps of transmitting signals representing data from a base station to a UE via a wireless link; and subsequent to starting transmitting the signals representing the data, transmitting from the base station to the UE scheduling information, wherein the scheduling information identifies the resources utilised to transmit the signals representing the data.
  • UE user equipment
  • the scheduling information may indicate the end of data transmission signals during the transmission or after the end of the control transmission signals.
  • the scheduling information may be transmitted after transmission of the signals representing the data is completed.
  • the signals may represent the data are transmitted in a data transmission region of a first slot, and the scheduling information is transmitted in a control region of a second slot.
  • the signals representing the data may be transmitted on a PDSCH and the scheduling information is transmitted on a PDCCH.
  • the scheduling information may be transmitted in a downlink control information message.
  • the signals representing the data may be transmitted in a first slot, and the scheduling information is transmitted in a subsequent slot.
  • the scheduling information may be transmitted in the slot adjacent to the first slot.
  • the scheduling information may not be transmitted in the slot adjacent to the first slot.
  • the indication may comprises an indication of time domain PDSCH resource comprising the signals representing the data, utilising a row index of an RRC configured table.
  • Additional rows may be configured in the RRC configured table to represent data transmitted prior to scheduling information.
  • the method may further comprise the step of, prior to transmission of the signal representing the data, transmitting an indication to the UE that data signals may be received prior to scheduling information relating to those data signals.
  • the indication may be is an RRC message.
  • the indication may be transmitted dependent on control resource availability.
  • the indication may be transmitted dependent on the class or type of UE.
  • the indication may be transmitted as a broadcast message.
  • the indication may be transmitted as a message to a particular UE.
  • the indication may further comprise an indication of the maximum delay between the signals representing the data, and the scheduling information.
  • the maximum delay may be indicated as a number of PDCCH occasions.
  • the indication may further comprises an indication of frequency resources which may be utilised for the transmission of data prior to related scheduling information.
  • a base station configured to perform the method described above.
  • a method of transmitting data from a base station to a user equipment (UE) in a wireless cellular communications network comprising the steps of receiving signals representing data at a UE and storing those signals; subsequent to starting transmitting the signals representing the data, transmitting from the base station to the UE scheduling information, wherein the scheduling information identifies the resources utilised to transmit the signals representing the data; and subsequently receiving at the UE scheduling information which identifies the resources utilised to transmit the signals representing the data; and utilising, at the UE, the scheduling information to recover the data from the stored signals.
  • the scheduling information may indicate the end of data transmission signals during the transmission or after the end of the control transmission signals.
  • the scheduling information may be received after reception of the signals representing the data is completed.
  • the signals representing the data may be received in a data region of a first slot, and the scheduling information is received in a control region of a second slot.
  • the signals representing the data may be received on a PDSCH and the scheduling information is received on a PDCCH.
  • the scheduling information may be received in a downlink control information message.
  • the signals representing the data may be received in a first slot, and the scheduling information is received in a subsequent slot.
  • the scheduling information may be received in the slot adjacent to the first slot.
  • the scheduling information may not be received in the slot adjacent to the first slot.
  • the indication may comprise an indication of time domain PDSCH resource comprising the signals representing the data, utilising a row index of an RRC configured table.
  • Additional rows may be configured in the RRC configured table to represent data transmitted prior to scheduling information.
  • the method may further comprise the step of, prior to receiving the signal representing the data, receiving an indication that data signals may be received prior to scheduling information relating to those data signals.
  • the indication may be an RRC message.
  • the indication may be received as a broadcast message.
  • the indication may be received as a message to the particular UE.
  • the indication may further comprise an indication of the maximum delay between the signals representing the data, and the scheduling information.
  • the maximum delay may be indicated as a number of PDCCH occasions.
  • the indication may further comprise an indication of frequency resources on which signals representing data prior to related scheduling information may be received.
  • the UE may store the signals representing data for at least the maximum delay indicated.
  • the non-transitory computer readable medium may comprise at least one from a group consisting of: a hard disk, a CD-ROM, an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, a Read Only Memory, a Programmable Read Only Memory, an Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory, EPROM, an Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory and a Flash memory.
  • Figure 1 shows transmission resources with conventional scheduling
  • Figure 2 shows transmission resources using back-scheduling
  • Figure 3 shows a method of data transmission and reception with back scheduling
  • Figure 4 shows latency benefit of back scheduling in the event of PDCCH blocking
  • Figure 5 shows different possibilities of back scheduling delay between control and data
  • Figures 6 and 7 show simulation results for data transmission using back scheduling.
  • Figure 2 shows a diagram of transmission resources in which data is transmitted prior to control information according to the method shown in Figure 3.
  • step 30 data is available for transmission from a base station to a UE.
  • step 31 it is identified that data transmission resources in a forthcoming slot are available, but that no control resources are available to transmit a PDCCH indication of the data scheduling. This is the situation shown in Figure 1.
  • the base station transmits the signals 20 representing the data using the available resources, despite no PDCCH transmission being made first.
  • the signals 20 are received by the UE which has been configured to monitor transmissions, even in the absence of relevant scheduling information, and to save received signals for later processing.
  • the base station identifies available control resources in the subsequent slot 21 and transmits scheduling information 22 using those resources, where the scheduling information relates to the data 20 already transmitted.
  • the transmission of scheduling information after the data to which it relates may be referred to as back-scheduling.
  • the UE receives the scheduling information 22, and can thus identify that the previously received signals are for the UE.
  • the UE uses the scheduling information to decode the previously received signals and retrieve the data.
  • the scheduling information is typically contained in a DCI message.
  • the scheduling information must indicate the time domain resources allocated to the relevant PDSCH.
  • this is achieved by including a reference to a row in an RRC configured table which defines the slot offset, start symbol and length, and PDSCH mapping type.
  • This technique can be adapted for the back-scheduling system, for example by adding additional rows to the RRC configured table. These additional rows have slot offset and start symbol combinations allowing back scheduling.
  • One option is to introduce new rows in this table with negative slot offset values.
  • the existence of rows relating to back scheduling could be used as an indicator for a UE to configure itself for the reception of back scheduled data, but this arrangement is rather static and may be undesirable.
  • the method of Figures 2 and 3 thus improves resource utilisation since a greater portion of the data resources are utilised, and reduces latency as the UE is ready to decode the data as soon as the scheduling information is received. Demodulation and decoding can be very fast since the whole data set is available in memory as soon as the scheduling information is received. In contrast, if the base station waited for available control and data resources in the same slot, transmission of the data would not have yet started.
  • the transmission of scheduling information after data has been transmitted requires UEs to speculatively monitor signals in the data resources and to save received signals in case scheduling information subsequently indicates the signals were for the UE.
  • Such monitoring may increase power consumption as the UE cannot enter a sleep mode if it does not receive scheduling information, and may require increased memory to store the received signals until it is confirmed they are not related to the UE.
  • resource efficiency may be improved and latency may be reduced.
  • Figure 4 shows the latency benefit of the proposed invention compared to the conventional transmission in the case of shortage of control resources.
  • Figure 4 (a) represents the conventional approach in which control and data can be transmitted in the first available slot after receipt of a packet at the base station for transmission.
  • Tw represents the wait time before transmission is started and
  • Tt is the total transmission time for both data and control.
  • Tp is the UE processing time, giving a total duration between availability of the packet for transmission and completion of decoding of T at the UE.
  • Figure 4 (b) shows the conventional approach when insufficient control resources are available in the first transmission occasion. The control and data are thus scheduled in the next available slot giving a large wait time Tw and hence large total time T.
  • the time margin gained by using back scheduling can be useful for applications/users requiring Iow latencies and high reliabilities. In some cases, this time margin can allow the users to meeting their latency targets. In some other cases, if the first data packet decoding fails, this time margin may translate in a retransmission possibility. The user can then try to combine the two retransmissions to achieve better decodability for the data packet. This adds to the reliability of the data within certain time limit.
  • the scheduling information has been transmitted in the first control resources after transmission of the data.
  • the scheduling information can be transmitted at any time after transmission of the data.
  • a longer delay increases the total transmission time, and may increase storage requirements at the UE and so it may be desirable to limit the total allowable delay.
  • some delay may improve flexibility where, for example, the first control resources after data transmission are fully occupied.
  • the scheduling resources can then be transmitted in the second slot/transmission occasion after the data. Longer delays are possible, and may lead to further improvements, but also increase UE power consumption and storage requirements.
  • the maximum delay may be defined for the UEs supporting back scheduling dependent on their class/category.
  • the additional cost of power consumption and storage may be an appropriate trade-off for improved performance and quality of service in terms of latency and reliability.
  • Such UEs may thus allow a larger delay than, for example, a budget UE where cost of manufacture is more important than performance.
  • Maximum delay may be defined according to UE category, or specifically for a UE. The maximum allowable delay may be defined as a time value, number of slots, PDCCH occasions, or any other appropriate metric.
  • the scheduling information was transmitted after the data transmission had been completed by the base station.
  • the occasions for transmission of PDCCH can be configured anywhere in a slot, and the data can be scheduled for a length of 1 OFDM symbol going up to multiple slots.
  • Activation of the back-scheduling system may be controlled by the RAN, in particular the base station, and/or CN.
  • Such configuration may be made on a cell-by-cell basis, for groups of UEs, orfor individual UEs. The configuration may also be varied to allow for variations in demand over time. When control resources are not scarce the feature may not be configured to minimise UE power usage, and may be enabled when control resources become limiting.
  • the techniques described above may be more appropriate for certain categories of UE. For example power consumption is less significant for UEs with a permanent power source (rather than battery powered) and therefore such UEs may be more readily configured to receive back-scheduling transmissions. Activation of a back-scheduling system may therefore be performed dependent on the class of UE.
  • the back-scheduling facility may be activated dependent on the category of UE. For example, UEs utilising URLLC communications are more likely to benefit from the system due to the strict latency requirements for such services.
  • the signalling to activate or de-activate the back scheduling can in principle be at cell level in the form of broadcast signalling or in the form of group specific or user specific, although there would be considerable overhead of broadcast signalling as it is transmitted so as to be decodable by all the UEs in the cell. Due to the nature and good applicability to some specific users (for example URLLC users) , this signalling may preferably be user specific.
  • the network can send RRC signalling to a URLLC user who happens to be active in a cell during the time when there is heavy traffic in the cell and the network envisages some potential PDCCH blockage scenarios may hit the latency and consequently the reliability requirements of this UE.
  • NR wireless standards
  • 5G NR allow more flexible transmission mechanisms including simultaneous scheduling of slot-based data, non-slot-based data and the use of mini-slots for different users.
  • 5G NR allows the network to use different numerologies over different time durations and different frequency intervals. The principle of permitting data transmission to start before starting transmission of the related scheduling information is equally applicable to such other formats.
  • Certain wireless standards may provide very large bandwidths which are available for data transmission, for example 5G NR may operate at mmWave frequencies with very large bandwidth carriers. Monitoring and storing the full bandwidth in such systems to utilise back-scheduling may be impractical due to the storage requirements.
  • the frequency resources on which data with back-scheduled control transmissions can be transmitted may thus be limited to a sub-set of the total bandwidth available. UEs then only need to monitor and store the relevant frequency resources, thus reduced storage requirements.
  • a subset of the carrier bandwidth (or a range of PRBs) may be configured to the UE as part of the back scheduling configuration. Then the UE only monitors and records the configured frequency resources for back scheduling of data.
  • the back-scheduling resources may be limited to a UE’s active bandwidth part.
  • Figure 6 shows example results showing PDCCH blocking probability against PDCCH bandwidth.
  • the results are based on four users to be scheduled in each transmission occasion.
  • Each UE may use an aggregation level of 4, 8, or 16 with respective probabilities of 0.5, 0.45, 0.05.
  • Sub-carrier spacing is assumed to be 15 kHz, and the results are based on 1 million independent transmission occasions.
  • the results show conventional scheduling (in which control and data are transmitted in the same slot) , back-scheduling in which scheduling information is permitted to be transmitted only in the next slot (1 occasion) , and in which scheduling information is permitted to be transmitted up to 2 occasions later.
  • Figure 6 shows a clear reduction in PDCCH block probability.
  • the conventional scheduling leads to blocking probability of 3.2%.
  • the PDCCH blocking probability drops to 0.79%. This is a very significant advantage and can be important for Iow latency users. Going beyond to allowing the base station to back schedule over 2 transmission occasions, the blocking probability drops to only 0.19%.
  • the advantage of back scheduling is particularly significant when blocking probabilities are relative Iow, which is the likely operating range for URLLC services. These services have strict latency and reliability constraints and hence require Iow blocking probabilities. As noted above, the types of UEs using such services, for example medical equipment, connected vehicles, and industrial control, the additional cost of expanded memory and higher power consumption may be a suitable trade-off for the improved performance, notably in terms of latency and reliability.
  • Figure 7 shows PDCCH blocking probability for a varying number of users.
  • PDCCH resources are defined to be equivalent in PRBs to a bandwidth of 50MHz and each UE uses aggregation levels of 4, 8, or 16 with probabilities of 0.5, 0.45, and 0.05 respectively.
  • Sub-carrier spacing is 15KHz, and 1 million independent transmissions are calculated.
  • the results of Figure 7 confirm gains of PDCCH back scheduling over the traditional scheduling scheme.
  • the legacy scheme can accommodate 3 users in each scheduling interval.
  • the scheme with back scheduling over a single occasion accommodates 4 users in each scheduling interval with the same resources and the same blocking probability.
  • the back scheduling over two occasions can support 4 users per scheduling interval for the same amount of resources and the same blocking probability.
  • the legacy scheme results in PDCCH blocking probability of 0.35%, whereas back scheduling over 1 and 2 occasions result in blocking probabilities of 0.019%and 0.0004%respectively.
  • back scheduling provides more than 10 times the benefit in terms of blocking probability. This benefit directly translates in better system spectral and utilisation efficiency and more importantly more users served with a given latency target.
  • any of the devices or apparatus that form part of the network may include at least a processor, a storage unit and a communications interface, wherein the processor unit, storage unit, and communications interface are configured to perform the method of any aspect of the present invention. Further options and choices are described below.
  • the signal processing functionality of the embodiments of the invention especially the gNB and the UE may be achieved using computing systems or architectures known to those who are skilled in the relevant art.
  • Computing systems such as, a desktop, laptop or notebook computer, hand-held computing device (PDA, cell phone, palmtop, etc. ) , mainframe, server, client, or any other type of special or general purpose computing device as may be desirable or appropriate for a given application or environment can be used.
  • the computing system can include one or more processors which can be implemented using a general or special-purpose processing engine such as, for example, a microprocessor, microcontroller or other control module.
  • the computing system can also include a main memory, such as random access memory (RAM) or other dynamic memory, for storing information and instructions to be executed by a processor. Such a main memory also may be used for storing temporary variables or other intermediate information during execution of instructions to be executed by the processor.
  • the computing system may likewise include a read only memory (ROM) or other static storage device for storing static information and instructions for a processor.
  • ROM read only memory
  • the computing system may also include an information storage system which may include, for example, a media drive and a removable storage interface.
  • the media drive may include a drive or other mechanism to support fixed or removable storage media, such as a hard disk drive, a floppy disk drive, a magnetic tape drive, an optical disk drive, a compact disc (CD) or digital video drive (DVD) read or write drive (R or RW) , or other removable or fixed media drive.
  • Storage media may include, for example, a hard disk, floppy disk, magnetic tape, optical disk, CD or DVD, or other fixed or removable medium that is read by and written to by media drive.
  • the storage media may include a computer-readable storage medium having particular computer software or data stored therein.
  • an information storage system may include other similar components for allowing computer programs or other instructions or data to be loaded into the computing system.
  • Such components may include, for example, a removable storage unit and an interface, such as a program cartridge and cartridge interface, a removable memory (for example, a flash memory or other removable memory module) and memory slot, and other removable storage units and interfaces that allow software and data to be transferred from the removable storage unit to computing system.
  • the computing system can also include a communications interface.
  • a communications interface can be used to allow software and data to be transferred between a computing system and external devices.
  • Examples of communications interfaces can include a modem, a network interface (such as an Ethernet or other NIC card) , a communications port (such as for example, a universal serial bus (USB) port) , a PCMCIA slot and card, etc.
  • Software and data transferred via a communications interface are in the form of signals which can be electronic, electromagnetic, and optical or other signals capable of being received by a communications interface medium.
  • computer program product may be used generally to refer to tangible media such as, for example, a memory, storage device, or storage unit.
  • These and other forms of computer-readable media may store one or more instructions for use by the processor comprising the computer system to cause the processor to perform specified operations.
  • Such instructions generally referred to as ‘computer program code’ (which may be grouped in the form of computer programs or other groupings) , when executed, enable the computing system to perform functions of embodiments of the present invention.
  • the code may directly cause a processor to perform specified operations, be compiled to do so, and/or be combined with other software, hardware, and/or firmware elements (e.g., libraries for performing standard functions) to do so.
  • the non-transitory computer readable medium may comprise at least one from a group consisting of: a hard disk, a CD-ROM, an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, a Read Only Memory, a Programmable Read Only Memory, an Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory, EPROM, an Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory and a Flash memory
  • the software may be stored in a computer-readable medium and loaded into computing system using, for example, removable storage drive.
  • a control module in this example, software instructions or executable computer program code
  • the processor in the computer system when executed by the processor in the computer system, causes a processor to perform the functions of the invention as described herein.
  • inventive concept can be applied to any circuit for performing signal processing functionality within a network element. It is further envisaged that, for example, a semiconductor manufacturer may employ the inventive concept in a design of a stand-alone device, such as a microcontroller of a digital signal processor (DSP) , or application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) and/or any other sub-system element.
  • DSP digital signal processor
  • ASIC application-specific integrated circuit
  • aspects of the invention may be implemented in any suitable form including hardware, software, firmware or any combination of these.
  • the invention may optionally be implemented, at least partly, as computer software running on one or more data processors and/or digital signal processors or configurable module components such as FPGA devices.
  • the elements and components of an embodiment of the invention may be physically, functionally and logically implemented in any suitable way. Indeed, the functionality may be implemented in a single unit, in a plurality of units or as part of other functional units.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
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CN111886844A (zh) 2020-11-03
GB2571073A (en) 2019-08-21

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