WO2019149812A1 - Electrolyte composition for electrochemical cell for high-temperature applications - Google Patents
Electrolyte composition for electrochemical cell for high-temperature applications Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2019149812A1 WO2019149812A1 PCT/EP2019/052363 EP2019052363W WO2019149812A1 WO 2019149812 A1 WO2019149812 A1 WO 2019149812A1 EP 2019052363 W EP2019052363 W EP 2019052363W WO 2019149812 A1 WO2019149812 A1 WO 2019149812A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- electrolyte composition
- lithium
- electrochemical cell
- organic solvent
- nitrile
- Prior art date
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- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 90
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 77
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- -1 lithium tetrafluoroborate Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000005676 cyclic carbonates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- JFDZBHWFFUWGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzonitrile Chemical compound N#CC1=CC=CC=C1 JFDZBHWFFUWGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- UNAQSRLBVVDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hex-5-enenitrile Chemical compound C=CCCCC#N UNAQSRLBVVDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- CFEYBLWMNFZOPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N pent-4-enenitrile Chemical compound C=CCCC#N CFEYBLWMNFZOPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Borate Chemical compound [O-]B([O-])[O-] BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- NWPNXBQSRGKSJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylbenzonitrile Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C#N NWPNXBQSRGKSJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910013684 LiClO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- ZKKBIZXAEDFPNL-HWKANZROSA-N (e)-3-(dimethylamino)prop-2-enenitrile Chemical compound CN(C)\C=C\C#N ZKKBIZXAEDFPNL-HWKANZROSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- HUPVIAINOSTNBJ-HWKANZROSA-N (e)-3-ethoxyprop-2-enenitrile Chemical compound CCO\C=C\C#N HUPVIAINOSTNBJ-HWKANZROSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- UDELMRIGXNCYLU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2-diethoxyacetonitrile Chemical compound CCOC(C#N)OCC UDELMRIGXNCYLU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
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- AILKHAQXUAOOFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexanenitrile Chemical compound CCCCCC#N AILKHAQXUAOOFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
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- PRYVISBVTXTQOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethyl dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound OP(O)(=O)OC(F)(F)C(F)(F)F PRYVISBVTXTQOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- 229910013075 LiBF Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
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- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
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- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 4
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- VCZNNAKNUVJVGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methylbenzonitrile Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(C#N)C=C1 VCZNNAKNUVJVGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- AGKQJEFSEQHGTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-nitro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C1=CC=C(C#N)C(C(F)(F)F)=C1 AGKQJEFSEQHGTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
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- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VXCUURYYWGCLIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dodecanenitrile Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC#N VXCUURYYWGCLIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910015645 LiMn Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015643 LiMn 2 O 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013716 LiNi Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PKRWWZCDLJSJIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Piperonylonitrile Chemical compound N#CC1=CC=C2OCOC2=C1 PKRWWZCDLJSJIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002174 Styrene-butadiene Substances 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052770 Uranium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000002015 acyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- FQFZASRJFRAEIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N adamantane-1-carbonitrile Chemical compound C1C(C2)CC3CC2CC1(C#N)C3 FQFZASRJFRAEIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- NDPGDHBNXZOBJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum lithium cobalt(2+) nickel(2+) oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [Li+].[O--].[O--].[O--].[O--].[Al+3].[Co++].[Ni++] NDPGDHBNXZOBJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BIOPPFDHKHWJIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracene-9,10-dinitrile Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(C#N)=C(C=CC=C3)C3=C(C#N)C2=C1 BIOPPFDHKHWJIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KEQZHLAEKAVZLY-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracene-9-carbonitrile Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(C#N)=C(C=CC=C3)C3=CC2=C1 KEQZHLAEKAVZLY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FMKFDGUBVPIERQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracene-9-carbonyl cyanide Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(C(C#N)=O)=C(C=CC=C3)C3=CC2=C1 FMKFDGUBVPIERQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzene Substances C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BHXFKXOIODIUJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzene-1,4-dicarbonitrile Chemical compound N#CC1=CC=C(C#N)C=C1 BHXFKXOIODIUJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZJRCIQAMTAINCB-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoylacetonitrile Chemical compound N#CCC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 ZJRCIQAMTAINCB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DVUXKEFDAGQPQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzyl n-(cyanomethyl)carbamate Chemical compound N#CCNC(=O)OCC1=CC=CC=C1 DVUXKEFDAGQPQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BMAXQTDMWYDIJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene-5-carbonitrile Chemical compound C1C2C(C#N)CC1C=C2 BMAXQTDMWYDIJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FJIDKRPZJBUHME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-triene-7-carbonitrile Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(C#N)CC2=C1 FJIDKRPZJBUHME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000010290 biphenyl Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004305 biphenyl Substances 0.000 description 1
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002800 charge carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- DGJMPUGMZIKDRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyanoacetamide Chemical compound NC(=O)CC#N DGJMPUGMZIKDRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002313 fluoropolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- LAQPNDIUHRHNCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N isophthalonitrile Chemical compound N#CC1=CC=CC(C#N)=C1 LAQPNDIUHRHNCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VGYDTVNNDKLMHX-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;manganese;nickel;oxocobalt Chemical compound [Li].[Mn].[Ni].[Co]=O VGYDTVNNDKLMHX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical class C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- LHWCUMYXUCPQSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-(cyanomethyl)acetamide Chemical compound CC(=O)NCC#N LHWCUMYXUCPQSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- CWFIYYOQYVYBPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenanthrene-9-carbonitrile Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(C#N)=CC3=CC=CC=C3C2=C1 CWFIYYOQYVYBPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- GPHQHTOMRSGBNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine-4-carbonitrile Chemical compound N#CC1=CC=NC=C1 GPHQHTOMRSGBNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- RHSBIGNQEIPSCT-UHFFFAOYSA-N stearonitrile Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC#N RHSBIGNQEIPSCT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- IAHFWCOBPZCAEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N succinonitrile Chemical compound N#CCCC#N IAHFWCOBPZCAEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- SMZKPZXYDDZDJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl n-(cyanomethyl)carbamate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OC(=O)NCC#N SMZKPZXYDDZDJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GSXCEVHRIVLFJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiophene-3-carbonitrile Chemical compound N#CC=1C=CSC=1 GSXCEVHRIVLFJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/54—Electrolytes
- H01G11/58—Liquid electrolytes
- H01G11/60—Liquid electrolytes characterised by the solvent
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/54—Electrolytes
- H01G11/58—Liquid electrolytes
- H01G11/62—Liquid electrolytes characterised by the solute, e.g. salts, anions or cations therein
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0568—Liquid materials characterised by the solutes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0569—Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/04—Hybrid capacitors
- H01G11/06—Hybrid capacitors with one of the electrodes allowing ions to be reversibly doped thereinto, e.g. lithium ion capacitors [LIC]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
- H01M2300/0028—Organic electrolyte characterised by the solvent
- H01M2300/0037—Mixture of solvents
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
Definitions
- Electrolytic composition for electrochemical cell for electrochemical cell
- the invention relates to an electrolyte composition for an electrochemical cell, in particular for a hybrid supercapacitor or a
- Lithium ion battery which can be used over a wide temperature range and is stable especially at high temperatures.
- the invention also relates to the use of such
- An electrolyte composition and an electrochemical cell comprising such an electrolyte composition.
- Supercapacitors typically include a negative and a positive electrode, which are separated by a separator. Between the electrodes is also an electrolyte, which is electrically conductive. As electrolyte compositions, solutions of sterically hindered salts such as tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate are used as conductive salt in solvents such as acetonitrile (AN) or propylene carbonate (PC) in the rule.
- solvents such as acetonitrile (AN) or propylene carbonate (PC) in the rule.
- the storage of electrical energy is based on the fact that, when a voltage is applied to the electrodes of the supercapacitor, an electrical double layer is formed on the surfaces thereof. A redox reaction is not involved in this type of energy storage.
- Supercapacitors can theoretically be recharged as often as desired and thus have a great deal long life span. Also, the power density of the supercapacitors is high, whereas the energy density is rather low compared to, for example, lithium-ion batteries.
- Supercapacitors can be operated in a relatively wide temperature range of about -40 ° C to 70 ° C. For the general structure of supercapacitors, see also: R. Korthauer, Handbook of Lithium-Ion Batteries, Heidelberg: Springer Verlag, 2013; F. Beguin,
- US 2017/0169960 A1 discloses an electrolyte composition for a supercapacitor which has a boiling point of more than 100 ° C, is electrochemically stable to voltages greater than 2.7 V and has a viscosity of less than 2 mPa ⁇ s at a temperature of 100 ° C.
- the electrolyte composition comprises a mixture of organic solvents, in particular benzonitrile, and organic salts such as tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TBABF 4 ).
- the energy storage in secondary batteries takes place by a redox reaction.
- This battery also usually comprise a negative and a positive electrode, which are separated by a separator. There is also a conductive electrolyte between the electrodes.
- electrolyte compositions mixtures of cyclic and acyclic carbonates (e.g., ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate) having a lithium salt (e.g., LiPFe) dissolved therein are often used.
- LiPFe lithium salt
- energy storage occurs through the reversible incorporation of lithium ions into the electrode active materials.
- Lithium-ion batteries are characterized by having a high energy density, i. that they can store a large amount of energy per mass or volume. In return, however, they have only a limited power density and
- the operating temperature of a lithium-ion battery is usually in a range of about 20 ° C to 40 ° C. It exists
- Hybrid supercapacitors represent a combination of these technologies and are likely to close the gap in the applications of lithium ion battery technology and supercapacitor technology.
- Hybridsuperkondensatoren usually also have two electrodes, each comprising a current collector and by a
- the electrodes usually comprise as active material a conventional supercapacitor material (hereinafter also referred to as statically capacitive active material) as well as a material which is capable of undergoing a redox reaction with the charge carriers of the electrolyte composition and forming a lithium intercalation compound thereof (hereinafter also referred to as electrochemical Called redox active material).
- statically capacitive active material a material which is capable of undergoing a redox reaction with the charge carriers of the electrolyte composition and forming a lithium intercalation compound thereof.
- Energy storage system has a high energy density at the same time high power density and long life.
- the advantages of both storage methods, i. the lithium ion batteries and the supercapacitors are thus combined together.
- the invention relates to an electrolyte composition for an electrochemical cell, in particular for a hybrid supercapacitor or a
- Lithium ion battery with high-voltage anodes comprising at least one
- the at least one organic Eisensmitel comprises at least one liquid at room temperature nitrile (A) and the electrolyte composition has a boiling point of> 85 ° C, preferably> 100 ° C, in particular> 125 ° C. , It has been found that such an electrolyte composition is characterized by increased stability against high stresses within the
- a nitrile (A) in the sense of this invention is an organic, chemical
- R represents an organic radical which may be selected from a cyclic or acyclic, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or aromatic
- Hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 50 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 50 carbon atoms.
- the radical R may furthermore comprise heteroatoms, in particular nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, phosphorus and / or sulfur. Further, the radical R may be substituted with one or more halogen atoms.
- Preferred halogen atoms are fluorine, chlorine and bromine. Particularly preferred is fluorine.
- the nitrile (A) is liquid at room temperature.
- the nitrile (A) has a melting point of ⁇ 0 ° C, more preferably of ⁇ -15 ° C, and
- the boiling point of the nitrile (A) is preferably> 80 ° C, more preferably> 90 ° C and especially> 100 ° C.
- the organic solvent comprises at least one nitrile (A) selected from the group consisting of 5-hexenenitrile, methoxyacetonitrile, hexanenitrile, 5-hexynonitrile, crotononitrile, 3,3-dimethoxypropionitrile, acetonitrile, 3-methoxypropionitrile, 3-ethoxyacrylonitrile, diethoxyacetonitrile,
- A selected from the group consisting of 5-hexenenitrile, methoxyacetonitrile, hexanenitrile, 5-hexynonitrile, crotononitrile, 3,3-dimethoxypropionitrile, acetonitrile, 3-methoxypropionitrile, 3-ethoxyacrylonitrile, diethoxyacetonitrile,
- the organic solvent comprises at least one nitrile (A) selected from the group consisting of 5-hexenenitrile, methoxyacetonitrile, hexanenitrile, 5-hexynonitrile, crotononitrile, 3,3-dimethoxypropionitrile, acetonitrile, 3-methoxypropionitrile, 3-ethoxyacrylonitrile, diethoxyacetonitrile, cyclopropylacetonitrile, 4-pentenenitrile, 3-butoxypropionitrile, Heptyl cyanide, nonanenitrile, 6-heptenonitrile, 2-cyanoethyl ether, trans-3- (dimethylamino) acrylonitrile, 3- (dimethylamino) propionitrile, 3- (ethylamino) propionitrile and ethyl cyanoacetate.
- A nitrile selected from the group consisting of 5-hexenenitrile, methoxyacetonitrile,
- the electrolyte composition additionally comprises at least one lithium salt (B).
- the lithium salt (B) may be an inorganic or organic lithium salt (B).
- inorganic lithium salts (B) may be selected from the group consisting of lithium chlorate (LiClO 4 ), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF 4 ), lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPFe), lithium hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsFe), and mixtures thereof.
- organic lithium salts (B) may be selected from the group consisting of lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (L1SO3CF3),
- Lithium bis (trifluoromethylsulphonyl) imide LiN (SO 2 CF 3 ) 2
- Lithium bis (pentafluoroethylsulphonyl) imide LiN (S0 2 C 2 Fs) 2
- Lithium bis (oxalato) borate LiBOB, LiB (C 2 O 4 ) 2
- lithium difluoro (oxalato) borate LiBF 2 (C 2 O 4 )
- lithium difluoro-tri (pentafluoroethyl) phosphate LiPF 2 (CF 3 CF 2) 3
- Mixtures thereof Preferably, an inorganic lithium salt (B) is used. Most preferably, the lithium salt (B) is LiClO 4 .
- the lithium salt (B) is preferably used in a concentration of 0.01 mol / L to 5 mol / L, more preferably 0.1 to 2.5 mol / L, and especially 0.5 to 1.5 mol / L in the Electrolyte composition used.
- the lithium salt (B) preferably constitutes from 0.01% by weight to 1% by weight, in particular from 0.1% to 0.5% by weight, of the electrolyte composition, based on its total weight.
- the electrolyte composition according to the invention preferably has a boiling point of> 85 ° C, more preferably> 100 ° C, in particular> 125 ° C, on.
- the electrolyte composition of the present invention preferably has a melting point of ⁇ -20 ° C, more preferably ⁇ -30 ° C, especially ⁇ -40 ° C.
- the melting point of ⁇ -20 ° C more preferably ⁇ -30 ° C, especially ⁇ -40 ° C.
- Electrolyte composition in addition to the at least one liquid at room temperature nitrile (A) at least one further organic compound.
- the electrolyte composition in addition to the at least one nitrile (A), the electrolyte composition comprises at least one cyclic carbonate (C) as further organic compound.
- Suitable cyclic carbonates (C) are those having 3 to 20, preferably 3 to 10, and especially 3 to 5, carbon atoms. As examples are
- Electrolytic composition which additionally comprises a cyclic carbonate (C), has a particularly good stability in high-temperature operation.
- the electrolyte composition comprises at least one cyclic carbonate (C) in addition to the at least one nitrile (A), the cyclic carbonate (C) preferably makes 10 to 95% by weight, more preferably 30 to 90% by weight and especially 45 to 80 Wt .-%, based on the total weight of
- Electrolytic composition from.
- Electrolyte composition at least one cyclic carbonate (C).
- the electrolyte composition of the invention may further comprise, besides the at least one nitrile (A), further nitriles (D). It was
- Electrolyte composition in terms of stability in high-temperature operation and stability against high-voltage anodes can be further improved.
- Suitable nitriles (D) are distinguished, in particular, by having a melting point of more than 0 ° C., more preferably of more than 10 ° C. Often these nitriles (D) are at room temperature below
- Combination with at least one nitrile (A) in the inventive Electrolyte composition can be selected from the group consisting of dodecanenitrile, (butylamino) acetonitrile, 3,3'-iminodipropionitrile, 3,3-diethoxypropionitrile, 3-thiophenecarbonitrile, 2-phenylbutyronitrile, 2,3,4,5, 6-pentafluorobenzonitrile, 1-cyclohexenylacetonitrile, 3-methoxybenzonitrile, 2-methoxybenzonitrile, phenoxyacetonitrile, 3-methoxyphenylacetonitrile, 2-methoxy-5-methylbenzonitrile, 1-benzocyclobutenecarbonitrile, 2-methyl-5-nitrobenzonitrile, 4-butoxybenzonitrile, 3-methylbenzylcyanide, 2-ethylbenzonitrile, 4-ethylbenzonitrile, 4-phenylbutyronitrile, 4-methoxycinnamonitrile
- 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile 1,3-dicyanobenzene, 1-cyanonaphthalene, 2-chlorobenzyl cyanide, tetrachloroterephthalonitrile, 2,4-dinitrobenzonitrile, 4,5-dioctyloxy-1,2-benzene dicarbonitrile, 2-amino-1,3,1-propentricarbonitrile, 9,10-anthracenedicarbonitrile, 2-chloro-4-fluorobenzonitrile, 2,5-dichlorobenzonitrile, 2-amino-6-fluorobenzonitrile, 2-methoxy-4-nitrobenzonitrile, 3,5-difluorobenzonitrile, 4-amino
- the electrolyte composition comprises at least one of the abovementioned nitriles (D) in addition to the at least one nitrile (A), these nitriles (D) are preferably present in an amount of from 0.01 to 10% by weight, in particular from 0.1 to 3% by weight. -%, Based on the total weight of the electrolyte composition, in this before.
- additives (E) can be added to the electrolyte composition in order to increase the performance of electrochemical cells in which the electrolyte composition is used and, for example, to improve the cyclability.
- Particularly suitable additives (E) are: vinylene carbonate, N-methylpyrrole, dibenzyl, biphenyl and lithium bis (oxalato) borate.
- These additives (E) are preferably in an amount of 0 to 1 wt .-%, in particular 0.01 to 0.50 wt .-%, based on the
- the electrolyte composition according to the invention thus comprises:
- (C) 0 to 99% by weight, preferably 10 to 95% by weight, more preferably 30 to 90% by weight and especially 45 to 80% by weight, of at least one cyclic carbonate;
- the electrolyte composition of the invention can be advantageously used as an electrolyte in an electrochemical cell, in particular in a
- electrochemical cell with a high-voltage anode such as a
- High-voltage anodes in the sense of this invention are characterized by voltages of more than 1 volt against Li / Li + .
- high voltage anodes, such as in the anode active material include LLTisO ⁇ , T1O2, and / or H2 ⁇ ⁇ 2q25.
- the invention is therefore also the use of
- Electrolyte composition as electrolyte composition in such an electrochemical cell in particular in a hybrid supercapacitor with a high-voltage anode or a lithium-ion battery with a high-voltage anode.
- the invention relates to the use of
- the invention relates to the use of the electrolyte composition as electrolyte in an electrochemical cell in a temperature range from -40 ° C to ⁇ 120 ° C.
- the electrolyte composition according to the invention can be prepared by simply mixing the at least one organic solvent with the at least one lithium salt. The temperature should preferably be in a range between the. During the mixing process
- Solvent lie.
- it may be advantageous to heat the mixture for example to a temperature in a range from 30 ° C to 150 ° C, in particular from 50 ° C to 100 ° C.
- the invention also provides an electrochemical cell comprising the electrolyte composition according to the invention.
- the electrochemical cell additionally comprises at least one positive electrode (cathode) and at least one negative electrode (anode), wherein the anode preferably has a
- the active material comprises the anode
- the electrochemical cell comprises at least one separator.
- the electrochemical cell is a hybrid supercapacitor, in particular a symmetrical one
- the hybrid supercapacitor according to the invention comprises at least one positive electrode and at least one negative electrode.
- the electrodes each comprise an electrically conductive
- the current collector comprises, for example, copper or aluminum as the electrically conductive material.
- the current collector of the electrodes is made of aluminum.
- An anode active material is applied to the negative electrode current collector of the hybrid supercapacitor.
- the anode active material comprises at least one static capacitive active material, an electrochemical
- Redox active material or a mixture thereof.
- active material is a material which consists of
- Suitable static capacitive active materials include activated carbon (AC), activated carbon fiber (ACF), carbide-derived
- Carbon carbon (CDC), carbon airgel, graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs).
- Activated carbon AC
- activated carbon fibers ACF
- carbide-derived carbon CDC
- carbon airgel graphene and
- Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) used, in particular activated carbon are used, in particular activated carbon.
- Suitable electrochemical redox active materials for the anode active material of the hybrid supercapacitor include, in particular, LbTisO.sub.1, T1O.sub.2, and H2T112O.sub.25. These materials are suitable for the production of high-voltage anodes.
- the cathode active material comprises at least one static capacitive active material, an electrochemical redox active material or a mixture thereof.
- the static capacitive active material of the positive electrode all statements on anode active material apply accordingly.
- the statically capacitive active materials mentioned there are also known as
- Suitable electrochemical redox active materials for the positive electrode are lithiated intercalation compounds which are capable of reversibly taking up and releasing lithium ions.
- the cathode active material may comprise a composite oxide containing at least one metal selected from the group consisting of cobalt, magnesium, nickel, and lithium.
- a hybrid supercapacitor comprising at least one cathode active material comprising a compound of the formula L1MO2 wherein M is selected from Co, Ni, Mn, Cr or mixtures thereof and mixtures thereof with Al.
- the cathode active material is a material comprising nickel, ie LiNi x M ' x O 2 , where M' is selected from Co, Mn,
- lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide cathodes eg, LiNio, 8Coo, i5Alo, o502, NCA
- lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide cathodes eg, LiNio, 8 Mno, iCoo, i0 2 , NMC (811) or
- the preferred cathode active materials to be mentioned are overlaid layered oxides which are known to the person skilled in the art. Examples are Lii + x Mn 2 -yMy0 4 with x ⁇ 0.8, y ⁇ 2; Lin- x Coi-yMy0 2 with x ⁇ 0.8, y ⁇ 1; Lii + x-y-z Co y Nii M z 0 4 with x ⁇ 0.8, y ⁇ 1, z ⁇ 1, and y + z ⁇ 1.
- Lii + x Mn 2 -yMy0 4 with x ⁇ 0.8, y ⁇ 2
- Lin- x Coi-yMy0 2 with x ⁇ 0.8, y ⁇ 1
- Lii + x-y-z Co y Nii M z 0 4 with x ⁇ 0.8, y ⁇ 1, z ⁇ 1, and y + z
- Compounds M can be selected from Al, Mg and / or Mn.
- a preferred embodiment comprises, for example, compounds of the formula h (I_2Mhq3): n1 (LiNiix x M ' x 0 2 ) where M' is selected from Co, Mn, Cr and Al and 0 ⁇ n ⁇ 1 and 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1 is.
- LiFePO 4 , LiMn 2 O 4 , L MnOs, Li 1.17 Nio. 17 Coo. 1 Mno. Emphasize 56 O 2 , L1C0O 2 and LiNi0 2 as suitable cathode active materials. It is particularly preferable to use LiFePO 4 as the electrochemical redox active material for the positive electrode.
- the positive electrode and / or the negative electrode of the hybrid supercapacitor comprise a mixture of static capacitive active material and electrochemical redox active material.
- Redox active material is preferably in a range of 1: 0.5 to 1: 3.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode comprise a mixture of static capacitive active material and electrochemical redox active material (so-called symmetrical
- the anode active material As further constituents, the anode active material and / or the
- Cathode active material in particular binders such as carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), styrene-butadiene copolymer (SBR), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF),
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
- SBR styrene-butadiene copolymer
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- the cathode active material comprises PVDF as a binder.
- the anode active material comprises CMC as a binder.
- conductive additives such as carbon black or graphite may be added.
- the electrochemical cell is configured as a lithium-ion battery. This differs in structure from the hybrid supercapacitor described above in that as
- Anode active material and cathode active material exclusively the above-described electrochemical redox active materials are used and no static capacitive active materials are included.
- Lithium ion battery as further constituents containing the aforementioned binders and / or conductive additives.
- the electrochemical cell comprises both in the embodiment as a hybrid supercapacitor and in the embodiment as
- Lithium ion battery at least one separator, which is arranged between the at least one positive electrode and the at least one negative electrode.
- Suitable separators are made of ceramic
- Materials and / or polymers such as cellulose, polyolefins, polyesters and fluorinated polymers manufactured. Particular preference is given to using separators made from polymers, in particular from cellulose, polyethylene (PE),
- Polypropylene PP
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethene
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- the electrochemical cell according to the invention is a hybrid supercapacitor, in particular a symmetrical hybrid supercapacitor.
- An electrochemical cell according to the invention advantageously finds use in a vehicle, in particular in a vehicle with a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE), in an electric vehicle (EV), in one
- Hybrid vehicle HEV
- PHEV plug-in hybrid vehicle
- a hybrid supercapacitor according to the invention can advantageously be used in recuperation systems of vehicles.
- the hybrid supercapacitor according to the invention can be used advantageously in backup systems for safety-critical or security-relevant Components, systems and / or subsystems in vehicles.
- Exemplary systems are eg the brake system or the steering.
- FIG. 1 Further examples of applications for an electrochemical cell according to the invention are tools and consumer electronics products. Under tools are in particular home tools and garden tools to understand. Consumer electronics products are in particular mobile phones, tablet PCs or notebooks.
- the electrolyte composition of the invention is characterized by a high stability to elevated temperatures and / or high electrical voltage. It is therefore advantageous to use as
- Electrolyte composition in electrochemical cells with high-voltage anodes A particularly advantageous use is found in
- Hybrid supercapacitors with high voltage anodes in particular in symmetrical hybrid supercapacitors with high voltage anodes for
- Figure 1 shows schematically the basic structure of an electrochemical cell.
- FIG. 2 shows the performance of various in a ragone diagram
- FIG. 3 shows the course of the decrease in the voltage of various
- FIG. 4 shows the course of the decrease in the voltage of various
- a flat current collector 31 (aluminum) contacts a negative electrode 21 (75 wt .-% U 4 Ti50i2, 20 wt .-% conductive additive, 5 wt .-% CMC) and connects them to the negative terminal 11.
- Opposite is a positive Electrode 22 (60 wt .-% activated carbon, 30 wt .-% LiMn 2 0 4 , 5 wt .-% conductive additive, 5 wt .-% PVDF in dimethyl sulfoxide), which is also conductive with a
- the conductive electrolyte composition 15 produces an ionic conductive bond between the two electrodes 21, 22.
- compositions were used for this purpose (all data in% by weight based on the total weight of the constituents mentioned in the table):
- E2 and E3 and Comparative Examples VI and V2 also each comprised 1 mol / L of LiClO 4 .
- electrolyte compositions 15 according to Examples E1, E2, E3, VI and V2 were respectively used in the above-described hybrid super capacitor as the electrolyte composition 15. Investigations were carried out on the specific power as a function of the specific energy as well as on the loss of voltage.
- the ragone diagram shown in FIG. 2 reflects the performance of the tested hybrid supercapacitors at room temperature.
- Figure 2 shows corresponding curves of the hybrid supercapacitors according to the invention according to the inventive examples El, E2 and E3, and the
- a good performance ie a high energy density (abbreviated in FIG. 2 by the letter E and given in the unit Wh / kg) and high power density ( in FIG. 2 abbreviated by the letter P and indicated in the unit W / kg)).
- FIG. 3 shows the degradation of the normalized capacitance C of a cell of the hybrid supercapacitor according to the invention according to inventive examples E1, E2 and E3, and of the hybrid supercapacitors according to comparative examples VI and V2, in each case at room temperature over a period of 500 hours.
- the abscissa axis shows the time t in hours.
- the normalized capacitance C is shown on the ordinate axis. It can be seen that even after a period of 500 hours at
- the hybrid supercapacitors with the electrolyte compositions according to the invention 15 according to the examples El, E2 and E3 can still store an energy of 80% of the output energy.
- FIG. 3 also reflects the lifespan of the cell
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Abstract
The invention relates to an electrolyte composition (15) for an electrochemical cell (1), in particular for a hybrid superconductor or a lithium-ion battery with high-voltage anodes, comprising at least one organic solvent and at least one lithium salt (B), wherein the at least one organic solvent has at least one nitrile (A) which is liquid at room temperature, and the electrolyte composition has a boiling point of ≥ 85°C. The invention additionally relates to the use of the electrolyte composition (15) in an electrochemical cell (1), to an electrochemical cell (1) which comprises the electrolyte composition (15), and to a method for producing the electrolyte composition (15). The electrolyte composition (15) is particularly suitable for use in electrochemical cells (1) with high-voltage anodes and for use in high-temperature applications.
Description
Beschreibung description
Titel title
Elektrolytzusammensetzuna für elektrochemische Zelle für Electrolytic composition for electrochemical cell for
Hochtemperaturanwendunaen Hochtemperaturanwendunaen
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Elektrolytzusammensetzung für eine elektrochemische Zelle, insbesondere für einen Hybridsuperkondensator oder eine The invention relates to an electrolyte composition for an electrochemical cell, in particular for a hybrid supercapacitor or a
Lithiumionenbatterie, welche über einen weiten Temperaturbereich eingesetzt werden kann und insbesondere auch bei hohen Temperaturen stabil ist. Die Erfindung betrifft auch die Verwendung einer solchen Lithium ion battery, which can be used over a wide temperature range and is stable especially at high temperatures. The invention also relates to the use of such
Elektrolytzusammensetzung sowie eine elektrochemische Zelle, umfassend eine solche Elektrolytzusammensetzung. An electrolyte composition and an electrochemical cell comprising such an electrolyte composition.
Stand der Technik State of the art
Die Speicherung elektrischer Energie mittels elektrochemischer The storage of electrical energy by means of electrochemical
Energiespeichersysteme wie elektrochemischer Kondensatoren Energy storage systems such as electrochemical capacitors
(Superkondensatoren) oder elektrochemischer Sekundärbatterien, insbesondere Lithiumionenbatterien, ist seit vielen Jahren bekannt. Die genannten (Supercapacitors) or secondary electrochemical batteries, especially lithium ion batteries, has been known for many years. The mentioned
Energiespeichersysteme unterschieden sich dabei in dem der Energy storage systems differed in that of the
Energiespeicherung zu Grunde liegenden Prinzip. Energy storage underlying principle.
Superkondensatoren umfassen in der Regel eine negative und eine positive Elektrode, welche durch einen Separator voneinander getrennt sind. Zwischen den Elektroden befindet sich außerdem ein Elektrolyt, welcher elektrisch leitfähig ist. Als Elektrolytzusammensetzungen werden in der Regel Lösungen von sterisch gehinderten Salzen wie Tetraethylammoniumtetrafluorborat als Leitsalz in Lösungsmitteln wie Acetonitril (AN) oder Propylencarbonat (PC) eingesetzt.Supercapacitors typically include a negative and a positive electrode, which are separated by a separator. Between the electrodes is also an electrolyte, which is electrically conductive. As electrolyte compositions, solutions of sterically hindered salts such as tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate are used as conductive salt in solvents such as acetonitrile (AN) or propylene carbonate (PC) in the rule.
Die Speicherung elektrischer Energie beruht darauf, dass sich beim Anlegen einer Spannung an die Elektroden des Superkondensators eine elektrische Doppelschicht an deren Oberflächen ausbildet. Eine Redox- Reaktion ist bei dieser Art der Energiespeicherung nicht beteiligt. Superkondensatoren können daher theoretisch beliebig oft aufgeladen werden und haben somit eine sehr
hohe Lebensdauer. Auch die Leistungsdichte der Superkondensatoren ist hoch, wohingegen die Energiedichte im Vergleich zu beispielsweise Lithium-Ionen- Batterien eher gering ist. Superkondensatoren können in einem relativ breiten Temperaturbereich von etwa -40°C bis 70°C betrieben werden. Zum allgemeinen Aufbau von Superkondensatoren siehe auch: R. Korthauer, Handbuch der Lithium- Ionen- Batterien, Heidelberg: Springer Verlag, 2013; F. Beguin, The storage of electrical energy is based on the fact that, when a voltage is applied to the electrodes of the supercapacitor, an electrical double layer is formed on the surfaces thereof. A redox reaction is not involved in this type of energy storage. Supercapacitors can theoretically be recharged as often as desired and thus have a great deal long life span. Also, the power density of the supercapacitors is high, whereas the energy density is rather low compared to, for example, lithium-ion batteries. Supercapacitors can be operated in a relatively wide temperature range of about -40 ° C to 70 ° C. For the general structure of supercapacitors, see also: R. Korthauer, Handbook of Lithium-Ion Batteries, Heidelberg: Springer Verlag, 2013; F. Beguin,
Supercapacitors - Materials, Systems and Applications, Weinheim: Wiley, 2013. Supercapacitors - Materials, Systems and Applications, Weinheim: Wiley, 2013.
US 2017/0169960 Al offenbart eine Elektrolytzusammensetzung für einen Superkondensator, welcher einen Siedepunkt von mehr als 100°C aufweist, elektrochemisch stabil gegenüber Spannungen von mehr als 2,7 V ist und eine Viskosität von weniger als 2 mPa-s bei einer Temperatur von 100°C aufweist. Die Elektrolytzusammensetzung umfasst ein Gemisch organischer Lösungsmittel, insbesondere Benzonitril, sowie organische Salze wie Tetrabutylammonium- tetrafluorborat (TBABF4). US 2017/0169960 A1 discloses an electrolyte composition for a supercapacitor which has a boiling point of more than 100 ° C, is electrochemically stable to voltages greater than 2.7 V and has a viscosity of less than 2 mPa · s at a temperature of 100 ° C. The electrolyte composition comprises a mixture of organic solvents, in particular benzonitrile, and organic salts such as tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TBABF 4 ).
Die Energiespeicherung in Sekundärbatterien findet hingegen durch eine Redox- Reaktion statt. Auch diese Batterie umfassen dabei in der Regel eine negative und eine positive Elektrode, welche durch einen Separator voneinander getrennt sind. Zwischen den Elektroden befindet sich ebenso ein leitfähiger Elektrolyt. Als Elektrolytzusammensetzungen werden häufig Gemische cyclischer und acyclischer Carbonate (z.B. Ethylencarbonat und Dimethylcarbonat) mit einem darin gelösten Lithiumsalz (z.B. LiPFe) verwendet. In Lithium- Ionen- Batterien findet die Energiespeicherung durch die reversible Einlagerung von Lithium- Ionen in die Elektrodenaktivmaterialien statt. Lithium-Ionen-Batterien zeichnen sich dadurch aus, dass sie eine hohe Energiedichte haben, d.h. dass sie eine große Menge an Energie pro Masse bzw. Volumen speichern können. Im Gegenzug weisen sie jedoch nur eine begrenzte Leistungsdichte und The energy storage in secondary batteries, however, takes place by a redox reaction. This battery also usually comprise a negative and a positive electrode, which are separated by a separator. There is also a conductive electrolyte between the electrodes. As electrolyte compositions, mixtures of cyclic and acyclic carbonates (e.g., ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate) having a lithium salt (e.g., LiPFe) dissolved therein are often used. In lithium-ion batteries, energy storage occurs through the reversible incorporation of lithium ions into the electrode active materials. Lithium-ion batteries are characterized by having a high energy density, i. that they can store a large amount of energy per mass or volume. In return, however, they have only a limited power density and
Lebensdauer auf. Die Betriebstemperatur einer Lithiumionenbatterie liegt üblicherweise in einem Bereich von etwa 20°C bis 40°C. Es besteht Life on. The operating temperature of a lithium-ion battery is usually in a range of about 20 ° C to 40 ° C. It exists
insbesondere in der Automobilindustrie ein Bedarf an elektrochemischen Speichern, welche für einen Einsatz in einem sehr breiten Temperaturbereich (von etwa -40°C bis 120°C) geeignet sind, ohne dass eine elektrochemische Zersetzung des Elektrolyts im Betrieb der Zelle auftritt, welche die Zelle wird dadurch nachhaltig schädigt und zu einem starken Kapazitätsverlust führt. Zum
allgemeinen Aufbau von Lithiumionenbaterien siehe auch: R. Korthauer, Handbuch der Lithium-Ionen-Baterien, Heidelberg: Springer Verlag, 2013. In particular in the automotive industry, a need exists for electrochemical storage devices which are suitable for use in a very broad temperature range (from about -40 ° C to 120 ° C) without electrochemical decomposition of the electrolyte occurring in the operation of the cell containing the cell is thereby sustainably damaged and leads to a strong loss of capacity. To the general structure of lithium ion batteries see also: R. Korthauer, Handbuch der Lithium-Ion-Baterien, Heidelberg: Springer Verlag, 2013.
Hybridsuperkondensatoren stellen eine Kombination dieser Technologien dar und sind geeignet die Lücke in den Anwendungsmöglichkeiten, die die Lithium- lonen-Baterie-Technologie und die Superkondensatorentechnologie aufweisen, zu schließen. Hybridsuperkondensatoren weisen in der Regel ebenfalls zwei Elektroden auf, die je einen Stromsammler umfassend und durch einen Hybrid supercapacitors represent a combination of these technologies and are likely to close the gap in the applications of lithium ion battery technology and supercapacitor technology. Hybridsuperkondensatoren usually also have two electrodes, each comprising a current collector and by a
Separator voneinander getrennt sind. Der Transport der elektrischen Ladungen zwischen den Elektroden wird durch eine Elektrolytzusammensetzung Separator are separated. The transport of electrical charges between the electrodes is by an electrolyte composition
gewährleistet. Die Elektroden umfassen als Aktivmaterial in der Regel ein herkömmliches Superkondensationsmaterial (nachfolgend auch statisch kapazitives Aktivmaterial genannt) sowie ein Material, welches in der Lage ist eine Redox- Reaktion mit den Ladungsträgern der Elektrolytzusammensetzung einzugehen und eine Lithium-Interkalationsverbindungen davon zu bilden (nachfolgend auch elektrochemisches Redoxaktivmaterial genannt). Das guaranteed. The electrodes usually comprise as active material a conventional supercapacitor material (hereinafter also referred to as statically capacitive active material) as well as a material which is capable of undergoing a redox reaction with the charge carriers of the electrolyte composition and forming a lithium intercalation compound thereof (hereinafter also referred to as electrochemical Called redox active material). The
Energiespeicherprinzip der Hybridsuperkondensatoren beruht somit auf der Ausbildung einer elektrischen Doppelschicht in Kombination mit der Bildung einer faradischen Lithium-Interkallationsverbindung. Das so erhaltene Energy storage principle of the hybrid supercapacitors is thus based on the formation of an electric double layer in combination with the formation of a faradischen lithium-Interkallationsverbindung. The thus obtained
Energiespeichersystem besitzt eine hohe Energiedichte bei gleichzeitig hoher Leistungsdichte und hoher Lebensdauer. Die Vorteile beider Speichermethoden, d.h. der Lithiumionenbaterien und der Superkondensatoren, werden so miteinanderkombiniert. Energy storage system has a high energy density at the same time high power density and long life. The advantages of both storage methods, i. the lithium ion batteries and the supercapacitors are thus combined together.
Offenbarung der Erfindung Disclosure of the invention
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Elektrolytzusammensetzung für eine elektrochemische Zelle, insbesondere für einen Hybridsuperkondensator oder eine The invention relates to an electrolyte composition for an electrochemical cell, in particular for a hybrid supercapacitor or a
Lithiumionenbaterie mit Hochvoltanoden, umfassend mindestens ein Lithium ion battery with high-voltage anodes, comprising at least one
organisches Lösungsmitel und mindestens ein Lithiumsalz (B), wobei das mindestens eine organische Lösungsmitel mindestens ein bei Raumtemperatur flüssiges Nitril (A) umfasst und die Elektrolytzusammensetzung einen Siedepunkt von > 85°C, vorzugsweise > 100°C, insbesondere > 125°C, aufweist.
Es wurde gefunden, dass eine solche Elektrolytzusammensetzung sich durch eine erhöhte Stabilität gegenüber hohen Spannungen innerhalb der organic Lösungsmitel and at least one lithium salt (B), wherein the at least one organic Lösungsmitel comprises at least one liquid at room temperature nitrile (A) and the electrolyte composition has a boiling point of> 85 ° C, preferably> 100 ° C, in particular> 125 ° C. , It has been found that such an electrolyte composition is characterized by increased stability against high stresses within the
elektrochemischen Zelle auszeichnet und zudem auch bei hohen Temperaturen einsetzbar ist. distinguished electrochemical cell and also can be used at high temperatures.
Ein Nitril (A) im Sinne dieser Erfindung ist eine organische, chemische A nitrile (A) in the sense of this invention is an organic, chemical
Verbindung der allgemeinen Formel R-CN, wobei R einen organischen Rest darstellt, welcher ausgewählt sein kann aus einem cyclischen oder acyclischen, gesättigten oder ungesättigten, aliphatischen oder aromatischen A compound of the general formula R-CN, wherein R represents an organic radical which may be selected from a cyclic or acyclic, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or aromatic
Kohlenwasserstoffrest mit 1 bis 50 Kohlenstoffatomen, vorzugsweise 2 bis 50 Kohlenstoffatomen. Der Rest R kann zudem Heteroatome, insbesondere Stickstoff, Sauerstoff, Silizium, Phosphor und/oder Schwefel umfassen. Ferner kann der Rest R mit einem oder mehreren Halogenatomen substituiert sein. Bevorzugte Halogenatome sind Fluor, Chlor und Brom. Besonders bevorzugt ist Fluor. Hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 50 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 50 carbon atoms. The radical R may furthermore comprise heteroatoms, in particular nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, phosphorus and / or sulfur. Further, the radical R may be substituted with one or more halogen atoms. Preferred halogen atoms are fluorine, chlorine and bromine. Particularly preferred is fluorine.
Das Nitril (A) ist bei Raumtemperatur flüssig. Vorzugsweise weist das Nitril (A) einen Schmelzpunkt von < 0°C, stärker bevorzugt von < -15°C, und The nitrile (A) is liquid at room temperature. Preferably, the nitrile (A) has a melting point of <0 ° C, more preferably of <-15 ° C, and
insbesondere von < -30°C auf. Der Siedepunkt des Nitrils (A) liegt vorzugsweise bei > 80°C, stärker bevorzugt bei > 90°C und insbesondere bei > 100°C. in particular from <-30 ° C. The boiling point of the nitrile (A) is preferably> 80 ° C, more preferably> 90 ° C and especially> 100 ° C.
Vorzugsweise umfasst das organische Lösungsmittel mindestens ein Nitril (A), ausgewählt aus der Gruppe bestehend aus 5-Hexennitril, Methoxyacetonitril, Hexannitril, 5-Hexynnitril, Crotononitril, 3,3-Dimethoxypropionitril, Acetonitril, 3- Methoxypropionitril, 3-Ethoxyacrylonitril, Diethoxyacetonitril, Preferably, the organic solvent comprises at least one nitrile (A) selected from the group consisting of 5-hexenenitrile, methoxyacetonitrile, hexanenitrile, 5-hexynonitrile, crotononitrile, 3,3-dimethoxypropionitrile, acetonitrile, 3-methoxypropionitrile, 3-ethoxyacrylonitrile, diethoxyacetonitrile,
Cyclopropylacetonitril, 4-Pentennitril, 3-Butoxypropionitril, Heptylcyanid, Nonannitril,6-Heptennitril, 2-Cyanoethylether, trans-3-(Dimethylamino)acrylnitril, 3-(Dimethylamino)propionitril, 3-(Ethylamino)propionitril, Ethylcyanoacetat, o- Tolunitril, 1-Cyclopentenacetonitril, Benzonitril, 2-Fluorbenzonitril, 3- Fluorbenzonitril und Cycloheptylcyanid. In einer besonders bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Erfindung umfasst das organische Lösungsmittel mindestens ein Nitril (A), ausgewählt aus der Gruppe bestehend aus 5- Hexennitril, Methoxyacetonitril, Hexannitril, 5-Hexynnitril, Crotononitril, 3,3- Dimethoxypropionitril, Acetonitril, 3-Methoxypropionitril, 3-Ethoxyacrylonitril, Diethoxyacetonitril, Cyclopropylacetonitril, 4-Pentennitril, 3-Butoxypropionitril,
Heptylcyanid, Nonannitril,6-Heptennitril, 2-Cyanoethylether, trans-3- (Dimethylamino)acrylnitril, 3-(Dimethylamino)propionitril, 3- (Ethylamino)propionitril und Ethylcyanoacetat. Cyclopropylacetonitrile, 4-pentenenitrile, 3-butoxypropionitrile, heptylcyanide, nonanenitrile, 6-heptenonitrile, 2-cyanoethyl ether, trans-3- (dimethylamino) acrylonitrile, 3- (dimethylamino) propionitrile, 3- (ethylamino) propionitrile, ethyl cyanoacetate, o-tolunitrile , 1-cyclopentenacetonitrile, benzonitrile, 2-fluorobenzonitrile, 3-fluorobenzonitrile and cycloheptylcyanide. In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the organic solvent comprises at least one nitrile (A) selected from the group consisting of 5-hexenenitrile, methoxyacetonitrile, hexanenitrile, 5-hexynonitrile, crotononitrile, 3,3-dimethoxypropionitrile, acetonitrile, 3-methoxypropionitrile, 3-ethoxyacrylonitrile, diethoxyacetonitrile, cyclopropylacetonitrile, 4-pentenenitrile, 3-butoxypropionitrile, Heptyl cyanide, nonanenitrile, 6-heptenonitrile, 2-cyanoethyl ether, trans-3- (dimethylamino) acrylonitrile, 3- (dimethylamino) propionitrile, 3- (ethylamino) propionitrile and ethyl cyanoacetate.
Die Elektrolytzusammensetzung umfasst zudem mindestens ein Lithiumsalz (B). Dieses dient dazu, den Ladungstransport zwischen den Elektroden der elektrochemischen Zelle zu gewährleisten. Das Lithiumsalz (B) kann ein anorganisches oder organisches Lithiumsalz (B) sein. Anorganische Lithiumsalze (B) können beispielsweise ausgewählt sein aus der Gruppe, bestehend aus Lithiumchlorat (LiCI04), Lithiumtetrafluorborat (LiBF4), Lithiumhexafluorphosphat (LiPFe), Lithiumhexafluorarsenat (LiAsFe), und Gemischen davon. Organische Lithiumsalze (B) können beispielsweise ausgewählt sein aus der Gruppe, bestehend aus Lithiumtrifluormethansulfonat (L1SO3CF3), The electrolyte composition additionally comprises at least one lithium salt (B). This serves to ensure charge transport between the electrodes of the electrochemical cell. The lithium salt (B) may be an inorganic or organic lithium salt (B). For example, inorganic lithium salts (B) may be selected from the group consisting of lithium chlorate (LiClO 4 ), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF 4 ), lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPFe), lithium hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsFe), and mixtures thereof. For example, organic lithium salts (B) may be selected from the group consisting of lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (L1SO3CF3),
Lithiumbis(trifluormethylsulphonyl)imid (LiN(S02CF3)2), Lithium bis (trifluoromethylsulphonyl) imide (LiN (SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 ),
Lithiumbis(pentafluorethylsulphonyl)imid (LiN(S02C2Fs)2), Lithium bis (pentafluoroethylsulphonyl) imide (LiN (S0 2 C 2 Fs) 2 ),
Lithiumbis(oxalato)borat (LiBOB, LiB(C204)2), Lithiumdifluor(oxalato)borat (LiBF2(C204)), Lithiumdifluor-tri(pentafluorethyl)phosphat (LiPF2(CF3CF2)3), und Gemischen davon. Vorzugsweise wird ein anorganisches Lithiumsalz (B) eingesetzt. Ganz besonders bevorzugt ist das Lithiumsalz (B) LiCI04. Lithium bis (oxalato) borate (LiBOB, LiB (C 2 O 4 ) 2 ), lithium difluoro (oxalato) borate (LiBF 2 (C 2 O 4 )), lithium difluoro-tri (pentafluoroethyl) phosphate (LiPF 2 (CF 3 CF 2) 3), and Mixtures thereof. Preferably, an inorganic lithium salt (B) is used. Most preferably, the lithium salt (B) is LiClO 4 .
Das Lithiumsalz (B) wird vorzugsweise in einer Konzentration von 0,01 mol/L bis 5 mol/L, stärker bevorzugt 0,1 bis 2,5 mol/L, und insbesondere 0,5 bis 1,5 mol/L in der Elektrolytzusammensetzung eingesetzt. The lithium salt (B) is preferably used in a concentration of 0.01 mol / L to 5 mol / L, more preferably 0.1 to 2.5 mol / L, and especially 0.5 to 1.5 mol / L in the Electrolyte composition used.
Das Lithiumsalz (B) macht vorzugsweise 0,01 Gew.-% bis 1 Gew.-%, insbesondere 0,1 bis 0,5 Gew.-% der Elektrolytzusammensetzung, bezogen auf dessen Gesamtgewicht, aus. The lithium salt (B) preferably constitutes from 0.01% by weight to 1% by weight, in particular from 0.1% to 0.5% by weight, of the electrolyte composition, based on its total weight.
Die erfindungsgemäße Elektrolytzusammensetzung weist vorzugsweise einen Siedepunkt von > 85°C, stärker bevorzugt > 100°C, insbesondere > 125°C, auf. Die erfindungsgemäße Elektrolytzusammensetzung weist vorzugsweise einen Schmelzpunkt von < -20°C, stärker bevorzugt < -30°C, insbesondere < -40°C, auf.
In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Erfindung umfasst die The electrolyte composition according to the invention preferably has a boiling point of> 85 ° C, more preferably> 100 ° C, in particular> 125 ° C, on. The electrolyte composition of the present invention preferably has a melting point of <-20 ° C, more preferably <-30 ° C, especially <-40 ° C. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the
Elektrolytzusammensetzung neben dem mindestens einen bei Raumtemperatur flüssigen Nitril (A) mindestens eine weitere organische Verbindung. Electrolyte composition in addition to the at least one liquid at room temperature nitrile (A) at least one further organic compound.
In einer besonders bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Erfindung umfasst die Elektrolytzusammensetzung neben dem mindestens einen Nitril (A) mindestens ein cyclisches Carbonat (C) als weitere organische Verbindung. Als geeignete cyclische Carbonate (C) sind solche mit 3 bis 20, vorzugsweise 3 bis 10, und insbesondere 3 bis 5, Kohlenstoffatomen zu nennen. Als Beispiele sind In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, in addition to the at least one nitrile (A), the electrolyte composition comprises at least one cyclic carbonate (C) as further organic compound. Suitable cyclic carbonates (C) are those having 3 to 20, preferably 3 to 10, and especially 3 to 5, carbon atoms. As examples are
Ethylencarbonat und Propylencarbonat hervorzuheben. Besonders bevorzugt wird Ethylencarbonat eingesetzt. Emphasize ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate. Particular preference is given to using ethylene carbonate.
Es hat sich überraschenderweise gezeigt, dass eine erfindungsgemäße It has surprisingly been found that an inventive
Elektrolytzusammensetzung, welche zusätzlich ein cyclisches Carbonat (C) umfasst, eine besonders gute Stabilität im Hochtemperaturbetrieb aufweist. Electrolytic composition, which additionally comprises a cyclic carbonate (C), has a particularly good stability in high-temperature operation.
Sofern die Elektrolytzusammensetzung neben dem mindestens einen Nitril (A) mindestens ein cyclisches Carbonat (C) umfasst, macht das cyclische Carbonat (C) vorzugsweise 10 bis 95 Gew.-%, stärker bevorzugt 30 bis 90 Gew.-% und insbesondere 45 bis 80 Gew.-%, bezogen auf das Gesamtgewicht der If the electrolyte composition comprises at least one cyclic carbonate (C) in addition to the at least one nitrile (A), the cyclic carbonate (C) preferably makes 10 to 95% by weight, more preferably 30 to 90% by weight and especially 45 to 80 Wt .-%, based on the total weight of
Elektrolytzusammensetzung, aus. Electrolytic composition, from.
In einer besonders bevorzugten Ausführungsform umfasst die In a particularly preferred embodiment, the
Elektrolytzusammensetzung mindestens ein cyclisches Carbonat (C). Electrolyte composition at least one cyclic carbonate (C).
Die erfindungsgemäße Elektrolytzusammensetzung kann ferner neben dem mindestens einen Nitril (A) weitere Nitrile (D) umfassen. Es wurde The electrolyte composition of the invention may further comprise, besides the at least one nitrile (A), further nitriles (D). It was
überraschenderweise gefunden, dass hierdurch die Eigenschaften der Surprisingly found that thereby the properties of the
Elektrolytzusammensetzung hinsichtlich der Stabilität im Hochtemperaturbetrieb und der Stabilität gegenüber Hochvoltanoden weiter verbessert werden kann. Geeignete Nitrile (D) zeichnen sich insbesondere dadurch aus, dass diese einen Schmelzpunkt von mehr als 0°C, stärker bevorzugt von mehr als 10°C, aufweisen. Häufig liegen diese Nitrile (D) bei Raumtemperatur unter Electrolyte composition in terms of stability in high-temperature operation and stability against high-voltage anodes can be further improved. Suitable nitriles (D) are distinguished, in particular, by having a melting point of more than 0 ° C., more preferably of more than 10 ° C. Often these nitriles (D) are at room temperature below
Normalbedingungen als Feststoff vor. Geeignete Nitrile (D), welche in Normal conditions as a solid before. Suitable nitriles (D), which in
Kombination mit mindestens einem Nitril (A) in der erfindungsgemäßen
Elektrolytzusammensetzung eingesetzt werden können, können ausgewählt sein aus der Gruppe, bestehend aus Dodecannitril, (Butylamino)acetonitril, 3,3'- Iminodipropionitril, 3,3-Diethoxypropionitril, 3-Thiophencarbonitril, 2- Phenylbutyronitril, 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorbenzonitril, 1-Cyclohexenylacetonitril, 3- Methoxybenzonitril, 2-Methoxybenzonitril, Phenoxyacetonitril, 3- Methoxyphenylacetonitril, 2-Methoxy-5-methylbenzonitril, 1- Benzocyclobutencarbonitril, 2-Methyl-5-nitrobenzonitril, 4-Butoxybenzonitril, 3- Methylbenzylcyanid, 2-Ethylbenzonitril, 4-Ethylbenzonitril, 4-Phenylbutyronitril, 4- Methoxycinnamonitril, 3-(Cyclopropylamino)propionitril, 3- (Trifluormethyl)phenylacetonitril, 4- Fluorphenylacetonitril, 4-tert-Butylbenzonitril,Combination with at least one nitrile (A) in the inventive Electrolyte composition can be selected from the group consisting of dodecanenitrile, (butylamino) acetonitrile, 3,3'-iminodipropionitrile, 3,3-diethoxypropionitrile, 3-thiophenecarbonitrile, 2-phenylbutyronitrile, 2,3,4,5, 6-pentafluorobenzonitrile, 1-cyclohexenylacetonitrile, 3-methoxybenzonitrile, 2-methoxybenzonitrile, phenoxyacetonitrile, 3-methoxyphenylacetonitrile, 2-methoxy-5-methylbenzonitrile, 1-benzocyclobutenecarbonitrile, 2-methyl-5-nitrobenzonitrile, 4-butoxybenzonitrile, 3-methylbenzylcyanide, 2-ethylbenzonitrile, 4-ethylbenzonitrile, 4-phenylbutyronitrile, 4-methoxycinnamonitrile, 3- (cyclopropylamino) propionitrile, 3- (trifluoromethyl) phenylacetonitrile, 4-fluorophenylacetonitrile, 4-tert-butylbenzonitrile,
2- Fluorphenylacetonitril, 3- Fluorphenylacetonitril, 4-lsopropylphenylacetonitril, 4- Phenoxyphenylacetonitril, l-(4-Chlorphenyl)-l-cyclobutanecarbonitril, 2- (Trifluormethoxy)phenylacetonitril, 2-Fluor-6-(trifluormethyl)phenylacetonitril, 3- Phenoxyphenylacetonitril, 2-Chlorhydrocinnamonitril, 3-(4- Fluorphenoxy)propionitril, 4-(Octyloxy)benzonitril, 4-(Trifluormethoxy)benzonitril, 4-Butylbenzonitril, 3-Pyridincarbonitril, 4-Pyridincarbonitril, 9- Anthracencarbonylcyanid, p-Tolunitril, 3-Phenoxypropionitril, N- (Cyanomethyl)acetamid, 4-(Dimethylamino)benzonitril, p-Toluensulfonylcyanid, 4-Toluoylacetonitril, 1-Adamantanecarbonitril, 2,6-Difluorbenzonitril, 3,4- Dichlorbenzonitril, 2-Cyanobenzophenon, Benzoylacetonitril, Diaminomaleonitril, Piperonylonitril, 3-Aminobenzonitril, 2-Aminobenzonitril, Cinnamonitril, 1,4- Phenylendiacetonitril, 1,3-Phenylendiacetonitril, 4-Acetylbenzonitril, 4- Hydroxyphenylacetonitril, 4-Methoxybenzonitril, 3-Acetylbenzonitril, 4- (Hydroxymethyl)benzonitril, Benzylidenmalononitril, 2-Methoxyphenylacetonitril, (3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)acetonitril, 2-Aminobenzylcyanid, 4-Aminobenzylcyanid, 4- Nitrophenylacetonitril, 4-Methyl-3-nitrobenzonitril, 2-Amino-4-methylbenzonitril, 2- Amino-6-methylbenzonitril, 2-Methyl-4-nitrobenzonitril, 2-Nitrophenylacetonitril, 3- Nitrophenylacetonitril, 4-Methyl-2-nitrobenzonitril, 5-Amino-2-methylbenzonitril, 2- Methyl-6-nitrobenzonitril, Tetrafluorphthalonitril, 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzonitril, 4- Methylbenzylcyanid, 5-Norbornen-2-carbonitril, 4-Biphenylacetonitril, 3,5- Dimethoxybenzonitril, 2,5-Dimethoxybenzonitril, 2,4-Dimethoxybenzonitril, 2,3- Dimethoxybenzonitril, 2,4,5-Trimethylbenzonitril, 3,4-Dimethoxybenzonitril, 4- (Trifluormethyl)benzonitril, 2, 4-Dimethoxy-6-methylbenzonitril, (3,5- Dimethoxyphenyl)acetonitril, 2-(Trifluormethyl)benzonitril, 3- (Trifluormethyl)benzonitril, 3-Nitrobenzonitril, 2-Nitrobenzonitril, 4-
Phenoxybenzonitril, 4-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)benzonitril, 3,5-Dimethyl-4- methoxybenzonitril, 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenylacetonitril, 4- Amino-3-nitrobenzonitril, a,a,a’,a’-Tetramethyl-l,3-benzendipropionitril, 3,4-Diaminobenzonitril, 3,5- Diaminobenzonitril, 4-Fluorbenzonitril, (l-Ethoxyethyliden)malononitril, 4-Amino-2-fluorophenylacetonitrile, 3-fluorophenylacetonitrile, 4-isopropylphenylacetonitrile, 4-phenoxyphenylacetonitrile, 1- (4-chlorophenyl) -l-cyclobutanecarbonitrile, 2- (trifluoromethoxy) phenylacetonitrile, 2-fluoro-6- (trifluoromethyl) phenylacetonitrile, 3-phenoxyphenylacetonitrile, 2-chlorohydroxinnamonitrile, 3- (4-fluorophenoxy) propionitrile, 4- (octyloxy) benzonitrile, 4- (trifluoromethoxy) benzonitrile, 4-butylbenzonitrile, 3-pyridinecarbonitrile, 4-pyridinecarbonitrile, 9-anthracene carbonyl cyanide, p-tolunitrile, 3-phenoxypropionitrile , N- (cyanomethyl) acetamide, 4- (dimethylamino) benzonitrile, p-toluenesulfonyl cyanide, 4-toluoylacetonitrile, 1-adamantanecarbonitrile, 2,6-difluorobenzonitrile, 3,4-dichlorobenzonitrile, 2-cyanobenzophenone, benzoylacetonitrile, diaminomaleonitrile, piperonylonitrile, 3 -Aminobenzonitrile, 2-aminobenzonitrile, cinnamonitrile, 1,4-phenylenediacetonitrile, 1,3-phenylenediacetonitrile, 4-acetylbenzonitrile, 4-hydroxyphenylacetonitrile, 4-methoxybenzonitrile, 3-acetylbenzonitrile, 4- (hydroxymethyl) benzonitrile il, benzylidenemalononitrile, 2-methoxyphenylacetonitrile, (3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) acetonitrile, 2-aminobenzyl cyanide, 4-aminobenzyl cyanide, 4-nitrophenylacetonitrile, 4-methyl-3-nitrobenzonitrile, 2-amino-4-methylbenzonitrile, 2-amino-6 -methylbenzonitrile, 2-methyl-4-nitrobenzonitrile, 2-nitrophenylacetonitrile, 3-nitrophenylacetonitrile, 4-methyl-2-nitrobenzonitrile, 5-amino-2-methylbenzonitrile, 2-methyl-6-nitrobenzonitrile, tetrafluorophthalonitrile, 3,4,5 Trimethoxybenzonitrile, 4-methylbenzyl cyanide, 5-norbornene-2-carbonitrile, 4-biphenylacetonitrile, 3,5-dimethoxybenzonitrile, 2,5-dimethoxybenzonitrile, 2,4-dimethoxybenzonitrile, 2,3-dimethoxybenzonitrile, 2,4,5-trimethylbenzonitrile , 3,4-dimethoxybenzonitrile, 4- (trifluoromethyl) benzonitrile, 2,4-dimethoxy-6-methylbenzonitrile, (3,5-dimethoxyphenyl) acetonitrile, 2- (trifluoromethyl) benzonitrile, 3- (trifluoromethyl) benzonitrile, 3-nitrobenzonitrile , 2-nitrobenzonitrile, 4- Phenoxybenzonitrile, 4- (3-hydroxyphenyl) benzonitrile, 3,5-dimethyl-4-methoxybenzonitrile, 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylacetonitrile, 4-amino-3-nitrobenzonitrile, a, a, a ', a'-tetramethyl-1 , 3-benzene dipropionitrile, 3,4-diaminobenzonitrile, 3,5-diaminobenzonitrile, 4-fluorobenzonitrile, (1-ethoxyethylidene) malononitrile, 4-amino
1-naphthalencarbonitril, Stearonitril, 3-(4-Aminophenyl)benzonitril, 4-(3- Aminophenyl)benzonitril, 4-(4-Aminophenyl)benzonitril, 4-Dimethylamino-3- nitrobenzonitril, 4-Ethynylbenzonitril, 4,4' -Biphenyldicarbonitril, a- Phenylcinnamonitril, 2-Amino-4-chlorbenzonitril, 2-Amino-5-chlorbenzonitril, 4- Amino-2-chlorbenzonitril, 3-Amino-4-chlorbenzonitril, cis.cis-Mucononitril, 4- Amino-3-chlorbenzonitril, 1,4-Dicyanobenzen, 4-Chlorbenzonitril, 2- Chlorbenzonitril, 4-Phenylbenzonitril, 4,5-Dichlorphthalonitril, 9- Anthracencarbonitril, (Methylsulfonyl)acetonitril, 4-Chlorbenzoylacetonitril, 9- Cyanophenanthren, 2-Naphthylacetonitril, 3,5-Dinitrobenzonitril, 1-naphthalenecarbonitrile, stearonitrile, 3- (4-aminophenyl) benzonitrile, 4- (3-aminophenyl) benzonitrile, 4- (4-aminophenyl) benzonitrile, 4-dimethylamino-3-nitrobenzonitrile, 4-ethynylbenzonitrile, 4.4 '- Biphenyldicarbonitrile, a-phenylcinnamonitrile, 2-amino-4-chlorobenzonitrile, 2-amino-5-chlorobenzonitrile, 4-amino-2-chlorobenzonitrile, 3-amino-4-chlorobenzonitrile, cis.cis-mucononitrile, 4-amino-3-ol chlorobenzonitrile, 1,4-dicyanobenzene, 4-chlorobenzonitrile, 2-chlorobenzonitrile, 4-phenylbenzonitrile, 4,5-dichlorophthalonitrile, 9-anthracene carbonitrile, (methylsulfonyl) acetonitrile, 4-chlorobenzoylacetonitrile, 9-cyanophenanthrene, 2-naphthylacetonitrile, 3.5 -Dinitrobenzonitril,
Methylterephthalonitril, 3-Chlorbenzonitril, 3,4-(Methylendioxy)phenylacetonitril,Methylterephthalonitrile, 3-chlorobenzonitrile, 3,4- (methylenedioxy) phenylacetonitrile,
4-Cyanophenylacetonitril, 3,3' -Dithiobis(propionitril), 2,4,6-Trifluorbenzonitril, 2,6- Dicyanotoluen, Tetrafluorisophthalonitril, Acetylmalononitril, 4-Chlorcinnamonitril,4-cyanophenylacetonitrile, 3,3'-dithiobis (propionitrile), 2,4,6-trifluorobenzonitrile, 2,6-dicyanotoluene, tetrafluoroisophthalonitrile, acetylmalononitrile, 4-chlorocinnamonitrile,
2.6-Dichlorbenzonitril, 1,3-Dicyanobenzen, 1-Cyanonaphthalen, 2- Chlorbenzylcyanid, Tetrachlorterephthalonitril, 2,4-Dinitrobenzonitril, 4,5- Dioctyloxy-l,2-benzendicarbonitril, 2-Amino-l,l,3-propentricarbonitril, 9,10- Anthracendicarbonitril, 2-Chlor-4-fluorbenzonitril, 2,5-Dichlorbenzonitril, 2-Amino- 6-fluorbenzonitril, 2-Methoxy-4-nitrobenzonitril, 3,5-Difluorbenzonitril, 4-Amino-2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile, 1,3-dicyanobenzene, 1-cyanonaphthalene, 2-chlorobenzyl cyanide, tetrachloroterephthalonitrile, 2,4-dinitrobenzonitrile, 4,5-dioctyloxy-1,2-benzene dicarbonitrile, 2-amino-1,3,1-propentricarbonitrile, 9,10-anthracenedicarbonitrile, 2-chloro-4-fluorobenzonitrile, 2,5-dichlorobenzonitrile, 2-amino-6-fluorobenzonitrile, 2-methoxy-4-nitrobenzonitrile, 3,5-difluorobenzonitrile, 4-amino
2.3.5.6-tetrafluorbenzonitril, 4-Chlor-3-nitrobenzonitril, trans-3-Hexendinitril, 3,4- Difluorbenzonitril, 4-[(T rimethylsilyl)ethynyl]benzonitril, 2- Fluor-5- formylbenzonitril, 4-(Trifluormethyl)phenylacetonitril, 2,4,6- Trimethylphenylacetonitril, 4-(Trifluormethylthio)benzonitril, 5-Fluor-2- methylbenzonitril, N-(Diphenylmethylen)aminoacetonitril, Tris(2- cyanoethyl)nitromethan, 2,5-Difluorbenzonitril, 2-Chlor-6-methylbenzonitril, 2- Fluor-5-nitrobenzonitril, 3,4-Dichlorphenylacetonitril, 3-Chlor-2-fluorbenzonitril, 4- Chlor-2-methylbenzonitril, 4-Methoxy-l-naphthonitril, N-(Benzyloxycarbonyl)-2- aminoacetonitril, N-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)-2-aminoacetonitril, 2,3- Dichlorbenzonitril, 2-Chlor-3-methoxybenzonitril, 2-Chlor-6-fluorphenylacetonitril,2.3.5.6-tetrafluorobenzonitrile, 4-chloro-3-nitrobenzonitrile, trans-3-hexenedinitrile, 3,4-difluorobenzonitrile, 4 - [(trimethylsilyl) ethynyl] benzonitrile, 2-fluoro-5-formylbenzonitrile, 4- (trifluoromethyl) phenylacetonitrile, 2,4,6-trimethylphenylacetonitrile, 4- (trifluoromethylthio) benzonitrile, 5-fluoro-2-methylbenzonitrile, N- (diphenylmethylene) aminoacetonitrile, tris (2-cyanoethyl) nitromethane, 2,5-difluorobenzonitrile, 2-chloro 6-methylbenzonitrile, 2-fluoro-5-nitrobenzonitrile, 3,4-dichlorophenylacetonitrile, 3-chloro-2-fluorobenzonitrile, 4-chloro-2-methylbenzonitrile, 4-methoxy-1-naphthonitrile, N- (benzyloxycarbonyl) -2- aminoacetonitrile, N- (tert-butoxycarbonyl) -2-aminoacetonitrile, 2,3-dichlorobenzonitrile, 2-chloro-3-methoxybenzonitrile, 2-chloro-6-fluorophenylacetonitrile,
2-Fluor-5-methylbenzonitril, 2-Fluor-6-methoxybenzonitril, 2,4- Dichlorphenylacetonitril, 2,4-Difluorbenzonitril, 2,6-Dichlorphenylacetonitril, 2- (Trifluormethyl)phenylacetonitril, 2-Amino-3,5-dichlorbenzonitril, 2-Amino-3-chlor-2-fluoro-5-methylbenzonitrile, 2-fluoro-6-methoxybenzonitrile, 2,4-dichlorophenylacetonitrile, 2,4-difluorobenzonitrile, 2,6-dichlorophenylacetonitrile, 2- (trifluoromethyl) phenylacetonitrile, 2-amino-3,5-dichlorobenzonitrile , 2-amino-3-chloro
5-nitrobenzonitril, 2-Chlor-6-fluorbenzonitril, 3-Chlor-4-fluorbenzonitril, 3-Chlor-5-
fluorbenzonitril, 4-(4-Fluorphenyl)benzonitril, 4-(Methylthio)benzonitril, 4- (Trifluormethoxy)phenylacetonitril, 4-Chlor-3,5-dinitrobenzonitril, 4- Chlorphenoxyacetonitril, 4-Cyanobenzophenon,4-Methoxy-2-nitrobenzonitril, 5- Amino-2-fluorbenzonitril, 5-Chlor-2-fluorbenzonitril, 6-Methoxy-2-naphthonitril, 2- (3-Benzoylphenyl)propionitril, 2-(4-Nitrophenyl)propionitril, 2-Chlor-5- nitrobenzonitril, 3,3'-Thiodipropionitril, 3-Chlor-4-methylbenzonitril, 4-Amino-3,5- dichlorbenzonitril, 4-Fluor-2-methylbenzonitril, 4-Methoxyisophthalonitril, 4-Nitro- 2-(trifluormethyl)benzonitril, 5-Chlor-2-nitrobenzonitril, 2-Amino-5-fluorbenzonitril, 2-Chlor-5-(trifluormethyl)benzonitril, 2-Nitro-4-(trifluormethyl)benzonitril, 3,5- Dichlorbenzonitril, 3-Chlor-4,5-dimethoxybenzonitril, 3-Chlor-4- methoxybenzonitril, 3-Fluor-4-methylbenzonitril, 4,5-Dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzonitril, 4-Nitro-3-(trifluormethyl)benzonitril, 5-Fluor-2-methoxybenzonitril, 5-nitrobenzonitrile, 2-chloro-6-fluorobenzonitrile, 3-chloro-4-fluorobenzonitrile, 3-chloro-5- fluorobenzonitrile, 4- (4-fluorophenyl) benzonitrile, 4- (methylthio) benzonitrile, 4- (trifluoromethoxy) phenylacetonitrile, 4-chloro-3,5-dinitrobenzonitrile, 4-chlorophenoxyacetonitrile, 4-cyanobenzophenone, 4-methoxy-2-nitrobenzonitrile , 5-Amino-2-fluorobenzonitrile, 5-chloro-2-fluorobenzonitrile, 6-methoxy-2-naphthonitrile, 2- (3-benzoylphenyl) propionitrile, 2- (4-nitrophenyl) propionitrile, 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzonitrile , 3,3'-Thiodipropionitrile, 3-chloro-4-methylbenzonitrile, 4-amino-3,5-dichlorobenzonitrile, 4-fluoro-2-methylbenzonitrile, 4-methoxyisophthalonitrile, 4-nitro-2- (trifluoromethyl) benzonitrile, 5 Chloro-2-nitrobenzonitrile, 2-amino-5-fluorobenzonitrile, 2-chloro-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzonitrile, 2-nitro-4- (trifluoromethyl) benzonitrile, 3,5-dichlorobenzonitrile, 3-chloro-4,5 -dimethoxybenzonitrile, 3-chloro-4-methoxybenzonitrile, 3-fluoro-4-methylbenzonitrile, 4,5-dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzonitrile, 4-nitro-3- (trifluoromethyl) benzonitrile, 5-fluoro-2-methoxybenzonitrile,
Cyanoacetamid, 2-Pyridincarbonitril, 6-Chlor-2-nitrobenzonitril, 3-(l- Cyanoethyl)benzoesäure, (Triphenylphosphoranyliden)acetonitril, Succinonitril sowie Gemischen davon. Cyanoacetamide, 2-pyridinecarbonitrile, 6-chloro-2-nitrobenzonitrile, 3- (1-cyanoethyl) benzoic acid, (triphenylphosphoranylidene) acetonitrile, succinonitrile and mixtures thereof.
Sofern die Elektrolytzusammensetzung neben dem mindestens einen Nitril (A) mindestens eines der vorgenannten Nitrile (D) umfasst, liegen diese Nitrile (D) vorzugweise in einer Menge von 0,01 bis 10 Gew.-%, insbesondere 0,1 bis 3 Gew.-%, bezogen auf das Gesamtgewicht der Elektrolytzusammensetzung, in dieser vor. If the electrolyte composition comprises at least one of the abovementioned nitriles (D) in addition to the at least one nitrile (A), these nitriles (D) are preferably present in an amount of from 0.01 to 10% by weight, in particular from 0.1 to 3% by weight. -%, Based on the total weight of the electrolyte composition, in this before.
Darüber hinaus können der Elektrolytzusammensetzung weitere Additive (E) zugesetzt werden, um die Performance elektrochemischer Zellen, in denen die Elektrolytzusammensetzung eingesetzt wird, zu steigern und beispielsweise die Zyklierbarkeit zu verbessern. Als geeignete Additive (E) sind insbesondere hervorzuheben: Vinylencarbonat, N-Methylpyrrol, Dibenzyl, Biphenyl und Lithium bis(oxalato)borat. Diese Additive (E) liegen vorzugsweise in einer Menge von 0 bis 1 Gew.-%, insbesondere 0,01 bis 0,50 Gew.-%, bezogen auf das In addition, further additives (E) can be added to the electrolyte composition in order to increase the performance of electrochemical cells in which the electrolyte composition is used and, for example, to improve the cyclability. Particularly suitable additives (E) are: vinylene carbonate, N-methylpyrrole, dibenzyl, biphenyl and lithium bis (oxalato) borate. These additives (E) are preferably in an amount of 0 to 1 wt .-%, in particular 0.01 to 0.50 wt .-%, based on the
Gesamtgewicht der Elektrolytzusammensetzung, in dieser vor. Total weight of the electrolyte composition, in this before.
Die erfindungsgemäße Elektrolytzusammensetzung umfasst somit: The electrolyte composition according to the invention thus comprises:
(A) 1 bis 99,99 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise 5 bis 90 Gew.-%, stärker bevorzugt 10 bis 70 Gew.-% und insbesondere 20 bis 55 Gew.-%mindestens eines bei Raumtemperatur flüssigen Nitrils;
(B) 0,01 bis 1 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise 0,1 bis 0,5 Gew.-% mindestens eines Lithiumsalzes; (A) 1 to 99.99% by weight, preferably 5 to 90% by weight, more preferably 10 to 70% by weight and in particular 20 to 55% by weight of at least one nitrile which is liquid at room temperature; (B) 0.01 to 1% by weight, preferably 0.1 to 0.5% by weight of at least one lithium salt;
(C) 0 bis 99 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise 10 bis 95 Gew.-%, stärker bevorzugt 30 bis 90 Gew.-% und insbesondere 45 bis 80 Gew.-%, mindestens eines cyclischen Carbonats; (C) 0 to 99% by weight, preferably 10 to 95% by weight, more preferably 30 to 90% by weight and especially 45 to 80% by weight, of at least one cyclic carbonate;
(D) 0 bis 20 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise 0,01 bis 10 Gew.-%, insbesondere 0,1 bis 3 Gew.-,% mindestens eines Nitrils mit einem Schmelzpunkt von mehr als 0°C; und (D) 0 to 20 wt .-%, preferably 0.01 to 10 wt .-%, in particular 0.1 to 3 wt .-% of at least one nitrile having a melting point of more than 0 ° C; and
(E) 0 bis 1 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise 0,01 bis 0,50 Gew.-%, mindestens eines Additivs; (E) 0 to 1 wt .-%, preferably 0.01 to 0.50 wt .-%, of at least one additive;
wobei sich die Angaben jeweils auf das Gesamtgewicht der the figures are based on the total weight of the
Elektrolytzusammensetzung beziehen und die Summe der Komponenten (A),Electrolyte composition and the sum of the components (A),
(B), (C), (D) und (E) 100 Gew.-% ergibt. (B), (C), (D) and (E) gives 100 wt%.
Die erfindungsgemäße Elektrolytzusammensetzung lässt sich vorteilhaft als Elektrolyt in einer elektrochemischen Zelle, insbesondere in einer The electrolyte composition of the invention can be advantageously used as an electrolyte in an electrochemical cell, in particular in a
elektrochemische Zelle mit einer Hochvoltanode, beispielsweise einer electrochemical cell with a high-voltage anode, such as a
Lithiumionenbatterie mit einer Hochvoltanode oder einem Lithium ion battery with a high-voltage anode or a
Hybridsuperkondensator mit einer Hochvoltanode verwenden. Hochvoltanoden im Sinne dieser Erfindung zeichnen sich dadurch aus, dass Spannungen von mehr als 1 Volt gegen Li/Li+ liefern. Typischerweise umfassen Hochvoltanoden als im Anodenaktivmaterial LLTisO^, T1O2, und/oder H2Ϊΐΐ2q25. Use a hybrid supercapacitor with a high-voltage anode. High-voltage anodes in the sense of this invention are characterized by voltages of more than 1 volt against Li / Li + . Typically, high voltage anodes, such as in the anode active material, include LLTisO ^, T1O2, and / or H2Ϊΐ ΐ 2q25.
Gegenstand der Erfindung ist daher auch die Verwendung der The invention is therefore also the use of
Elektrolytzusammensetzung als Elektrolytzusammensetzung in einer solchen elektrochemischen Zelle, insbesondere in einem Hybridsuperkondensator mit einer Hochvoltanode oder einer Lithiumionenbatterie mit einer Hochvoltanode. In einer Ausführungsform betrifft die Erfindung die Verwendung der Electrolyte composition as electrolyte composition in such an electrochemical cell, in particular in a hybrid supercapacitor with a high-voltage anode or a lithium-ion battery with a high-voltage anode. In one embodiment, the invention relates to the use of
erfindungsgemäßen Elektrolytzusammensetzung als Elektrolyt in einer elektrochemischen Zelle bei einer Temperatur von > 100°C, insbesondere bei einer Temperatur von > 120°C. In einer weiteren Ausführungsform betrifft die Erfindung die Verwendung der Elektrolytzusammensetzung als Elektrolyt in einer elektrochemischen Zelle in einem Temperaturbereich von > -40°C bis < 120°C.
Die erfindungsgemäße Elektrolytzusammensetzung lässt sich in der Regel durch einfaches Mischen des mindestens einen organischen Lösungsmittels mit dem mindestens einen Lithiumsalz hersteilen. Die Temperatur sollte während des Mischungsvorgangs vorzugsweise in einem Bereich zwischen dem Inventive electrolyte composition as an electrolyte in an electrochemical cell at a temperature of> 100 ° C, in particular at a temperature of> 120 ° C. In a further embodiment, the invention relates to the use of the electrolyte composition as electrolyte in an electrochemical cell in a temperature range from -40 ° C to <120 ° C. As a rule, the electrolyte composition according to the invention can be prepared by simply mixing the at least one organic solvent with the at least one lithium salt. The temperature should preferably be in a range between the. During the mixing process
Schmelzpunkt und dem Siedepunkt des mindestens einen organischen Melting point and the boiling point of at least one organic
Lösungsmittels liegen. Um die Löslichkeit der festen Bestandteile zu erhöhen, kann es vorteilhaft sein, das Gemisch zu erwärmen, beispielsweise auf eine Temperatur in einem Bereich von 30°C bis 150°C, insbesondere 50°C bis 100°C. Solvent lie. In order to increase the solubility of the solid constituents, it may be advantageous to heat the mixture, for example to a temperature in a range from 30 ° C to 150 ° C, in particular from 50 ° C to 100 ° C.
Gegenstand der Erfindung ist auch eine elektrochemische Zelle, umfassend die erfindungsgemäße Elektrolytzusammensetzung. Die elektrochemische Zelle umfasst zudem mindestens eine positive Elektrode (Kathode) und mindestens eine negative Elektrode (Anode), wobei die Anode vorzugsweise eine The invention also provides an electrochemical cell comprising the electrolyte composition according to the invention. The electrochemical cell additionally comprises at least one positive electrode (cathode) and at least one negative electrode (anode), wherein the anode preferably has a
Hochvoltanode ist. Vorzugsweise umfasst das Aktivmaterial der Anode High-voltage anode is. Preferably, the active material comprises the anode
(Anodenaktivmaterial) mindestens LLTisO^, T1O2, und/oder H2Tίΐ2q25· Zudem umfasst die elektrochemische Zelle mindestens einen Separator. (Anode active material) at least LLTisO ^, T1O2, and / or H2Tί ΐ 2q25 · In addition, the electrochemical cell comprises at least one separator.
In einer Ausführungsform der Erfindung ist die elektrochemische Zelle ein Hybridsuperkondensator, insbesondere ein symmetrischer In one embodiment of the invention, the electrochemical cell is a hybrid supercapacitor, in particular a symmetrical one
Hybridsuperkondensator. Der erfindungsgemäße Hybridsuperkondensator umfasst mindestens eine positive Elektrode und mindestens eine negative Elektrode. Die Elektroden umfassen jeweils einen elektrisch leitenden Hybrid supercapacitor. The hybrid supercapacitor according to the invention comprises at least one positive electrode and at least one negative electrode. The electrodes each comprise an electrically conductive
Stromsammler, sowie ein darauf aufgebrachtes Aktivmaterial. Der Stromsammler umfasst beispielsweise Kupfer oder Aluminium als elektrisch leitendes Material.Current collector, as well as an active material applied thereto. The current collector comprises, for example, copper or aluminum as the electrically conductive material.
In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform ist der Stromsammler der Elektroden aus Aluminium gefertigt. In a preferred embodiment, the current collector of the electrodes is made of aluminum.
Auf dem Stromsammler der negativen Elektrode des Hybridsuperkondensators ist ein Anodenaktivmaterial aufgebracht. Das Anodenaktivmaterial umfasst mindestens ein statisch kapazitives Aktivmaterial, ein elektrochemisches An anode active material is applied to the negative electrode current collector of the hybrid supercapacitor. The anode active material comprises at least one static capacitive active material, an electrochemical
Redoxaktivmaterial oder ein Gemisch davon. Ein statisch kapazitives Redox active material or a mixture thereof. A statically capacitive
Aktivmaterial ist im Sinne dieser Erfindung ein Material, welches aus For the purposes of this invention, active material is a material which consists of
herkömmlichen Doppelschicht- Elektroden bekannt ist und geeignet ist eine statische Doppelschichtkapazität, insbesondere durch das Ausbilden einer Helmholtzschicht, auszubilden. Geeignete statisch kapazitive Aktivmaterialien
umfassen Aktivkohle (AC), Aktivkohlefasern (ACF), Carbid-abgeleiteter conventional double-layer electrodes is known and is suitable for forming a static double-layer capacitance, in particular by the formation of a Helmholtz layer. Suitable static capacitive active materials include activated carbon (AC), activated carbon fiber (ACF), carbide-derived
Kohlenstoff (CDC), Kohlenstoff-Aerogel, Graphen und Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen (CNTs). Bevorzugt werden Aktivkohle (AC), Aktivkohlefasern (ACF), Carbid- abgeleiteter Kohlenstoff (CDC), Kohlenstoff-Aerogel, Graphen und Carbon (CDC), carbon airgel, graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Activated carbon (AC), activated carbon fibers (ACF), carbide-derived carbon (CDC), carbon airgel, graphene and
Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen (CNTs) eingesetzt, insbesondere Aktivkohle. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) used, in particular activated carbon.
Geeignete elektrochemische Redoxaktivmaterialien für das Anodenaktivmaterial des Hybridsuperkondensators umfassen insbesondere LbTisO^, T1O2, und H2T112O25. Diese Materialien sind zur Herstellung von Hochvoltanoden geeignet. Suitable electrochemical redox active materials for the anode active material of the hybrid supercapacitor include, in particular, LbTisO.sub.1, T1O.sub.2, and H2T112O.sub.25. These materials are suitable for the production of high-voltage anodes.
Auf dem Stromsammler der positiven Elektrode ist ein Kathodenaktivmaterial aufgebracht. Das Kathodenaktivmaterialumfasst mindestens ein statisch kapazitives Aktivmaterial, ein elektrochemisches Redoxaktivmaterial oder ein Gemisch davon. Bezüglich des statisch kapazitiven Aktivmaterials der positiven Elektrode gelten sämtliche Ausführungen zu Anodenaktivmaterial entsprechend. Die dort genannten statisch kapazitiven Aktivmaterialien sind auch als On the current collector of the positive electrode, a cathode active material is applied. The cathode active material comprises at least one static capacitive active material, an electrochemical redox active material or a mixture thereof. With regard to the static capacitive active material of the positive electrode, all statements on anode active material apply accordingly. The statically capacitive active materials mentioned there are also known as
Kathodenaktivmaterialien für die Hybridsuperkondensatoren geeignet. Cathode active materials suitable for the hybrid supercapacitors.
Geeignete elektrochemische Redoxaktivmaterialien für die positive Elektrode sind lithiierte Interkalationsverbindungen, welche in der Lage sind Lithium-Ionen reversibel aufzunehmen und freizusetzen. Das Kathodenaktivmaterialkann ein zusammengesetztes Oxid umfassen, welches mindestens ein Metall, ausgewählt aus der Gruppe bestehend aus Kobalt, Magnesium, Nickel, sowie Lithium, enthält. Suitable electrochemical redox active materials for the positive electrode are lithiated intercalation compounds which are capable of reversibly taking up and releasing lithium ions. The cathode active material may comprise a composite oxide containing at least one metal selected from the group consisting of cobalt, magnesium, nickel, and lithium.
Eine Ausführungsform der vorliegenden Erfindung enthält ein An embodiment of the present invention includes
Hybridsuperkondensator mindestens ein Kathodenaktivmaterial, umfassend eine Verbindung der Formel L1MO2, wobei M ausgewählt ist aus Co, Ni, Mn, Cr oder Gemischen von diesen sowie Gemischen von diesen mit AI. In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform handelt es sich bei dem Kathodenaktivmaterial um ein Material, welches Nickel umfasst, d.h. LiNii-xM‘x02, wobei M‘ ausgewählt ist aus Co, Mn,A hybrid supercapacitor comprising at least one cathode active material comprising a compound of the formula L1MO2 wherein M is selected from Co, Ni, Mn, Cr or mixtures thereof and mixtures thereof with Al. In a preferred embodiment, the cathode active material is a material comprising nickel, ie LiNi x M ' x O 2 , where M' is selected from Co, Mn,
Cr und AI und 0 < x < 1 ist. Beispiele umfassen Lithium-Nickel-Kobalt-Aluminium- Oxid-Kathoden (z.B. LiNio,8Coo,i5Alo,o502; NCA) und Lithium-Nickel-Mangan- Kobalt-Oxid- Kathoden (z.B. LiNio,8Mno,iCoo,i02; NMC (811) oder Cr and AI and 0 <x <1. Examples include lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide cathodes (eg, LiNio, 8Coo, i5Alo, o502, NCA) and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide cathodes (eg, LiNio, 8 Mno, iCoo, i0 2 , NMC (811) or
LiNio,33Mno,33Coo,3302; NMC (111)).
Ferner sind als bevorzugte Kathodenaktivmaterialien überlithiierte schichtförmige Oxide zu nennen, welche dem Fachmann bekannt sind. Beispiele hierfür sind Lii+xMn2-yMy04 mit x < 0,8, y < 2; Lin-xCoi-yMy02 mit x < 0,8, y < 1; Lii+xNii-y- zCoyMz04 mit x < 0,8, y < 1, z < 1 und y+z < 1. In den vorgenannten LiNio, 33 Mno, 33 Coo, 33 0 2 ; NMC (111)). Furthermore, the preferred cathode active materials to be mentioned are overlaid layered oxides which are known to the person skilled in the art. Examples are Lii + x Mn 2 -yMy0 4 with x <0.8, y <2; Lin- x Coi-yMy0 2 with x <0.8, y <1; Lii + x-y-z Co y Nii M z 0 4 with x <0.8, y <1, z <1, and y + z <1. In the above-mentioned
Verbindungen kann M ausgewählt sein aus AI, Mg und/oder Mn. Compounds M can be selected from Al, Mg and / or Mn.
Zwei oder mehrere der Kathodenaktivmaterialien können insbesondere auch in Kombination miteinander verwendet werden. Eine bevorzugte Ausführungsform umfasst beispielsweise Verbindungen der Formel h(I_Ϊ2Mhq3) : n-l(LiNii-xM‘x02) wobei M‘ ausgewählt ist aus Co, Mn, Cr und AI und 0 < n < 1 ist und 0 < x < 1 ist. In particular, two or more of the cathode active materials may also be used in combination with each other. A preferred embodiment comprises, for example, compounds of the formula h (I_2Mhq3): n1 (LiNiix x M ' x 0 2 ) where M' is selected from Co, Mn, Cr and Al and 0 <n <1 and 0 <x <1 is.
Ferner sind insbesondere LiFeP04, LiMn204, L MnOs, Li1.17Nio.17Coo.1Mno.56O2, L1C0O2 und LiNi02 als geeignete Kathodenaktivmaterialien hervorzuheben. Besonders bevorzugt ist LiFeP04 als elektrochemisches Redoxaktivmaterial für die positive Elektrode zu verwenden. In particular, LiFePO 4 , LiMn 2 O 4 , L MnOs, Li 1.17 Nio. 17 Coo. 1 Mno. Emphasize 56 O 2 , L1C0O 2 and LiNi0 2 as suitable cathode active materials. It is particularly preferable to use LiFePO 4 as the electrochemical redox active material for the positive electrode.
In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform umfassen die positive Elektrode und/oder die negative Elektrode des Hybridsuperkondensators ein Gemisch aus statisch kapazitivem Aktivmaterial und elektrochemischen Redoxaktivmaterial. Das Massenverhältnis von kapazitivem Aktivmaterial zu elektrochemischen In a preferred embodiment, the positive electrode and / or the negative electrode of the hybrid supercapacitor comprise a mixture of static capacitive active material and electrochemical redox active material. The mass ratio of capacitive active material to electrochemical
Redoxaktivmaterial liegt vorzugsweise in einem Bereich von 1: 0,5 bis 1:3. In einer besonders bevorzugten Ausführungsform umfassen die positive Elektrode und die negative Elektrode ein Gemisch aus statisch kapazitivem Aktivmaterial und elektrochemischen Redoxaktivmaterial (sog. symmetrischer Redox active material is preferably in a range of 1: 0.5 to 1: 3. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the positive electrode and the negative electrode comprise a mixture of static capacitive active material and electrochemical redox active material (so-called symmetrical
Hybridsuperkondensator). Hybrid supercapacitor).
Als weitere Bestandteile kann das Anodenaktivmaterial und/oder das As further constituents, the anode active material and / or the
Kathodenaktivmaterial insbesondere Bindemittel wie Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), Styrol-Butadien-Copolymer (SBR), Polyvinylidenfluorid (PVDF), Cathode active material in particular binders such as carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), styrene-butadiene copolymer (SBR), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF),
Polytetrafluorethen (PTFE), Polyacrylnitril (PAN) und Ethylen-Propylen-Dien- Terpolymer (EPDM) umfassen, um die Stabilität der Elektroden zu erhöhen. Vorzugsweise umfasst das Kathodenaktivmaterial PVDF als Bindemittel. Polytetrafluoroethene (PTFE), polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (EPDM) are included to increase the stability of the electrodes. Preferably, the cathode active material comprises PVDF as a binder.
Vorzugsweise umfasst das Anodenaktivmaterial CMC als Bindemittel. Ferner können Leitadditive wie Leitruß oder Graphit zugegeben werden.
In einer alternativen Ausführungsform ist die elektrochemische Zelle als eine Lithiumionenbatterie ausgestaltet. Diese unterscheidet sich im Aufbau von dem zuvor beschriebenen Hybridsuperkondensator dadurch, dass als Preferably, the anode active material comprises CMC as a binder. Further, conductive additives such as carbon black or graphite may be added. In an alternative embodiment, the electrochemical cell is configured as a lithium-ion battery. This differs in structure from the hybrid supercapacitor described above in that as
Anodenaktivmaterial und Kathodenaktivmaterial ausschließlich die zuvor beschriebenen elektrochemischen Redoxaktivmaterialien eingesetzt werden und keine statisch kapazitiven Aktivmaterialien enthalten sind. Zusätzlich können auch das Anodenaktivmaterial und/oder Kathodenaktivmaterial der Anode active material and cathode active material exclusively the above-described electrochemical redox active materials are used and no static capacitive active materials are included. In addition, the anode active material and / or cathode active material of the
Lithiumionenbatterie als weitere Bestandteile die zuvor genannten Bindemittel und/oder Leitadditive enthalten. Lithium ion battery as further constituents containing the aforementioned binders and / or conductive additives.
Schließlich umfasst die elektrochemische Zelle, sowohl in der Ausführungsform als Hybridsuperkondensator als auch in der Ausführungsform als Finally, the electrochemical cell comprises both in the embodiment as a hybrid supercapacitor and in the embodiment as
Lithiumionenbatterie, mindestens einen Separator, welcher zwischen der mindestens einen positiven Elektrode und der mindestens einen negativen Elektrode angeordnet ist. Geeignete Separatoren sind aus keramischen Lithium ion battery, at least one separator, which is arranged between the at least one positive electrode and the at least one negative electrode. Suitable separators are made of ceramic
Materialen und/oder Polymeren, wie Cellulose, Polyolefinen, Polyestern und fluorierte Polymeren, gefertigt. Besonders bevorzugt werden Separatoren aus Polymeren eingesetzt, insbesondere aus Cellulose, Polyethylen (PE), Materials and / or polymers, such as cellulose, polyolefins, polyesters and fluorinated polymers manufactured. Particular preference is given to using separators made from polymers, in particular from cellulose, polyethylene (PE),
Polypropylen (PP), Polyethylenterephthalat (PET), Polytetrafluorethen (PTFE) und Polyvinylidenfluorid (PVDF). Polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polytetrafluoroethene (PTFE) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF).
In einer Besonders bevorzugten Ausführungsform ist die erfindungsgemäße elektrochemische Zelle ein Hybridsuperkondensator, insbesondere ein symmetrischer Hybridsuperkondensator. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the electrochemical cell according to the invention is a hybrid supercapacitor, in particular a symmetrical hybrid supercapacitor.
Eine erfindungsgemäße elektrochemische Zellefindet vorteilhaft Verwendung in einem Fahrzeug, insbesondere in einem Fahrzeug mit einem herkömmlichen Verbrennungsmotor (ICE), in einem Elektrofahrzeug (EV), in einem An electrochemical cell according to the invention advantageously finds use in a vehicle, in particular in a vehicle with a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE), in an electric vehicle (EV), in one
Hybridfahrzeug (HEV), oder in einem Plug-In-Hybridfahrzeug (PHEV). Hybrid vehicle (HEV), or in a plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV).
Insbesondere ein erfindungsgemäßer Hybridsuperkondensator kann vorteilhaft in Rekuperationssystemen von Fahrzeugen eingesetzt werden. Darüber hinaus kann der erfindungsgemäße Hybridsuperkondensator vorteilhaft Verwendung finden in Backup-Systemen für sicherheitskritische bzw. sicherheitsrelevante
Komponenten, Systeme und/oder Subsysteme in Fahrzeugen. Beispielhafte Systeme sind z.B. das Bremssystem oder auch die Lenkung. Im Anwendungsfall, d.h. beispielsweise dem Ausfall des Bordnetzes, kann vom erfindungsgemäßen Hybridkondensator elektrische Energie zur Aufrechterhaltung der In particular, a hybrid supercapacitor according to the invention can advantageously be used in recuperation systems of vehicles. In addition, the hybrid supercapacitor according to the invention can be used advantageously in backup systems for safety-critical or security-relevant Components, systems and / or subsystems in vehicles. Exemplary systems are eg the brake system or the steering. In the application, ie, for example, the failure of the electrical system, the inventive hybrid capacitor electrical energy to maintain the
Funktionsfähigkeit der sicherheitskritische bzw. sicherheitsrelevante Operability of the safety-critical or safety-relevant
Komponenten, Systeme und/oder Subsysteme bereitgestellt werden. Components, systems and / or subsystems are provided.
Weitere Verwendungsbeispiele für eine erfindungsgemäße elektrochemische Zelle sind Werkzeuge sowie Consumer-Elektronik-Produkte. Unter Werkzeugen sind dabei insbesondere Heimwerkzeuge sowie Gartenwerkzeuge zu verstehen. Unter Consumer-Elektronik-Produkten sind insbesondere Mobiltelefone, Tablet- PCs oder Notebooks zu verstehen. Further examples of applications for an electrochemical cell according to the invention are tools and consumer electronics products. Under tools are in particular home tools and garden tools to understand. Consumer electronics products are in particular mobile phones, tablet PCs or notebooks.
Vorteile der Erfindung Advantages of the invention
Die erfindungsgemäße Elektrolytzusammensetzung zeichnet sich durch eine hohe Stabilität gegenüber erhöhten Temperaturen und/oder hoher elektrischer Spannung aus. Sie ist daher vorteilhaft einsetzbar als The electrolyte composition of the invention is characterized by a high stability to elevated temperatures and / or high electrical voltage. It is therefore advantageous to use as
Elektrolytzusammensetzung in elektrochemischen Zellen mit Hochvoltanoden. Eine besonders vorteilhafte Verwendung findet sich in Electrolyte composition in electrochemical cells with high-voltage anodes. A particularly advantageous use is found in
Hybridsuperkondensatoren mit Hochvoltanoden, insbesondere in symmetrischen Hybridsuperkondensatoren mit Hochvoltanoden für Hybrid supercapacitors with high voltage anodes, in particular in symmetrical hybrid supercapacitors with high voltage anodes for
Hochtemperaturanwendungen. High temperature applications.
Kurze Beschreibung der Zeichnungen Brief description of the drawings
Ausführungsbeispiele der Erfindung werden anhand einer Zeichnung und der nachfolgenden Beschreibung näher erläutert: Embodiments of the invention will be explained in more detail with reference to a drawing and the following description:
Figur 1 zeigt schematisch den grundsätzlichen Aufbau einer elektrochemischen Zelle. Figure 1 shows schematically the basic structure of an electrochemical cell.
Figur 2 zeigt in einem Ragone-Diagramm die Performance verschiedener FIG. 2 shows the performance of various in a ragone diagram
Hybridsuperkondensatoren bei Raumtemperatur.
Figur 3 zeigt den Verlauf der Abnahme der Spannung verschiedener Hybrid supercapacitors at room temperature. FIG. 3 shows the course of the decrease in the voltage of various
Hybridsuperkondensatoren bei Raumtemperatur. Hybrid supercapacitors at room temperature.
Figur 4 zeigt den Verlauf der Abnahme der Spannung verschiedener FIG. 4 shows the course of the decrease in the voltage of various
Hybridsuperkondensatoren bei 80°C. Hybrid supercapacitors at 80 ° C.
Ausführungsformen der Erfindung Embodiments of the invention
Der Figur 1 ist der Aufbau einer elektrochemischen Zelle 1 schematisch dargestellt, welche vorliegend als Hybridsuperkondensator ausgestaltet ist. Ein flächiger Stromsammler 31 (Aluminium) kontaktiert eine negative Elektrode 21 (75 Gew.-% U4Ti50i2, 20 Gew.-% Leitadditiv, 5 Gew.-% CMC) und verbindet diese mit dem negativen Terminal 11. Gegenüberliegend befindet sich eine positive Elektrode 22 (60 Gew.-% Aktivkohle, 30 Gew.-% LiMn204, 5 Gew.-% Leitadditiv, 5 Gew.-% PVDF in Dimethylsulfoxid), die ebenfalls leitend mit einem1 shows the structure of an electrochemical cell 1 is shown schematically, which is designed here as a hybrid supercapacitor. A flat current collector 31 (aluminum) contacts a negative electrode 21 (75 wt .-% U 4 Ti50i2, 20 wt .-% conductive additive, 5 wt .-% CMC) and connects them to the negative terminal 11. Opposite is a positive Electrode 22 (60 wt .-% activated carbon, 30 wt .-% LiMn 2 0 4 , 5 wt .-% conductive additive, 5 wt .-% PVDF in dimethyl sulfoxide), which is also conductive with a
Stromsammler 32 (Aluminium) zur Ableitung an das positive Terminal 12 verbunden ist. Die beiden Elektroden 21, 22 werden durch einen Separator 18 (Cellulose) getrennt und sind in einem Gehäuse 2 angeordnet. Die leitfähige Elektrolytzusammensetzung 15 stellt eine ionenleitfähige Verbindung zwischen den beiden Elektroden 21, 22 her. Current collector 32 (aluminum) for discharge to the positive terminal 12 is connected. The two electrodes 21, 22 are separated by a separator 18 (cellulose) and are arranged in a housing 2. The conductive electrolyte composition 15 produces an ionic conductive bond between the two electrodes 21, 22.
Es wurden Untersuchungen mit unterschiedlichen Elektrolytzusammensetzungen 15 durchgeführt. Dazu wurden die folgenden Zusammensetzungen eingesetzt (alle Angaben in Gew.-% bezogen auf das Gesamtgewicht der in der Tabelle genannten Bestandteile): Studies were carried out with different electrolyte compositions. The following compositions were used for this purpose (all data in% by weight based on the total weight of the constituents mentioned in the table):
Die untersuchten Elektrolytzusammensetzungen 15 gemäß den Beispielen El, The investigated electrolyte compositions 15 according to Examples El,
E2 und E3 sowie den Vergleichsbeispielen VI und V2 umfassten zudem jeweils 1 mol/L an LiCI04. E2 and E3 and Comparative Examples VI and V2 also each comprised 1 mol / L of LiClO 4 .
Die Elektrolytzusammensetzungen 15 gemäß den Beispielen El, E2, E3, VI und V2 wurden jeweils in dem zuvor beschriebenen Hybridsuperkondensator als Elektrolytzusammensetzung 15 eingesetzt. Es wurden Untersuchungen zur spezifischen Leistung in Abhängigkeit von der spezifischen Energie sowie zum Spannungsverlust durchgeführt. The electrolyte compositions 15 according to Examples E1, E2, E3, VI and V2 were respectively used in the above-described hybrid super capacitor as the electrolyte composition 15. Investigations were carried out on the specific power as a function of the specific energy as well as on the loss of voltage.
Das in Figur 2 dargestellte Ragone-Diagramm spiegelt die Performance der getesteten Hybridsuperkondensatoren bei Raumtemperatur wider. Figur 2 zeigt entsprechende Kurven der erfindungsgemäßen Hybridsuperkondensatoren gemäß der erfindungsgemäßen Beispiele El, E2 und E3, sowie der The ragone diagram shown in FIG. 2 reflects the performance of the tested hybrid supercapacitors at room temperature. Figure 2 shows corresponding curves of the hybrid supercapacitors according to the invention according to the inventive examples El, E2 and E3, and the
Hybridsuperkondensatoren gemäß der Vergleichsbeispiele VI und V2. Es ist ersichtlich, dass sich die erfindungsgemäßen Elektrolytzusammensetzungen 15 gemäß den Beispielen El, E2 und E3 durch eine gute Performance (d.h. eine hohe Energiedichte (in Fig. 2 mit dem Buchstaben E abgekürzt und in der Einheit Wh/kg angegeben) und hohe Leistungsdichte (in Fig. 2 mit dem Buchstaben P abgekürzt und in der Einheit W/kg angegeben)) auszeichnen. Hybrid supercapacitors according to Comparative Examples VI and V2. It can be seen that the electrolyte compositions 15 according to the invention according to Examples E1, E2 and E3 are characterized by a good performance (ie a high energy density (abbreviated in FIG. 2 by the letter E and given in the unit Wh / kg) and high power density ( in FIG. 2 abbreviated by the letter P and indicated in the unit W / kg)).
Figur 3 zeigt die Degradation der normierten Kapazität C einer Zelle des erfindungsgemäßen Hybridsuperkondensators gemäß der erfindungsgemäßen Beispiele El, E2 und E3, sowie der Hybridsuperkondensatoren gemäß der Vergleichsbeispiele VI und V2, jeweils bei Raumtemperatur, über einen Zeitraum von 500 Stunden. Auf der Abszissenachse ist die Zeit t in Stunden dargestellt.FIG. 3 shows the degradation of the normalized capacitance C of a cell of the hybrid supercapacitor according to the invention according to inventive examples E1, E2 and E3, and of the hybrid supercapacitors according to comparative examples VI and V2, in each case at room temperature over a period of 500 hours. The abscissa axis shows the time t in hours.
Auf der Ordinatenachse ist die normierte Kapazität C dargestellt. Es ist erkennbar, dass auch nach einem Zeitraum von 500 Stunden bei The normalized capacitance C is shown on the ordinate axis. It can be seen that even after a period of 500 hours at
Raumtemperatur die Hybridsuperkondensatoren mit den erfindungsgemäßen Elektrolytzusammensetzungen 15 gemäß den Beispielen El, E2 und E3 noch eine Energie von 80% der Ausgangsenergie speichern kann. Figur 3 spiegelt neben der reinen Performance der Zelle auch die Lebensdauer der Room temperature, the hybrid supercapacitors with the electrolyte compositions according to the invention 15 according to the examples El, E2 and E3 can still store an energy of 80% of the output energy. In addition to the pure performance of the cell, FIG. 3 also reflects the lifespan of the cell
Hybridsuperkondensatoren wieder. Diese ist für die getesteten Hybrid supercapacitors again. This is for the tested
Hybridsuperkondensatoren auf einem ähnlichen, hohen Niveau.
In Figur 4 zeigt in Anlehnung an Figur 3 die Degradation der normierten Hybrid supercapacitors at a similar, high level. In FIG. 4, based on FIG. 3, the degradation of the normalized
Kapazität C einer Zelle des erfindungsgemäßen Hybridsuperkondensators gemäß der erfindungsgemäßen Beispiele El, E2 und E3, sowie der Capacitance C of a cell of the hybrid supercapacitor according to the invention according to the inventive examples El, E2 and E3, and the
Hybridsuperkondensatoren gemäß der Vergleichsbeispiel VI und V2, jeweils bei 80°C, über einen Zeitraum von 180 Stunden. Auf der Abszissenachse ist wiederum die Zeit t in Stunden dargestellt, auf der Ordinatenachse die normierte Kapazität C. Es ist erkennbar, dass auch nach einem Zeitraum von 180 Stunden bei einer Temperatur von 80°C die Hybridsuperkondensatoren mit den erfindungsgemäßen Elektrolytzusammensetzungen 15 gemäß den Beispielen E2 und E3 noch eine Energie von mehr als 50% der Ausgangsenergie speichern können. Hybrid supercapacitors according to Comparative Examples VI and V2, each at 80 ° C, over a period of 180 hours. It is recognizable that even after a period of 180 hours at a temperature of 80 ° C, the hybrid supercapacitors with the inventive electrolyte compositions 15 according to the examples E2 and E3 can still store an energy of more than 50% of the output energy.
Die Erfindung ist nicht auf die hier beschriebenen Ausführungsbeispiele und die darin hervorgehobenen Aspekte beschränkt. Vielmehr ist innerhalb des durch die Ansprüche angegebenen Bereichs eine Vielzahl von Abwandlungen möglich, die im Rahmen fachmännischen Handelns liegen
The invention is not limited to the embodiments described herein and the aspects highlighted therein. Rather, within the scope given by the claims a variety of modifications are possible, which are within the scope of expert action
Claims
1. Elektrolytzusammensetzung (15) für eine elektrochemische Zelle (1), insbesondere für einen Hybridsuperkondensator oder eine 1. electrolyte composition (15) for an electrochemical cell (1), in particular for a hybrid supercapacitor or a
Lithiumionenbatterie mit Hochvoltanoden, umfassend mindestens ein organisches Lösungsmittel und mindestens ein Lithiumsalz (B), wobei das mindestens eine organische Lösungsmittel mindestens ein bei Raumtemperatur flüssiges Nitril (A) umfasst und die A high-voltage-anode lithium-ion battery comprising at least one organic solvent and at least one lithium salt (B), wherein the at least one organic solvent comprises at least one nitrile (A) which is liquid at room temperature and the
Elektrolytzusammensetzung einen Siedepunkt von > 85°C aufweist. Electrolyte composition has a boiling point of> 85 ° C.
2. Elektrolytzusammensetzung (15) nach Anspruch 1, wobei das 2. An electrolyte composition (15) according to claim 1, wherein the
mindestens eine Nitril (A), aus der Gruppe, bestehend aus 5-Hexennitril, Methoxyacetonitril, Hexannitril, 5-Hexynnitril, Crotononitril, 3,3- Dimethoxypropionitril, Acetonitril, 3-Methoxypropionitril, 3- Ethoxyacrylonitril, Diethoxyacetonitril, Cyclopropylacetonitril, 4- Pentennitril, 3-Butoxypropionitril, Heptylcyanid, Nonannitril,6- Heptennitril, 2-Cyanoethylether, trans-3-(Dimethylamino)acrylnitril, 3- (Dimethylamino)propionitril, 3-(Ethylamino)propionitril, Ethylcyanoacetat, o-Tolunitril, 1-Cyclopentenacetonitril, Benzonitril, 2-Fluorbenzonitril, 3- Fluorbenzonitril, Cycloheptylcyanid und Gemischen davon, ausgewählt ist. at least one nitrile (A), from the group consisting of 5-hexenenitrile, methoxyacetonitrile, hexanenitrile, 5-hexynonitrile, crotononitrile, 3,3-dimethoxypropionitrile, acetonitrile, 3-methoxypropionitrile, 3-ethoxyacrylonitrile, diethoxyacetonitrile, cyclopropylacetonitrile, 4-pentenenitrile , 3-butoxypropionitrile, heptyl cyanide, nonanenitrile, 6-heptenonitrile, 2-cyanoethyl ether, trans-3- (dimethylamino) acrylonitrile, 3- (dimethylamino) propionitrile, 3- (ethylamino) propionitrile, ethyl cyanoacetate, o-tolunitrile, 1-cyclopentenacetonitrile, Benzonitrile, 2-fluorobenzonitrile, 3-fluorobenzonitrile, cycloheptyl cyanide and mixtures thereof.
3. Elektrolytzusammensetzung (15) nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, wobei das 3. The electrolyte composition (15) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the
mindestens eine Lithiumsalz (B) aus der Gruppe, bestehend aus at least one lithium salt (B) from the group consisting of
Lithiumchlorat (LiCI04), Lithiumtetrafluorborat (LiBF4), Lithium chlorate (LiClO 4 ), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF 4 ),
Lithiumhexafluorphosphat (LiPFe), Lithiumhexafluorarsenat (LiAsFe), Lithiumtrifluormethansulfonat (USO3CF3), Lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPFe), lithium hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsFe), lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (USO3CF3),
Lithiumbis(trifluormethylsulphonyl)imid (LiN(S02CF3)2), Lithium bis (trifluoromethylsulphonyl) imide (LiN (SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 ),
Lithiumbis(pentafluorethylsulphonyl)imid (LiN(S02C2Fs)2), Lithium bis (pentafluoroethylsulphonyl) imide (LiN (S0 2 C 2 Fs) 2 ),
Lithiumbis(oxalato)borat (LiBOB, LiB(C204)2), Lithiumdifluor(oxalato)borat (LiBF2(C204)), Lithiumdifluor-tri(pentafluorethyl)phosphat (LiPF2(C2Fs)3) und Gemischen davon, ausgewählt ist.
Lithium bis (oxalato) borate (LiBOB, LiB (C 2 O 4 ) 2 ), lithium difluoro (oxalato) borate (LiBF 2 (C 2 O 4 )), lithium difluoro-tri (pentafluoroethyl) phosphate (LiPF 2 (C 2 F s) 3) and mixtures of which is selected.
4. Elektrolytzusammensetzung (15) nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, wobei die Elektrolytzusammensetzung (15) ferner mindestens ein 4. The electrolyte composition (15) according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the electrolyte composition (15) further comprises at least one
cyclisches Carbonat (C) umfasst. cyclic carbonate (C).
5. Elektrolytzusammensetzung (15) nach Anspruch 4, wobei das cyclische 5. The electrolyte composition (15) of claim 4, wherein the cyclic
Carbonat (C) 10 bis 95 Gew.-%, bezogen auf das Gesamtgewicht der Elektrolytzusammensetzung, der Elektrolytzusammensetzung ausmacht. Carbonate (C) is 10 to 95% by weight, based on the total weight of the electrolyte composition, of the electrolyte composition.
6. Elektrolytzusammensetzung (15) nach Anspruch 4 oder 5, wobei die 6. electrolyte composition (15) according to claim 4 or 5, wherein the
Elektrolytzusammensetzung (15) als cyclisches Carbonat (C) Ethylencarbonat umfasst. Electrolytic composition (15) as cyclic carbonate (C) comprises ethylene carbonate.
7. Elektrolytzusammensetzung (15) nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, wobei die Elektrolytzusammensetzung (15) ferner mindestens ein Nitril (D) mit einem Schmelzpunkt von > 0°C umfasst. The electrolyte composition (15) according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the electrolyte composition (15) further comprises at least one nitrile (D) having a melting point of> 0 ° C.
8. Verwendung der Elektrolytzusammensetzung (15) nach einem der 8. Use of the electrolyte composition (15) according to one of
Ansprüche 1 bis 5 als Elektrolytzusammensetzung (15) in einer Claims 1 to 5 as the electrolyte composition (15) in one
elektrochemischen Zelle (1), insbesondere in einer elektrochemischen Zelle mit einer Hochvoltanode. electrochemical cell (1), in particular in an electrochemical cell with a high-voltage anode.
9. Elektrochemische Zelle (1), insbesondere Hybridsuperkondensator mit 9. Electrochemical cell (1), in particular hybrid supercapacitor with
einer Hochvoltanode oder Lithiumionenbatterie mit einer Hochvoltanode, umfassend die Elektrolytzusammensetzung (15) nach einem der a high-voltage anode or lithium-ion battery with a high-voltage anode, comprising the electrolyte composition (15) according to one of
Ansprüche 1 bis 7. Claims 1 to 7.
10. Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Elektrolytzusammensetzung (15) gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, umfassend mindestens das Mischen des mindestens einen organischen Lösungsmittels und des mindestens einen Lithiumsalzes bei einer Temperatur in einem Bereich zwischen dem Schmelzpunkt des organischen Lösungsmittels und dem 10. A process for producing an electrolyte composition (15) according to any one of claims 1 to 7, comprising at least mixing the at least one organic solvent and the at least one lithium salt at a temperature in a range between the melting point of the organic solvent and the
Siedepunkt des organischen Lösungsmittels.
Boiling point of the organic solvent.
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