WO2019092051A1 - A key fob, a remote keyless entry system and a method of using a remote keyless entry system - Google Patents

A key fob, a remote keyless entry system and a method of using a remote keyless entry system Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2019092051A1
WO2019092051A1 PCT/EP2018/080520 EP2018080520W WO2019092051A1 WO 2019092051 A1 WO2019092051 A1 WO 2019092051A1 EP 2018080520 W EP2018080520 W EP 2018080520W WO 2019092051 A1 WO2019092051 A1 WO 2019092051A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
antenna system
based antenna
key
vehicle
fob
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2018/080520
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Xing Ping Lin
Original Assignee
Trw Automotive Electronics & Components Gmbh
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Trw Automotive Electronics & Components Gmbh filed Critical Trw Automotive Electronics & Components Gmbh
Publication of WO2019092051A1 publication Critical patent/WO2019092051A1/en

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B60R25/00—Fittings or systems for preventing or indicating unauthorised use or theft of vehicles
    • B60R25/20—Means to switch the anti-theft system on or off
    • B60R25/24—Means to switch the anti-theft system on or off using electronic identifiers containing a code not memorised by the user
    • B60R25/245—Means to switch the anti-theft system on or off using electronic identifiers containing a code not memorised by the user where the antenna reception area plays a role
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B60R25/00—Fittings or systems for preventing or indicating unauthorised use or theft of vehicles
    • B60R25/20—Means to switch the anti-theft system on or off
    • B60R25/24—Means to switch the anti-theft system on or off using electronic identifiers containing a code not memorised by the user
    • B60R25/246—Means to switch the anti-theft system on or off using electronic identifiers containing a code not memorised by the user characterised by the challenge triggering
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07C—TIME OR ATTENDANCE REGISTERS; REGISTERING OR INDICATING THE WORKING OF MACHINES; GENERATING RANDOM NUMBERS; VOTING OR LOTTERY APPARATUS; ARRANGEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS FOR CHECKING NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • G07C9/00—Individual registration on entry or exit
    • G07C9/00174—Electronically operated locks; Circuits therefor; Nonmechanical keys therefor, e.g. passive or active electrical keys or other data carriers without mechanical keys
    • G07C9/00309—Electronically operated locks; Circuits therefor; Nonmechanical keys therefor, e.g. passive or active electrical keys or other data carriers without mechanical keys operated with bidirectional data transmission between data carrier and locks
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07C—TIME OR ATTENDANCE REGISTERS; REGISTERING OR INDICATING THE WORKING OF MACHINES; GENERATING RANDOM NUMBERS; VOTING OR LOTTERY APPARATUS; ARRANGEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS FOR CHECKING NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • G07C9/00—Individual registration on entry or exit
    • G07C9/00174—Electronically operated locks; Circuits therefor; Nonmechanical keys therefor, e.g. passive or active electrical keys or other data carriers without mechanical keys
    • G07C9/00944—Details of construction or manufacture
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L63/00—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
    • H04L63/14—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for detecting or protecting against malicious traffic
    • H04L63/1441—Countermeasures against malicious traffic
    • H04L63/1466—Active attacks involving interception, injection, modification, spoofing of data unit addresses, e.g. hijacking, packet injection or TCP sequence number attacks
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W12/00—Security arrangements; Authentication; Protecting privacy or anonymity
    • H04W12/12—Detection or prevention of fraud
    • H04W12/121—Wireless intrusion detection systems [WIDS]; Wireless intrusion prevention systems [WIPS]
    • H04W12/122—Counter-measures against attacks; Protection against rogue devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W12/00—Security arrangements; Authentication; Protecting privacy or anonymity
    • H04W12/12—Detection or prevention of fraud
    • H04W12/126—Anti-theft arrangements, e.g. protection against subscriber identity module [SIM] cloning
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07C—TIME OR ATTENDANCE REGISTERS; REGISTERING OR INDICATING THE WORKING OF MACHINES; GENERATING RANDOM NUMBERS; VOTING OR LOTTERY APPARATUS; ARRANGEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS FOR CHECKING NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • G07C9/00—Individual registration on entry or exit
    • G07C9/00174—Electronically operated locks; Circuits therefor; Nonmechanical keys therefor, e.g. passive or active electrical keys or other data carriers without mechanical keys
    • G07C9/00309—Electronically operated locks; Circuits therefor; Nonmechanical keys therefor, e.g. passive or active electrical keys or other data carriers without mechanical keys operated with bidirectional data transmission between data carrier and locks
    • G07C2009/00555—Electronically operated locks; Circuits therefor; Nonmechanical keys therefor, e.g. passive or active electrical keys or other data carriers without mechanical keys operated with bidirectional data transmission between data carrier and locks comprising means to detect or avoid relay attacks
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07C—TIME OR ATTENDANCE REGISTERS; REGISTERING OR INDICATING THE WORKING OF MACHINES; GENERATING RANDOM NUMBERS; VOTING OR LOTTERY APPARATUS; ARRANGEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS FOR CHECKING NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • G07C9/00—Individual registration on entry or exit
    • G07C9/00174—Electronically operated locks; Circuits therefor; Nonmechanical keys therefor, e.g. passive or active electrical keys or other data carriers without mechanical keys
    • G07C2009/00968—Electronically operated locks; Circuits therefor; Nonmechanical keys therefor, e.g. passive or active electrical keys or other data carriers without mechanical keys shape of the data carrier
    • G07C2009/00984—Electronically operated locks; Circuits therefor; Nonmechanical keys therefor, e.g. passive or active electrical keys or other data carriers without mechanical keys shape of the data carrier fob

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a key fob as well as a remote keyless entry system. Further, the invention relates to a method of using a remote keyless entry system.
  • Vehicle remote keyless entry (RKE) encounters range issues in certain directions relative to the vehicle due to signal fading and multipath. Keyless entry can also encounter a so-called relay attack theft issue.
  • the passive entry RKE system is a passive system for getting in and out the car without using key and any other owner initiation, such as pushing a button on a key or key fob.
  • a driver has a key fob, which has LF receiver and possible RF (radio frequency) transmitter.
  • the door handle will initiate the LF transmitter inside the car.
  • the LF transmitter will create the LF field to initiate the LF receiver inside the fob (which is located in the possession of the owner, e.g., in his or her pocket or handbag).
  • the fob responds by powering on and also (potentially, depending on the system) receiving any necessary information from the vehicle LF transmitter.
  • the fob will powers on its RF transmitter and sends information via an RF signal back to the vehicle RF receiver, which causes the vehicle based RKE system to unlock the car.
  • a relay attack there is the possibility of a theft occurrence according to what is referred to as a relay attack.
  • the vehicle owner parks his car outside and sits inside, for example, his office.
  • First relay attacker stay close to the vehicle and the second relay attacker stays close to the owner.
  • Both attackers have in their possession an LF receiver and another repeater (transceiver).
  • the first attacker approaches the car and lifts up the door handle, which will trigger the LF transmitter inside the car.
  • Attacker 1 's LF receiver receives the information transmitted by LF transmitter inside the car.
  • the first attacker will then transmit the signal to the second attacker through RF (although some attackers may use a LF link with long cable).
  • the second attacker's transceiver will receive the information sent by the first attacker and then use the repeater to transmit the signal to the vehicle owner's fob.
  • the LF receiver in the vehicle owner's fob receives the LF signal and responds by transmitting an RF response signal for the car to open the door.
  • the second attacker's transceiver receives the RF command signal and then re-transmits the signal back to first attacker.
  • the first attacker's transceiver receives the RF command signal and re-transmits it to the RF receiver inside the car.
  • the car receiver recognizes the command and unlocks the car door. So the first attacker gains successful access to the car.
  • the invention provides a key fob for a remote keyless entry system of a vehicle, comprising at least one key-based antenna system for a frequency band, wherein the key-based antenna system has at least two fob antennas, and wherein the key- based antenna system is part of a multiple in multiple out antenna system.
  • the invention provides a remote keyless entry system comprising at least one vehicle-based antenna system for a frequency band and a key fob as described above, wherein the vehicle-based antenna system has at least two vehicle antennas.
  • the invention provides a method of using a remote keyless entry system with a multiple in multiple out system, with the following steps:
  • the MIMO antenna system may utilize the space and polarization of the respective antennas to improve the remote keyless entry range and produce the long-range performance in all the directions. Since the respective MIMO antenna system is assigned to a frequency band, the at least two antennas are configured to process similar signals.
  • the vehicle-based antenna system may be assigned to a base station of the remote keyless entry system.
  • the base station may be assigned to the vehicle.
  • the key-based antenna system may comprise at least a vertical fob antenna and a horizontal fob antenna. Hence, two differently polarized antennas are provided.
  • the key fob has an analyzing module that is connected with the key-based antenna system, wherein the analyzing module is configured to determine a coupling matrix between the key-based antenna system and a vehicle-based antenna system, wherein the coupling matrix comprises several components each having information regarding amplitude and/or phase of a signal exchanged between the key-based antenna system and the vehicle-based antenna system. Therefore, information with regard to the coupling of the key fob with the vehicle-based antenna system can be determined appropriately by analyzing the coupling matrix describing the coupling between the respective antenna systems.
  • the coupling matrix determined may be transmitted via the key-based antenna system. Accordingly, the key fob which determines the coupling matrix may transmit the respective coupling matrix determined to the base station of the remote keyless entry system so that a verification may take place.
  • radio frequency signals may be transmitted by the key fob which are received by the vehicle-based antenna system or rather the base station of the remote keyless entry system.
  • the coupling matrix describing the coupling between the respective antenna systems may be transmitted via radio frequency signals.
  • At least one low frequency receiver may be provided that is connected with the key-based antenna system.
  • the low frequency receiver is configured to receive low frequency signals transmitted by the vehicle-based antenna system or rather the base station of the remote keyless entry system.
  • the key fob may comprise two different antenna systems, namely a radio frequency antenna system and a low frequency antenna system.
  • the respective antennas of the key-based antenna systems may be established differently.
  • the key fob has a single key-based antenna system comprising multiband antennas.
  • the multiband antennas may be configured to transmit radio frequency signals and receive low frequency signals.
  • the signals exchanged between the key fob and the base station may be within a frequency band, for instance a low frequency band or rather radio frequency band.
  • the same antenna system may be used for receiving and transmitting the respective signals.
  • the key-fob and/or the base station each may comprise a transceiver.
  • the vehicle-based antenna system may have at least two vehicle antennas, wherein the vehicle-based antenna system is part of a multiple in multiple out antenna system.
  • the antenna system of the base station namely the vehicle- based antenna system, may interact with the antenna system of the key fob, namely the key-based antenna system.
  • Both antenna systems may establish the multiple in multiple out antenna system (MIMO antenna system).
  • an analyzing module is provided that is configured to determine the relative distance between the key-based antenna system and the vehicle-based antenna system, the relative orientation between the key-based antenna system and the vehicle-based antenna system, the arrival angles of signals exchanged, the amplitude of signals exchanged, the relative location of the key-based antenna system relative to the vehicle-based antenna system and/or the relative location of the vehicle-based antenna system relative to the key-based antenna system. Therefore, information with regard to the coupling of the key fob with the vehicle-based antenna system can be determined appropriately by analyzing the coupling matrix describing the coupling between the respective antenna systems.
  • the analyzing module may be implemented in the key fob. Hence, the key fob determines the respective information.
  • the analyzing module may be configured to determine a coupling matrix between the key-based antenna system and the vehicle-based antenna system, wherein the coupling matrix comprises several components each having information regarding amplitude and/or phase of a signal exchanged between the key-based antenna system and the vehicle-based antenna system.
  • the coupling matrix may describe the signal exchange from the base station to the key fob or vice versa, namely from the key fob to the base station.
  • MIMO multiple in multiple out
  • the coupling matrix may be determined by a fob key comprising the key-based antenna system, wherein the coupling matrix determined is transmitted to a base station of the remote keyless entry system. This improves the security of the overall remote keyless entry system.
  • the several components of the coupling matrix are determined, each having information regarding amplitude and/or phase of a signal exchanged between the key-based antenna system and the vehicle-based antenna system.
  • the respective information may be obtained by the analyzing module.
  • FIG. 1 schematically shows a remote keyless entry system according to the state of the art
  • FIG. 2 schematically shows a remote keyless entry system according to the invention with a schematically illustrated key fob according to the invention.
  • a remote keyless entry system 10 that comprises a key fob 12 and a base station 14 assigned to a vehicle.
  • the key fob 12 has a key-based antenna system 16 with multiple fob antennas 18.
  • two fob antennas 18 are given as example.
  • One fob antenna 18 is horizontal and one fob antenna 18 is vertical.
  • the key fob 12 has an analyzing module 20 that is connected with the key-based antenna system 16 as will be explained later.
  • a vehicle-based antenna system 22 is provided that has three vehicle antennas 24 in the shown embodiment.
  • the base station 14 may also have an analyzing module 26 that is connected with the vehicle-based antenna system 22 as will be explained hereinafter.
  • the C is a coupling matrix.
  • the coupling matrix C for the fob key 12 will vary in response to the distance between the fob key 12 and the vehicle-based antenna system 22, in particular the vehicle antennas 24.
  • the coupling matrix C for the fob key 12 will vary in response to the orientation of the fob key 12 relative to the vehicle-based antenna system 22, in particular the vehicle antennas 24.
  • the distance and signal arrival angles of signals emitted by the fob key 12 can be determined. In this manner, the location of the fob key 12 relative to the vehicle, namely the vehicle-based antenna system 22, can be identified.
  • the vehicle location or rather the location of the vehicle- based antenna system 22 relative to the fob key 12 can also be determined by the following equations.
  • the D matrix will be determined at the fob key 12, in particular the respective analyzing module 20.
  • the D matrix reflects the relative positions of the vehicle antennas 24 to the fob antennas 18 used in the fob key 12.
  • the signals of the vehicle antennas 24 arrive at the fob antennas 18 at different angles.
  • the fob key 12 can document this D matrix and send it back to the base station 14.
  • the attacker Since the calculation of the D matrix is performed at the fob key 12, in particular the analyzing module 20, if relay attack occurs, the attacker would need to position the relay emitting antennas in the similar space to duplicate the vehicle antenna arrangement. This is not practical in reality and, therefore, the MIMO antenna system defeats the relay attack.
  • the antenna systems 16, 22 together may establish the MIMO system that can be used to thwart potential relay attackers.
  • the antenna system(s) 16, 22 or rather the MIMO system can utilize the space and polarization of both the fob antennas 18 and the vehicle antennas 24 to improve the RKE range and produce the long-range performance in all the directions.
  • V2V vehicle to vehicle
  • a 5.8GHZ signal may be utilized. This same frequency can be used for this MIMO RKE application described above.
  • Multiple antenna can be used for RKE, passive entry, and V2V applications. Additionally, the vehicle antennas 24 could be designed with multiple frequency bands coverage to build V2V and RKE antennas at the same vehicle location. Thus, the vehicle antennas 24 are established by multiband antennas.

Abstract

A key fob 12 for a remote keyless entry system of a vehicle is described, comprising at least one key-based antenna system 16 for a frequency band, wherein the key-based antenna system has at least two fob antennas 18, and wherein the key-based antenna system is part of a multiple in multiple out antenna system. Furthermore, a remote keyless entry system as well as a method of using a remote keyless entry system are described.

Description

A key fob, a remote keyless entry system and a method of using a remote keyless entry system
The invention relates to a key fob as well as a remote keyless entry system. Further, the invention relates to a method of using a remote keyless entry system. Vehicle remote keyless entry (RKE) encounters range issues in certain directions relative to the vehicle due to signal fading and multipath. Keyless entry can also encounter a so-called relay attack theft issue.
The passive entry RKE system is a passive system for getting in and out the car without using key and any other owner initiation, such as pushing a button on a key or key fob. There is LF(low frequency) transmitter (base station) and possible RF receiver inside the vehicle. A driver has a key fob, which has LF receiver and possible RF (radio frequency) transmitter. When a driver approaches the vehicle and lifts the door handle, the door handle will initiate the LF transmitter inside the car. The LF transmitter will create the LF field to initiate the LF receiver inside the fob (which is located in the possession of the owner, e.g., in his or her pocket or handbag). The fob responds by powering on and also (potentially, depending on the system) receiving any necessary information from the vehicle LF transmitter. In response, the fob will powers on its RF transmitter and sends information via an RF signal back to the vehicle RF receiver, which causes the vehicle based RKE system to unlock the car.
For this approach, there is the possibility of a theft occurrence according to what is referred to as a relay attack. In this scenario that is shown in Figure 1 , the vehicle owner parks his car outside and sits inside, for example, his office. There are two attackers trying to get into his car. First relay attacker stay close to the vehicle and the second relay attacker stays close to the owner. Both attackers have in their possession an LF receiver and another repeater (transceiver). The first attacker approaches the car and lifts up the door handle, which will trigger the LF transmitter inside the car. Attacker 1 's LF receiver receives the information transmitted by LF transmitter inside the car. The first attacker will then transmit the signal to the second attacker through RF (although some attackers may use a LF link with long cable). The second attacker's transceiver will receive the information sent by the first attacker and then use the repeater to transmit the signal to the vehicle owner's fob. The LF receiver in the vehicle owner's fob receives the LF signal and responds by transmitting an RF response signal for the car to open the door.
The second attacker's transceiver receives the RF command signal and then re-transmits the signal back to first attacker. The first attacker's transceiver receives the RF command signal and re-transmits it to the RF receiver inside the car. The car receiver recognizes the command and unlocks the car door. So the first attacker gains successful access to the car.
Accordingly, there is a need for a possibility to improve remote keyless entry systems.
The invention provides a key fob for a remote keyless entry system of a vehicle, comprising at least one key-based antenna system for a frequency band, wherein the key-based antenna system has at least two fob antennas, and wherein the key- based antenna system is part of a multiple in multiple out antenna system.
Furthermore, the invention provides a remote keyless entry system comprising at least one vehicle-based antenna system for a frequency band and a key fob as described above, wherein the vehicle-based antenna system has at least two vehicle antennas.
Furthermore, the invention provides a method of using a remote keyless entry system with a multiple in multiple out system, with the following steps:
- Transmitting a first signal via a vehicle-based antenna system,
Receiving the first signal via a key-based antenna system, - Transmitting a second signal via the key-based antenna system,
Receiving the second signal via a vehicle-based antenna system, and
Determining a coupling matrix between the key-based antenna system and a vehicle-based antenna system. Accordingly, a multiple in multiple out antenna system is provided which improves the security of the remote keyless entry system. The MIMO antenna system may utilize the space and polarization of the respective antennas to improve the remote keyless entry range and produce the long-range performance in all the directions. Since the respective MIMO antenna system is assigned to a frequency band, the at least two antennas are configured to process similar signals.
Generally, the vehicle-based antenna system may be assigned to a base station of the remote keyless entry system. The base station may be assigned to the vehicle.
The key-based antenna system may comprise at least a vertical fob antenna and a horizontal fob antenna. Hence, two differently polarized antennas are provided.
According to an aspect, the key fob has an analyzing module that is connected with the key-based antenna system, wherein the analyzing module is configured to determine a coupling matrix between the key-based antenna system and a vehicle-based antenna system, wherein the coupling matrix comprises several components each having information regarding amplitude and/or phase of a signal exchanged between the key-based antenna system and the vehicle-based antenna system. Therefore, information with regard to the coupling of the key fob with the vehicle-based antenna system can be determined appropriately by analyzing the coupling matrix describing the coupling between the respective antenna systems.
The coupling matrix determined may be transmitted via the key-based antenna system. Accordingly, the key fob which determines the coupling matrix may transmit the respective coupling matrix determined to the base station of the remote keyless entry system so that a verification may take place.
Another aspect provides that at least one radio frequency transmitter is provided that is connected with the key-based antenna system. Accordingly, radio frequency signals may be transmitted by the key fob which are received by the vehicle-based antenna system or rather the base station of the remote keyless entry system. The coupling matrix describing the coupling between the respective antenna systems may be transmitted via radio frequency signals.
Moreover, at least one low frequency receiver may be provided that is connected with the key-based antenna system. The low frequency receiver is configured to receive low frequency signals transmitted by the vehicle-based antenna system or rather the base station of the remote keyless entry system.
In fact, the key fob may comprise two different antenna systems, namely a radio frequency antenna system and a low frequency antenna system. The respective antennas of the key-based antenna systems may be established differently. Alternatively, the key fob has a single key-based antenna system comprising multiband antennas. The multiband antennas may be configured to transmit radio frequency signals and receive low frequency signals.
Furthermore, the signals exchanged between the key fob and the base station may be within a frequency band, for instance a low frequency band or rather radio frequency band. Hence, the same antenna system may be used for receiving and transmitting the respective signals. In addition, the key-fob and/or the base station each may comprise a transceiver.
The vehicle-based antenna system may have at least two vehicle antennas, wherein the vehicle-based antenna system is part of a multiple in multiple out antenna system. The antenna system of the base station, namely the vehicle- based antenna system, may interact with the antenna system of the key fob, namely the key-based antenna system.
Both antenna systems may establish the multiple in multiple out antenna system (MIMO antenna system). According to another aspect, an analyzing module is provided that is configured to determine the relative distance between the key-based antenna system and the vehicle-based antenna system, the relative orientation between the key-based antenna system and the vehicle-based antenna system, the arrival angles of signals exchanged, the amplitude of signals exchanged, the relative location of the key-based antenna system relative to the vehicle-based antenna system and/or the relative location of the vehicle-based antenna system relative to the key-based antenna system. Therefore, information with regard to the coupling of the key fob with the vehicle-based antenna system can be determined appropriately by analyzing the coupling matrix describing the coupling between the respective antenna systems. The analyzing module may be implemented in the key fob. Hence, the key fob determines the respective information.
The analyzing module may be configured to determine a coupling matrix between the key-based antenna system and the vehicle-based antenna system, wherein the coupling matrix comprises several components each having information regarding amplitude and/or phase of a signal exchanged between the key-based antenna system and the vehicle-based antenna system. The coupling matrix may describe the signal exchange from the base station to the key fob or vice versa, namely from the key fob to the base station.
Generally, a multiple in multiple out (MIMO) antenna keyless entry system is introduced to provide vehicle locating feature, improve the remote keyless range and defeat relay attack theft issue.
The coupling matrix may be determined by a fob key comprising the key-based antenna system, wherein the coupling matrix determined is transmitted to a base station of the remote keyless entry system. This improves the security of the overall remote keyless entry system.
According to another aspect, the several components of the coupling matrix are determined, each having information regarding amplitude and/or phase of a signal exchanged between the key-based antenna system and the vehicle-based antenna system. The respective information may be obtained by the analyzing module.
Generally, information with regard to the relative locations of the components of the remote keyless entry system may be gathered or rather exchanged so that the overall security is improved.
The foregoing aspects and many of the attendant advantages of the claimed subject matter will become more readily appreciated as the same become better understood by reference to the following detailed description, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
- Figure 1 schematically shows a remote keyless entry system according to the state of the art, and
- Figure 2 schematically shows a remote keyless entry system according to the invention with a schematically illustrated key fob according to the invention.
In Figure 2, a remote keyless entry system 10 is shown that comprises a key fob 12 and a base station 14 assigned to a vehicle.
The key fob 12 has a key-based antenna system 16 with multiple fob antennas 18. Here two fob antennas 18 are given as example. One fob antenna 18 is horizontal and one fob antenna 18 is vertical.
Furthermore, the key fob 12 has an analyzing module 20 that is connected with the key-based antenna system 16 as will be explained later.
With regard to the base station 14 assigned to the vehicle, a vehicle-based antenna system 22 is provided that has three vehicle antennas 24 in the shown embodiment.
The base station 14 may also have an analyzing module 26 that is connected with the vehicle-based antenna system 22 as will be explained hereinafter.
The relationship between the key-based antenna system 16, in particular the fob antennas 18, and the vehicle-based antenna system 22, in particular the vehicle antennas 24, is governed by the following equations
Figure imgf000008_0001
Figure imgf000008_0002
Cll Cll
c = C21 C22
C31 C32
The C is a coupling matrix. The C parameters, also called matrix components, are associated with the relative location between the antennas 18, 24. It has signal amplitude (A) and phase (Θ) information so that the respective C parameters can be described as follows: Cll = Alle>e
The coupling matrix C for the fob key 12 will vary in response to the distance between the fob key 12 and the vehicle-based antenna system 22, in particular the vehicle antennas 24. In addition, the coupling matrix C for the fob key 12 will vary in response to the orientation of the fob key 12 relative to the vehicle-based antenna system 22, in particular the vehicle antennas 24.
By measuring the coupling matrix C, which may take place in the analyzing module 26 assigned to the base station 14, the distance and signal arrival angles of signals emitted by the fob key 12 can be determined. In this manner, the location of the fob key 12 relative to the vehicle, namely the vehicle-based antenna system 22, can be identified.
In reverse manner, the vehicle location or rather the location of the vehicle- based antenna system 22 relative to the fob key 12 can also be determined by the following equations.
Bl
■All = Wll D12 D13
B2
A2\ W21 D ~ 2"2 D ~ 2"2\
B3
Wll D12 D131
W21 D22 D22
The D matrix will be determined at the fob key 12, in particular the respective analyzing module 20. The D matrix reflects the relative positions of the vehicle antennas 24 to the fob antennas 18 used in the fob key 12. The signals of the vehicle antennas 24 arrive at the fob antennas 18 at different angles. When the fob key 12 is closer to the vehicle, namely the vehicle-based antenna system 22, with the vehicle antennas 24 located far apart from each other, the arrival angle difference from the vehicle antennas 24 to the fob key 12 will be wider and the signals from the vehicle antennas 24 will be stronger. The fob key 12 can document this D matrix and send it back to the base station 14.
Since the calculation of the D matrix is performed at the fob key 12, in particular the analyzing module 20, if relay attack occurs, the attacker would need to position the relay emitting antennas in the similar space to duplicate the vehicle antenna arrangement. This is not practical in reality and, therefore, the MIMO antenna system defeats the relay attack.
The antenna systems 16, 22 together may establish the MIMO system that can be used to thwart potential relay attackers.
The antenna system(s) 16, 22 or rather the MIMO system can utilize the space and polarization of both the fob antennas 18 and the vehicle antennas 24 to improve the RKE range and produce the long-range performance in all the directions. In vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communication, a 5.8GHZ signal may be utilized. This same frequency can be used for this MIMO RKE application described above.
Multiple antenna (systems) can be used for RKE, passive entry, and V2V applications. Additionally, the vehicle antennas 24 could be designed with multiple frequency bands coverage to build V2V and RKE antennas at the same vehicle location. Thus, the vehicle antennas 24 are established by multiband antennas.

Claims

Claims
1 . A key fob for a remote keyless entry system of a vehicle, comprising at least one key-based antenna system for a frequency band, wherein the key-based antenna system has at least two fob antennas, and wherein the key-based antenna system is part of a multiple in multiple out antenna system.
2. The key fob according to claim 1 , wherein the key-based antenna system comprises at least a vertical fob antenna and a horizontal fob antenna.
3. The key fob according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the key fob has an analyzing module that is connected with the key-based antenna system, wherein the analyzing module is configured to determine a coupling matrix between the key- based antenna system and a vehicle-based antenna system, wherein the coupling matrix comprises several components each having information regarding amplitude and/or phase of a signal exchanged between the key-based antenna system and the vehicle-based antenna system.
4. The key fob according to claim 3, wherein the coupling matrix determined is transmitted via the key-based antenna system.
5. The key fob according to any of the preceding claims, wherein at least one radio frequency transmitter is provided that is connected with the key-based antenna system and/or wherein at least one low frequency receiver is provided that is connected with the key-based antenna system.
6. A remote keyless entry system comprising at least one vehicle-based antenna system for a frequency band and a key fob according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the vehicle-based antenna system has at least two vehicle antennas.
7. The remote keyless entry system according to claim 6, wherein the vehicle-based antenna system has at least two vehicle antennas, and wherein the vehicle-based antenna system is part of a multiple in multiple out antenna system.
8. The remote keyless entry system according to claim 6 or 7, wherein an analyzing module is provided that is configured to determine the relative distance between the key-based antenna system and the vehicle-based antenna system, the relative orientation between the key-based antenna system and the vehicle- based antenna system, the arrival angles of signals exchanged, the amplitude of signals exchanged, the relative location of the key-based antenna system relative to the vehicle-based antenna system and/or the relative location of the vehicle- based antenna system relative to the key-based antenna system.
9. The remote keyless entry system according to any of claims 6 to 8, wherein the analyzing module is configured to determine a coupling matrix between the key-based antenna system and the vehicle-based antenna system, wherein the coupling matrix comprises several components each having information regarding amplitude and/or phase of a signal exchanged between the key-based antenna system and the vehicle-based antenna system.
10. The remote keyless entry system according to any of claims 6 to 9, wherein the vehicle-based antenna system comprises multiband antennas.
1 1 . The remote keyless entry system according to any of claims 6 to 10, wherein at least one low frequency transmitter is provided that is connected with the vehicle-based antenna system and/or wherein at least one radio frequency receiver is provided that is connected with the vehicle-based antenna system.
12. A method of using a remote keyless entry system with a multiple in multiple out system, with the following steps:
- Transmitting a first signal via a vehicle-based antenna system, - Receiving the first signal via a key-based antenna system,
- Transmitting a second signal via the key-based antenna system,
Receiving the second signal via a vehicle-based antenna system, and
Determining a coupling matrix between the key-based antenna system and a vehicle-based antenna system.
13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the coupling matrix is determined by a fob key comprising the key-based antenna system, and wherein the coupling matrix determined is transmitted to a base station of the remote keyless entry system.
14. The method according to claim 12 or 13, wherein the relative distance between the key-based antenna system and the vehicle-based antenna system, the relative orientation between the key-based antenna system and the vehicle- based antenna system, the arrival angles of signals exchanged, the amplitude of signals exchanged, the relative location of the key-based antenna system relative to the vehicle-based antenna system and/or the relative location of the vehicle- based antenna system relative to the key-based antenna system is determined.
15. The method according to any of claims 12 to 14, wherein the several components of the coupling matrix are determined, each having information regarding amplitude and/or phase of a signal exchanged between the key-based antenna system and the vehicle-based antenna system.
PCT/EP2018/080520 2017-11-07 2018-11-07 A key fob, a remote keyless entry system and a method of using a remote keyless entry system WO2019092051A1 (en)

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