WO2019082114A1 - Tête de découpage laser pour machines-outils - Google Patents

Tête de découpage laser pour machines-outils

Info

Publication number
WO2019082114A1
WO2019082114A1 PCT/IB2018/058326 IB2018058326W WO2019082114A1 WO 2019082114 A1 WO2019082114 A1 WO 2019082114A1 IB 2018058326 W IB2018058326 W IB 2018058326W WO 2019082114 A1 WO2019082114 A1 WO 2019082114A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
supporting element
cutting head
laser cutting
wall
laser beam
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/IB2018/058326
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Nicola MENEGHETTI
Enzo Gesuita
Original Assignee
Salvagnini Italia S.P.A.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Salvagnini Italia S.P.A. filed Critical Salvagnini Italia S.P.A.
Publication of WO2019082114A1 publication Critical patent/WO2019082114A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/14—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring using a fluid stream, e.g. a jet of gas, in conjunction with the laser beam; Nozzles therefor
    • B23K26/1462—Nozzles; Features related to nozzles
    • B23K26/1488—Means for protecting nozzles, e.g. the tip surface
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/02—Positioning or observing the workpiece, e.g. with respect to the point of impact; Aligning, aiming or focusing the laser beam
    • B23K26/06—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing
    • B23K26/064—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing by means of optical elements, e.g. lenses, mirrors or prisms
    • B23K26/0648—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing by means of optical elements, e.g. lenses, mirrors or prisms comprising lenses
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/02—Positioning or observing the workpiece, e.g. with respect to the point of impact; Aligning, aiming or focusing the laser beam
    • B23K26/06—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing
    • B23K26/0665—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing by beam condensation on the workpiece, e.g. for focusing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/12—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring in a special atmosphere, e.g. in an enclosure
    • B23K26/127—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring in a special atmosphere, e.g. in an enclosure in an enclosure
    • B23K26/128—Laser beam path enclosures
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/14—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring using a fluid stream, e.g. a jet of gas, in conjunction with the laser beam; Nozzles therefor
    • B23K26/1462—Nozzles; Features related to nozzles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/70—Auxiliary operations or equipment
    • B23K26/702—Auxiliary equipment
    • B23K26/703—Cooling arrangements

Definitions

  • the invention concerns laser cutting devices for cutting machine tools, and in particular relates to a laser cutting head for use in an optical fibre laser cutting system in a cutting and/or punching machine tool for metal sheets.
  • the laser is a device capable of emitting, by means of a process of stimulated emission, a monochromatic light beam which is coherent in space namely concentrated in a rectilinear beam and having very high brightness (luminance).
  • a monochromatic light beam which is coherent in space namely concentrated in a rectilinear beam and having very high brightness (luminance).
  • the possibility of concentrating a large amount of energy in a very small area allows the laser device to cut, engrave and weld metals. Metal materials are typically cut by vaporisation, and especially by fusion. In the latter case, the laser beam leads to the fusion of a small point of the metal and the fused metal (scum) is removed by a blow or jet of gas.
  • laser sources can be used to generate a beam of light which is suitable for cutting metals.
  • gas lasers carbon dioxide C0 2 , monoxide
  • solid state lasers laser diodes with doped glass and fibre lasers.
  • the laser beam is therefore focused on work pieces by a laser cutting head or focusing head which is connected to the emitting apparatus through an optical chain (C0 2 laser) or a transmission fibre (optical fibres, for example in YAG laser diodes).
  • the laser cutting head can in fact be moved by the machine tool with precision and speed to perform the cutting of the product.
  • the latter typically comprises an optical collimating group that transmits the light beam coming out from the optical fibres to an optical focusing group capable of focusing the collimated laser beam on the piece to be cut.
  • the focused laser beam or ray comes out from the cutting head through a nozzle which concentrates the blow or jet of gas used to remove the scums generated by the fusion of the metal and limit the likelihood that the same can reach the focusing group.
  • a transparent element or glass is provided at the nozzle, that separates the inside of the cutting head from the outside and allows the passage of the laser beam output by the optical focusing group. The latter makes it possible to focus the laser beam, that is, position its focal point or focus on a given point on the surface of the piece to be cut, or just below the surface.
  • the optical focusing group typically comprises a focusing lens mounted on a drawer or lens-slide, movable along an adjusting direction which is parallel to the direction of the laser beam so as to allow it to focus. More precisely, the lens drawer is moved by a respective actuator that is controlled as a function of the distance between the laser cutting head and the surface of the piece, this distance being detected by a suitable sensor mounted on the same cutting head.
  • the surface of the piece (for example a very large sheet) is in fact generally irregular, non-planar, curved.
  • the focusing lens or collimating lens and its relative lens-drawer are housed inside the laser cutting head, in a chamber that is suitably closed and separated from the external environment so as to prevent the entry of contaminants and foreign objects (in particular the scums generated by the cutting) which might dirty the lenses and therefore alter their optical characteristics.
  • the actuator which moves the lens-drawer is generally positioned on the outside of the chamber and connected to said drawer by means of mechanical connection elements that pass through one or more openings of the laser cutting head.
  • Suitable seals are provided at said openings to prevent the entry of contaminants and foreign objects in the internal chamber.
  • the seals do not ensure the hermetic closure of the internal chamber, especially in cases of prolonged and intensive use of the laser cutting head, both because of their configuration and shape that must allow the linear sliding of the supporting elements and because of the degradation of the material subjected to heavy operating conditions. Periodically it is therefore necessary to clean the internal chamber and the focusing lens to remove any particles and scum which have penetrated therein.
  • Cooling systems are provided to cool the laser cutting head and in particular the focusing lens.
  • a small fraction of the energy of the laser beam that passes through the lenses is indeed absorbed and converted into heat for several reasons, mainly due to the non-absolute transparency of the optics (coating and substrate).
  • the heat generated by prolonged use causes a rise in the temperature of the entire head and in particular of the focusing lens, which is also very close to the piece to be processed, that is, the melting area of the same.
  • thermo focus shift This phenomenon, commonly known with the term "thermal focus shift", then makes it impossible for the cutting system to focus the laser beam in the desired and optimal point on the surface of the piece, with a consequent decay of cutting characteristics up to the impossibility to perform the cutting itself.
  • the increase in temperature can also cause damages to the surface layer generally provided on the surfaces of the lenses, causing a further variation in the optical characteristics of the latter.
  • cooling systems which provide for the introduction of gas (typically nitrogen) at controlled temperatures inside the focusing head so as to lap and thus cool the focusing lens.
  • gas typically nitrogen
  • the external cooling of the casing of the head that encloses the focusing group is not in fact sufficient to ensure adequate cooling of the focusing lens.
  • the cooling systems with gas flow have the disadvantage of requiring the use of expensive technical gases (for example nitrogen) that are free of contaminants. Particles or foreign objects or contaminants contained in the gas can in fact settle on the focusing lens causing, in addition to a variation of the optic refractive index, absorption of the energy of the laser beam and therefore a reduction in the power available for cutting. Furthermore, due to the intense energy absorption at the areas where particles and contaminants have deposited, with a consequent increase in the local temperature, over time and with use the lens is damaged up to its destruction.
  • expensive technical gases for example nitrogen
  • An object of the present invention is to improve the known laser cutting heads for cutting machine tools, and in particular the cutting heads for optical fibre laser cutting systems. Another object is to provide a laser cutting head capable of ensuring effective and optimal isolation of an internal chamber containing the optical collimating and focusing groups of the laser beam with an external environment, so as to prevent the entrance therein of contaminating elements and particles, in particular solid and gaseous scums generated by laser cutting.
  • a further object is to achieve a laser cutting head having compact shape and particularly limited dimensions.
  • Another further object is to obtain a laser cutting head which makes it possible to simply and effectively cool the optical collimating and focusing groups in the internal chamber, also with intense and prolonged use.
  • a laser cutting head is provided according to claim 1.
  • a laser cutting head is provided according to claim 15.
  • the invention can be better understood and implemented with reference to the accompanying drawings that illustrate a non-limiting exemplary embodiment, in which: figure 1 is a sectional view of the laser cutting head of the invention;
  • figure 2 is an enlarged and partial view of the cutting head of figure 1 which shows in particular a collimating group of the laser beam and relative actuator means;
  • figure 3 is an enlarged and partial view of a variant of the laser cutting head
  • figure 4 is an enlarged and partial view of another variant of the laser cutting head of the invention.
  • figure 5 is an enlarged and partial view of another variant of the laser cutting head;
  • figure 6 is an enlarged and partial view of a further variant of the laser cutting head of the invention;
  • figure 7 is an enlarged and partial view of a further variant of the laser cutting head of the invention.
  • figure 8 is an enlarged and partial view of another embodiment of the laser cutting head of the invention.
  • FIG 9 is a sectional view of another embodiment of the laser cutting head of the invention
  • figure 10 is an enlarged and partial view of a variant of the cutting head of figure 9.
  • a laser cutting head 1 is shown according to the invention, which can be powered by a laser emitting apparatus, of known type and not shown in the figures, through optical transmission means 41 and associable with a machine tool to perform cutting, engraving and welding on a piece 50.
  • the emitting apparatus is a stimulated emission apparatus of a solid-state laser type and the optical transmission means 41 comprise an optical fibre cable capable of transporting the laser beam generated by the emitting apparatus to the laser cutting head 1.
  • the laser cutting head 1 comprises a collimating group 2 to collimate the laser beam L coming from the laser emitting apparatus, a focusing group 5 to focus the laser beam coming out collimated from the collimating group 2.
  • the latter comprises at least a collimating lens 3 and a supporting element 4 suitable for supporting the collimating lens 3 and movable along an adjusting direction X, the latter being substantially parallel to the direction of the laser beam coming out from the optical transmission means 41.
  • the laser cutting head 1 further includes a reflective surface or mirror 10, interposed between the collimating group 2 and the focusing group 5 and arranged to reflect, in particular at about 90°, toward the focusing group 5 the laser beam L coming from the collimating group 2.
  • the laser cutting head 1 further comprises casing means 15, 16 which form an internal space 20 suitable for containing the collimating group 2, the focusing group 5, the mirror 10 and actuator means 7 connected to, and adapted to move the supporting element 4 with the collimating lens 3 along the adjusting direction X, to vary a focal point of said laser beam L coming out focused from the focusing group 5.
  • the internal space 20, formed by the casing means 15, 16, is closed and hermetically isolated, that is, air-tight closed from an external environment where the laser cutting head 1 is.
  • the casing means 15, 16 prevent the entrance inside the laser cutting head 1, inside the internal space 20, of contaminants and foreign objects, in particular solid and gaseous scums and residues generated by laser cutting, which could dirty the lenses of the collimating group 2 and focusing group 3 and/or the mirror 10.
  • the casing means 15, 16 are provided with a first input opening 39 coupled to the optical transmission means 41, which allows entrance into the internal space 20 of the laser beam L generated by the emitting apparatus, and with a second output opening 31 placed at a cutting nozzle 30 and sealingly closed by a separating glass 32, as better explained in the following description, which allows the transmission of the laser beam collimated and focused from the laser cutting head 1.
  • the casing means 15, 16 do not have additional openings or holes for the passage of electrical or mechanical connection elements.
  • the actuator means 7 are entirely contained in the internal space 20.
  • the casing means comprise in particular a first casing 15 adapted to contain at least the collimating group 2 and the actuator means 7 and a second casing 16 adapted to contain the mirror 10 and the focusing group 5.
  • the first casing 15 and the second casing 16 have respective cavities that form the internal space 20.
  • the first casing 15 has a substantially cylindrical shape, while the second casing 16 has the shape of a parallelepiped.
  • the actuator means 7, 17, 27 comprise electromagnetic actuator means that include fixed armatures 8; 18; 28, which bear coils 8a; 18a; 28a powered by electric current and are integrated in, that is, in a single body with, an internal wall of the casing means 15, 16; 55, and movable armatures 9; 19; 29 which bear permanent magnets or bodies in ferromagnetic material 9a; 19a; 29a and are integrated in, that is, in a single body with, said supporting element 4.
  • the electromagnetic actuator means comprise a linear electromagnetic actuator 7 of the movable plunger type, equipped with a fixed or static armature 8 which houses two coils or solenoids 8a powered by electric current and is integrated in an internal wall of the casing means 15, 16 and a movable armature 9, so-called core or plunger, comprising at least a body 9a in ferromagnetic material and also integrated in the supporting element 4.
  • the fixed armature 8 is formed by a portion of the internal wall of the casing means 15, 16 and the coils 8a are fixed directly to the latter.
  • the movable armature 9 is formed by a portion of the supporting element 4, the magnetic body 9a being fixed to an external wall of the latter.
  • the movable armature 9 is linearly moved along the adjusting direction X when it is subject to the magnetic fields generated by the two antagonist coils 8a, powered by electric current.
  • Linear guiding means 11 are fixed to an internal wall of the casing means 15, 16, in particular an internal wall of the first casing 15, to slidably support and guide the supporting element 4 along the adjusting direction X, preventing movements and/or oscillations transverse to this adjusting direction X, which would cause a shift of the focal point of the laser beam L and/or a modification of the size and/or shape of this focal point on the piece 50.
  • the linear guiding means comprise, for example, a guiding bushing 11 provided with balls 12, in particular balls made of ceramic material with low friction, slidable on an external wall 4b of the supporting element 4.
  • the latter has an internal through cavity 40 for the passage of the laser beam L output from the optical transmission means 41.
  • the supporting element 4 has in particular a hollow tubular shape, for example cylindrical, and has a first end 4a, in particular furthest from the optical transmission means 41, adapted to support the collimating lens 3 inside the internal through cavity 40, and a second end 4c, in particular closest to the optical transmission means 41 and facing a connector 42 that connects the aforesaid optical transmission means 41 to the casing means 15, 16.
  • the guiding bushing 11 with the balls 12 made of ceramic material with low friction does not require for its operation, that is, for the linear sliding of the supporting element 4, the use of lubricants which could contaminate and dirty the lenses 3, 6 and the mirror 10.
  • the ceramic balls 12 roll on the external wall of the supporting element 4, they substantially do not generate particles that could also contaminate the internal space 20 of the laser cutting head 1.
  • the laser cutting head 1 also comprises anti-rotation means, of a known type and not shown in detail in the figures, housed inside the casing means 15, 16 and arranged to prevent the supporting element 4 from rotating about an axis parallel to the adjusting direction X when moved by the actuator means 7.
  • the rotation of the collimating lens 3 can in fact cause a shift of the focal point of the laser beam L and a variation in the size and/or shape of this focal point on the piece 50.
  • the laser cutting head 1 of the invention further comprises a position sensor 23 housed inside the casing means 15, 16, in particular the first casing 15, and provided to measure linear displacements of the supporting element 4 along the adjusting direction X.
  • a control unit of the machine tool is able to perform a feedback control of the actuator means 7 which makes it possible to correctly position the collimating lens 3, that is, the focal point of the laser beam on the piece 50.
  • the position sensor 23 is, for example, an inductive sensor capable of detecting the position of a measuring element of an elongated shape along the adjusting direction X and fixed to an external wall of the supporting element 4.
  • the position sensor 23 can however comprise an optical sensor.
  • the laser cutting head 1 also comprises a further supporting element 24 fixed to an internal wall of the casing means 15, 16 and arranged to support at least the focusing lens 6 of the focusing group 5. More precisely, the further supporting element 24 comprises a flange fixed to the internal walls of the second casing 16 and able to house and support the focusing lens 6.
  • the laser cutting head 1 also comprises the cutting nozzle 30 fixed to the casing means 15, 16 and through which the focused laser beam comes out.
  • the cutting nozzle 30 concentrates a blow or jet of gas intended to distance the scums generated by the fusion of the work piece and at the same time limits the probability that the aforesaid scums can reach the focusing group 5, the reflective mirror 10 and the collimating group 2 inside the laser cutting head 1.
  • the cutting nozzle 30 is fixed to a lower portion of the casing means 15, 16 that comprise the output opening 31 for the emission of the laser beam L focused by the focusing group 5 and the separating glass 32 to sealingly close said output opening 31 while allowing the passage of the laser beam L which passes through the cutting nozzle 30 and strikes the work piece 50.
  • the output opening 31 is formed on a bottom wall 34 of the second casing 16. The sealed closure of the output opening 31 through the separating glass 32 is guaranteed by a suitable sealing element 33.
  • the separating glass 32 together with the additional supporting element 24 and the focusing lens 6 forms in the internal space 20 of the casing means 15, 16, in particular inside the second casing 16, an intermediate chamber 20c arranged to hermetically separate the mirror 10 and the collimating group 2 from the output opening 31.
  • the focusing lens 6 is sealedly mounted on the further supporting element 24.
  • the intermediate chamber 20c constitutes a barrier that is interposed between the external environment (through the output opening 31) and the portion of the internal space 20 wherein the collimating group 2 and the mirror 10 are contained.
  • the focusing lens 6 with the relative supporting element 24 also form a physical barrier that prevents entry into the laser cutting head 1 of any particles and foreign objects and, in particular, of scums generated by the fusion of the work piece that could penetrate if the seal between the separating glass 32 and the bottom wall 34 were comprised, for example due to damage or degradation of the sealing element 33.
  • the laser cutting head 1 of the invention also includes a cooling unit 25 fixed externally to a respective wall of the casing means 15, 16 and thermo-conductive means 26 that connect the supporting element 4 to the aforesaid wall of the casing means so as to extract by thermal conduction from the supporting element 4 and the collimating lens 3 the heat generated in the latter when crossed by the laser beam L.
  • the supporting element 4 and at least the respective wall of the casing means 15, 16 are made of a high thermal conductivity material.
  • the thermo-conductive means comprise at least a flexible thermo-conductive element 26 made of high thermal conductivity material, for example a ribbon of braided copper and/or a ribbon coated with graphite sheets or a ribbon of copper coated with a polyimide film (Kapton®).
  • a flexible thermo-conductive element 26 made of high thermal conductivity material, for example a ribbon of braided copper and/or a ribbon coated with graphite sheets or a ribbon of copper coated with a polyimide film (Kapton®).
  • One end of the flexible thermo-conductive element 26 is fixed to a wall of the supporting element 4, while the remaining end is fixed to an internal surface of the wall of the casing means 15, 16, in particular a wall of the first casing 15.
  • the cooling unit 25 is instead fixed to an external surface of the aforesaid wall of the casing means 15, 16 at the end of the flexible thermo-conductive element 26 so as to extract the heat transmitted from the latter to the wall of the casing means 15, 16.
  • the flexibility of the thermo-conductive element 26 does not in
  • the cooling unit 25 comprises one or more Peltier cells 37 and a heat sink element 38.
  • the cold side of the Peltier cell 37 is externally fixed to the wall of the casing means 15, 16, while the hot side of the Peltier cell 37 is connected to the heat sink element 38.
  • the laser cutting head 1 of the invention includes a further cooling unit 35 fixed externally to a respective wall of the casing means 15, 16, in particular to an external surface of a wall of the second casing 16, in order to extract from the latter the heat which radiates by thermal conduction from the focusing lens 6, warmed by the heat that is generated when crossed by the laser beam L.
  • the further supporting element 24 and at least the respective wall of the casing means 15, 16 are made of a high thermal conductivity material.
  • the further cooling unit 35 comprises one or more Peltier cells 37 and a heat sink element 38.
  • the cold side of the Peltier cell 37 is externally fixed to the wall of the casing means 15, 16, while the hot side of the Peltier cell 37 is connected to the heat sink element 38.
  • the further cooling unit 35 is also positioned on said wall of the casing means 15, 16, also at said bottom wall 34, so as to extract by thermal conduction the heat that is generated in the separating glass 32 when crossed by the laser beam L. In fact, the heat radiates by conduction from the separating glass 32, through the bottom wall 34, to the wall of the casing means 55 to whose exterior the further cooling unit 35 is fixed. In this way, the separating glass 32 can also be cooled and its duration increases considerably.
  • the lenses 3, 6 of the collimating group 2 and focusing group 5 are cooled by a cooling system of a known type which envisages the introduction of gas (typically nitrogen) at controlled temperatures inside the laser cutting head 1 so as to lap and then cool the lenses.
  • gas typically nitrogen
  • the laser beam coming from the laser emitting apparatus through the optical transmission means 41 is collimated by the collimating group 2 and reflected by the mirror 10 toward the focusing group 3 from which said laser beam comes out collimated and, through the cutting nozzle 30, it strikes the piece 50 to be processed.
  • the correct positioning of the focal point or focus of the laser beam L on the piece 50 to be cut is carried out by appropriately moving the collimating lens 3 along the adjusting direction X, the focusing lens 6 being fixed. This movement can be carried out in a precise and accurate manner by the actuator means 7 inserted and internally housed inside the casing means 15, 16.
  • the guiding means 11 which support and guide the supporting element 4 of the collimating lens 3 along the adjusting direction X, the anti- rotation means and the position sensor 23 are also completely housed inside the casing means 15, 16.
  • the internal space 20 can be advantageously hermetically isolated, that is, air-tight closed, from an external environment wherein the laser cutting head 1 is.
  • the only openings envisaged on the casing means are the input opening 39 and the output opening 31, respectively for the input and output of the laser beam, closed by the optical transmission means 41 and the separating glass 32.
  • the laser cutting head 1 of the invention is therefore able to ensure an effective and optimal isolation of the internal space 20 containing the collimating group 2 and focusing group 5 of the laser beam L with an external environment, so as to prevent the entrance of either gaseous or solid contaminants and foreign objects, in particular of the scums generated by the cutting, in the laser cutting head itself.
  • the electromagnetic actuator means 7, which comprise a linear electromagnetic actuator with movable plunger, and the guiding means 11, which comprise a guiding bushing with ceramic balls, substantially do not generate particles or debris in operation that can contaminate the internal space 20 of the laser cutting head 1 and thus dirty the lenses 3, 6 and the mirror 10.
  • the laser cutting head 1 of the invention is particularly compact and with limited overall dimensions.
  • cooling units 25, 35 provided with Peltier cells 37, placed on the exterior of the casing means 15, 16 and connected to the supporting elements 4, 24 of the collimating lens 3 and focusing lens 6, it is also possible to effectively extract by thermal conduction the heat generated in the lenses by the crossing of the laser beam L. Since the cooling units 25, 35 are fixed externally to the casing means 15, 16 and extract the heat from the walls of the latter which spread by thermal conduction from the lenses 3, 6 through the supporting elements 4, 24 and the thermo-conductive means 26, connection openings on the casing means are not necessary and the internal space 20 of the laser cutting head 1 is isolated from the external environment.
  • the particular configuration of the laser cutting head 1 of the invention makes it additionally possible to achieve numerous other advantages as described below.
  • the focusing lens 6 which is fixed and must not be moved to vary and adjust the focal point of the laser beam on the piece 50, can be positioned at a greater distance from the cutting nozzle 30, that is, from the same piece 50 being processed (substantially at the maximum amount of adjustment travel necessary in the case of laser cutting heads with a movable focusing lens). In this way the focusing lens 6 is subjected to a lower thermal gradient due to the heat generated by the fusion of the piece being processed and its integrity and durability are better preserved.
  • the separating glass 32 can also be positioned at a greater distance from the piece 50, where it is more difficultly reached by splashes of melted material of the piece being processed.
  • the duration of the separating glass 32 thus considerably increases and the time intervals between one maintenance service and the next also increases.
  • the separating glass 32 can also be positioned near the focusing lens 6, which is fixed at a minimum distance from the latter and such to make it possible to minimize the power density of the laser beam L on said separating glass 32.
  • the laser beam L which comes out convergent from the focusing lens 6 to make the focal point on the piece 50, crosses an area of the separating glass 32 which progressively decreases with the increase of the distance of the latter from the focusing lens 6. At a minimum distance from the focusing lens 6 this area is at its maximum and the power of the laser beam L is distributed on said wider area, causing a lower power density and therefore lower energy.
  • the separating glass 32 is therefore less stressed from a thermal perspective and its duration increases.
  • the fixed focusing lens 6 in addition to being positioned furthest from the piece 50 being processed, can be positioned closer to the collimating lens 3, that is, closer to the mirror 10.
  • the smaller optical path that separates the two lenses makes it possible to obtain greater energy efficiency because the laser beam L power dispersed around the optical axis of the focusing lens is lesser.
  • Figure 3 illustrates a variant of the laser cutting head 1 which differs from the embodiment described above and illustrated in figures 1 and 2 for the electromagnetic actuator means which comprise a linear motor with permanent magnets 17 provided with a fixed armature, or stator, 18, provided with coils 18a and fixed to an internal wall of the casing means 15, 16 and a movable armature 19, provided with permanent magnets 19a and fixed to an external wall of the supporting element 4.
  • linear guiding means 11 are provided which are fixed to an internal wall of the casing means 15, 16 and intended to slidably support the supporting element 4 along the adjusting direction X, thereby preventing movements and/or oscillations transverse to this adjusting direction X.
  • the linear guiding means comprise a guiding bushing 11 provided with balls 12, in particular made of ceramic material with low friction, slidable on an external wall 4b of the supporting element 4.
  • a position sensor 23 is housed inside the casing means 15, 16, in particular the first casing 15, to measure the linear displacement of the supporting element 4 along the adjusting direction X in such a way as to allow a control unit of the machine tool to perform feedback control of the actuator means 17 for correctly positioning the collimating lens 3, that is, the focal point of the laser beam on the piece 50.
  • Figure 4 illustrates another variant of the laser cutting head 1 of the invention which differs from the embodiment described above and illustrated in figures 1 and 2, for the electromagnetic actuator means which comprise a linear motor with permanent magnets 17 provided with a fixed armature or stator 18, provided with coils 18a and integrated in, or formed by, a wall of the casing means 15, 16 and a movable armature 19, provided with permanent magnets 19a and integrated in the supporting element 4.
  • the fixed armature 18 is formed by an annular portion of the wall of the first casing 15 from which the polar expansions for the coils 18a radially extend toward the inside.
  • the movable armature 19 is integrated in, or formed by, the supporting element 4 of the collimating lens 3 and the permanent magnets 19a are fixed to an external wall of the supporting element 4.
  • linear guiding means 11 are provided which are fixed to an internal wall of the casing means 15, 16 and intended to slidably support the supporting element 4 along the adjusting direction X, thereby preventing movements and/or oscillations transverse to this adjusting direction X.
  • the linear guiding means comprise a guiding bushing 11 provided with balls 12, in particular made of ceramic material with low friction, slidable on an external wall 4b of the supporting element 4.
  • a position sensor 23 is housed inside the casing means 15, 16, in particular inside the first casing 15, to measure the linear displacement of the supporting element 4 along the adjusting direction X in such a way as to allow a control unit of the machine tool to perform a feedback control of the actuator means 17 for correctly positioning the collimating lens 3, that is, the focal point of the laser beam on the piece 50.
  • This embodiment of the laser cutting head 1 of the invention is particularly compact and easier to build.
  • Figure 5 shows another variant of the laser cutting head 1, wherein the actuator means comprise a rotary electric motor 27 fixed to an internal wall of the casing means 15, 16 and acting through screw-nut screw means 43 on the supporting element 4.
  • the electric motor 27 includes a fixed armature or stator 28 provided with coils 28a powered by electric current, fixed to an internal wall of the casing means 15, 16, and a rotary movable armature or rotor 29 provided with permanent magnets 29a and connected through the screw-nut screw means 43 to the supporting element 4.
  • the movable armature 29 is connected to a nut screw 44 of the screw-nut screw means 43, in order to rotate the latter about a rotation axis parallel to the adjusting direction X.
  • the screw-nut screw means 43 comprise a ball screw wherein the nut screw 44 is provided with an internal helical groove for the sliding of balls 46, in particular made of ceramic material, while the supporting element 4 acts as a screw and has a helical groove on a respective external wall, in which the aforesaid balls 46 slide.
  • the latter are preferably preloaded to reduce possible plays and ensure a high level of precision in the transformation of the motion from rotary to linear.
  • Rolling bearings 45 are interposed between an internal wall of the casing means 15, 16 and the nut screw 44 for rotatably supporting the latter in its rotation.
  • Anti-rotation means are provided and housed inside the casing means 15, 16 to prevent the supporting element 4 from rotating with the nut screw 44 about the rotation axis during operation.
  • Figure 6 shows another variant of the laser cutting head 1 of the invention provided with actuator means comprising a rotary electric motor 27 associated with an internal wall of the casing means 15, 16 and acting through screw-nut screw means 43 on the same supporting element 4.
  • the electric motor 27 includes a fixed armature or stator 28 provided with coils 28a powered by electric current, integrated in, or formed by, an internal wall of the casing means 15, 16, and a rotary movable armature or rotor 29 provided with permanent magnets 29a and connected through the screw-nut screw means 43 to the supporting element 4.
  • the movable armature 29 is integrated with a nut screw 44 of the screw-nut screw means 43 in order to rotate the latter about a rotation axis parallel to the adjusting direction X.
  • the fixed armature 28 is formed by an annular portion of the wall of the first casing 15 from which the polar expansions for the coils 28a radially extend toward the inside.
  • the movable armature 29 is formed by a portion of the nut screw 44 and the permanent magnets 29a are fixed directly to an external wall of an end of said nut screw 44.
  • the screw-nut screw means 43 comprise a ball screw wherein the nut screw 44 is provided with an internal helical groove for the sliding of balls 46, in particular made of ceramic material, while the supporting element 4 acts as a screw and has a helical groove on a respective external wall, in which the aforesaid balls 46 slide.
  • the latter are preferably preloaded to reduce possible plays and ensure a high level of precision in the transformation of the motion from rotary to linear.
  • Rolling bearings 45 are interposed between an internal wall of the casing means 15, 16 and the nut screw 44 for rotatably supporting the latter in its rotation.
  • Anti-rotation means are provided and housed inside the casing means 15, 16 to prevent the supporting element 4 from rotating with the nut screw 44 about the rotation axis during operation.
  • the actuator means 7, 17, 27 of the supporting element 4 which supports the collimating lens 3 comprise linear or rotary electromagnetic actuators wherein at least the respective fixed armatures 8, 18, 28 which bear the coils 8a, 18a, 28a powered by electric current can be advantageously integrated or directly created in an internal wall of the casing means 15, 16, in particular of the first casing 15. More precisely, one or more annular portions of said internal wall act as fixed armatures to which the coils can be fixed.
  • the movable armatures can be integrated with the supporting element 4, that is, formed by an end portion of said supporting element 4, the permanent magnets being fixed to an external wall of the latter.
  • FIG 7 a further variant of the laser cutting head 1 of the invention is illustrated which differs from the embodiment described above and illustrated in figures 1 and 2 in that it comprises sealing means 21, 22 which connect the ends 4a, 4c of the supporting element 4 to internal walls of the casing means 15, 16 and are configured to allow the supporting element 4 to be movable along the adjusting direction X.
  • the sealing means 21, 22, in cooperation with the supporting element 4 and the internal walls of the casing means 15, 16 form in the internal space 20 a first chamber 20a containing the collimating lens 3, the mirror 10 and the focusing group 5 and a second chamber 20b hermetically separated from the first chamber 20a and containing the actuator means 7.
  • the sealing means 21, 22 form and delimit with the supporting element 4 the second chamber 20b of annular shape that houses, in addition to the actuator means 7, the guiding means 11, the position sensor 23, the anti- rotation means and the thermo-conductive means 26 which connect an external wall of the supporting element 4 to an internal wall of the first casing 15.
  • the first chamber 20a which includes the through cavity 40, formed by the supporting element 4 and containing the collimating lens 3, and the volume inside the second casing 16 in which the mirror 10 and the focusing group 5 are housed, is hermetically separated, that is, isolated from the second chamber 20b. In this way any particles and foreign objects and contaminants, for example already present in the actuator means 7, guiding means 11, position sensor 23, anti-rotation means and thermo-conductive means 15, cannot reach and contaminate the coUimating lens 3, the focusing lens 6 and the mirror 10 in a step of mounting and assembling the laser cutting head 1.
  • the sealing means 21, 22 comprise, for example, a first bellow gasket 21 and a second bellow gasket 22, formed by respective cylindrical sleeves made of extendible material, for example rubber or silicone.
  • the first bellow gasket 21 connects the first end 4a of the supporting element 4 to an internal wall of the first casing 15, while the second bellow gasket 22 connects the second end 4c of the supporting element 4 to an internal wall of the first casing 15 at the connector 42 of the optical transmission means 41.
  • the sealing means 21, 22 can comprise respective labyrinth seals formed by the ends 4a, 4c of the sealing element 4 with the internal walls of the first casing 15.
  • the electromagnetic actuator means comprise, for example, a linear electromagnetic actuator 7 of the movable armature type having a fixed armature 8, which houses the two coils 8a powered by electric current, integrated in, or formed by, an internal wall of the casing means 15, 16 and the movable armature 9, integrated in or formed by the same supporting element 4, with the magnetic body 9a fixed to an external wall of the latter.
  • the supporting element 4 is formed by a first part comprising the first end 4a and the external wall 4b that interacts with the linear guiding means 11 and by a second part that includes the movable armature 9 of the linear electromagnetic actuator 7, the first part and the second part of the supporting element 4 being mutually connected by fixing means of a known type.
  • this variant of the laser cutting head of the invention it is possible to ensure the complete isolation of the coUimating and focusing groups from the external environment, minimizing the risks that particles and residues can contaminate and dirty the coUimating and focusing lenses, thereby making it possible to increase the duration and have optimal performance over time, thus avoiding alterations of optical characteristics.
  • FIG 8 shows a further embodiment of the laser cutting head 1 of the invention which differs from the embodiment described above and illustrated in figures 1 and 2 for the casing means 15, 16 and the cutting nozzle 30.
  • the casing means 15, 16, and in particular the second casing 16 of the latter in fact, comprise a bottom wall 54 provided with a tubular cavity 55, which extends inside the internal space 20 in the direction of the focusing group 5, in particular of the focusing lens 6, and has, adjacent to and facing the latter, the output opening 31 for the output of the collimated and focused laser beam L.
  • the tubular cavity 55 is arranged for housing a terminal element 56, also of a tubular shape, having a first internal end 56a that supports the separating glass 32 and capable of sealing, in cooperation with the latter, the output opening 31. More precisely, the first internal end 56a of the terminal element 56 is coupled through a suitable first seal 53 to the output opening 31, when the terminal element 56 is inserted in the tubular cavity 55 in an assembly configuration.
  • the terminal element 56 also comprises a second external end 56b that supports the cutting nozzle 30.
  • the latter can also be integrated and in a single piece with the terminal element 56.
  • the terminal element 56 and the cutting nozzle 30 form a through cavity 58 for the passage of the laser beam L coming out of the focusing lens 6.
  • the second external end 56b of the terminal element 56 is sealingly coupled, for example by means of a suitable flange and a second seal 57, with an external surface of the bottom wall 54 of the second casing 16.
  • the terminal element 56 forms with the tubular cavity 55 of the bottom wall 54 a further intermediate chamber 20d which hermetically separates and is interposed between the external environment and said internal space 20, more precisely between the external environment and the intermediate chamber 20c formed inside the second casing 16 by the bottom wall 54 with the tubular cavity 55, by the separating glass 32 and by the further supporting element 24 on which the focusing lens 6 is sealingly mounted.
  • the laser cutting head 1 of the invention there are therefore two intermediate chambers 20c, 20d that separate the part of the internal space 20 wherein the collimating group 2, the mirror 10 and the focusing group 5 are contained from the external environment.
  • the two intermediate chambers 20c, 20d form a triple barrier constituted by the further supporting element 24 that sealingly mounts the focusing lens 6, by the first internal end 56a of the terminal element 56 which is coupled by means of the first seal 53 to the output opening 31 and supports the closure lens 32 and by the second external end 56b of the terminal element 56 that sealingly couples with the external surface of the bottom wall 54 through the second seal 57.
  • the aforesaid triple barrier prevents the entrance inside the laser cutting head 1 of any particles and foreign bodies and, in particular, of the scums generated by the fusion of the piece 50 being processed. It should be noted that the hermetic separation with the external environment is implemented in the further intermediate chamber 20d by two distinct and separate seals 53, 57 which guarantee the greater effectiveness and reliability of the seal.
  • the separating glass 32 is positioned adjacent to the focusing lens 6 and at a greater distance from the piece 50, more inside the laser cutting head 1 and where it is more difficultly reached by splashes of fused material of the piece 50 being processed.
  • the separating glass 32 is positioned close to the focusing lens 6, the power density of the laser beam L is reduced on said separating glass 32.
  • the laser beam L which leaves the focusing lens 6 convergent, in fact passes a wide area of the separating glass 32 (considering the minimum distance from the focusing lens 6) and the power is distributed on said wider area, causing lower power density and therefore lower energy.
  • the separating glass 32 is therefore also less stressed from a thermal perspective and its duration increases considerably.
  • the duration of the separating glass 32 also increases in virtue of the further cooling unit 35 that is positioned on the internal wall of the casing means 15, 16 at both the further supporting element 24, which supports the focusing lens 6, and at the bottom wall 54, so as to extract by thermal conduction the heat generated in the focusing lens 6 and the separating glass 32 by the crossing laser beam L.
  • the heat radiates by conduction from the separating glass 32 through the wall of the tubular cavity 55, the bottom wall 54 and the wall of the casing means 15, 16 to which the further cooling unit 35 is externally fixed.
  • the separating glass 32 can therefore be cooled, similar to the focusing lens 6, and its duration increases considerably.
  • the further supporting element 24 is fixed to the internal wall of the second casing 16 at the further cooling unit 35.
  • the casing means comprise a single casing 55 and the laser beam L extends axially inside the laser cutting head 1 from a first input opening 39, coupled to the optical transmission means 41, to a second output opening 31 placed at a cutting nozzle 30.
  • the collimating lens 3 and the focusing lens 6 are aligned along an optical axis F of the laser beam L.
  • the actuator means 27 comprising, for example, the rotary electric motor 27 coupled to the screw-nut screw means 43 make it possible to move the supporting element 4 along the adjusting direction X, parallel to the optical axis F so as to adjust the focal point.
  • the collimating lens 3 and the supporting element 4 are cooled by the cooling unit 25 fixed externally to the casing 55.
  • the focusing lens 6, the separating glass 32, the supporting element 24 and the bottom wall 34 are cooled by the further cooling unit 35 fixed externally to the casing 55.
  • Figure 10 shows a variant of the embodiment of figure 8, from which it differs in that it comprises sealing means 21, 22 which connect the ends 4a, 4c of the supporting element 4 to the internal walls of the casing 55.
  • the sealing means 21, 22, in addition to allowing the supporting element 4 to be moved by the actuator means 7 along the adjusting direction X, form in the internal space 20 with the supporting element 4 and the internal walls of the casing 55 the first chamber 20a containing the collimating lens 3 and the focusing lens 6 and the second chamber 20b hermetically separated from the first chamber 20a and containing the actuator means 7 comprising a movable plunger electromagnetic actuator.
  • the sealing means 21, 22 comprise, for example, a first bellow gasket 21 and a second bellow gasket 22, formed by respective cylindrical sleeves made of extendible material, for example rubber or silicone.
  • the first bellow gasket 21 connects the first end 4a of the supporting element 4 to an internal wall of the casing 55, while the second bellow gasket 22 connects the second end 4c of the supporting element 4 to an internal wall of the casing 55 at the connector 42 of the optical transmission means 41.
  • the electromagnetic actuator means comprise a linear electromagnetic actuator 7 of the movable armature type having a fixed armature 8, which houses the two coils 8a powered by electric current, integrated in, or formed by, an internal wall of the casing means 55 and the movable armature 9, integrated and formed by the same supporting element 4, with the magnetic body 9a fixed to an external wall of the latter.
  • the supporting element 4 can be formed by a first part comprising the first end 4a and the external wall 4b that interacts with the linear guiding means 11 and by a second part that includes the movable armature 9 of the linear electromagnetic actuator 7, the first part and the second part of the supporting element 4 being mutually connected by fixing means of a known type.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Laser Beam Processing (AREA)

Abstract

Tête de découpe laser pouvant être alimentée par un appareil d'émission laser par l'intermédiaire d'un moyen de transmission optique (41) et pouvant être associée à un outil de découpe de machine, comprenant un groupe de collimation (2) pour collimater un faisceau laser (L) provenant de l'appareil d'émission laser et comprenant au moins une lentille de collimation (3) et un élément de support (4) approprié pour supporter la lentille de collimation (3) et mobile le long d'une direction de réglage (X) ; un groupe de concentration (5) pour concentrer le faisceau laser (L) sortant du groupe de collimation (2) ; des moyens d'actionnement (7 ; 17, 27) pour déplacer l'élément de support (4) avec la lentille de collimation (3) le long de la direction de réglage (X) pour faire varier un point focal du faisceau laser (L) sortant du groupe de focalisation (5) ; des moyens de boîtier (15, 16 ; 55) qui forment un espace interne (20) fermé et isolé hermétiquement à partir d'un environnement externe et conçu pour contenir entièrement le groupe de collimation (2), le groupe de concentration (5) et les moyens d'actionnement (7 ; 17, 27) ; les moyens d'actionnement (7 ; 17, 27) comprennent des moyens d'actionnement électromagnétique qui comprennent des induits fixes (8 ; 18, 28), qui portent des bobines (8a ; 18a, 28a) alimentées par un courant électrique et qui sont intégrées dans une paroi interne desdits moyens de boîtier (15, 16 ; 55), et des induits mobiles (9 ; 19 ; 29) qui portent des aimants permanents ou des corps en matériau ferromagnétique (9a ; 19a ; 29a) et sont intégrés dans l'élément de support (4).
PCT/IB2018/058326 2017-10-26 2018-10-25 Tête de découpage laser pour machines-outils WO2019082114A1 (fr)

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CN110000481A (zh) * 2019-05-20 2019-07-12 安徽斯塔克机器人有限公司 一种双摆三维激光切割机
CN110560928A (zh) * 2019-09-02 2019-12-13 广州东振激光科技有限公司 一种加工连杆裂解槽的激光切割装置
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