WO2019079704A2 - Espace libre interne d'impression 3d - Google Patents

Espace libre interne d'impression 3d Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2019079704A2
WO2019079704A2 PCT/US2018/056683 US2018056683W WO2019079704A2 WO 2019079704 A2 WO2019079704 A2 WO 2019079704A2 US 2018056683 W US2018056683 W US 2018056683W WO 2019079704 A2 WO2019079704 A2 WO 2019079704A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
layer
powder
sintering
shape
shapes
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2018/056683
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English (en)
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WO2019079704A3 (fr
Inventor
Gregory Thomas Mark
Original Assignee
Markforged, Inc.
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Publication date
Application filed by Markforged, Inc. filed Critical Markforged, Inc.
Publication of WO2019079704A2 publication Critical patent/WO2019079704A2/fr
Publication of WO2019079704A3 publication Critical patent/WO2019079704A3/fr

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
    • B29C64/10—Processes of additive manufacturing
    • B29C64/165—Processes of additive manufacturing using a combination of solid and fluid materials, e.g. a powder selectively bound by a liquid binder, catalyst, inhibitor or energy absorber
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/10—Formation of a green body
    • B22F10/14—Formation of a green body by jetting of binder onto a bed of metal powder
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/40—Structures for supporting workpieces or articles during manufacture and removed afterwards
    • B22F10/43—Structures for supporting workpieces or articles during manufacture and removed afterwards characterised by material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/70—Recycling
    • B22F10/73—Recycling of powder
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
    • B29C64/40—Structures for supporting 3D objects during manufacture and intended to be sacrificed after completion thereof
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/10—Formation of a green body
    • B22F10/18—Formation of a green body by mixing binder with metal in filament form, e.g. fused filament fabrication [FFF]
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/40—Structures for supporting workpieces or articles during manufacture and removed afterwards
    • B22F10/47—Structures for supporting workpieces or articles during manufacture and removed afterwards characterised by structural features
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/60—Treatment of workpieces or articles after build-up
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/10—Sintering only
    • B22F2003/1042—Sintering only with support for articles to be sintered
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/24—After-treatment of workpieces or articles
    • B22F2003/248—Thermal after-treatment
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/10—Sintering only
    • B22F3/1017—Multiple heating or additional steps
    • B22F3/1021—Removal of binder or filler
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/25—Process efficiency

Definitions

  • the part layer of green material may be deposited with a print head, and the portion of the first binder may be debound by immersing the part in solvent before depositing a subsequent plurality of part layers of green material.
  • the part layer of green material may be deposited with a print head, and the portion of the first binder debound with a debinding head following a same trajectory as the print head.
  • a portion of the first binder is debound with a debinding head scanning across a part layer of green material. Following debinding all part layers of green material of the part, the entire part may be sintered.
  • the fume extractor includes a vacuum pump that maintains the sealed chamber under vacuum.
  • a lateral support shell of the same composite as the shrinking supports may be deposited to follow a lateral contour of the desired part.
  • the lateral support shell may be connected to the lateral contour of the desired part by forming separable attachment protrusions of the same composite between the lateral support shell and the desired part.
  • at least one of the shrinking platform, the lateral support shell and the desired part may be deposited with interconnections between internal chambers, and a fluid debinder may be penetrated via the interconnections into the internal chambers to debind the matrix from within the open cell structure.
  • a method of reducing distortion in an additively manufactured part includes depositing, in successive layers, a shrinking platform formed from a composite, the composite including a metal particulate filler in a debindable matrix.
  • Shing supports of the same composite may be deposited above the shrinking platform.
  • parting lines as separation clearances may be formed dividing the shrinking supports into fragments separable along the separation clearances.
  • a desired part may be shaped upon the shrinking platform and shrinking supports.
  • the matrix may be debound sufficient to form a shape-retaining brown part assembly including the shrinking platform, shrinking support columns, and desired part.
  • the shape-retaining brown part assembly may be sintered to shrink at a rate uniform throughout the shape-retaining brown part assembly.
  • the shrinking supports may be separated into fragments along the separation clearances, and the fragments may be separated from the desired part.
  • the debindable composite is extruded in a second direction based on the perimeter contour tool path to form an interior adjacent path of the debindable composite for the layer, wherein the deposition of the perimeter contour tool path and the interior adjacent path are traced in retrograde directions to one another so that directions of residual stress within a binder of the debindable composite are opposite in the perimeter contour tool path and the interior adjacent path.
  • a start point of the perimeter contour tool path and a stop point of the perimeter contour tool path are adjusted to locations within the interior region.
  • a debindable composite including a binder and a sinterable powder is deposited in a first direction about a perimeter.
  • An interior path is deposited along the perimeter in a direction retrograde the first direction. The deposition of the adjacent path stresses long-chain molecules in the binder in a direction opposite to stresses in the perimeter path, and reduces part twist during sintering caused by relaxation of the long-chain molecules in the part.
  • a material in a method for additive manufacturing, is supplied containing a removable binder and greater than 50% volume of a powdered metal having a melting point greater than 1200 degrees C, in which more than 50 percent of the powder particles have a diameter less than 10 microns.
  • the material is additively deposited with a nozzle having an internal diameter smaller than 300 microns.
  • the binder is removed to form a brown body or part.
  • the brown part or body is loaded into a fused tube formed from a material having a thermal expansion coefficient lower than lxlO-6/°C.
  • the fused tube is sealed, and internal air replaced with a sintering atmosphere. Radiant energy is applied from outside the sealed fused tube to the brown part.
  • the brown part or body is sintered at a temperature higher than 500 degrees C but less than 1200 degrees C.
  • the controller in the second mode sinters brown parts primarily formed with Steel powder in which more than 50 percent of powder particles have a diameter less than 10 microns, within the second sintering atmosphere comprising at least 3% Hydrogen, at the second sintering temperature higher than 1000 degrees C and less than 1200 degrees C.
  • a small powder particle size (e.g., 90 percent of particles smaller than 8 microns) of metal powder embedded in additively deposited material may lower a sintering temperature of stainless steels to below the 1200 degree C operating temperature ceiling of a fused silica tube furnace, permitting the same silica fused tube furnace to be used for sintering both aluminum and stainless steel (with appropriate atmospheres), as well as the use of microwave heating, resistant heating, or passive or active susceptor heating to sinter both materials.
  • a 3D printer may deposit, from the powdered metal (or ceramic) and binder composites discussed herein, a densification linking platform that is equal to or larger than a lateral or horizontal extent of a desired part, e.g., a minimum size that corresponds to the envelope of the part, at least partially separated from the part by a ceramic release layer.
  • the thickness of the densification linking platform should be at least 1/2 mm - 10 mm thick such that the forces developed during the shrinking process from atomic diffusion in the raft substantially counteract the friction force between the brown body assembly and a plate or carrier upon which sintering is performed.
  • the method further comprises applying a release material upon shapes of bound powder to form a 2D layer shape of release material.
  • the method further comprises building up a 3D shape of a release surface from interconnected 2D layer shapes of the release material, wherein forming the green part assembly includes forming the green part assembly including the release surface.
  • applying the release material includes applying the release material to form a complementary 2D layer shape intervening between a sintering support and the first desired 3D green part.
  • Another aspect of the invention is directed to a method for 3D printing green parts, comprising jetting a binder onto successive layers of powder feedstock in a powder bed to form a 2D layer shape of bound powder per layer, building up a 3D shape of a desired 3D green part from interconnected 2D layer shapes of the bound powder, applying a placeholder material upon shapes of bound powder to form 2D layer shapes of placeholder material, building up a 3D shape of placeholder volumes from interconnected 2D layer shapes of the placeholder material, and forming a green part assembly including the desired 3D green part and a cavity corresponding to the 3D shape of the placeholder material.
  • applying the placeholder material includes applying the placeholder material to form a complementary 2D layer shape of adhesive on an underlying build platform. In one embodiment, applying the placeholder material includes applying the placeholder material to form a complementary 2D layer shape of adhesive on the desired 3D green part. In another embodiment, the method further comprises removing the placeholder material from the green part assembly prior to sintering the green part assembly. In one embodiment, the method further comprises sintering the green part assembly including the placeholder material.
  • Fig. 4 is a schematic representation of a 3D printing system, part, and process in which sintering supports (e.g., shrinking or densification linking supports) are provided.
  • sintering supports e.g., shrinking or densification linking supports
  • Fig. 6 is a schematic representation of an alternative 3D printing system, part, and process to that of Figs. 4 and 5A-5D.
  • Fig. 7 is a schematic representation of one exemplary process of printing, debinding, sintering, and support removal with separation and/or release layers, green body supports and/or sintering or shrinking or densification linking supports.
  • Fig. 9 is a schematic representation of an additional alternative 3D printing system, part, and process to that of Fig. 4.
  • Fig. 24 is a schematic representation of one exemplary process of printing, debinding, sintering, and support removal optionally with separation and/or release layers, green body supports and/or fluidized bed sintering.
  • Fig. 25 is a schematic representation of an additional exemplary process of sintering optionally with certain configurations of material and sintering oven.
  • Figs. 30 and 31 show a side sectional view, substantially similar in description to Figs. 4, 6, 8, 9, 27, 28 and 29, in which access channels are provided.
  • Fig. 32 shows a chart in which the amount of shrinkage of the ceramic sintering support material should be less than that of the part model material until the final shrinkage amount is reached.
  • Figs. 33A-33D show part shapes including either or both of convex or concave shapes (protrusions, cavities, or contours).
  • Fig. 36A and 36B show schematics representing deposition direction of deposition paths in retrograde patterns.
  • Fig. 40 shows a MIM material extrusion nozzle assembly in cross-section.
  • a driven roller set 42, 40 may drive a continuous filament along a clearance fit zone that prevents buckling of filament.
  • the melted matrix material and the axial fiber strands of the filament may be pressed into the part and/or into the swaths below, at times with axial compression.
  • the end of the filament contacts an ironing lip and be subsequently continually ironed in a transverse pressure zone to form bonded ranks or composite swaths in the part 14.
  • a release layer includes a higher melting temperature or sintering temperature powdered material - ceramic for example, optionally deposited in or via a similar (primary) matrix component to the model material. Beneath the release layer, the same (metal) material is used as the part, promoting the same compaction / densification. This tends to mean the part and the supports will shrink uniformly, maintaining overall dimensional accuracy of the part.
  • a release layer may also be printed.
  • a raft or shrinking platform or densification linking platform RAl of model material e.g., metal-bearing composite
  • the raft or shrinking platform RAl is printed, e.g., for a purpose of providing a continuous model material foundation or material interconnection among the part and its supports, so that the process of mass transport and shrinking/densification during sintering is uniformly carried out, e.g., about a common centroid or center of mass, e.g., "densification linking".
  • the raft RAl may serve other purposes - e.g., improving early adhesion, clearing environmentally compromised (e.g., wet, oxidized) material from an extrusion or supply path, or conditioning printing nozzles or other path elements (e.g., rollers) to a printing state, etc.
  • environmentally compromised e.g., wet, oxidized
  • sintering e.g., shrinking or densification linking
  • an overhang or cantilevered portion OH1 may be supported by sintering supports SS I at an angle, so long as the sintering supports SS I are self-supporting during the printing process e.g., either by the inherent stiffness, viscosity, or other property of the model material as it is printed in layers stacking up at a slight offset (creating the angle), or alternatively or in addition with the lateral and vertical support provided by, e.g., the green body supports GS l.
  • the sintering supports SS I must also be robust to remain integral with the part 14 or supporting the part 14 through the sintering process. Any of the sintering supports SS I shown in Figs. 5C or 5D may alternatively be vertical columns or encased by a columnar sintering support encasing structure deposited from model material.
  • the green body supports are made of a different polymer, binder or substance than the first stage debinding material, a separate process may remove the green body supports before debinding. If the green body supports are made from either the same or similar substances as the first stage debinding material, or one that responds to the same debinding process by decomposing or dispersing, the green body supports may be removed during debinding. Accordingly, as shown in Fig.
  • the brown body e.g., as a brown body assembly
  • the second stage debinding component of the model material may be pyrolysed during sintering (including, for example, with the assistance of catalyzing or other reactive agents in gas or otherwise flowable form).
  • the sintering supports SS3, SS4, and SS5 of Fig. 8) may be directly tacked (e.g., "tacked” may be contiguously printed in model material, but with relatively small cross- sectional area) to a raft RA2, to the part 14a, and/or to each other.
  • the sintering supports SS2 may be printed above, below, or beside a separation layer, without tacking. As shown, the sintering supports SS2 are removable from the orthogonal, concave surfaces of the part 14a.
  • open cell holes may optionally be connected to access and/or distribution channels for debinding fluid penetration and draining, e.g., any of the structures of Figs. 25-31 may form, be formed by or be combined with the open cell holes.
  • This shell SH3 may surround the part 14 if sufficient parting lines or release layers are printed into the shell SH3 (e.g., instead of the structures SH4 and SH5 to the left of the drawing, a similar structure would be arranged), and if sufficiently form following, act as a workholding piece.
  • sintering supports SS I, SS2, SS3 may be formed in blocks or segments with at least some intervening release layer material, so as to come apart during removal.
  • supports may be tacked or untacked.
  • "Untacked" sintering supports may be formed from the model material, i.e., the same composite material as the part, but separated from the part to be printed by a release layer, e.g., a higher temperature composite having the same or similar binding materials.
  • the release layer may be formed from a high temperature ceramic composite with the same binding waxes, polymers, or other materials.
  • a role of tacked and untacked of sintering supports is to provide sufficient supporting points versus gravity to prevent, or in some cases remediate, sagging or bowing of bridging, spanning, or overhanging part material due to gravity.
  • the untacked and tacked sintering supports are both useful. Brown bodies, in the sintering process, may shrink by atomic diffusion, e.g., uniformly about the center of mass or centroid of the part. In metal sintering and some ceramics, typically this is at least in part solid-state atomic diffusion.
  • the interconnection of model material among the tacked sintering supports and the raft can be arranged such that the centroid of the raft- supports contiguous body is at or near the same point in space as that of the part, such that the part and the raft-support contiguous to the part each shrink during sintering uniformly and without relative movement that would move the supports excessively with respect to the part.
  • the part itself may also be tacked to the model material raft, such that the entire contiguous body shrinks about a common centroid.
  • any of the support structures discussed herein - e.g., tacked or untacked sintering supports, and/or support shells, may be printed with, instead of or in addition to intervening separation material, a separation clearance or gap (e.g., 5-100 microns) between the part and support structure (both being formed from model material).
  • a separation clearance or gap e.g., 5-100 microns
  • individual particles or spheres of the support structure may intermittently contact the part during sintering, but as the separation clearance or gap is preserved in most locations, the support structures are not printed with compacted, intimate support with the part.
  • the sintering support structures may include a following shell with an inner surface generally offset from the e.g., lateral part contour by a larger (e.g., 5-300 microns) gap or clearance, but will have protrusions or raised ridges extending into the gap or clearance to and separated by the smaller gap (e.g., 1-20 microns), or extending across the gap or clearance, to enable small point contacts between the part and support structures formed from the same (or similar) model material. Point contacts may be easier to break off after sintering than compacted, intimate contact of, e.g., a following contour shell.
  • the support structure would continue past the half way point (e.g. up to 2/3 of the part's height, and in some cases overhanging the part) enabling positive grip in, e.g., a vise.
  • attachment features to hold the workholding fixture(s) or soft jaw(s) in a vise (or other holder) may be added to the support structure for the purpose of post processing, e.g., through holes for attachment to a vise, or dovetails, or the like.
  • Carbon forms for particles or fibers include carbon nanotubes, carbon blacks, short/medium/long carbon fibers, graphite flakes, platelets, graphene, carbon onions, astralenes, etc.
  • thermal debinding a part containing binder is heated at a given rate under controlled atmosphere.
  • the binder decomposes by thermal cracking in small molecules that are sweep away by the gas leaving the oven.
  • solvent debinding a part containing binder is subject to dissolving the binder in appropriate solvent, e.g., acetone or heptane.
  • catalytic debinding the part is brought into contact with an atmosphere that contains a gaseous catalyst that accelerates cracking of the binder, which can be carried away.
  • a small amount e.g. ,1/3-1/10 of elastic modulus below Tg
  • stiffness or elastic modulus may remain mildly above the glass transition temperature TG-SC (shown in Fig. 17), continuing to decrease to the melting point.
  • Binder materials - whether polymer or wax or both - may have more than one component, and one or more glass transition temperatures or melting temperatures, and a glass transition temperature Tg marks a significant softening.
  • Fig. 17 shows one possible spool temperature span for one possible polymer or wax component such as the softening materials discussed herein.
  • the particular position on this curve relative to the noted glass transition temperature TG of a component is less important than the feeding behavior of the filament as a whole - the filament should be softened from any brittle state sufficiently to be pulled or drawn off the spool without breaking, yet hard enough to be fed by an extruder, and sufficiently pliable to be bent repeatedly within the Bowden tubes BT1 and, e.g., cable carrier ECl.
  • the heated air within the heated chamber HCl may be driven through the Bowden tubes BT surrounding the driven filaments to maintain the temperature at an elevated level as the warmed filament is moved through the Bowden tubes and, in some cases, flexed during printing. At least the driven air and the heater 16a heating the build plate may maintain the printing compartment and the air returned via channel RCl at a higher than room temperature level (and reduce energy consumption).
  • a segmented cable carrier e.g., energy chain
  • the heated chamber is a large volume, and the filament is dropped substantially directly down to the moving printing heads 18, 18a so as to have a large bend radius in all bends of the filament (e.g., as shown, no bend more of smaller than a 10 cm bend radius, or, e.g., no bend radius substantially smaller than that of the spool radius).
  • Bowden tubes guide the filaments for part of the height leading up to the spools.
  • the layer or road of first material deposited may be heated to temperature of 200-220 degrees C to debind the material.
  • the fume extractor FE1 or vacuum may be concentric or partially concentric with a heat source, such that fumes are extracted similarly without dependence on the direction of travel of the debinding head DBH1.
  • the debinding head DBH1, with or without the fume extractor FE1 may be concentric with the printing head 180 or 180a, again so that debinding may "follow" or track the print head 180 or 180a in any direction, and/or may perform similarly in any Cartesian direction of movement.
  • either of the debinding head DBH1 or the fume extractor FE1 may be mounted onto a side of the print head 180 or 180a (with or without independent articulation for direction) and may be mounted on a separately or independently movable carriage.
  • the fume extractor FE1 is preferably proximate to an output of the debinding head DBH1 (e.g., spray, heat radiator, etc.), e.g., no more than 0.1-10 mm from the debinding head DBH1.
  • the part upon completion of a layer, the part may be lowered (e.g., slightly or completely) into a solvent bath (e.g., circulated, recirculated, agitated and/or heated).
  • a solvent bath e.g., circulated, recirculated, agitated and/or heated
  • the debinding head DBH1 may be considered the solvent bath structure; and debinding 1-5 layers at a time may be a more effective approach because of the raising/lowering time.
  • a fume extractor FEl may remove dissolved, volatile, atomized, fluidized, aerosolized or otherwise removed binder.
  • the fume extractor FEl may be connected to a pump which directs the collected material into a cold trap CT1 (e.g., to condense volatile, sublimated, or gas state material to liquid or solid material) and optionally thereafter through a carbon filter or other gas cleaner CF1 before exhausting to an appropriate outlet.
  • a fume extractor FE2 separate from the debinding head DBH1 may evacuate or remove fumes from the entire chamber separately.
  • binder compositions may contain a first stage binder of 50-70 vol.-% of hydrocarbon solvent-soluble wax or fatty acid components.
  • the first stage binder may include low-melting binder components, such as higher alkanes, petrolatum, paraffin waxes and fatty acid esters and other compatible liquid plasticizers to increase the flexibility of the polymeric binder system. These components may improve spool winding on small-diameter spools and to resist impact during handling and shipping (including in colder ambient temperatures, e.g., below freezing), and may also increase the rate of extraction during the solvent debinding step.
  • Polyolefin binders include polyethylene, polypropylene or their copolymers, as described with a wax component including a proportion of naphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene. Sublimation of naphthalene during storage can be prevented by using an appropriate vapor impermeable packaging material such as an aluminum-polymer laminate, yet naphthalene can be relatively rapidly removed from the green part by moderate heating under low pressure, for example, in a vacuum oven at temperatures below the melting point of naphthalene and thus remove it without melting the binder phase.
  • pressurized gas appropriate for sintering may enter the fluidized bed vessel through numerous holes via a distributor plate 23-9 or a sparger distributor, the resultant gas- particle fluid being lighter than air and flowing upward through the bed, causing the solid particles to be suspended.
  • Heat is applied to the crucible 23-1 containing the powder bed (optionally fluidized) and part 23-3.
  • a pressurized gas 23-2 may be pre-heated to a temperature in the below, in the range of, or above the sintering temperature.
  • the powder and part may be more uniformly heated by the circulation of fluidizing with a gas.
  • a sintered body can be removed from the sintering oven. Some alumina powder may remain in internal cavities and can be washed away STG-4A and/or recovered.
  • Penetration depth (d) is the distance from the surface of the material at which the field strength reduces to 1/e (approximately 0.368) of its value at the surface. The measurements in this table are taken at or around 20 degrees C. As temperature increases, the penetration depth tends to decrease (e.g., at 1200 degrees C, the penetration depth may be 50-75% of that at 20 degree C).
  • Nitrogen/hydrogen mixtures (3-40%) or Nitrogen/ammonia may be used, and hydrocarbons may add back surface carbon or prevent its loss.
  • Atmospheres in post- sintering may be cooling (at very low Oxygen levels, e.g., 10-50ppm) at a rate of, e.g., 1- 2 degrees C per second, and/or may be recarbonizing with a hydrocarbon-including atmosphere (forming some CO) at e.g., 700-1000°C range for steels.
  • one candidate microwave generator 113-1 for assisting or performing sintering may generate 2.45 GHz frequency microwaves at a power output of 1-10 kW.
  • the generator, oscillator or magnetron 113-1 may be connected to a waveguide 113-2 with an open exit.
  • a circulator 113-3 and dummy load 113-4 e.g., water
  • a tuner device may change the phase and magnitude of microwave reflection to, e.g., cancel or counter reflected waves.
  • the powdered metal may have which more than 50 percent of powder particles of a diameter less than 10 microns, and advantageously more than 90 percent of powder particles of a diameter less than 8 microns.
  • the average particle size may be 3-6 microns diameter, and the substantial maximum (e.g., more than the span of +/-3 standard deviations or 99.7 percent) of 6-10 microns diameter.
  • the particle size distribution may be bimodal, with one mode at approximately 8 micron diameter (e.g., 6-10) microns and a second mode at a sub-micron diameter (e.g., 0.5 microns). The smaller particles in the second mode assist in early or lower temperature necking to preserve structural integrity.
  • the fused tube 113-5 may be sealed by a fused silica plug or plate 113-6 (and/or a refractory or insulating plug or plate).
  • the internal air may be evacuated, and may be further replacing internal air with a sintering atmosphere (including vacuum, inert gas, reducing gas, mixtures of inert and reducing gas).
  • Microwave energy may be applied from the microwave generator 113-1 outside the sealed fused tube to the brown part. In this case, because the small particles may lower the sintering temperature, the brown part of steel may be sintered in this furnace at a temperature lower than 1200 degrees C.
  • the susceptor members 113-7 discussed herein may even be used without microwave heating (in a microwave-free system, silicon carbide and MoSi 2 , two common susceptor materials, are often also good resistive heaters for high temperatures). Further as shown in Figs. 24 and 25, the microwave energy is applied from outside the sealed fused tube 113-5 to susceptor material members 113-7 arranged outside the sealed fused tube (which does not contaminate the sintering atmosphere in the tube interior). As noted, the sintering atmosphere is appropriate for the powdered metal being sintered, e.g., inert, vacuum, or at least 3% Hydrogen (e.g., 1-5% hydrogen, but including up to pure hydrogen) for stainless steels.
  • Hydrogen e.g., 1-5% hydrogen, but including up to pure hydrogen
  • the nozzle may be arranged to deposit material at a layer height substantially 2/3 or more of the nozzle width (e.g., more than substantially 200 microns for a 300 micron nozzle, or 100 microns for a 150 micron nozzle).
  • the controller may sinter second material (stainless steels) brown parts within a second sintering atmosphere (e.g., inert or reducing atmosphere) at a second sintering temperature higher than 1000 degrees C but less than 1200 degrees C.
  • a second sintering atmosphere e.g., inert or reducing atmosphere
  • An (optical) pyrometer 113-13 may be used to observe sintering behavior through the seal.
  • the oven 113 is held in an appropriate microwave reflective enclosure 113-14 and is insulated with appropriate insulation 113-15 and refractory material 113-16.
  • interconnected channels may be printed between infill cells or honeycomb or open cells in the part interior, that connect to the part exterior, and a shell (including but not limited to a support shell) may have small open cell holes, large cells, or a honeycomb interior throughout to lower weight, save material, and improve penetration or diffusion of gases or liquids (e.g., fluids) for debinding.
  • a shell including but not limited to a support shell
  • These access channels, open cells, and other debinding acceleration structures may be printed in the part or supports (including shrinking/densification supports or shrinking/densification platform). All or some of the channels/holes may be sized to remain open during debinding (including but not limited to under vacuum), yet close during the
  • Internal volumes may be printed with a channel to the outside of the part to permit support material to be removed, cleaned away, or more readily accessed by heat transfer or fluids or gasses used as solvents or catalysis.
  • Such channels may include at least one access channel to an exterior of the part, e.g., penetrating from the exterior of the part through wall structures of the 3D printed shape to one, several, or many infill cavities of the part; or may alternatively be surrounded by wall structures of the part.
  • an interconnected channel may include at least two access channels to an exterior of the part that similarly penetrate a wall, in order to provide an inlet and an outlet for fluid flow or simply to permit fluid to enter versus surface tension and/or internal gas.
  • These inlet-honeycomb-outlet structures may be multiplied or interconnected.
  • the inlets may be connected to pressurized fluid flow (e.g., via either 3D printed or mechanically inserted flow channel structures).
  • the inlets may be connected to vacuum or a flushing gas.
  • "inlet” and "outlet” are interchangeable, depending on the stage of the process.
  • the 3D printer may deposit a wall or successive layers of a wall, the wall having an access channel extending from an exterior of the part to an interior of the part.
  • the access channel permits fluid to enter the interior (e.g., between positive and negative contours of a cross-section of the part). As shown, e.g., in Figs. 26A-31, it is not necessary that the entirety of the interior of a part be interconnected to reduce the debinding time.
  • the routing channels CHI may connect during debinding to a matching one, several or array of debinding fluid supply channels (e.g., as shown in Fig. 25). Alternatively, or in addition, fluid flow through the routing channels may be promoted via circulation, heating, or agitation in an immersed bath of debinding fluid. Agitation may be forced fluid, mechanical, inductive, magnetic, or the like.
  • the raft or shrinking platform RAl is otherwise similar to that discussed with reference to Fig. 5B.
  • successive layers of honeycomb infill may be deposited in the interior of the part to form a plurality of distribution channels CH3 connecting an interior volume of the honeycomb infill to the first access channel CH2, at least some of the plurality of distribution channels CH3 being of different length from other of the distribution channels CH3.
  • a non- sintering filler that sinters at a significantly higher temperature may be mixed (which will generally decrease the amount of shrinking or densification).
  • homogeneous materials having a smaller APS will start densifying at lower temperatures and will attain a full density at a lower temperature than the larger APS materials.
  • the sintering temperature, shrinking amount or the degree of densification can be changed by changing the particle size distribution ("PSD", e.g., for the same average particle size, a different proportion or composition of larger and smaller particles).
  • PSD particle size distribution
  • densification of the mixture can be changed by using component mixing that may densify at a lower temperature than a chemical reaction, e.g., combining alumina and silica in a manner that densifies (sinters) at a temperature lower than that which forms mullite.
  • alumina- silica powder may be generated as alumina powder particles each forming an alumina core with a shell of silica, where the mixture first densifies/sinters between, e.g., 1150 and 1300 deg C, and converts to mullite only at higher temperatures, e.g., 1300-1600 degrees C.
  • the debinding chamber may be drained via gravity into a reservoir.
  • internal debinding agent fluid- filled channels such as distribution and access channels
  • the reservoir may include a filter, baffles, or other cleaner for removing debound material, and/or catalytic, chemical, magnetic, electrical or thermomechanical agent(s) for precipitating or otherwise gathering or removing debound material from the debinding agent.
  • the reservoir may include a valve for effecting the drain from the debinding chamber, and/or a pump for recirculating debinding agent back into the debinding chamber.
  • the reservoir may be integrated in the debinding chamber (e.g., recirculated in the debinding chamber after material removal).
  • different additive manufacturing processes can include a matrix in liquid (e.g., SLA) or powder (e.g., SLS) form to manufacture a composite material including a matrix (e.g., debindable plastic) solidified around the core materials (e.g., metal powder).
  • a matrix in liquid e.g., SLA
  • powder e.g., SLS
  • Many methods described herein can also be applied to Selective Laser Sintering which is analogous to stereolithography but uses a powdered resin for the construction medium as the matrix as compared to a liquid resin.
  • the reinforcement might be used for structural, electrical conductivity, optical conductivity, and/or fluidic conductivity properties.
  • brown parts may be dimensionally consistent with the deposited green part, but may display a twist around a vertical axis after sintering.
  • the second stage polymer binder may be considered to be heated to a level where residual stress can relax, causing the twist, as deposition stress built into the brown part is relaxed.
  • long chain molecules that compose the second stage binder polymer may be strained along the printing direction. When heated to a relaxing temperature, the molecules may pull back, potentially causing a macroscopic twist in the part as pulls among many layers accumulate.
  • interior volume may be filled in any coverage pattern including non-raster or non-boustrophedon fills that cross road and/or are parallel or adjacent other roads or contours (e.g., random fill, wall-following fill, spiral fill, Zamboni-pattern fill, or the like), and may be filled in variable size, randomized, anisotropic, foam-like, sponge-like, 3 -dimensional, or other versions of regular and irregular cellular (cell walls and low density or atmosphere cell interior) fills.
  • non-raster or non-boustrophedon fills that cross road and/or are parallel or adjacent other roads or contours
  • variable size randomized, anisotropic, foam-like, sponge-like, 3 -dimensional, or other versions of regular and irregular cellular (cell walls and low density or atmosphere cell interior) fills.
  • For shells or walls many or most parts are not formed from vertical prism shapes and through-holes, so layer to layer the shape of a slice and the shape of the shell or all incrementally changes for different wall slopes, con
  • a twisting effect from the relaxation of residual stress may not be as pronounced because raster rows may include some retrograde paths.
  • differences in path length among raster rows and turns may be more pronounced.
  • Overlap determined according to a difference in directional lengths e.g., including straight rows as well as end-of-row turns
  • raster-like or cellular patterns may be printed in tile patterns that each include main paths and parallel retrograde paths to relieve twisting stress relaxation within the tile and/or among tiles.
  • a first tool path for a layer of the part may be received by the controller, the received first tool path including a perimeter contour segment 371.
  • a second tool path 372 may be receive for a layer of the part by the controller, including an interior region segment adjacent the perimeter contour segment.
  • the perimeter path may include a first contour road portion 378, and a second contour road portion 379, each of the first contour road portion and the second contour road portion crossing one another with an even number of X-patterns, forming an even number of concealed seams for the layer.
  • nozzle structure can be used to improve printing properties of the metal powder composite feedstocks discussed herein.
  • Metal powder composite feedstocks such as MIM (Metal Injection Molding) feedstocks, are a composite material, as discussed herein, including sinterable metal powder and a binder, may be designed to facilitate MIM-specific processes.
  • certain feedstocks can be adapted for extrusion-type 3D printing, e.g., Fused Deposition Modeling or Fused Filament Fabrication ("FDM" or "FFF", terms for generic extrusion-type 3D printing).
  • An additional benefit of the present system is decreasing the volume of melt for a practically sized heater block and nozzle system, providing more responsive extrusion control. Additional back pressure may also give better extrusion control given the very low viscosity of some MIM materials.
  • the material may be heated in the print head to 180-230 C to promote adhesion.
  • the melt zone may be a short 1:2 aspect ratio and a volume of 20 mm A 3 - e.g., 3 mm of melt zone height, 1.5 mm of melt zone diameter.
  • the longer, thin melt channel however allows more heating length for exposure to a heating element (e.g., as shown in the Figures, a short melt zone cannot necessarily accommodate a large and powerful heating cartridge).
  • a reduced filament diameter e.g.
  • an FDM/FFF nozzle assembly may include a nozzle 38-1 including part of the cylindrical melt chamber 38-2 having a larger diameter and a transition to the nozzle outlet 38-3.
  • the transition may be smooth (tapered 38-4, as in Fig. 38A) or stepped 38-5 (as in Fig. 38B).
  • Both the nozzle 38-1 and a heat break 38-5 are tightened (e.g., screwed) into a heater 38-6 block to abut one another, the heat break 38-5 including the remainder of the cylindrical melt chamber.
  • the heat break 38-5 includes a narrow waist made of a lower heat conductivity material (e.g., stainless steel) to provide the melt interface via a sharp temperature transition between the top portion of the heat break 38-5 (which is cooled via the heat sink) and the lower, conductively heated portion of the heat break 38-5.
  • the melt interface between the solid filament 38-8 and the liquefied material in the melt chamber 38-2 is typically near the narrow waist (adjacent above or below, or within).
  • an FDM/FFF nozzle assembly may include a melt chamber of approximately 1.8 mm diameter and 10 mm height, a volume of about 70 mm A 3, vs. a nozzle outlet of approximately 0.25-0.4 mm diameter.
  • a cartridge heater 38-6 in Fig. 38A
  • a coiled inductive heater 38- 6 in Fig. 38B
  • a PTFE insert 38-9 may provide resistance to filament jamming.
  • a MIM material extrusion nozzle assembly may include a melt chamber 39-2 of approximately 1.7-3 mm diameter and 1-4 mm height, a volume of about 20 mm A 3, vs. a nozzle outlet of approximately 0.1-0.4 mm diameter.
  • the binder jetting example printer 1000J and associated processes may be used.
  • a binder may be jetted as a succession of adjacent 2D layer shapes onto a sinterable metal or ceramic powder bed in successive layers of powder feedstock, the powder bed being refilled with new or recycled feedstock and releveled/wiped for each successive layer.
  • a release material (including another powder that does not sinter at the sintering temperature of the feedstock powder) may also be applied in a
  • complementary 2D shape e.g., jetted in a binder, extruded in a binder
  • the external shell 2D shapes are deposited in each candidate layer on top of the preceding powder (e.g., bound powder, unbound powder, and/or release material) layer, then a subsequent layer of unbound powder feedstock is wiped on.
  • a doctor blade 138 may be used to slice the top of the 2D shell shape off (leveling) or a silicon roller / blade 138 may be used to slice the top of the 2D shell shape off - the silicon roller / blade may accept some deformation, e.g., deform to accommodate the bump of the plastic tolerance above the printing plane.
  • the placeholder material may also or alternatively be applied in a complementary 2D shape of adhesive between, e.g., the shrinking platform formed from bound powder and the underlying build platform, or between a plurality of adjacent or stacked 3D green parts and associated sintering supports to allow multiple parts to be built up per run.
  • the adhesive function may, again, help hold the any of the shapes versus mechanical disturbance during downstream processes such as leveling or moving the part from station to station.
  • the binder jetting into sinterable powder may also be used to form adhering tacks as described herein between the shrinking platform and build platform, as well as or alternatively between a plurality of adjacent or stacked 3D green parts and associated sintering supports.
  • placeholder material and/or unbound sinterable powder may be deposited bound composite honeycomb or lattice or the like containing or entraining either or both of the placeholder material or unbound sinterable powder.
  • a mold shape defining the outer skin of the 3D object may be formed of the placeholder material.
  • a skin shape forming the outer skin of the 3D object may be formed of the bound composite.
  • Placeholder material may be debound (including in a solvent, catalytic, or thermal process) or even, if a different material from the binder, removed before or after debinding.
  • high temperature placeholder material that retains its shape at high heat but may be disassembled by further vibration, mechanical, radiation, or electrical processing (e.g., carbon or ceramic composite) may be retained through sintering.
  • the debinding step may not be necessary, for the green part shape and/or sintering supports if a single stage binder can be pyrolysed in a sintering furnace.
  • the green part assembly is taken directly to the furnace.
  • Bound composite outer and inner walls and internal honeycomb walls are debound and sintered in an integrated process.
  • Release material may be debound prior to the integrated debinding and sintering in the furnace, or at may be debound in the furnace as well.
  • Placeholder material may be debound (including in a solvent, catalytic, or thermal process) prior to the integrated debinding and sintering in the furnace, or at may be debound in the furnace as well.
  • a material may be supplied (pellet extruded, filament extruded, jetted or cured) containing a removable binder as discussed herein (two or one stage) and greater than 50% volume fraction of a powdered metal having a melting point greater than 1200 degrees C (including various steels, such as stainless steels or tool steels).
  • the powdered metal may have which more than 50 percent of powder particles of a diameter less than 10 microns, and advantageously more than 90 percent of powder particles of a diameter less than 8 microns.
  • the average particle size may be 3-6 microns diameter, and the substantial maximum (e.g., more than the span of +/-3 standard deviations or 99.7 percent) of 6-10 microns diameter.
  • Smaller, e.g., 90 percent of less than 8 microns, particle sizes may lower the sintering temperature as a result of various effects including increased surface area and surface contact among particles. In some cases, especially for stainless and tool steel, this may result in the sintering temperature being within the operating range of a fused tube furnace using a tube of amorphous silica, e.g., below 1200 degrees C. Smaller diameter powder material may be additively deposited in successive layers to form a green body as discussed herein, and the binder removed to form a brown body (in any example of deposition and/or debinding discussed herein).
  • a "sintering temperature" of a material is a temperature range at which the material is sintered in industry, and is typically a lowest temperature range at which the material reaches the expected bulk density by sintering, e.g., 90 percent or higher of the peak bulk density it is expected to reach in a sintering furnace.
  • Heneycomb includes any regular or repeatable tessellation for sparse fill of an area (and thereby of a volume as layers are stacked), including three-sided, six-sided, four-sided, complementary shape (e.g., hexagons combined with triangles) interlocking shape, or cellular.
  • Cells may be vertical or otherwise columns in a geometric prism shape akin to a true honeycomb (a central cavity and the surrounding walls extending as a column), or may be Archimedean or other space-filling honeycomb, interlocking polyhedra or varied shape "bubbles" with a central cavity and the surrounding walls being arranged stacked in all directions in three dimensions. Cells may be of the same size, of differing but repeated sizes, or of variable size.
  • Extrusion may mean a process in which a stock material is pressed through a die to take on a specific shape of a lower cross-sectional area than the stock material.
  • Fused Filament Fabrication FFF
  • FDM Fused Deposition Manufacturing
  • extrusion nozzle shall mean a device designed to control the direction or characteristics of an extrusion fluid flow, especially to increase velocity and/or restrict cross-sectional area, as the fluid flow exits (or enters) an enclosed chamber.
  • Deposition head may include jet nozzles, spray nozzles, extrusion nozzles, conduit nozzles, and/or hybrid nozzles.
  • “Filament” generally may refer to the entire cross-sectional area of a (e.g., spooled) build material.

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Abstract

Pour délianter et fritter des parties crues d'impression 3D, un liant peut être projeté en couches successives d'une matière première en poudre frittable de façon à construire une forme 3D d'une partie crue 3D souhaitée, des supports de frittage associés et une plate-forme de rétraction associée. Un matériau anti-adhésif peut être déposé de manière à agir entre les parties crues 3D et les supports de frittage. Un matériau de réservation peut être déposé sur une poudre liée de façon à obtenir des formes de couche 2D du matériau de réservation. La matière première en poudre frittable est rechargée et mise de niveau autour du matériau de réservation. Lors d'un déliantage, des cavités internes correspondant aux formes 3D du matériau de réservation sont formées.
PCT/US2018/056683 2017-10-20 2018-10-19 Espace libre interne d'impression 3d WO2019079704A2 (fr)

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WO2021074129A1 (fr) * 2019-10-17 2021-04-22 Basf Se Procédé de production d'objet tridimensionnel (3d) employant des granulés
EP3912750A1 (fr) * 2020-05-19 2021-11-24 Sandvik Machining Solutions AB Procédé de commande d'imprimante à jet de liant et une unité de commande correspondant
DE102020129314A1 (de) 2020-11-06 2022-05-12 Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena, Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts Glasextrusionsanordnung und Glasextrusionsverfahren zur direkten Herstellung kompakter, dreidimensionaler sowie geometrisch definierter Halbzeuge und Bauteile aus Glas
CN114939677A (zh) * 2022-06-02 2022-08-26 季华实验室 一种用于3d打印的成型缸设备及操作方法
DE102021202676A1 (de) 2021-03-19 2022-09-22 Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Bauteils mittels sinterbasierter generativer Fertigung sowie Kraftfahrzeug
CN115255382A (zh) * 2022-07-25 2022-11-01 钟伟 一种3d打印随形烧结支撑方法及其装置
WO2023021202A1 (fr) * 2021-08-19 2023-02-23 Headmade Materials Gmbh Processus de production d'une pièce frittée
DE102022107772A1 (de) 2022-04-01 2023-10-05 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung eingetragener Verein Verfahren und Sintersystem zur Herstellung eines gesinterten Bauteils mit einem Bauteilrohling sowie Sinterunterlage

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US6797220B2 (en) * 2000-12-04 2004-09-28 Advanced Ceramics Research, Inc. Methods for preparation of three-dimensional bodies
US8459280B2 (en) * 2011-09-23 2013-06-11 Stratasys, Inc. Support structure removal system
WO2015006697A1 (fr) * 2013-07-11 2015-01-15 Heikkila Kurt E Particule modifiée en surface et produits extrudés frittés
US9144940B2 (en) * 2013-07-17 2015-09-29 Stratasys, Inc. Method for printing 3D parts and support structures with electrophotography-based additive manufacturing
CN109195776A (zh) * 2016-04-14 2019-01-11 德仕托金属有限公司 具有支撑结构的增材制造

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CN114585495A (zh) * 2019-10-17 2022-06-03 巴斯夫欧洲公司 使用颗粒制备三维(3d)物体的方法
WO2021074129A1 (fr) * 2019-10-17 2021-04-22 Basf Se Procédé de production d'objet tridimensionnel (3d) employant des granulés
EP3912750A1 (fr) * 2020-05-19 2021-11-24 Sandvik Machining Solutions AB Procédé de commande d'imprimante à jet de liant et une unité de commande correspondant
WO2021233802A1 (fr) * 2020-05-19 2021-11-25 Sandvik Machining Solutions Ab Procédé de commande d'une imprimante à jet de liant et unité de commande associée
DE102020129314A1 (de) 2020-11-06 2022-05-12 Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena, Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts Glasextrusionsanordnung und Glasextrusionsverfahren zur direkten Herstellung kompakter, dreidimensionaler sowie geometrisch definierter Halbzeuge und Bauteile aus Glas
WO2022096061A1 (fr) 2020-11-06 2022-05-12 Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena Ensemble d'extrusion de verre et procédé d'extrusion de verre pour la fabrication directe de produits semi-finis compacts, tridimensionnels et géométriquement définis, et composants constitués de verre
DE102021202676A1 (de) 2021-03-19 2022-09-22 Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Bauteils mittels sinterbasierter generativer Fertigung sowie Kraftfahrzeug
WO2023021202A1 (fr) * 2021-08-19 2023-02-23 Headmade Materials Gmbh Processus de production d'une pièce frittée
DE102022107772A1 (de) 2022-04-01 2023-10-05 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung eingetragener Verein Verfahren und Sintersystem zur Herstellung eines gesinterten Bauteils mit einem Bauteilrohling sowie Sinterunterlage
WO2023186216A1 (fr) 2022-04-01 2023-10-05 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung eingetragener Verein Procédé et système de frittage pour produire un composant fritté à l'aide d'une ébauche de composant, et substrat de frittage
CN114939677A (zh) * 2022-06-02 2022-08-26 季华实验室 一种用于3d打印的成型缸设备及操作方法
CN114939677B (zh) * 2022-06-02 2023-06-02 季华实验室 一种用于3d打印的成型缸设备及操作方法
CN115255382A (zh) * 2022-07-25 2022-11-01 钟伟 一种3d打印随形烧结支撑方法及其装置

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