WO2019011334A1 - 雷电动态防护方法及系统 - Google Patents

雷电动态防护方法及系统 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2019011334A1
WO2019011334A1 PCT/CN2018/095659 CN2018095659W WO2019011334A1 WO 2019011334 A1 WO2019011334 A1 WO 2019011334A1 CN 2018095659 W CN2018095659 W CN 2018095659W WO 2019011334 A1 WO2019011334 A1 WO 2019011334A1
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Prior art keywords
power grid
lightning
power
grid
control
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PCT/CN2018/095659
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
童充
蔡云峰
张子阳
王庆
戴康
殷伟
Original Assignee
国网江苏省电力有限公司苏州供电分公司
国网江苏省电力有限公司
国家电网公司
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Application filed by 国网江苏省电力有限公司苏州供电分公司, 国网江苏省电力有限公司, 国家电网公司 filed Critical 国网江苏省电力有限公司苏州供电分公司
Priority to US16/485,144 priority Critical patent/US11233395B2/en
Publication of WO2019011334A1 publication Critical patent/WO2019011334A1/zh

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/001—Methods to deal with contingencies, e.g. abnormalities, faults or failures
    • H02J3/0012—Contingency detection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
    • G05B19/00—Programme-control systems
    • G05B19/02—Programme-control systems electric
    • G05B19/04—Programme control other than numerical control, i.e. in sequence controllers or logic controllers
    • G05B19/048—Monitoring; Safety
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
    • H02J13/00032—Systems characterised by the controlled or operated power network elements or equipment, the power network elements or equipment not otherwise provided for
    • H02J13/00036—Systems characterised by the controlled or operated power network elements or equipment, the power network elements or equipment not otherwise provided for the elements or equipment being or involving switches, relays or circuit breakers
    • H02J13/0004—Systems characterised by the controlled or operated power network elements or equipment, the power network elements or equipment not otherwise provided for the elements or equipment being or involving switches, relays or circuit breakers involved in a protection system
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
    • G05B2219/00—Program-control systems
    • G05B2219/20—Pc systems
    • G05B2219/21—Pc I-O input output
    • G05B2219/21154—Over current protection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/001—Methods to deal with contingencies, e.g. abnormalities, faults or failures
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02B90/20—Smart grids as enabling technology in buildings sector
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E40/00—Technologies for an efficient electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
    • Y02E40/70—Smart grids as climate change mitigation technology in the energy generation sector
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S10/00—Systems supporting electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
    • Y04S10/50—Systems or methods supporting the power network operation or management, involving a certain degree of interaction with the load-side end user applications
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S20/00—Management or operation of end-user stationary applications or the last stages of power distribution; Controlling, monitoring or operating thereof

Definitions

  • the present application relates to the field of lightning protection, for example, to a lightning protection method and system.
  • Lightning has always been a major factor in the safety of power grids. More than half of the grid accidents in coastal areas of China have been caused by lightning. Traditional lightning protection technology can minimize lightning damage, but it is difficult to completely eliminate it. This is also a worldwide problem.
  • the protection target of the conventional lightning protection mode is a single equipment or facility, such as lines, transformers, electronic equipment and substations, etc.; relatively fixed protection measures such as overhead lightning protection lines, lightning rods, lightning arresters and surge protection equipment are mainly used;
  • the principle is to introduce the destructive energy of lightning into the earth or improve the protection level and insulation strength; the main focus is on the design and installation stage.
  • the lightning rod and the lightning protection line guide the lightning strike near the protected target to itself, and introduce the energy generated by the lightning strike into the earth, thereby protecting the protected target from direct lightning strikes.
  • IEEE Std 1243-1997 IEEE Std 1313.2-1999 (R2005), etc.
  • “Walking” refers to direct lightning strikes to avoid lightning rods or overhead lightning conductors, which occur directly on the phase of the protected target such as the power line.
  • a large number of studies have shown that under complex terrain conditions, the incidence of bypassing will increase; in addition, since a direct lightning strike usually includes 3 to 5 counterattacks (first called first strike, the rest is called subsequent strikeback), often for lightning The first strike protection is effective, and the subsequent strike protection of the lightning strike is disabled, that is, the subsequent discharge is directly hit on the protected target.
  • Optimizing the protection angle of the lightning protection line can improve the circumvention rate, but due to the limitation of tower height and construction conditions, the above situation cannot be avoided in reality.
  • Counterattack means that when a direct lightning strike occurs on a lightning rod or an overhead lightning protection line, since the energy cannot be released in time, a high potential is generated at the grounding point, causing the lightning strike line and the phase line to directly flashover, or because of the higher The ground potential has a destructive effect on the relevant protected target.
  • the incidence of counterattack is closely related to the grounding resistance, but under many terrain conditions, such as mountains, it is difficult to effectively reduce it for a long time due to soil resistivity limitation.
  • Grounding resistance The power grid is generally long-distance and long-distance, distributed under various terrain conditions. In actual operation, it is impossible to effectively ensure that the grounding resistance of a large number of towers of the power grid reaches a safe value.
  • the power line can not increase the insulation level without limit, should be set within a relatively reasonable range.
  • the grid cannot be reasonably and economically maximized in the actual operation of the insulation level of each power line. The randomness of lightning strikes in nature is strong, and in many cases it will exceed the insulation level of the line.
  • the arrester is in principle a surge protection device.
  • the installation of a lightning arrester on the phase line of the power line can effectively limit the transient overvoltage.
  • the arrester itself has leakage current and must be monitored and maintained for a long time. It is not reasonable and economical to install lightning arresters on each tower and each phase line, and huge maintenance work will be generated in the later stage.
  • factors such as failure/failure of arresters must also be taken into account.
  • the application provides a lightning dynamic protection method and system.
  • the embodiment of the present application provides a lightning protection dynamic protection method, including: real-time detection of lightning, and tracking the location of the thunderstorm; and performing dynamic lightning protection control on the power grid according to the power grid control strategy before the thunderstorm reaches or affects the power grid.
  • the power grid control strategy includes at least one of the following: optimizing the operation mode of the power grid to change the power flow path of the power grid, avoiding the power flow of the power grid through the area threatened by lightning; adjusting the power flow of the power grid to reduce the power flow path in the lightning-risk area Increase the power flow on the transmission path in the safe area; perform nonlinear control on the generator/generator unit, dynamically control the power supply to control the power flow output of the power grid, and increase the power output in the safe area.
  • the grid stability control is performed on the grid control strategy before the dynamic lightning protection control of the grid is performed.
  • whether the grid controlled by the grid control strategy is stable is determined by wide-area state estimation and stability boundary calculation; if stable, the grid is controlled according to the grid control strategy.
  • the thunderstorm location is tracked based on the acquired real-time lightning azimuth data and atmospheric electric field strength information.
  • the power grid is partitioned, and an early warning level of each partition in the power grid after the partition is respectively determined according to the thunderstorm location; or the power grid is layered according to the thunderstorm location The level of alert for each level in the grid after stratification is determined.
  • the embodiment of the present application further provides a lightning dynamic protection system, including a real-time lightning tracking unit, a data processing center, a running mode control module, a power flow optimization adjustment module, and a generator/power generation unit nonlinear control module.
  • a lightning dynamic protection system including a real-time lightning tracking unit, a data processing center, a running mode control module, a power flow optimization adjustment module, and a generator/power generation unit nonlinear control module.
  • the real-time lightning tracking unit is configured to track the location of the thunderstorm based on the real-time lightning direction data and the atmospheric electric field strength information.
  • the data processing center is set to: obtain real-time lightning tracking information from the real-time lightning tracking unit, obtain the geographical distribution information of the power grid from the geographic information system, and obtain the operating mode information of the power grid and the power flow distribution information of the power grid from the electric energy management system/wide-area measurement system. And real-time load information; all information is input as a basic data element to each module; at the same time, the data processing center accepts the feedback information of each module and transmits the feedback information to the corresponding module.
  • the operation mode control module is configured to: before the thunderstorm reaches or affects the power grid, optimize the operation mode of the power grid to change the power flow path of the power grid, and avoid the power flow of the power grid through the area threatened by lightning.
  • the power flow optimization adjustment module is configured to: adjust the power flow of the power grid before the lightning storm reaches or affects the power grid, to reduce the power flow on the power transmission path in the lightning threat region, and increase the power flow on the power transmission path in the safety region.
  • the generator/generator unit non-linear control module is configured to: perform nonlinear control on the generator/generator unit before the thunderstorm reaches or affects the grid, dynamically control the power source to control the power flow output of the power grid, and increase the safety area.
  • system further includes a scheduling base class library, a state estimation module, and a stability calculation module.
  • the scheduling base class library is set to: storage grid stability constraint verification rules.
  • the state estimation module is configured to: perform wide-area state estimation on the power grid controlled by the grid control strategy, and determine whether the controlled power grid is stable according to the grid stability constraint verification rule.
  • the stability calculation module is configured to: perform stability boundary calculation on the grid controlled by the grid control strategy; and determine whether the controlled grid is stable according to the grid stability constraint verification rule.
  • the data processing center is further configured to: obtain lightning protection performance information, device status, and defect information of the device from a power grid information management system (MIS).
  • MIS power grid information management system
  • the lightning dynamic protection system further includes a power grid partitioning or layered early warning module, wherein the power grid partition early warning module is configured to: partition the power grid, and determine, according to the thunderstorm location, each of the power grid partitions The warning level of each partition; or layering the power grid, and determining the alert level of each level in the power grid after the layering according to the thunderstorm location.
  • the power grid partition early warning module is configured to: partition the power grid, and determine, according to the thunderstorm location, each of the power grid partitions The warning level of each partition; or layering the power grid, and determining the alert level of each level in the power grid after the layering according to the thunderstorm location.
  • the embodiment of the present application further provides a computer readable storage medium, where the computer program is stored, and the computer program is executed by the processor to implement the lightning dynamic protection method.
  • Figure 1 is a flow chart of the present application
  • Figure 2 shows the topology of a power grid
  • Figure 3 shows the topology of a substation
  • Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of a modified multiple UPFC structure
  • Figure 5 is a modified multiple UPFC control principle
  • Figure 6 is a block diagram of the system.
  • a lightning dynamic protection method includes steps S110 and S120.
  • step S110 the lightning is detected in real time, and the location of the thunderstorm is tracked.
  • the real-time lightning electric field data is obtained by using the ground-based lightning radiation sensor network, and the real-time atmospheric electric field strength information is obtained by using the atmospheric electric field strength meter, and the thunderstorm position is tracked based on the above two data sources.
  • the grid can be hierarchically partitioned, and the warning level of each part of the grid can be judged according to the location of the thunderstorm.
  • the real-time lightning azimuth data acquired by the ground-based lightning radiation sensor network is the data of the thunderstorm before the actual impact on the power grid.
  • the target grid system is a grid system that requires dynamic lightning protection. For example, if the target grid system is a provincial grid system, it is necessary to detect the lightning in the entire provincial grid system and a certain range of surrounding areas, and track the provincial grid system and the surrounding range lightning position data. If the target grid system is a municipal grid system, it is necessary to detect the lightning activity in the city-level grid system and a certain area around it, and track the lightning data of the city-level grid system and surrounding areas. Similarly, the real-time atmospheric electric field strength information obtained using the atmospheric electric field strength meter is also related to the target grid system. Based on the detected lightning position data and the acquired atmospheric electric field strength information, the thunderstorm position tracking around the target power grid system is realized.
  • the power grid system may be partitioned, and an early warning level of each partition in the power grid may be determined according to the thunderstorm location; or the power grid may be layered, and the layer is separately determined according to the thunderstorm location.
  • the level of alerting at each level in the grid is then followed by different control strategies taken at each level.
  • the target grid system is a regional grid system, and the target grid system can be divided into a transmission grid level and a distribution grid level. For different levels, judging different warning levels, different control strategies can be adopted to achieve dynamic lightning protection, and to ensure the security and stability of the grid system operation.
  • the same grid will have different consequences after being struck by lightning in different operating conditions.
  • the working state of the entire power grid system is coordinated to reduce the probability of lightning strikes and power failures of the entire power grid system or Avoid power outages caused by lightning strikes, thus achieving overall lightning protection for the target grid system.
  • the grid system can be layered or partitioned for dynamic lightning protection, and the overall dynamic lightning protection of the target grid system can be directly performed according to the size or scope of the grid without partitioning or stratification.
  • step S120 before the thunderstorm reaches or affects the power grid, dynamic lightning protection control is performed on the power grid according to the power grid control strategy.
  • the grid stability control is performed on the grid control strategy through wide-area state estimation and stability boundary calculation. Only when the grid is stable, the grid is controlled according to the grid control strategy.
  • the grid control strategy includes at least one of the following:
  • Strategy 1 Optimize the grid operation mode to change the grid power flow path and avoid the grid power flow through the area threatened by lightning.
  • the grid operation mode refers to a real-time topology in which the grid is determined by the actual switch and the position of the knife gate during operation. Through the control and switching of a series of switches and knife gates, the dynamic topology of the grid can be changed, and the flow direction, path and basic circuit structure of the grid current can be changed.
  • each bus coupler switch (2500A, 2500B, 2500C, 2500D, 2500E, 2500F), and each line switch (A1-A8, B1-B4, C1-C4, D1- D2, E1-E4, F1-F4) can form a ring network or form several branches respectively; at the same time, they can also form a ring network operation mode or a terminal operation mode.
  • closing switch 2500A of substation A, switch 2500B of substation B, switch 2500C of substation C, switch 2500E of substation E, switch 2500F of substation F, and switch B3 of substation B simultaneously form one generating two Machine (power plant X) and ten busbars.
  • the substation C ring network operates, and the substation D terminal runs/feeds for operation.
  • the 110kV substation has the following changes: (1) The external power supply mode of the partial 10kV distribution line on the 10kV busbar of the 110kV substation in the figure is changed from the original power supply to the reverse power supply of the power input. Mode, that is to say, part of the low-voltage side line is changed from the outgoing line to the incoming line mode. This operation can be realized by the distribution network dispatching center according to the specific network wiring mode, through the switching of the distribution line switch and the distribution network load switch, thereby changing the input or output operation mode of the 10kV line. (2) Since the end load of the distribution network is generally dual power supply, the dual power supply generally comes from the 10kV line of two different substations.
  • the 10kV distribution line switch of the opposite side substation can be first closed, and then the substation 10kV is opened.
  • the 10kV distribution line switch on the busbar enables power switching of the power load, that is, the transfer of the power load.
  • the control strategy of the microgrid can be adjusted to increase or decrease the output of the microgrid grid or switch the grid/island operation mode of the microgrid, That is to say, the control strategy of the low-voltage end micro-grid and the output of the distributed power source are switched to change the power flow direction or load distribution of the distribution network.
  • Strategy 2 Adjust the power flow of the power grid to reduce the power flow on the transmission path in the area threatened by lightning and increase the power flow on the transmission path in the safe area.
  • FIG. 4 it is a structural diagram of the improved multiple UPFC, including (1) equipment layer, mainly including series converter. , parallel converter, series transformer, parallel transformer, etc.; (2) control layer, mainly including series controller and parallel controller to ensure that the input and output of the converter can meet the pre-output requirements; (3) coordination layer, mainly used In order to complete the feedback calculation that satisfies the compensation function; (4) the system layer is mainly used to realize the unified control of the coordination function and the control device, so that it can match the grid scheduling strategy; (5) the power grid layer can perform the global trend of the power grid optimized control.
  • the basic control principle is shown in Figure 5.
  • the control principles of the bottom layer are consistent with the "unified power flow controller", while the system layer control combines the dynamics of a single UPFC system based on the underlying control.
  • the lightning protection stability constraint parameter, the power grid layer control is based on the system layer control, combined with the overall coordinated control strategy, that is, coordinated with the control strategy such as operation mode optimization and nonlinear control.
  • Strategy 3 Perform nonlinear control on the generator/generator unit, dynamically control the power supply to control the power flow output of the power grid, and increase the power output in the safe area.
  • the nonlinear control of the generator/generator unit is mainly achieved by reading the real-time state quantity and feedback parameters of the generator/generator unit, obtaining the stability constraint parameters and the grid optimization control parameters, thereby achieving power generation through the upper layer control of the power generation control system.
  • Machine/generator unit global coordinated control.
  • the transmission grid and distribution network in the grid system have different types of generators or power generation units.
  • the output of the generator can be adjusted by a manual or automatic control strategy of the power dispatch center.
  • the input and output of the microgrid can be adjusted by adjusting the control strategy of the microgrid controller.
  • a lightning dynamic protection system includes a real-time lightning tracking unit, a data processing center, a operation mode control module, a power flow optimization adjustment module, a generator/power generation unit nonlinear control module, a scheduling basic class library, and a state estimation. Module and stability calculation module.
  • Real-time lightning tracking unit Tracks the location of thunderstorms based on real-time lightning azimuth data and atmospheric electric field strength information.
  • Data processing center Obtain real-time lightning tracking information from real-time lightning tracking unit, obtain lightning protection performance information, equipment status and defect information from the information management system (MIS), and obtain geographic distribution information from the geographic information system. Obtaining grid operation mode information, grid power flow distribution information and real-time load information from the electric energy management system/wide area measurement system, all information is input as a basic data element to each module; and the data processing center receives feedback information of each module, and The feedback information is transmitted to the corresponding module.
  • MIS information management system
  • Operation mode control module control the power grid according to strategy 1; strategy 1: optimize the grid operation mode, change the grid power flow path, and avoid the grid power flow through the area threatened by lightning.
  • the power flow optimization adjustment module controls the power grid according to the strategy 2; the strategy 2: adjusts the power flow of the power grid, reduces the power flow on the transmission path in the lightning-risk area, and increases the power flow on the transmission path in the safety area.
  • Generator/generator unit nonlinear control module control grid according to strategy 3; strategy 3: nonlinear control of generator/generator unit, dynamic control of power supply to control grid power flow output, increase power output in safe area.
  • Scheduling base class library Stores grid stability constraint verification rules.
  • the state estimation module performs wide-area state estimation on the power grid controlled by the grid control strategy, and determines whether the controlled power grid is stable according to the grid stability constraint verification rule.
  • Stability calculation module Calculate the stability boundary of the grid controlled by the grid control strategy; determine whether the grid after the control is stable according to the grid stability constraint verification rule.
  • the lightning dynamic protection system further includes a power grid partition or a layered early warning module, wherein the power grid partition or layered early warning module is configured to: partition the power grid, and determine the partition after the lightning storm position Determining the warning level of each partition in the power grid; or stratifying the power grid, and determining the warning level of each level in the power grid after the layering according to the location of the thunderstorm.
  • the overall idea of the traditional lightning protection mode of the power grid is equivalent to blocking. It is to strengthen the insulation strength and install a variety of lightning protection equipment for each equipment.
  • the above method and system are equivalent to sparseness, which is to divert and optimize the load of the power grid. balance. Therefore, the basic idea of dynamic lightning protection is based on real-time detection and tracking of lightning, and dynamic control of the power grid based on stability calculation and intelligent decision-making.
  • the line is transferred or the load of the part of the power grid is adjusted to optimize the load distribution of the entire power grid.
  • the safe operating mode is switched back to the original economic operating mode.
  • the above method proposes a system-level "dynamic lightning protection” method for the power grid based on the dynamic balance nature of the power grid and the control mechanism of the "sparse rather than blocking" of the water control system.
  • the method combines real-time lightning tracking and grid stability calculation. Before the thunderstorm arrives or affects the grid system, optimize the operation mode of the grid system according to one or more control strategies, or adjust the power flow of the grid, or perform nonlinear control on the generator/generator unit to realize the dynamics of lightning Protection, this application can improve the lightning protection performance of the smart grid, improve the stability of the system under lightning weather, reduce the grid accident caused by lightning, and greatly reduce the power outage loss.

Abstract

本申请公开了一种雷电动态防护方法及系统，包括对雷电实时探测，并对雷暴位置进行跟踪；在所述雷暴到达或影响所述电网之前，根据电网控制策略，对电网进行动态防雷保护控制，同时也公开了一种雷电动态防护系统。

Description

雷电动态防护方法及系统
本申请要求在2017年07月13日提交中国专利局、申请号为201710569377.2的中国专利申请的优先权，该申请的全部内容通过引用结合在本申请中。
技术领域
本申请涉及雷电防护领域，例如涉及一种雷电动态防护方法及系统。
背景技术
雷电一直是危害电网安全的重大因素，我国沿海地区一半以上的电网事故因雷电导致。传统防雷技术可以使雷害最小化，但难以将其完全消除，这也是一个世界性难题。
近年来全球气候变化明显，极端天气增多，雷电活动更加频繁剧烈。据国际权威机构发布的研究，在可预见的未来数十年，全球雷暴活动将持续大幅增加。
雷电伴随着电力系统的发展，一直是危害电网安全，造成局部或较大范围停电的重大自然因素。每年美国30％以上，欧洲50％以上的停电事故由雷电导致。我国沿海地区一半以上的电网事故因雷电导致。而随着智能电网建设发展，电网面临新能源大量接入、电能大规模跨区域输送、复杂程度增加等挑战。在极端条件下，雷电仍可能触发电网级联事故，造成局部或较大范围停电。
常规防雷模式的保护目标为单个的设备或设施，如线路、变压器、电子设备和变电站等；采用的是相对固定的防护措施，如架空避雷线、避雷针、避雷器和防浪涌设备等；主要原理是将雷电的破坏性能量导入大地或提高防护级别、绝缘强度；主要侧重设计安装阶段。
常用电网防雷技术分析：
(1)避雷针及架空避雷线：
避雷针、避雷线在原理上通过将被保护目标附近的雷击引导到自身，并将雷击产生的能量导入大地，从而使被保护目标免遭直接雷击。但是参照相关国际标准IEEE Std 1243-1997，IEEE Std 1313.2-1999(R2005)等，可以发现利用该方法依然有两种情况会导致雷害，即“绕击(Shielding Failure)”和“反击(Back  flashover)”。
“绕击”是指直击雷绕开避雷针或架空避雷线，直接发生在被保护的目标如电力线路的相线上。有大量研究表明，在复杂的地形条件下，绕击发生率会增加；此外由于一个直击雷通常包括3～5个回击(第一次称为首击，其余称为后续回击)，往往对雷电的首击防护有效，而雷击放电的后续回击防护失效，即后续放电直击在被保护目标上。优化避雷线的保护角可以改善绕击率，但是由于塔高、施工条件等限制，现实中并不能避免上述情况。
“反击”是指当直接雷发生在避雷针或架空避雷线上时，由于能量不能被及时泄放，从而在接地点产生一个高电位，导致避雷线与相线直接发生闪络，或者由于较高的地电位而对相关被保护目标产生破坏性作用。根据相关国际标准CEI/IEC 60826：2003及IEEE Std 1313.2-1999(R2005)，反击的发生率与接地电阻密切相关，但许多地形条件下如山地等，由于土壤电阻率限制而难以长期有效的降低接地电阻。而电网一般远距离大跨度，分布在多种地形条件下，在实际运行中，无法有效保证电网大量杆塔的接地电阻达到安全值。
(2)绝缘水平
提高电力线路的绝缘水平能够相应提高防雷性能，根据相关IEC国际绝缘配合标准IEC 60071-2：1996、IEEE国际标准Std 1313.2-1999(R2005)，基于合理经济的设计建设原则和实际的施工维护限制，同时也由于要综合考虑操作过电压、污闪等方面，电力线路不能无限制的提高其绝缘水平，应设定在一个相对合理的范围内。按照相关国际标准，电网在实际运行中无法合理经济的使每一条电力线路的绝缘水平最大化。而自然界中雷击的随机性较强，许多情况下将会超过线路的绝缘水平。
(3)避雷器
避雷器在原理上是一种防浪涌设备，在电力线路的相线上加装避雷器能够有效限制瞬间过电压。由于原理上的原因，避雷器本身存在泄露电流，必须加以长期监测和维护。在每个杆塔、每条相线上都安装避雷器并不合理经济，在后期也会产生巨大的维护工作量。另外根据IEEE Std 1243-1997等国际标准，避雷器失效/失灵等因素也必须考虑在内。
由于整个电网设备数以百万计，在庞大的基数下，很难保证每个设备、每个原件的防雷性能时刻处于最佳状态；同时根据合理经济等建设原则，也难保 证每条线路、每个部件的防雷性能达到最大化。电网规模庞大，小概率事件依然数量可观。利用传统防雷技术可以使雷害最小化，但难以将其完全消除，在实际运行中，电网依然存在大量由于雷击而导致的停电事故，依靠传统防雷技术无法得到解决。
发明内容
以下是对本文详细描述的主题的概述。本概述并非是为了限制权利要求的保护范围。
本申请提供了一种雷电动态防护方法及系统。
本申请实施例提供一种雷电动态防护方法，包括：对雷电实时探测，并对雷暴位置进行跟踪；在雷暴到达或影响电网之前，根据电网控制策略，对电网进行动态防雷保护控制。
电网控制策略包括以下至少一种：优化电网的运行方式，以改变电网的潮流路径，避免电网的潮流通过受雷电威胁的区域；调节电网的潮流，以减少受雷电威胁区域内输电路径上的潮流，增加安全区域内输电路径上的潮流；对发电机/发电单元进行非线性控制，对电源进行动态控制以控制电网的潮流输出，增加安全区域内的电源出力。
在一实施例中，在对电网进行动态防雷保护控制之前，对电网控制策略进行电网稳定性判断。
在一实施例中，通过广域状态估计和稳定性边界计算，判断根据电网控制策略控制后的电网是否稳定；如果稳定，则根据电网控制策略控制电网。
在一实施例中，根据获取的实时雷电方位数据和大气电场强度信息对雷暴位置进行跟踪。
在一实施例中，对所述电网进行分区，并根据所述雷暴位置分别判断分区之后所述电网中每个分区的预警级别；或者对所述电网进行分层，并根据所述雷暴位置分别判断分层之后所述电网中每个层级的预警级别。
本申请实施例还提供一种雷电动态防护系统，包括实时雷电跟踪单元、数据处理中心、运行方式控制模块、潮流优化调节模块和发电机/发电单元非线性控制模块。
实时雷电跟踪单元设置为：根据实时雷电方位数据和大气电场强度信息， 跟踪雷暴位置。
数据处理中心设置为：从实时雷电跟踪单元获取实时雷电跟踪信息，从地理信息系统获取电网的地理分布信息，从电能量管理系统/广域测量系统获取电网的运行方式信息、电网的潮流分布信息和实时负荷信息；将所有信息作为基础数据元，输入到每个模块；同时数据处理中心接受每个模块的反馈信息，并将反馈信息传输给相应的模块。
运行方式控制模块设置为：在所述雷暴到达或影响所述电网之前，优化电网的运行方式，以改变电网的潮流路径，避免电网的潮流通过受雷电威胁的区域。
潮流优化调节模块设置为：在所述雷暴到达或影响所述电网之前，调节电网的潮流，以减少受雷电威胁区域内输电路径上的潮流，增加安全区域内输电路径上的潮流。
发电机/发电单元非线性控制模块设置为：在所述雷暴到达或影响所述电网之前，对发电机/发电单元进行非线性控制，对电源进行动态控制以控制电网的潮流输出，增加安全区域内的电源出力。
在一实施例中，所述系统还包括调度基础类库、状态估计模块和稳定性计算模块。
调度基础类库设置为：存储电网稳定性约束校验规则。
状态估计模块设置为：对根据电网控制策略控制后的电网进行广域状态估计，根据电网稳定性约束校验规则判断控制后的电网是否稳定。
稳定性计算模块设置为：对根据电网控制策略控制后的电网进行稳定性边界计算；根据电网稳定性约束校验规则判断控制后的电网是否稳定。
在一实施例中，数据处理中心还设置为：从电网信息管理系统(MIS)获取设备防雷性能信息、设备状态及缺陷信息。
在一实施例中，雷电动态防护系统还包括电网分区或分层预警模块，所述电网分区预警模块设置为：对所述电网进行分区，并根据所述雷暴位置分别判断所述电网分区后每个分区的预警级别；或者对所述电网进行分层，并根据所述雷暴位置分别判断分层之后所述电网中每个层级的预警级别。
本申请实施例还提供一种计算机可读存储介质，其上存储有计算机程序，所述计算机程序被处理器执行时实现上述雷电动态防护方法。
在阅读并理解了附图和详细描述后，可以明白其他方面。
附图说明
图1为本申请的流程图；
图2为一电网的拓扑结构；
图3为一变电站的拓扑结构；
图4为改进型多重UPFC结构图；
图5为改进型多重UPFC控制原理；
图6为系统的结构框图。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图对本申请作进一步描述。以下实施例仅用于更加清楚地说明本申请的技术方案，而不能以此来限制本申请的保护范围。
如图1所示，一种雷电动态防护方法，包括步骤S110和步骤S120。
在步骤S110中，对雷电实时探测，并对雷暴位置进行跟踪。
利用地基雷电空间辐射传感器组网获取实时雷电方位数据，利用大气电场强度仪获取实时大气电场强度信息，基于以上两个数据源进行雷暴位置进行跟踪。同时为了更加明确电网受雷电的影响，可对电网进行分层分区，根据雷暴位置，判断电网每个部分预警级别。
在一实施例中，在对雷暴位置进行跟踪时，利用地基雷电空间辐射传感器组网获取的实时雷电方位数据是对电网产生实际影响之前的雷暴的数据。目标电网系统就是需要进行动态防雷保护的电网系统。例如，若目标电网系统为某省级电网系统，则需要对整个该省级电网系统及周边一定范围区域内的雷电进行探测，并追踪该省级电网系统及周边范围雷电方位数据。如果目标电网系统为某市级电网系统，就需要对该市级电网系统及周边一定范围区域内的雷电活动进行探测，并追踪该市级电网系统及周边范围雷电方位数据。同样的，在利用大气电场强度仪获取的实时大气电场强度信息也与目标电网系统有关。基于探测的雷电方位数据和获取的大气电场强度信息，实现对目标电网系统周边的雷暴位置追踪。
在一实施例中，可以对电网系统进行分区，并根据所述雷暴位置判断所述 电网中每个分区的预警级别；或者对所述电网进行分层，并根据所述雷暴位置分别判断分层之后所述电网中每个层级的预警级别，并后续在每个层级采取的不同控制策略。例如目标电网系统为某区域电网系统，可以将目标电网系统划分为输电网级和配电网级等。对于不同的层级，判断不同的预警级别，可以采取不同的控制策略实现动态防雷保护，保障电网系统运行的安全性和稳定性。
同样的电网在不同运行状态下，遭受雷击后产生的后果也不相同。根据追踪到的雷暴位置，针对不同的电网区域和电网层级进行预警级别判断后，根据预警级别的判断结果，对整个电网系统的工作状态进行协同调整，降低整个电网系统发生雷击停电事故的概率或者避免雷击造成的停电事故，从而实现对目标电网系统的整体雷电防护。
需要说明的是，可以对电网系统进行分层或者分区进行动态防雷保护，也可以根据电网规模或范围不进行分区或者分层，直接对目标电网系统进行整体上的动态防雷保护。
在步骤S120中，在所述雷暴到达或影响所述电网之前，根据电网控制策略，对电网进行动态防雷保护控制。
在对电网进行动态防雷保护控制之前，通过广域状态估计和稳定性边界计算，对电网控制策略进行电网稳定性判断，只有在电网稳定的前提下，才根据电网控制策略控制电网。
即所有控制策略采取的同时，需要保证电网的稳定性，在实际执行一种或多种动态防雷电网控制策略之前，通过广域状态估计和稳定性边界计算，根据电网稳定性约束校验规则判断改变后的电网是否稳定，如果稳定，则实施该控制，如果不稳定，则更换另一种策略或不执行。
电网控制策略包括以下至少一种：
策略一：优化电网运行方式，以改变电网潮流路径，避免电网潮流通过受雷电威胁的区域。
电网运行方式是指一个电网在运行中由实际开关及刀闸位置而决定的实时拓扑结构。通过对一系列开关及刀闸的控制和切换，可以改变电网的动态拓扑结构，同时可以改变电网潮流的流向、路径及基本电路结构。
如图2所示，通过控制每个母联开关(2500A，2500B，2500C，2500D，2500E，2500F)的分合，以及每个线路开关(A1-A8，B1-B4，C1-C4，D1-D2， E1-E4，F1-F4)可以形成一个环网或者分别形成若干支网；同时也可以分别形成环网运行方式或者终端运行方式。例如，合上变电站A的开关2500A，变电站B的开关2500B，变电站C的开关2500C，变电站E的开关2500E，变电站F的开关2500F，同时分开变电站B的开关B3，则形成了一个包含两台发电机(发电厂X)和十条母线的环网。此时变电站C环网运行，而变电站D终端运行/馈供运行。
如图3所示为110kV变电站，该电站做以下改变：(1)将图中110kV变电站10kV母线上的部分10kV配电线路由原先的电能输出的对外供电模式，改为电能输入的反向供电模式，也就是说将部分低压侧线路从出线改为进线运行方式。该项操作可由配网调度中心根据具体网络接线方式，通过配电线路开关分合及配网负荷开关的切换来实现，从而改变10kV线路的输入或输出运行模式。(2)由于配网末端负荷一般为双电源，该双电源一般来自两个不同变电站的10kV线路，在图3中可首先合上对面侧变电站的10kV配电线路开关，之后拉开本变电站10kV母线上的10kV配电线路开关，从而实现电力负荷的电源切换，亦即电力负荷的转移。(3)在配电网具有至少一个包含分布式电源的微电网的情况下，可以调整微电网的控制策略来提高或降低微电网并网点的出力或者切换微电网的并网/孤岛运行模式，也即切换低压末端微网的控制策略及分布式电源的出力，来改变配电网的潮流走向或负荷分布。
策略二：调节电网潮流，以减少受雷电威胁区域内输电路径上的潮流，增加安全区域内输电路径上的潮流。
调节电网潮流，典型的可以利用统一潮流控制器(Unified Power Flow Controller，UPFC)进行调节，如图4所示，为改进型多重UPFC的结构图，包括(1)设备层，主要包括串联变换器、并联变换器、串联变压器、并联变压器等；(2)控制层，主要包括串联控制器及并联控制器，用以确保变换器的输入输出能够满足预输出要求；(3)协调层，主要用以完成满足补偿功能的反馈计算；(4)系统层，主要用以使实现协调功能及控制设备的统一控制，使其能够匹配电网调度策略；(5)电网层，能够执行对电网潮流的全局优化控制。基本控制原理如图5所示，底层(即设备层、控制层和协调层)控制原理与“统一潮流控制器”相一致，而系统层控制在底层控制的基础上结合了单个UPFC系统的动态防雷稳定性约束参数，电网层控制在系统层控制基础上，结合整体协 调控制策略，即与运行方式优化、非线性控制等控制策略协调。
策略三：对发电机/发电单元进行非线性控制，动态控制电源以控制电网潮流输出，增加安全区域内的电源出力。
对发电机/发电单元进行非线性控制主要是通过读取发电机/发电单元实时状态量、反馈参数，得到稳定性约束参数及电网优化控制参数，从而通过对发电控制系统的上层控制，实现发电机/发电单元全局协调控制。
电网系统中的输电网、配电网具有不同类型的发电机或发电单元。例如对于输电网中的传统电厂发电机，可以通过电力调度中心的人工或自动控制策略来调整发电机的出力。而对于配电网中包含分布式电源的微电网，可以通过调整微电网控制器的控制策略来调节微电网的输入和输出。
如图6所示，一种雷电动态防护系统，包括实时雷电跟踪单元、数据处理中心、运行方式控制模块、潮流优化调节模块、发电机/发电单元非线性控制模块、调度基础类库、状态估计模块和稳定性计算模块。
每个模块的功能如下：
实时雷电跟踪单元：根据实时雷电方位数据和大气电场强度信息，跟踪雷暴位置。
数据处理中心：从实时雷电跟踪单元获取实时雷电跟踪信息，从电网信息管理系统(Management Information System，MIS)获取设备防雷性能信息、设备状态及缺陷信息，从地理信息系统获取电网地理分布信息，从电能量管理系统/广域测量系统获取电网运行方式信息、电网潮流分布信息和实时负荷信息，所有信息作为基础数据元，输入到每个模块；同时数据处理中心接受每个模块反馈信息，并将反馈信息传输给相应的模块。
运行方式控制模块：根据策略一控制电网；策略一：优化电网运行方式，改变电网潮流路径，避免电网潮流通过受雷电威胁的区域。
潮流优化调节模块：根据策略二控制电网；策略二：调节电网潮流，减少受雷电威胁区域内输电路径上的潮流，增加安全区域内输电路径上的潮流。
发电机/发电单元非线性控制模块：根据策略三控制电网；策略三：对发电机/发电单元进行非线性控制，对电源进行动态控制以控制电网潮流输出，增加安全区域内的电源出力。
调度基础类库：存储有电网稳定性约束校验规则。
状态估计模块：对根据电网控制策略控制后的电网进行广域状态估计，根据电网稳定性约束校验规则判断控制后的电网是否稳定。
稳定性计算模块：对根据电网控制策略控制后的电网进行稳定性边界计算；根据电网稳定性约束校验规则判断控制后的电网是否稳定。
在一实施例中，雷电动态防护系统还包括电网分区或分层预警模块，所述电网分区或分层预警模块设置为：对所述电网进行分区，并根据所述雷暴位置分别判断分区之后所述电网中每个分区的预警级别；或者对所述电网进行分层，并根据所述雷暴位置分别判断分层之后所述电网中每个层级的预警级别。
传统的电网防雷模式的整体思路相当于堵，是加强绝缘强度、对每个设备加装多种防雷设备；而上述方法和系统的思路相当于疏，是将电网的负荷进行疏导和优化平衡。因此，动态防雷的基本思路就是根据对雷电的实时探测跟踪，根据稳定性计算和智能决策，对电网进行动态控制。当雷电威胁到某电力线路或者电网的某一部分，就转移该线路或调整该部分电网的负荷，优化平衡整个电网的负荷分布。当雷电威胁解除，则从安全运行模式切换回原来的经济运行模式。
上述方法与传统防雷方法对比如下表一所示：
表一对比表
Figure PCTCN2018095659-appb-000001
Figure PCTCN2018095659-appb-000002
上述方法根据电网的动态平衡本质、利用大禹治水“疏而非堵”的控制机理，提出一种针对电网的系统级的“动态防雷”方法，该方法结合实时雷电跟踪及电网稳定性计算，在雷暴到达或影响电网系统之前，根据一种或多种控制策略对电网系统的运行方式进行优化，或者调节电网的潮流，或者对发电机/发电单元进行非线性控制，实现对雷电的动态防护，本申请可以提高智能电网防雷性能，改善雷电天气下的系统稳定性，减少雷电导致的电网事故，大幅降低停电损失。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种雷电动态防护方法，包括，
    对雷电实时探测，并对雷暴位置进行跟踪；
    在所述雷暴到达或影响所述电网之前，根据电网控制策略，对电网进行动态防雷保护控制；
    所述电网控制策略包括以下至少一种：
    优化所述电网的运行方式，以改变所述电网的潮流路径，避免所述电网的潮流通过受雷电威胁的区域；
    调节所述电网的潮流，以减少所述受雷电威胁区域内输电路径上的潮流，增加安全区域内输电路径上的潮流；
    对发电机/发电单元进行非线性控制，对电源进行动态控制以控制所述电网的潮流输出，增加所述安全区域内的电源出力。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的一种雷电动态防护方法，在所述对电网进行动态防雷保护控制之前，对所述电网控制策略进行电网稳定性判断。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的一种雷电动态防护方法，其中，通过广域状态估计和稳定性边界计算，判断根据所述电网控制策略控制后的所述电网是否稳定；如果稳定，则根据所述电网控制策略控制所述电网。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的一种雷电动态防护方法，所述对雷电实时探测并对雷暴位置进行跟踪，包括：
    根据获取的实时雷电方位数据和大气电场强度信息对雷暴位置进行跟踪。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的一种雷电动态防护方法，所述方法还包括：
    对所述电网进行对所述电网进行分区，并根据所述雷暴位置分别判断分区之后所述电网中每个分区的预警级别；或者对所述电网进行分层，并根据所述雷暴位置分别判断分层之后所述电网中每个层级的预警级别。
  6. 一种雷电动态防护系统，包括实时雷电跟踪单元、数据处理中心、运行方式控制模块、潮流优化调节模块和发电机/发电单元非线性控制模块；
    所述实时雷电跟踪单元设置为：根据实时雷电方位数据和大气电场强度信息，跟踪雷暴位置；
    所述数据处理中心设置为：从所述实时雷电跟踪单元获取实时雷电跟踪信息，从地理信息系统获取电网的地理分布信息，从电能量管理系统/广域测量系统获取电网的运行方式信息、电网的潮流分布信息和实时负荷信息；将所有信 息作为基础数据元，输入到每个模块；同时所述数据处理中心接受每个模块的反馈信息，并将所述反馈信息传输给相应的模块；
    所述运行方式控制模块设置为：在所述雷暴到达或影响所述电网之前，优化所述电网的运行方式，以改变所述电网潮流路径，避免所述电网的潮流通过受雷电威胁的区域；
    所述潮流优化调节模块设置为：在所述雷暴到达或影响所述电网之前，调节所述电网的潮流，以减少所述受雷电威胁区域内输电路径上的潮流，增加安全区域内输电路径上的潮流；
    所述发电机/发电单元非线性控制模块设置为：在所述雷暴到达或影响所述电网之前，对发电机/发电单元进行非线性控制，对电源进行动态控制以控制所述电网的潮流输出，增加安全区域内的电源出力。
  7. 根据权利要求6所述的一种雷电动态防护系统，还包括调度基础类库、状态估计模块和稳定性计算模块；
    所述调度基础类库设置为：存储电网稳定性约束校验规则；
    所述状态估计模块设置为：对根据所述电网控制策略控制后的所述电网进行广域状态估计，根据所述电网稳定性约束校验规则判断控制后的所述电网是否稳定；
    所述稳定性计算模块设置为：对根据所述电网控制策略控制后的所述电网进行稳定性边界计算；根据所述电网稳定性约束校验规则判断控制后的所述电网是否稳定。
  8. 根据权利要求6所述的一种雷电动态防护系统，其中所述数据处理中心还设置为：从电网信息管理系统(MIS)获取设备防雷性能信息、设备状态及缺陷信息。
  9. 根据权利要求6所述的一种雷电动态防护系统，还包括电网分区或分层预警模块，所述电网分区或分层预警模块设置为：对所述电网进行分区，并根据所述雷暴位置分别判断分区之后所述电网中每个分区的预警级别；或者对所述电网进行分层，并根据所述雷暴位置分别判断分层之后所述电网中每个层级的预警级别。
  10. 一种计算机可读存储介质，其上存储有计算机程序，所述计算机程序被处理器执行时实现如权利要求1-5中任一项所述的方法。
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