WO2018223181A1

WO2018223181A1 - A pest repellent composition and methods thereof

Info

Publication number: WO2018223181A1
Application number: PCT/AU2018/050556
Authority: WO
Inventors: Benjamin Van Der Reest; Emma Kolodjashnij
Original assignee: Panteros Pty Ltd
Priority date: 2017-06-05
Filing date: 2018-06-05
Publication date: 2018-12-13
Also published as: AU2018280339B2; AU2018280339A1

Abstract

The present invention relates to pest repellant compositions, to methods of making the compositions, and to methods of using the compositions. The pests may be insects or arachnids. In one embodiment, the pest repellant composition comprises basil essential oil, citronella essential oil, and lemongrass essential oil. The composition may further comprise a thickener and/or a liquid adsorbent.

Description

A PEST REPELLENT COMPOSITION AND METHODS THEREOF

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present invention relates to pest repellent compositions, to methods of making the compositions and to methods of using the compositions.

BACKGROUND ART

[0002] It will be clearly understood that, if a prior art publication is referred to herein, this reference does not constitute an admission that the publication forms part of the common general knowledge in the art in Australia or in any other country.

[0003] Pests such as insects and arachnids are frequently a cause of irritation and annoyance for humans and animals, and insects and arachnids (such as ticks) can also act as vectors, transmitting diseases between animals and humans. Pest repellent compositions are frequently applied to the skin or fur of humans and animals in order to minimise the impact of such pests.

[0004] Some pest repellent compositions include Ν,Ν-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) or hydroxyethyl isobutyl piperidine carboxylate (picaridin). However, DEET for example can be an irritant, especially for the skin, eyes and lungs. These chemicals are also synthetically produced which is not appealing to many consumers.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

[0005] In one aspect, the present invention is directed to a pest repellent composition, especially to an insect repellent composition, which may at least partially overcome at least one of the abovementioned disadvantages or provide the consumer with a useful or commercial choice.

[0006] With the foregoing in view, in a first aspect the present invention relates to a pest repellent composition comprising: basil essential oil, citronella essential oil, and lemongrass essential oil.

[0007] Advantageously, the inventors have found that the essential oils in the composition synergistically work together to provide an improved pest repellent composition that is effective against a relatively broad range of pest types, including insects (such as flies, mosquitoes, and moths) and arachnids (such as midges and ticks). Furthermore, the essential oils in the composition are advantageously naturally-derived (or the composition itself is naturally derived). The composition is also suitable for use on sensitive skin (including those of children), whilst at the same time being effective for use on large animals such as horses. The inventors have found that the duration of action and efficacy of the composition far exceeds that of basil, lemongrass and citronella essential oils when used separately, and that the duration of action and efficacy of the composition exceeds the duration of action and efficacy which would be expected based on the sum of the separate performance of each individual essential oil.

[0008] In one embodiment, the composition is suitable for use on humans, including on infants, children or adults. In another embodiment, the composition is suitable for use on animals, including on dogs, cattle or horses.

[0009] The composition may be non-toxic. Once applied to a subject, the composition may be capable of repelling pests for periods greater than one hour, or greater than three hours. In other embodiments, the composition may be capable of repelling pests for periods greater than 24 hours. The composition may be suitable for use on subjects which are allergic to DEET.

[0010] In one embodiment, the composition may be a pest repellent composition and/or a pesticidal composition (such as an insecticidal composition or arachnicidal composition). The composition may be effective for repelling insects of the order of one or more of: Diptera (especially of the suborder nematocera or brachycera), Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera (especially of the suborder apocrita or formicoidea), and Siphonaptera. The composition may be effective for repelling arachnids of the order of one or more of: Ixodida, Araneae, and Scorpiones. In one embodiment, the composition is for use against one or more of: flies (including sandflies and buffalo flies), midges, moths, mosquitoes, wasps, bees, fleas, ticks, spiders, ants and scorpions; especially one or more of flies (including sandflies), midges, moths, mosquitoes, ants and ticks. The composition may be effective in repelling the pests for periods of at least one hour, especially at least three hours.

[0011] The composition may be in any suitable form. In one embodiment the composition is a liquid, a gel or a solid. The composition may be a sprayable composition. In another embodiment, the composition is an ointment, such as a paste or salve. In a further embodiment, the composition is for use in an oil burner (such as a wax melt) or a candle.

[0012] The composition may include any suitable amount of basil essential oil. In one embodiment, the composition may include less than 10 % of basil essential oil (by weight), especially less than 8.0 %, 7.5 %, 7.0 , 6.5 % or 6.0 % basil essential oil (by weight). In another embodiment, the composition may include at least 0.5% basil essential oil, especially at least 1.0 %, 1.5% or at least 2.0 % basil essential oil (by weight). In one embodiment, the composition includes from 0.5 to 10 % basil essential oil, especially from 1.0 to 8.0 %, or from 1.0 to 7.0 %, or from 1.5 to 6.5 % basil essential oil, more especially from 2.0 to 6.0 % basil essential oil (by weight). In one embodiment, the composition includes from 2 to 3 % basil essential oil (by weight), or from 4 to 7 % basil essential oil (by weight).

[0013] The basil essential oil may be derived from Ocimum basilicum. The basil essential oil may include from 70% to 85% allylanisole (especially from 75% to 80% or about 78% allylanisole) by gas chromatograph analysis or by weight. The basil essential oil may include from 10% to 30% linalool (especially from 15% to 25%, from 17% to 23% or about 20% linalool) by gas chromatograph analysis or by weight. The basil essential oil may include at least one (especially at least two, three, four, five, six, seven or eight) of the group consisting of allylanisole, linalool, trans-alpha-bisabolene, trans-alpha-bergamotene, trans-anethole, beta- caryophyllene, p-methoxycinnamaldehyde and alpha-caryophyllene.

[0014] The composition may include any suitable amount of citronella essential oil. In one embodiment, the composition includes less than 8 % of citronella essential oil (by weight), especially less than 7.5 %, 7.0 %, 6.5 % or 6.0 % citronella essential oil (by weight). In another embodiment, the composition may include at least 0.5% citronella essential oil, especially at least 1.0 %, 1.5% or at least 2.0 % citronella essential oil (by weight). In one embodiment, the composition includes from 0.5 to 8 % citronella essential oil, especially from 1 to 7 % or from 1.5 to 6.5 % citronella essential oil, more especially from 2 to 6 % citronella essential oil (by weight). In one embodiment, the composition includes from 2 to 5 % citronella essential oil (by weight), or from 2 to 4.5 % citronella essential oil (by weight).

[0015] The citronella essential oil may be derived from Cymbopogon nardus. The citronella essential oil may include from 50% to 75% geraniol (especially from 55% to 70% or from 57% to 68% or from 60% to 64% or about 62% geraniol) by gas chromatograph analysis or by weight. The citronella essential oil may include from 1% to 12% citronellal (or from 3% to 9%, or from 5% to 7% citronellal) by gas chromatograph analysis or by weight. The citronella essential oil may include from 1% to 12% beta-caryophyllene (or from 2% to 7%, or from 3% to 6% beta-caryophyllene) by gas chromatograph analysis or by weight. The citronella essential oil may include from 0.5% to 10% limonene (or from 1% to 7%, or from 1% to 5%, or from 1.5% to 4% limonene) by gas chromatograph analysis or by weight. The citronella essential oil may include from 0.5% to 10% citronellol (or from 1% to 7%, or from 1% to 5%, or from 1.5% to 4% citronellol) by gas chromatograph analysis or by weight. The citronella essential oil may include from 0.25% to 10% linalool (or from 0.5% to 5%, or from 0.75% to 3%, or from 1% to 2.5% linalool) by gas chromatograph analysis or by weight.

[0016] The ratio in the composition of basil essential oil : citronella essential oil may be from 0.5:1 to 3:1, or from 0.5:1 to 2.5:1, or from 0.5:1 to 2:1; especially from 0.7:1 to 1.8:1, or from 0.7:1 to 2.5:1 or from 0.7:1 to 2.0:1; more especially from 0.9:1 to 1.6:1, or from 0.9:1 to 2.0:1 (by weight). The ratio in the composition of basil essential oil : citronella essential oil may be from 0.7:1 to 2.0:1, or from 0.7:1 to 2.5:1; especially from 0.8:1 to 1.6:1, or from 0.8:1 to 2.5:1, or from 0.8:1 to 2.0:1; more especially from 0.9:1 to 1.5:1, or from 0.9:1 to 2.0:1 (by volume).

[0017] The composition may include any suitable amount of lemongrass essential oil. In one embodiment, the composition includes less than 20 % of lemongrass essential oil (by weight), especially less than 15%, 13%, 10%, 8%, 7.5 %, 7 %, 6.5 % or 6 % lemongrass essential oil (by weight). In another embodiment, the composition may include at least 0.5% lemongrass essential oil, especially at least 1.0 %, 1.5% or at least 2.0 % lemongrass essential oil (by weight). In one embodiment, the composition includes from 0.5 to 8 % lemongrass essential oil, especially from 1 to 7 % or from 1 to 6.5 % lemongrass essential oil, more especially from 1 to 4 % lemongrass essential oil (by weight).

[0018] The lemongrass essential oil may be derived from Cymbopogon flexuosus. The lemongrass essential oil may include from 50% to 80% citral (especially from 60% to 80% or from 65% to 75% or from 67% to 74% or about 71% citral) by gas chromatograph analysis or by weight. The lemongrass essential oil may include from 1% to 12% geranyl acetate (or from 1% to 8%, or from 2% to 6% geranyl acetate) by gas chromatograph analysis or by weight. The lemongrass essential oil may include from 1% to 15% geraniol (or from 3% to 12%, or from 5% to 10%, or from 7% to 9% geraniol) by gas chromatograph analysis or by weight.

[0019] The ratio in the composition of basil essential oil : lemongrass essential oil may be from 0.3:1 to 4:1; especially from 0.4:1 to 4:1; more especially from 0.7:1 to 4:1 or from 0.8:1 to 4:1; most especially from 0.8:1 to 3:1 or from 0.8:1 to 2.5:1; or from 0.8:1 to 1.6:1 (by weight). The ratio in the composition of citronella essential oil : lemongrass essential oil may be from 0.3:1 to 4:1; especially from 0.4:1 to 3:1, or from 0.7:1 to 3:1, or from 0.8:1 to 2.5:1; more especially from 0.8:1 to 2:1; or from about 0.8:1 to 1.7:1 (by weight).

[0020] The ratio in the composition of basil essential oil : lemongrass essential oil may be from 0.3:1 to 3:1; especially from 0.4:1 to 2.5:1; more especially from 0.4:1 to 1.2:1 or from 0.8: 1 to 2.2:1 (by volume). The ratio in the composition of citronella essential oil : lemongrass essential oil may be from 0.3:1 to 3:1; especially from 0.4:1 to 2.5:1, or from 0.7:1 to 2: 1; more especially from 0.8: 1 to 2:1; or from about 0.8:1 to 1.7:1 (by volume).

[0021] In one embodiment the basil essential oil, citronella essential oil and the lemongrass essential oil may together comprise less than 25% by weight of the composition; especially less than 20% by weight of the composition; more especially less than 18%, less than 15%, less than 12% or less than 10% of the composition. In another embodiment, the basil essential oil, citronella essential oil and the lemongrass essential oil may together comprise at least 3% of the composition; especially at least 5% of the composition; more especially at least 6% or at least 7% of the composition (by weight). In one embodiment, the basil essential oil, citronella essential oil and the lemongrass essential oil together comprise from 3% to 25% of the composition; especially from 4% to 18% of the composition; more especially from 5% to 12% of the composition (by weight).

[0022] The composition may further include at least one carrier oil. Any suitable carrier oil may be used. The at least one carrier oil may be a petroleum distillate or derived from plant matter. The at least one carrier oil may be a mineral oil, especially white mineral oil. The at least one carrier oil may be paraffinum liquidum. The at least one carrier oil may be a petroleum distillate. The paraffinum liquidum may have CAS No. 8042-47-5. The at least one carrier oil may be derived from plant matter, such as from one or more of avocadoes, rice, olives, almonds, apricots and canola. The at least one carrier oil may be selected from the group consisting of: avocado oil, apricot oil, almond oil, rice bran oil, olive oil and canola oil.

[0023] The quantity of the at least one carrier oil in the composition may be selected based on the intended properties of the composition. For example, if the composition is to be sprayed, then a less viscous composition may be needed, and the composition may include more carrier oil. Alternatively, if the composition is to be a paste, then a more viscous composition may be needed, and the composition may include less carrier oil.

[0024] In one embodiment, the at least one carrier oil comprises at least 15% of the composition; especially at least 20% of the composition; more especially at least 50%, or at least 60% of the composition; most especially at least 65%, 70%, 80% or 85% of the composition (by weight). In another embodiment, the at least one carrier oil comprises less than 95%, especially less than 90% of the composition (by weight). In a further embodiment, the at least one carrier oil comprises from 60% to 95% of the composition (by weight); especially from 65% to 95%, or from 70% to 95%, or from 75% to 95%, or from 80% to 95% of the composition; most especially from 80% to 90% of the composition (by weight). In yet another embodiment, the at least one carrier oil comprises from 10% to 40% of the composition; especially from 15% to 35% by weight of the composition; most especially from 15% to 30%, or from 20% to 30% of the composition (by weight).

[0025] The composition may further include at least one additive, especially at least one solid additive. The at least one additive may be at least one liquid adsorbent. The at least one additive may be a weatherproofing agent, a UV protectant or a sunscreen. The at least one additive may improve the consistency of the composition. The at least one additive may assist the basil essential oil, citronella essential oil and lemongrass essential oil to adhere to the skin or fur of a subject. The at least one additive may reduce the oily look or feel of the composition. The at least one additive may be a deodorant, or an antibacterial agent.

[0026] Advantageously, it is believed that it is possible to use a higher concentration of the basil essential oil, citronella essential oil and lemongrass essential oil when using at least one liquid adsorbent (such as zinc oxide). If the concentration of the basil essential oil, citronella essential oil and lemongrass essential oil is too high, then in some cases it can irritate the skin.

[0027] In one embodiment, the at least one additive is a zinc complex, especially zinc oxide. The at least one additive may have a bulk density of 0.4 to 0.9 g/cm³, especially of 0.5 to 0.8 g/cm³, most especially of 0.6 to 0.7 g/cm³.

[0028] Any suitable amount of the at least one additive may be present in the composition. However, higher concentrations of the at least one additive may be used when the composition is more viscous, such as in the form of a paste. In one embodiment, the at least one additive comprises less than 50% of the composition (by weight); especially less than 45%, less than 40%, less than 35%, less than 30%, less than 25%, less than 20%, less than 15%, less than 10%, or less than 5% of the composition (by weight). In one embodiment, the at least one additive comprises less than 4%, 3% or 2% of the composition. In another embodiment, the at least one additive comprises at least 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.8% or 1% of the composition (by weight). The at least one additive may comprise from 0.2% to 2.0% of the composition (by weight). In a further embodiment, the at least one additive comprises at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, or at least 35% (by weight) of the composition. In another embodiment, the at least one additive comprises from 25% to 50% of the composition (by weight); especially from 30% to 45% of the composition (by weight).

[0029] In one embodiment, the ratio of the basil essential oil, citronella essential oil and lemongrass essential oil : the at least one additive may be from 50: 1 to 1:10, especially from 25:1 to 1: 10, or from 25:1 to 1: 1, more especially from 15:1 to 3: 1, most especially from 10: 1 to 5:1 (by weight). In one embodiment, the ratio of the basil essential oil, citronella essential oil and lemongrass essential oil : the at least one additive may be from 1:1 to 1: 10, especially from 1:2 to 1: 10, more especially from 1:3 to 1: 8, most especially from 1:4 to 1:6 (by weight).

[0030] The composition may further include at least one thickener. It may be advantageous for the composition to include at least one thickener if the composition is to be in a viscous form. In one embodiment, the at least one thickener is a wax or gum; especially a wax; more especially a beeswax; most especially an Australian native beeswax. The wax may also be a soy based wax or a paraffin based wax, or a combination thereof (especially when the composition is a wax melt or a candle). In some embodiments, the at least one thickener may act as a skin moisturiser, and/or a skin healer (assisting in the healing of sunburned and/or windburned skin, and/or with the healing of sores).

[0031] The at least one thickener may comprise at least 10% of the composition; especially at least 15% of the composition, or at least 20% of the composition; most especially at least 25% of the composition (by weight). The at least one thickener may comprise at least 30% of the composition; especially at least 40% of the composition, or at least 50% of the composition, or at least 60% of the composition; most especially at least 70% of the composition or at least 80% of the composition (by weight). The at least one thickener may comprise less than 45% of the composition; especially less than 40% of the composition, or less than 35% of the composition (by weight). The at least one thickener may comprise less than 95% of the composition; especially less than 90% of the composition, or less than 87% of the composition (by weight). The at least one thickener may comprise from 20% to 40% of the composition; especially from 25% to 35% of the composition (by weight). The at least one thickener may comprise from 60% to 95% of the composition; especially from 70% to 95% of the composition, or from 80% to 90% of the composition (by weight).

[0032] The ratio of the at least one carrier oil : the at least one thickener in the composition may be from 2:1 to 1:3; especially from 1.5:1 to 1:2; most especially from 1 : 1 to 1:1.5.

[0033] The composition may further include at least one further essential oil. The at least one further essential oil may be, for example, eucalyptus essential oil and/or lavender essential oil. The at least one further essential oil may comprise less than 15% of the composition (by weight); especially less than 10% of the composition (by weight). The at least one further essential oil may comprise at least 1% of the composition; especially at least 2% of the composition (by weight). The at least one further essential oil may comprise from 1% to 10% of the composition, especially from 2% to 7% of the composition (by weight).

[0034] Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that in a composition including the at least one carrier oil, the basil essential oil, the citronella essential oil, the lemongrass essential oil, and the liquid adsorbent, at least some of the oils are adsorbed into the liquid adsorbent. Once the composition is placed on the skin of a subject, some of the carrier oil may be absorbed into the skin (or may evaporate). Meanwhile, at least some of the basil essential oil, citronella essential oil and lemongrass essential oil are adsorbed into the liquid adsorbent. The adsorption of the basil essential oil, citronella essential oil and lemongrass essential oil into the liquid adsorbent reduces the oily feel of the composition on the skin, and slows the evaporation of the basil essential oil, citronella essential oil and lemongrass essential oil, improving the longevity and effectiveness of the composition.

[0035] In a second aspect, the present invention provides a pest repellent composition comprising:

(A) At least one of the group consisting of: allylanisole, linalool, trans-alpha- bisabolene, trans-alpha-bergamotene, trans-anethole, beta-caryophyllene, p- methoxycinnamaldehyde and alpha-caryophyllene;

(B) At least one of the group consisting of: geraniol, citronellol, d-limonene, citral, citronellal, beta-caryophyllene, geranyl acetate, citronellyl acetate and linalool; and

(C) At least one of the group consisting of: citral, geraniol, d-limonene and 6-methyl- 5-hepten-2-one.

[0036] Features of the composition of the second aspect of the present invention may be as described for the first aspect.

[0037] Component (A) may include at least one, two, three, four, five, six or seven of the group consisting of: allylanisole, linalool, trans-alpha-bisabolene, trans-alpha-bergamotene, trans-anethole, beta-caryophyllene, p-methoxycinnamaldehyde and alpha-caryophyllene. Component (A) may include all of allylanisole, linalool, trans-alpha-bisabolene, trans-alpha- bergamotene, trans-anethole, beta-caryophyllene, p-methoxycinnamaldehyde and alpha- caryophyllene. In one embodiment, Component (A) includes linalool and/or allylanisole.

[0038] The composition may include any suitable amount of Component (A). In one embodiment, the composition may include less than 10 % of Component (A) (by weight), especially less than 8.0 %, 7.5 %, 7.0 %, 6.55 % or 6.0 % Component (A) (by weight). In another embodiment, the composition may include at least 0.5% Component (A), especially at least 1.0 %, 1.5% or at least 2.0 % Component (A) (by weight). In one embodiment, the composition includes from 0.5 to 10 % Component (A), especially from 1.0 to 8.0 %, or from 1.0 to 7.0 %, or from 1.5 to 6.5 % Component (A), more especially from 2.0 to 6.0 % Component (A) (by weight). In one embodiment, the composition includes from 2 to 3 % Component (A) (by weight), or from 4 to 7 % Component (A) (by weight).

[0039] Component (A) may include from 70% to 85% allylanisole (especially from 75% to 80% or about 78% allylanisole) by gas chromatograph analysis or by weight. Component (A) may include from 10% to 30% linalool (especially from 15% to 25%, from 17% to 23% or about 20% linalool) by gas chromatograph analysis or by weight.

[0040] Component (B) may include at least one, two, three, four, five, six, seven or eight of the group consisting of: geraniol, citronellol, d-limonene, citral, citronellal, beta-caryophyllene, geranyl acetate, citronellyl acetate and linalool. Component (B) may include all of geraniol, citronellol, d-limonene, citral, citronellal, beta-caryophyllene, geranyl acetate, citronellyl acetate and linalool. Component (B) may include geraniol. Component (B) may include citronellal. Component (B) may include limonene, citronellol and/or linalool.

[0041] The composition may include any suitable amount of Component (B). In one embodiment, the composition includes less than 8 % of Component (B) (by weight), especially less than 7.5 %, 7.0 %, 6.5 % or 6.0 % Component (B) (by weight). In another embodiment, the composition may include at least 0.5% Component (B), especially at least 1.0 %, 1.5% or at least 2.0 % Component (B) (by weight). In one embodiment, the composition includes from 0.5 to 8 % Component (B), especially from 1 to 7 % or from 1.5 to 6.5 % Component (B), more especially from 2 to 6 % Component (B) (by weight). In one embodiment, the composition includes from 2 to 5 % Component (B) (by weight), or from 2 to 4.5 % Component (B) (by weight).

[0042] Component (B) may include from 50% to 75% geraniol (especially from 55% to 70% or from 57% to 68% or from 60% to 64% or about 62% geraniol) by gas chromatograph analysis or by weight. Component (B) may include from 1% to 12% citronellal (or from 3% to 9%, or from 5% to 7% citronellal) by gas chromatograph analysis or by weight. Component (B) may include from 1% to 12% beta-caryophyllene (or from 2% to 7%, or from 3% to 6% beta- caryophyllene) by gas chromatograph analysis or by weight. Component (B) may include from 0.5% to 10% limonene (or from 1% to 7%, or from 1% to 5%, or from 1.5% to 4% limonene) by gas chromatograph analysis or by weight. Component (B) may include from 0.5% to 10% citronellol (or from 1% to 7%, or from 1% to 5%, or from 1.5% to 4% citronellol) by gas chromatograph analysis or by weight. Component (B) may include from 0.25% to 10% linalool (or from 0.5% to 5%, or from 0.75% to 3%, or from 1% to 2.5% linalool) by gas chromatograph analysis or by weight.

[0043] The ratio in the composition of Component (A) : Component (B) may be from 0.5:1 to 2: 1; especially from 0.7:1 to 1.8:1; more especially from 0.9:1 to 1.6: 1 (by weight). The ratio in the composition of Component (A) : Component (B) may be from 0.7:1 to 2.0: 1; especially from 0.8:1 to 1.6: 1; more especially from 0.9: 1 : 1.5: 1 (by volume).

[0044] Component (C) may include at least one, two or three of the group consisting of: citral, geraniol, d-limonene and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one. Component (C) may include all of citral, geraniol, d-limonene and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one. In one embodiment, Component (C) includes geraniol.

[0045] The composition may include any suitable amount of Component (C). In one embodiment, the composition includes less than 20 % of Component (C) (by weight), especially less than 15%, 13%, 10%, 8%, 7.5 %, 7 %, 6.5 % or 6 % Component (C) (by weight). In another embodiment, the composition may include at least 0.5% Component (C), especially at least 1 %, 1.5% or at least 2 % Component (C) (by weight). In one embodiment, the composition includes from 0.5 to 8 % Component (C), especially from 1 to 7 % or from 1 to 6.5 % Component (C), more especially from 1 to 4 % Component (C) (by weight).

[0046] Component (C) may include from 50% to 80% citral (especially from 60% to 80% or from 65% to 75% or from 67% to 74% or about 71% citral) by gas chromatograph analysis or by weight. Component (C) may include from 1% to 12% geranyl acetate (or from 1% to 8%, or from 2% to 6% geranyl acetate) by gas chromatograph analysis or by weight. Component (C) may include from 1% to 15% geraniol (or from 3% to 12%, or from 5% to 10%, or from 7% to 9% geraniol) by gas chromatograph analysis or by weight.

[0047] The ratio in the composition of Component (A) : Component (C) may be from 0.3:1 to 4: 1; especially from 0.4:1 to 4: 1; more especially from 0.7: 1 to 4:1 or from 0.8:1 to 4: 1; most especially from 0.8:1 to 3: 1 or from 0.8: 1 to 2.5:1; or from 0.8:1 to 1.6: 1 (by weight). The ratio in the composition of Component (B) : Component (C) may be from 0.3:1 to 4:1; especially from 0.4: 1 to 3: 1, or from 0.7: 1 to 3: 1, or from 0.8: 1 to 2.5: 1; more especially from 0.8: 1 to 2: 1; or from about 0.8:1 to 1.7: 1 (by weight). [0048] The ratio in the composition of Component (A) : Component (C) may be from 0.3:1 to 3: 1; especially from 0.4: 1 to 2.5:1; more especially from 0.4: 1 to 1.2:1 or from 0.8: 1 to 2.2:1 (by volume). The ratio in the composition of Component (B) : Component (C) may be from 0.3: 1 to 3: 1; especially from 0.4:1 to 2.5: 1, or from 0.7: 1 to 2: 1; more especially from 0.8:1 to 2: 1; or from about 0.8: 1 to 1.7: 1 (by volume).

[0049] In one embodiment Component (A), Component (B) and Component (C) may together comprise less than 25% by weight of the composition; especially less than 20% by weight of the composition; more especially less than 18%, less than 15%, less than 12% or less than 10% by weight of the composition. In another embodiment, Component (A), Component

(B) and Component (C) may together comprise at least 3% of the composition; especially at least 5% of the composition; more especially at least 6% or at least 7% of the composition (by weight). In one embodiment, Component (A), Component (B) and Component (C) together comprise from 3% to 25% of the composition; especially from 4% to 18% of the composition; more especially from 5% to 12% of the composition (by weight).

[0050] The composition may further include at least one carrier oil, at least one additive and/or at least one thickener, as discussed above for the first aspect of the present invention (the proportions of these components in the composition may also be as discussed above for the first aspect of the present invention).

[0051] The at least one additive may assist Component (A), Component (B) and Component

(C) to adhere to the skin or fur of a subject. The at least one additive may reduce the oily look or feel of the composition. Advantageously, it is believed that it is possible to use a higher concentration of Component (A), Component (B) and Component (C) when using at least one liquid adsorbent (such as zinc oxide). If the concentration of Component (A), Component (B) and Component (C) is too high, then in some cases it can irritate the skin.

[0052] In one embodiment, the ratio of Component (A), Component (B) and Component (C) : the at least one additive may be from 50:1 to 1: 10, especially from 25: 1 to 1:10, or from 25:1 to 1: 1, more especially from 15: 1 to 3:1, most especially from 10: 1 to 5: 1 (by weight). In one embodiment, the ratio of Component (A), Component (B) and Component (C) : the at least one additive may be from 1: 1 to 1:10, especially from 1:2 to 1:10, more especially from 1:3 to 1: 8, most especially from 1:4 to 1:6 (by weight).

[0053] The composition of the second aspect may also include a further essential oil, as described for the first aspect of the present invention. [0054] In a third aspect, the present invention provides a pest repellent composition. The pest repellent composition may include at least one of: basil essential oil, citronella essential oil and lemongrass essential oil. In one embodiment, the composition includes basil essential oil and citronella essential oil. The pest repellent composition may include at least one of:

[0055] Features of the third aspect of the present invention may be as described for the first and second aspects of the present invention.

[0056] In a fourth aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of preparing a pest repellent composition, the method comprising the step of mixing basil essential oil, citronella essential oil, and lemongrass essential oil with at least one carrier oil or at least one thickener. The composition may be as described above for the first aspect of the present invention.

[0057] The step of mixing basil essential oil, citronella essential oil, and lemongrass essential oil with at least one carrier oil may form an admixture. In one embodiment, the method may further include the step of mixing at least one additive with the admixture. The method may further include the step of mixing a further essential oil with the admixture. The method may further include the step of mixing at least one thickener with the admixture. The method may further include the step of mixing at least one carrier oil with the admixture.

[0058] In a further embodiment, the method may include the steps of: (i) mixing at least one thickener, the at least one carrier oil and/or at least one additive; and (ii) mixing the basil essential oil, citronella essential oil, and lemongrass essential oil into the mixture of (i). It may be necessary to apply heat in step (i). The optimum heat will depend on the nature of the at least one thickener, the at least one carrier oil and the at least one additive. In one embodiment, step (i) includes heating the mixture from 50 to 80 °C, especially from 50 to 70 °C, more especially from 55 to 70 °C, or from 65 to 70 °C or from 58 to 68 °C; most especially from 60 to 66 °C or about 63 °C. It has been found that when the at least one thickener is beeswax, the at least one carrier oil is white oil and the at least one additive is zinc oxide, then the optimum temperature for step (i) is 63 °C. In step (ii) no heat should be applied, but the mixture of step (i) should be warm in step (ii) to allow the basil essential oil, citronella essential oil, and lemongrass essential oil to homogeneously mix. The method may further include the step of mixing a further essential oil in step (ii). The method may further include the step of pouring the mixture of step (ii) into moulds. The method may further include the step of sealing the moulds to minimise loss of the essential oils due to evaporation.

[0059] In a fifth aspect, the present invention provides a method of preparing a pest repellent composition, the method comprising the step of mixing with at least one carrier oil or at least one thickener:

[0060] The composition may be as described above for the second aspect of the present invention.

[0061] The step of mixing Component (A), Component (B) and Component (C) with the at least one carrier oil may form an admixture. In one embodiment, the method may further include the step of mixing at least one additive with the admixture. The method may further include the step of mixing a further essential oil with the admixture. The method may further include the step of mixing at least one thickener with the admixture. The method may further include the step of mixing at least one carrier oil with the admixture.

[0062] In a further embodiment, the method may include the steps of: (i) mixing at least one thickener, the at least one carrier oil and/or at least one additive; and (ii) mixing Component (A), Component (B) and Component (C) into the mixture of (i). It may be necessary to apply heat in step (i). The optimum heat will depend on the nature of the at least one thickener, the at least one carrier oil and the additive. In one embodiment, step (i) includes heating the mixture from 50 to 80 °C, especially from 50 to 70 °C, more especially from 55 to 70 °C, or from 65 to 70 °C or from 58 to 68 °C; most especially from 60 to 66 °C or about 63 °C. It has been found that when the at least one thickener is beeswax, the at least one carrier oil is white oil and the at least one additive is zinc oxide, then the optimum temperature for step (i) is 63 °C. In step (ii) no heat should be applied, but the mixture of step (i) should be warm in step (ii) to allow Component (A), Component (B) and Component (C) to homogeneously mix. The method may further include the step of mixing a further essential oil in step (ii). The method may further include the step of pouring the mixture of step (ii) into moulds.

[0063] In a sixth aspect, the present invention provides a method of repelling a pest, the method comprising the step of applying the composition of any one of the first to third aspects of the present invention to a subject. The subject may be a human, or an animal such as a dog or horse. The pest may be an insect or an arachnid. The method may include the step of applying the composition to the skin or fur of the subject. Features of the sixth aspect of the present invention may be as described for the first to third aspects of the present invention. The step of applying the composition to a subject may include the step of warming a composition of the invention proximate to the subject (for example, the composition may be a wax melt or a candle).

[0064] In a seventh aspect, the present invention provides a method of repelling a pest, the method comprising the step of activating the composition of any one of the first to third aspects. The composition, once activated, may repel pests around the composition. The pest may be an insect or an arachnid. The step of activating the composition may include the step of heating the composition. The step of heating the composition may include the step of igniting a wick in the composition, or the step of placing the composition in a bowl and warming the composition by heating the bowl. The composition in this aspect may be a wax melt (e.g. for an oil burner) or a candle. Features of the seventh aspect of the present invention may be as described for the first to third aspects of the present invention.

[0065] Any of the features described herein can be combined in any combination with any one or more of the other features described herein within the scope of the invention.

EXAMPLES

[0066] Examples of the invention will now be described by way of example. Preferred features, embodiments and variations of the invention may be discerned from the following Examples which provides sufficient information for those skilled in the art to perform the invention. The following Examples is not to be regarded as limiting the scope of the preceding Summary of the Invention in any way. Example 1 - Sprayable Composition 1

[0067] Details of ingredients used in the composition are provided in Table 1.

[0068] Table 1: Ingredients

[0069] The composition was prepared as outlined in Table 2. [0070] Table 2: Sprayable Composition 1

[0071] All of the ingredients above were purchased from New Directions Australia (Sydney, Australia).

[0072] The composition was prepared by adding 40 mL/L basil essential oil, 30 mL/L citronella essential oil and 20 mL/L lemongrass essential oil to 910 mL/L of the white mineral oil base. After mixing well, the mixture was dispensed into bottles, and then 10 g/L zinc oxide was added to the individual bottles.

[0073] In view of the composition of the essential oils, the composition of Table 2 is believed to include the chemicals outlined in Table 3.

[0074] Table 3: Composition of Table 2 by chemical

Chemical Approximate % by weight

Paraffinium liquidium 89.2

Allylanisole <3.3

Geraniol <2.1

Citral <1.9-2.1

Zinc oxide 1.2

Linalool <1.2

Citronellol <0.4 Chemical Approximate % by weight d-Limonene <0.4

Citronellal <0.3

trans-alpha-Bisabolene <0.3

beta-C aryophyllene <0.3

Geranyl Acetate <0.2

trans-alpha-Bergamotene <0.2

trans-Anethole <0.1

Citronellyl Acetate 0.1

p-Methoxycinnamaldehyde <0.1

alpha-C aryophyllene <0.1

[0075] When sprayed onto the skin or fur of a subject, the composition did not have an oily look or feel, and the composition effectively repelled insects such as flies, sandflies, midges and mosquitoes for periods well in excess of one hour and can be effective for 3-4 hours.

Example 2 - Ointment

[0076] The composition was prepared as outlined in Table 4. The composition is a thick ointment.

[0077] Table 4: Ointment Composition

Ingredient Measured % by weight Calculated % by weight

(based on the average specific gravities of Table 1)

White mineral oil (Paraffinum 20.1 26.0

liquidum)

Basil essential oil (Ocimum 2.6 2.6

basilicum oil)

Citronella essential oil 2.6 2.4

(Cymbopogon nardus oil)

Lemongrass essential oil 2.6 2.5

(Cymbopogon flexuosus oil) Ingredient Measured % by weight Calculated % by weight

(based on the average specific gravities of Table 1)

Zinc oxide 41.9 38.7

Australian native beeswax 30.1 27.9

[0078] All of the ingredients above (with the exception of the beeswax) were purchased from New Directions Australia (Sydney, Australia). The beeswax was obtained from apiarist from Toowoomba, Queensland.

[0079] Further details of the ingredients are provided above in Table 1.

[0080] To make a 1 kg batch of the ointment, 360 g beeswax was slowly brought up to 63 °C to melt using a slow cooker or other gentle heating appliance, and 400 mL white mineral oil was added. Next, 500 g sifted zinc oxide was gradually added and mixed with the beeswax whilst while maintaining temperature. Once all the zinc oxide was added, the heat was turned off. The essential oils (35 mL each) were immediately added and mixed well. The composition was then poured into moulds and covered until set.

[0081] In view of the composition of the essential oils, the composition of Table 4 is believed to include the chemicals provided in Table 5.

[0082] Table 5: Composition of Table 4 by chemical

Chemical Approximate % by weight

Zinc oxide 38.7

Australian native beeswax 27.9

Paraffinium liquidium 26.0

Citral <2.1-2.3

Allylanisole <1.9

Geraniol <1.7

Linalool <0.7

d-Limonene <0.3

Citronellol <0.3 Chemical Approximate % by weight beta-C aryophyllene <0.2

Citronellal <0.2

trans-alpha-Bisabolene <0.2

trans-alpha-Bergamotene 0.1

Geranyl Acetate <0.1

Citronellyl Acetate <0.1

trans-Anethole <0.1

p-Methoxycinnamaldehyde <0.1

alpha-C aryophyllene <0.1

[0083] When spread onto the skin or fur of a subject, the composition effectively repelled insects such as flies, sandflies, midges and mosquitoes. The composition was effective in repelling insects for periods exceeding one day. The composition can act as a barrier against insects for up to four days. The composition also acts as a skin moisturiser and assists in healing sunburned and/or windburned skin.

Example 3 - Sprayable composition 2

[0084] The composition was prepared as outlined in Table 6. [0085] Table 6: Sprayable Composition 2

Ingredient Volume Added % by volume Approximate % by weight

White mineral oil 100 mL 76.9 75.5

(Paraffinum liquidum)

Basil essential oil 1 teaspoon (5 mL) 3.9 4.3

(Ocimum basilicum oil)

Citronella essential oil 1 teaspoon (5 mL) 3.9 4.0

{Cymbopogon nardus oil)

Lemongrass essential oil 2 teaspoons (10 mL) 7.7 8.1

[Cymbopogon flexuosus

oil) Ingredient Volume Added % by volume Approximate % by weight

Eucalyptus radiata 1 teaspoon (5 mL) 3.9 4.1

essential oil

Lavender essential oil 1 teaspoon (5 mL) 3.9 4.1

(Lavandin Grosso oil)

[0086] All essential oils were purchased from New Directions Australia (Sydney, Australia). Other ingredients were purchased as noted above for Example 1 and 2.

[0087] The composition was prepared by mixing the essential oils into the white mineral oil base. It was noted that the solution formed well. In use, it was noted that the mineral oil moisturised the skin, but it left a residue on skin and fur. It was an effective insect repellent for periods less than one hour, due to rapid evaporation. It had a noticeable effect on flies, mosquitoes and moths.

Example 4 - Sprayable Composition 3

[0088] The composition was prepared as outlined in Table 7. [0089] Table 7: Sprayable Composition 3

[0090] All essential oils were purchased from New Directions Australia (Sydney, Australia). Other ingredients were purchased as noted above for Example 1 and 2. [0091] The composition was prepared by mixing the essential oils into the white mineral oil base, and then adding the zinc oxide. It was noted that the addition of zinc oxide to the oil base assisted in reducing the oiliness of the composition and the residue on skin and fur. Zinc oxide also improved the adhesion of oils to skin and fur, and improved the speed of absorption of the mineral oil into the skin. The insect repellent time of this composition was greater than or equal to 1 hour.

Example 5 - Sprayable Composition 4

[0092] The composition was prepared as outlined in Table 8. [0093] Table 8: Sprayable Composition 4

[0094] All essential oils were purchased from New Directions Australia (Sydney, Australia). Other ingredients were purchased as noted above for Example 1 and 2.

[0095] The composition was prepared by mixing the essential oils into the white mineral oil base, and then adding the zinc oxide. It was noted that this composition was an effective insect repellent, working against flies, mosquitoes, midges, sandflies, moths and ants for greater than or equal to 1 hour.

Example 6— Sprayable Composition 5

[0096] The composition was prepared as outlined in Table 9. [0097] Table 9: Sprayable Composition 5

[0098] All essential oils were purchased from New Directions Australia (Sydney, Australia). Other ingredients were purchased as noted above for Example 1 and 2.

[0099] The composition was prepared by mixing the essential oils into the white mineral oil base, and then adding the zinc oxide. It was noted that the exclusion of eucalyptus essential oil did not decrease the effectiveness of the insect repellent. Increasing the ratio of citronella and basil repelled flies and mosquitoes more effectively (consistently greater than 1 hour).

Example 7 - Wax melt / Candle

[00100] The composition was prepared as outlined in Table 10.

[00101] Table 10: Wax melt / Candle composition

Ingredient Volume Added Approx. Weight Approximate %

(based on the by weight average specific

gravities of Table

1)

Basil essential oil 5 mL 4.7 g 6.2%

{Ocimum basilicum oil)

Citronella essential oil 3 mL 2.7 g 3.5%

{Cymbopogon nardus oil)

Lemongrass essential oil 5 mL 4.5 g 6.0%

{Cymbopogon flexuosus

oil) Ingredient Volume Added Approx. Weight Approximate %

(based on the by weight average specific

gravities of Table

1)

Beeswax 5 g 5 g 6.6%

Paraffin wax 59 g 59 g 77.7%

[00102] The beeswax / paraffin wax can be replaced with a soy or paraffin based wax or combination thereof. The paraffin wax was obtained from New Directions Australia (Sydney, Australia). Other ingredients were purchased as noted above for Example 1.

[00103] The wax melt and candles are made similarly, but different moulds are used. In both cases, the waxes are heated gently to approximately 65 to 70 °C. The heat is then turned off, and the essential oils are added. The resultant composition is then mixed and then poured directly into moulds. The moulds are sealed whilst cooling to prevent the evaporation of the essential oils while the wax hardens.

[00104] To use the wax melt, the essential oils are slowly released by melting the wax at approximately 60 to 90 °C, which drastically increases efficacy times. The inventors have found that a single 8 g wax melt containing the lemongrass, basil and citronella essential oil protects a 5 m² area for up to 8 or more hours, and no less than 6 hours. In contrast, citronella candles (for example) typically last up to 4 hours.

Example 8 - Development of the Compositions

[00105] The inventors have found that both citronella and lemongrass essential oils, when used individually and diluted in any carrier, exhibit pest repellent properties which last approximately 20-30 minutes. Basil essential oil when diluted in a carrier substance has variable ability to repel pests, but the inventors' studies have shown that it is effective for up to 2 hours.

[00106] These findings are consistent with the scientific literature. For example, one study found that the undiluted oil of Cymbopogon nardus (citronella) provided two hours of repellency against the mosquito Aedes aegypti under laboratory conditions using human subjects (Trongtokit Y., et al. (2005) Comparative Repellency of 38 essential oils against mosquito bites. Phytotherapy Research, 19 (4), 303-309). However, in this study the repellency decreased when the citronella oil was diluted. [00107] Similarly, another study found that Ocimum basiUcum (basil) essential oil provided two hours of protection against the mosquito Aedes aegypti on the arms of human volunteers (Kumar, S. (2017) Impact of Ocimum basilicum Leaf Essential Oil on The Survival and Behaviour of An Indian Strain of Dengue Vector, Aedes aegypti (L.). Vector Biology Journal, 2, 2).

[00108] However, the essential oils were much less effective when diluted to the concentrations of Example 1. A composition of basil essential oil when diluted as a spray (to a similar concentration to Example 1) was ineffective within about 10 minutes on horses. Similarly, a composition of citronella essential oil when diluted as a spray (to a similar concentration to Example 1) was ineffective within about 10 minutes on horses.

[00109] Certain combinations of the essential oils also had similar activities. For example, a combination of lemongrass and basil essential oils when diluted as a spray (to a similar concentration to Example 1) was ineffective within about 10 minutes on horses. A combination of lemongrass and citronella essential oils when diluted as a spray (to a similar concentration to Example 1) was ineffective within about 10 minutes on horses.

[00110] However, a combination of lemongrass, citronella and basil when diluted as a spray (to a similar concentration to Example 1) was effective for about 1.5 to 2 hours on horses. When zinc oxide was added to the composition the composition was effective for up to 4-6 hours on horses. Similar efficacies have been observed for the composition when applied to people, cattle, and dogs. The inventors have found that pests repelled by the compositions include most insects (including flies, mosquitoes, sandflies, ants, and buffalo flies) and arachnids (including ticks and midges). In some cases, flies will land on an area where the composition has been applied, but will then take off again without biting the subject. When a composition (especially an ointment) comprising zinc oxide is applied to an area of a subject, the inventors have found that the area will have some pest repellent activity for at least 48 hours after treatment.

Example 9 - Effectiveness

[00111] The composition of Example 1 was sprayed onto a person whilst on a fishing trip and was not touched by a fly, midge, sandfly or mosquito during the day. The person was bitten once at the end of the day under the clothing where the composition was not applied, and this only happened at the end of the day.

[00112] The composition of Example 7 (wax melt) was used in Hervey Bay in outdoor areas for barbeques and entertaining. A single wax melt lasted all evening and people in the vicinity of the wax melt were not bothered by mosquitoes, midges or sandflies.

[00113] In the present specification and claims (if any), the word 'comprising' and its derivatives including 'comprises' and 'comprise' include each of the stated integers but does not exclude the inclusion of one or more further integers.

[00114] Reference throughout this specification to 'one embodiment' or 'an embodiment' means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, the appearance of the phrases 'in one embodiment' or 'in an embodiment' in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more combinations.

[00115] In compliance with the statute, the invention has been described in language more or less specific to structural or methodical features. It is to be understood that the invention is not limited to specific features shown or described since the means herein described comprises preferred forms of putting the invention into effect. The invention is, therefore, claimed in any of its forms or modifications within the proper scope of the appended claims appropriately interpreted by those skilled in the art.

ADVANTAGES OF THE INVENTION

[00116] In a preferred embodiment, the present invention advantageously:

Can be applied to subjects such as humans and other animals to repel pests including insects, and thereby prevent bites and vector-borne diseases caused by insects (such as flies and mosquitoes) and other pests such as ticks.

Provides a naturally derived alternative to insect repellents such as those including picaridin and DEET.

Is suitable for use on sensitive skin, especially for subjects who are allergic to DEET. Is long -lasting and non-toxic.

Is effective enough to use on horses but gentle enough to use on children.

Has an appealing fragrance.

Claims

1. A pest repellent composition comprising: basil essential oil, citronella essential oil, and lemongrass essential oil.

2. The pest repellent composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises from 0.5% to 10% by weight basil essential oil.

3. The pest repellent composition of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the composition

comprises from 0.5% to 8% by weight citronella essential oil.

4. The pest repellent composition of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the composition comprises from 0.5% to 8% by weight lemongrass essential oil.

5. The pest repellent composition of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the ratio in the composition of basil essential oil : citronella essential oil is from 0.5:1 to 3: 1 by weight.

6. The pest repellent composition of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the ratio in the composition of basil essential oil : lemongrass essential oil is from 0.3 : 1 to 4: 1 by weight.

7. The pest repellant composition of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the pest is at least one insect.

8. The pest repellent composition of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the composition further comprises at least one carrier oil.

9. The pest repellent composition of claim 8, wherein the at least one carrier oil

comprises at least 20% of the composition by weight.

10. The pest repellent composition of any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the composition further comprises at least one liquid adsorbent.

11. The pest repellent composition of claim 10, wherein the liquid adsorbent is zinc

oxide.

12. The pest repellent composition of claim 10 or claim 11, wherein the at least one

liquid adsorbent comprises from 0.2% to 2.0% of the composition by weight, or from 25% to 50% of the composition by weight.

13. The pest repellent composition of any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the composition further comprises at least one thickener.

14. The pest repellent composition of claim 13, wherein the at least one thickener is a wax.

15. The pest repellent composition of claim 13 or claim 14, wherein the at least one thickener comprises at least 20% of the composition by weight.

16. A method of preparing a pest repellent composition, the method comprising the step of mixing basil essential oil, citronella essential oil, and lemongrass essential oil with at least one carrier oil or at least one thickener.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the pest repellant composition is the composition of any one of claims 1 to 15.

18. A pest repellent composition comprising:

(C) At least one of the group consisting of: citral, geraniol, d-limonene and 6-methyl-5- hepten-2-one.

1 . A method of preparing a pest repellent composition, the method comprising the step of mixing with at least one carrier oil or at least one thickener:

20. A method of repelling a pest, the method comprising the step of applying the

composition of any one of claims 1 to 15 or 18 to a subject.