WO2018222662A1 - Coexistence entre des dispositifs de réseau local sans fil (wlan) et des dispositifs nouvelle radio (nr) dans un spectre sans licence - Google Patents

Coexistence entre des dispositifs de réseau local sans fil (wlan) et des dispositifs nouvelle radio (nr) dans un spectre sans licence Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2018222662A1
WO2018222662A1 PCT/US2018/035046 US2018035046W WO2018222662A1 WO 2018222662 A1 WO2018222662 A1 WO 2018222662A1 US 2018035046 W US2018035046 W US 2018035046W WO 2018222662 A1 WO2018222662 A1 WO 2018222662A1
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period
channel
crs
during
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PCT/US2018/035046
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Robert J. Stacey
Dave A. CAVALCANTI
Mohammad Mamunur Rashid
Huaning Niu
Laurent Cariou
Qinghua Li
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Intel IP Corporation
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W74/00—Wireless channel access
    • H04W74/08—Non-scheduled access, e.g. ALOHA
    • H04W74/0808—Non-scheduled access, e.g. ALOHA using carrier sensing, e.g. carrier sense multiple access [CSMA]
    • H04W74/0816—Non-scheduled access, e.g. ALOHA using carrier sensing, e.g. carrier sense multiple access [CSMA] with collision avoidance
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W74/00—Wireless channel access
    • H04W74/08—Non-scheduled access, e.g. ALOHA
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W84/00—Network topologies
    • H04W84/02—Hierarchically pre-organised networks, e.g. paging networks, cellular networks, WLAN [Wireless Local Area Network] or WLL [Wireless Local Loop]
    • H04W84/10—Small scale networks; Flat hierarchical networks
    • H04W84/12—WLAN [Wireless Local Area Networks]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W88/00—Devices specially adapted for wireless communication networks, e.g. terminals, base stations or access point devices
    • H04W88/08—Access point devices

Definitions

  • Embodiments pertain to wireless communications. Some embodiments relate to wireless local area networks (WLANs) and Wi-Fi networks including networks operating in accordance with the IEEE 802.11 family of standards. Some embodiments relate to Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) networks, including networks operating in accordance with a Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard and/or a New Radio (NR) standard. Some embodiments relate to Next Big Thing (NBT) arrangements. Some
  • WLANs wireless local area networks
  • Wi-Fi networks including networks operating in accordance with the IEEE 802.11 family of standards.
  • 3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project
  • LTE Long Term Evolution
  • NR New Radio
  • NBT Next Big Thing
  • embodiments relate to co-existence of devices in common spectrum, including devices mat operate in accordance with different protocols. Some embodiments relate to co-existence of NBT devices and NR devices in common spectrum.
  • devices may communicate in unlicensed spectrum to exchange information such as voice, data and/or other.
  • some of the devices may communicate in accordance with one protocol while other devices may communicate in accordance with a different protocol.
  • a protocol for unlicensed spectrum may utilize techniques in an effort to enable co-existence between devices that use the protocol. It may be possible, however, that those devices cause significant interference to devices that operate in the same unlicensed spectrum in accordance with another protocol. An overall capacity of the unlicensed spectrum may be degraded as a result. Accordingly, there is a general need for techniques to enable co-existence and/or communication by devices in unlicensed spectrum in these and other scenarios.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a wireless network in accordance with some embodiments
  • FIG. 2 illustrates an example machine in accordance with some embodiments
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a station (ST A) in accordance with some embodiments and an access point (AP) in accordance with some embodiments;
  • FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a radio architecture in accordance with some embodiments.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates a front-end module circuitry for use in the radio architecture of FIG 4 in accordance with some embodiments
  • FIG. 6 illustrates a radio IC circuitry for use in the radio architecture of FIG. 4 in accordance with some embodiments
  • FIG. 7 illustrates a baseband processing circuity' for use in the radio architecture of FIG. 4 in accordance with some embodiments
  • FIG. 8 illustrates the operation of a method of communication in accordance with some embodiments
  • FIG. 9 illustrates the operation of another method of
  • FIG. 10 illustrates an example mapping between transmit power and energy detection (ED) and/or packet detection (PD) thresholds in accordance with some embodiments;
  • FIG. 11 illustrates example elements that may be transmitted in accordance with some embodiments;
  • FIG. 12 illustrates an example flow diagram in accordance with some embodiments.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a wireless network in accordance with some embodiments.
  • the network 100 may be a High Efficiency (HE) Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) network.
  • the network 100 may be a WLAN or a Wi-Fi network.
  • HE High Efficiency
  • WLAN Wireless Local Area Network
  • the network 100 may include a combination of such networks. That is, the network 100 may support HE operation in some cases, non-HE operation in some cases, and a combination of HE operation and non-HE operation in some cases.
  • the network 100 may support multi-user (MU) operation in some cases, non-MU operation in some cases, and a combination of MU operation and non-MU operation in some cases.
  • MU multi-user
  • the network 100 may include any or all of the components shown, and embodiments are not limited to the number of each component shown in FIG. 1 and are also not limited to the types of components shown in FIG. 1. Embodiments are also not limited by the example network 100 in terms of the arrangement of the components or the connectivity between components as shown. In addition, some embodiments may include additional components.
  • the network 100 may include an AP 102
  • the AP 102 may receive and/or detect signals from one or more STAs 103, and may transmit data packets to one or more STAs 103. These embodiments will be described in more detail below. In some embodiments, the AP 102 may receive and/or detect signals from one or more HE devices 104, and may transmit data packets to one or more HE devices 104.
  • embodiments are not limited to networks that include APs 102, however, as other base station components may be included in some embodiments. Such components may or may not be arranged to operate in accordance with a standard, in some embodiments.
  • an Evolved Node-B (eNB) arranged to operate in accordance with one or more Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standards, including but not limited to 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) standards, may be used in some cases.
  • 3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project
  • LTE 3GPP Long Term Evolution
  • gNB Generation Node-B
  • 3GPP Third Generation Node-B
  • gNB Generation Node-B
  • 3GPP Third Generation Node-B
  • gNB Generation Node-B
  • 3GPP Third Generation Node-B
  • gNB Generation Node-B
  • 3GPP Third Generation Node-B
  • gNB Generation Node-B
  • gNB Generation Node-B
  • the AP 102 may communicate with one or more STAs 103 in accordance with a WLAN protocol/technique, such as Next Big Thing (NBT) and/or other.
  • the gNB 107 may communicate with one or more User Equipment (UE) 106 in accordance with a 3GPP
  • these devices may communicate concurrently in unlicensed spectrum.
  • the AP 102 may communicate with one or more STAs 103 in unlicensed spectrum
  • the gNB 107 may communicate with one or more UEs 107 in the same unlicensed spectrum
  • the unlicensed spectrum may support co-existence between devices that communicate in accordance with different protocols (such as WLAN and NR).
  • the STAs 103 may be arranged to operate in accordance with one or more IEEE 802.11 standards, including but not limited to 802.1 lax and/or 802.1 laz. These embodiments are not limiting, however, as other mobile devices, portable devices and/or other devices, which may or may not be arranged to operate in accordance with a standard, may be used in some embodiments.
  • a User Equipment (UE) arranged to operate in accordance with one or more Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standards (including but not limited to 3GPP LTE standards and/or NR standards) may be used in some cases.
  • 3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project
  • the AP 102 may be arranged to communicate with one or more of the components shown in FIG. 1 in accordance with one or more IEEE 802.11 standards (including 802.1 lax, 802.1 laz and/or others), other standards and/or other communication protocols. It should be noted that embodiments are not limited to usage of an AP 102. References herein to the AP 102 are not limiting and references herein to a master station are also not limiting. In some embodiments, an STA 103, an MU operation device (device capable of MU operation), an HE device 104 and/or other device may be configurable to operate as a master station.
  • operations that may be performed by the AP 102 as described herein may be performed by the STA 103, an MU operation device, an HE device 104, a device that is configurable to operate as an AP 102 and/or a device that is configurable to operate as a master station.
  • the STA 103 may be configured to operate as an HE device 104.
  • References herein to an STA 103 or to an HE device 104 are not limiting. Although descriptions herein may refer to performance of one or more techniques, operations and/or methods by an STA 103, it is understood that some or all of those techniques, operations and/or methods may be performed by an HE device 104, in some embodiments. In addition, it is understood that some or all of those techniques, operations and/or methods may be performed by an STA103 configured to operate as an HE device 104, in some embodiments.
  • communication between the AP 102 and the STAs 103 and/or communication between the ST As 103 may be performed in accordance with one or more standards, such as an 802.11 standard (including legacy 802.11 standards), a 3GPP standard (including 3GPP LTE standards and/or NR standards) and/or other standards.
  • 802.11 standard including legacy 802.11 standards
  • 3GPP standard including 3GPP LTE standards and/or NR standards
  • other communication techniques and/or protocols (which may or may not be included in a standard) may be used for the communication between the AP 102 and the STAs 103 and/or the communication between the STAs 103, in some embodiments.
  • Embodiments are not limited to
  • communication between two or more STAs 103 may not necessarily involve a network. In some cases, at least a portion of the communication may include direct communication between the STAs 103.
  • the AP 102 may operate as an STA
  • Some techniques, operations and/or methods may be described herein in terms of communication between two STAs 103, but such descriptions are not limiting. Some or all of those techniques, operations and/or methods may be applicable to scenarios in which an STA 103 and an AP 102 communicate. In addition, some techniques, operations and/or methods may be described herein in terms of communication between an STA 103 and an AP 102, but such descriptions are not limiting. Some or all of those techniques, operations and/or methods may be applicable to scenarios in which two or more STAs 103 communicate.
  • one or more of the STAs 103 may be legacy stations (for instance, anon HE device, a device not capable of HE operation, a non MU operation device and/or device not capable of MU operation). These embodiments are not limiting, however, as an STA 103 may be configured to operate as an HE device 104 and/or may support HE operation, in some embodiments. In some embodiments, the STA 103 may be configured to operate as an MU device and/or may support MU operation.
  • the AP 102 may be arranged to communicate with the STAs 103,
  • HE devices 104 and/or MU devices in accordance with one or more of the IEEE 802.11 standards, including 802.11 ax, 802.11 az and/or others.
  • 802.11 ax 802.11 ax
  • 802.11 az 802.11 az
  • others 802.11 ax
  • 802.11 az 802.11 az
  • an AP 102 may operate as a master station.
  • the AP 102 may be arranged to contend for a wireless medium (e.g., during a contention period) to receive exclusive control of the medium for an 802.11 air access control period (i.e., a
  • the AP 102 may, for example, transmit a master-sync or control transmission at the beginning of the 802.11 air access control period (including but not limited to an HE control period) to indicate, among other things, which STAs 103 and/or HE devices 104 are scheduled for communication during the 802.11 air access control period.
  • the scheduled STAs 103 and/or HE devices 104 may communicate with the AP 102 in accordance with a non-contention based multiple access technique. This is unlike conventional Wi-Fi communications in which devices communicate in accordance with a contention-based
  • the AP 102 may communicate with STAs 103 and/or HE devices 104 using one or more MU PPDUs.
  • STAs 103 not operating in accordance with HE operation may refrain from communicating in some cases.
  • the master-sync transmission may be referred to as a control and schedule transmission.
  • the multiple-access technique used during the 802.11 air access control period may be a scheduled orthogonal frequency- division multiple access (OFDMA) technique, although this is not a requirement.
  • the multiple access technique may be a time-division multiple access (TDMA) technique or a frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) technique.
  • the multiple access technique may be a space-division multiple access (SDMA) technique including a multi-user (MU) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) (MU-MIMO) technique or combination of the above.
  • SDMA space-division multiple access
  • MU multi-user
  • MIMO multiple-input multiple-output
  • the AP 102 may also communicate with STAs 103 and/or other legacy stations in accordance with legacy IEEE 802.11 communication techniques.
  • the AP 102 may also be configurable to communicate with the STAs 103 and/or legacy stations outside the 802.11 air access control period in accordance with legacy IEEE 802.11 communication techniques, although this is not a requirement.
  • communication may be configurable to use one of 20MHz, 40MHz, or 80MHz contiguous bandwidths or an 80+80MHz (160MHz) non-contiguous bandwidth.
  • a 320MHz channel width may be used.
  • sub-channel bandwidths less than 20MHz may also be used.
  • each channel or sub-channel of a communication may be configured for transmitting a number of spatial streams.
  • multi-user (MU) techniques may be used, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect.
  • MU techniques included in 802.1 lax standards, 802.11az standards and/or other standards may be used.
  • an AP 102, STA 103 and/or HE device 104 may generate an MU packet in accordance with a short preamble format or a long preamble format.
  • the MU packet may comprise a legacy signal field (L-SIG) followed by one or more MU signal fields (HE- SIG) and an MU long-training field (MU-LTF).
  • L-SIG legacy signal field
  • HE- SIG MU signal fields
  • MU-LTF MU long-training field
  • the fields may be configured for shorter-delay spread channels.
  • the fields may be configured for longer-delay spread channels. These embodiments are described in more detail below. It should be noted that the terms ' ⁇ " and ' ⁇ " may be used interchangeably and both terms may- refer to high-efficiency Wireless Local Area Network operation and/or high- efficiency Wi-Fi operation.
  • the STAs 103, AP 102, other mobile devices, other base stations and/or other devices may be configured to perform operations related to contention based communication.
  • a communication between an STAs 103 and an AP 102 may be performed in accordance with contention based techniques.
  • a communication between multiple STAs 103 may be performed in accordance with contention based techniques.
  • the STAs 103 and/or AP 102 may be arranged to contend for a wireless medium (e.g., during a contention period) to receive exclusive control of the medium for a transmission period.
  • the transmission period may include a transmission opportunity (TXOP), which may be included in an 802.11 standard and/or other standard.
  • TXOP transmission opportunity
  • embodiments are not limited to usage of contention based techniques, however, as some communication (such as that between mobile devices and/or communication between a mobile device and a base station) may be performed in accordance with schedule based techniques. Some embodiments may include a combination of contention based techniques and schedule based techniques.
  • communication may be performed in accordance with any suitable multiple-access techniques and/or multiplexing techniques.
  • Such communication may include, but is not limited to,
  • orthogonal frequency division multiple access OFDMA
  • orthogonal frequency division multiplexing OFDM
  • CDMA code-division multiple access
  • TDMA time-division multiple access
  • FDMA frequency division multiplexing
  • SDMA space-division multiple access
  • MIMO multiple-input multiple-output
  • MIMO multi-user (ML!) multiple-input multiple-output
  • MU-MIMO MU-MIMO
  • channels used for communication between STAs 103 and/or APs 102 may be 2.16 GHz, 4.32 GHz, 6.48 GHz, 8.72 GHz and/or other suitable value.
  • channels used for communication between STAs 103 and/or APs 102 may be configurable to use one of 20 MHz, 40MHz, or 80MHz contiguous bandwidths or an 80+80MHz (160MHz) non-contiguous bandwidth.
  • a 320 MHz channel width may be used.
  • subchannel bandwidths less than 20 MHz may also be used.
  • each channel or subchannel may be configured for transmitting a number of spatial streams, in some embodiments.
  • embodiments may be part of an 802.11 standard, in some cases, although embodiments are not limited as such. These embodiments are not limiting, however, as other suitable bandwidths may be used in some embodiments. In addition, embodiments are not limited to channel types or channel sizes that are included in a standard.
  • circuitry may refer to, be part of, or include an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), an electronic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group), and/or memory (shared, dedicated, or group) that execute one or more software or firmware programs, a combinational logic circuit, and/or other suitable hardware components that provide the described functionality.
  • ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit
  • the circuitry may be implemented in, or functions associated with the circuitry may be implemented by, one or more software or firmware modules.
  • circuitry may include logic, at least partially operable in hardware. Embodiments described herein may be implemented into a system using any suitably configured hardware and/or software.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of an example machine in accordance with some embodiments.
  • the machine 200 is an example machine upon which any one or more of the techniques and/or methodologies discussed herein may be performed.
  • the machine 200 may operate as a standalone device or may be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines.
  • the machine 200 may operate in the capacity of a server machine, a client machine, or both in server-client network environments.
  • the machine 200 may act as a peer machine in peer-to-peer (P2P) (or other distributed) network environment.
  • P2P peer-to-peer
  • the machine 200 may be an AP 102, STA 103, HE device 104, User Equipment (UE), Evolved Node-B (eNB), generation Node-B (gNB), mobile device, base station, personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a set-top box (STB), a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile telephone, a smart phone, a web appliance, a network router, switch or bridge, or any machine capable of executing instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine.
  • UE User Equipment
  • eNB Evolved Node-B
  • gNB generation Node-B
  • PC personal computer
  • STB set-top box
  • PDA personal digital assistant
  • a mobile telephone a smart phone
  • web appliance a network router, switch or bridge, or any machine capable of executing instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine.
  • machine shall also be taken to include any collection of machines that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, such as cloud computing, software as a service (SaaS), other computer cluster configurations.
  • cloud computing software as a service
  • SaaS software as a service
  • Examples as described herein may include, or may operate on, logic or a number of components, modules, or mechanisms.
  • Modules are tangible entities (e.g., hardware) capable of performing specified operations and may be configured or arranged in a certain manner.
  • circuits may be arranged (e.g., internally or with respect to external entities such as other circuits) in a specified manner as a module.
  • the whole or part of one or more computer systems e.g., a standalone, client or server computer system
  • one or more hardware processors may be configured by firmware or software (e.g., instructions, an application portion, or an application) as a module that operates to perform specified operations.
  • the software may reside on a machine readable medium
  • the software when executed by the underlying hardware of the module, causes the hardware to perform the specified operations.
  • module is understood to encompass a tangible entity, be that an entity that is physically constructed, specifically configured (e.g., hardwired), or temporarily (e.g., transitorily) configured (e.g., programmed) to operate in a specified manner or to perform part or all of any operation described herein.
  • each of the modules need not be instantiated at any one moment in time.
  • the modules comprise a general-purpose hardware processor configured using software
  • the general-purpose hardware processor may be configured as respective different modules at different times.
  • Software may accordingly configure a hardware processor, for example, to constitute a particular module at one instance of time and to constitute a different module at a different instance of time.
  • the machine 200 may include a hardware processor 202 (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), a hardware processor core, or any combination thereof), a main memory 204 and a static memory 206, some or all of which may communicate with each other via an interlink (e.g., bus) 208.
  • the machine 200 may further include a display unit 210, an alphanumeric input device 212 (e.g., a keyboard), and a user interface (UI) navigation device 214 (e.g., a mouse).
  • the display unit 210, input device 212 and UI navigation device 214 may be a touch screen display.
  • the machine 200 may additionally include a storage device (e.g., drive unit) 216, a signal generation device 218 (e.g., a speaker), a network interface device 220, and one or more sensors 221, such as a global positioning system (GPS) sensor, compass, accelerometer, or other sensor.
  • the machine 200 may include an output controller 228, such as a serial (e.g., universal serial bus (USB), parallel, or other wired or wireless (e.g., infrared (JR.), near field communication (NFC), etc.) connection to communicate or control one or more peripheral devices (e.g., a printer, card reader, etc.).
  • a serial e.g., universal serial bus (USB), parallel, or other wired or wireless (e.g., infrared (JR.), near field communication (NFC), etc.) connection to communicate or control one or more peripheral devices (e.g., a printer, card reader, etc.).
  • the storage device 216 may include
  • the machine readable medium may be or may include a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium
  • machine readable medium 222 is illustrated as a single medium, the term “machine readable medium” may include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) configured to store the one or more instructions 224.
  • the term “machine readable medium” may include any medium that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying instructions for execution by the machine 200 and that cause the machine 200 to perform any one or more of the techniques of the present disclosure, or mat is capable of storing, encoding or carrying data structures used by or associated with such instructions.
  • Non-limiting machine readable medium examples may include solid-state memories, and optical and magnetic media Specific examples of machine readable media may include: non-volatile memory, such as semiconductor memory devices (e.g., Electrically Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM), Electrically Erasable
  • machine readable media may include non-transitory machine readable media
  • machine readable media may include machine readable media that is not a transitory propagating signal.
  • the instructions 224 may further be transmitted or received over a communications network 226 using a transmission medium via the network interface device 220 utilizing any one of a number of transfer protocols (e.g., frame relay, internet protocol (IP), transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP), hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), etc.).
  • transfer protocols e.g., frame relay, internet protocol (IP), transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP), hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), etc.
  • Example communication networks may include a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a packet data network (e.g., the Internet), mobile telephone networks (e.g., cellular networks), Plain Old Telephone (POTS) networks, and wireless data networks (e.g., Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 family of standards known as Wi-Fi®, IEEE 802.16 family of standards known as WiMax®), IEEE 802.15.4 family of standards, a Long Term Evolution (LTE) family of standards, a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) family of standards, peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, among others.
  • LAN local area network
  • WAN wide area network
  • POTS Plain Old Telephone
  • wireless data networks e.g., Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 family of standards known as Wi-Fi®, IEEE 802.16 family of standards known as WiMax®
  • IEEE 802.15.4 family of standards e.g., Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE
  • the network interface device 220 may include one or more physical jacks (e.g., Ethernet, coaxial, or phone jacks) or one or more antennas to connect to the communications network 226.
  • the network interface device 220 may include a plurality of antennas to wirelessly communicate using at least one of single-input multiple-output (SIMO), multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), or multiple-input single-output (MISO) techniques.
  • SIMO single-input multiple-output
  • MIMO multiple-input multiple-output
  • MISO multiple-input single-output
  • the network interface device 220 may wirelessly communicate using Multiple User MIMO techniques.
  • the term 'transmission medium shall be taken to include any intangible medium that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying instructions for execution by the machine 200, and includes digital or analog communications signals or other intangible medium to facilitate communication of such software.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a station (ST A) in accordance with some embodiments and an access point (AP) in accordance with some embodiments.
  • an STA, HE device, UE and/or other mobile device may include one or more components shown in FIGs. 2-7.
  • the STA 300 may be suitable for use as an STA 103 as depicted in FIG. 1, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect.
  • die STA 300 may be suitable for use as an HE device 104 as depicted in FIG. 1, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect.
  • an AP, gNB, eNB or other base station may include one or more components shown in
  • the AP 350 may be suitable for use as an AP 102 as depicted in FIG. 1, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect.
  • the STA 300 may include physical layer circuitry 302 and a transceiver 305, one or both of which may enable transmission and reception of signals to and from components such as the AP 102 (FIG. 1), other ST As or other devices using one or more antennas 301.
  • the physical layer circuitry 302 may perform various encoding and decoding functions mat may include formation of baseband signals for transmission and decoding of received signals.
  • the transceiver 305 may perform various transmission and reception functions such as conversion of signals between a baseband range and a Radio Frequency (RF) range. Accordingly, the physical layer circuitry 302 and the transceiver 305 may be separate components or may be part of a combined component.
  • the STA 300 may also include medium access control (MAC) layer circuitry 304 for controlling access to the wireless medium
  • the STA 300 may also include processing circuitry 306 and memory 308 arranged to perform the operations described herein.
  • references herein related to an STA 103 or STA 300 such as descriptions of operations, techniques, methods, components, configurations and/or other aspects, may be applicable to the UE 106, in some embodiments. It should also be noted that descriptions herein related to an AP 102 or AP 350, such as descriptions of operations, techniques, methods, components, configurations and/or other aspects, may be applicable to the gNB 107 or to an eNB, in some embodiments.
  • the AP 350 may include physical layer circuitry 352 and a transceiver 355, one or both of which may enable transmission and reception of signals to and from components such as the STA 103 (FIG. 1), other APs or other devices using one or more antennas 351.
  • the physical layer circuitry 352 may perform various encoding and decoding functions that may include formation of baseband signals for transmission and decoding of received signals.
  • the transceiver 355 may perform various transmission and reception functions such as conversion of signals between a baseband range and a Radio Frequency (RF) range. Accordingly, the physical layer circuitry 352 and the transceiver 355 may be separate components or may be part of a combined component.
  • RF Radio Frequency
  • the AP 350 may also include medium access control (MAC) layer circuitry 354 for controlling access to the wireless medium
  • the AP 350 may also include processing circuitry 356 and memory 358 arranged to perform the operations described herein.
  • the antennas 301, 351, 230 may comprise one or more directional or omnidirectional antennas, including, for example, dipole antennas, monopole antennas, patch antennas, loop antennas, microstrip antennas or other types of antennas suitable for transmission of RF signals.
  • the antennas 301, 351, 230 may be effectively separated to take advantage of spatial diversity and the different channel characteristics that may result.
  • the STA 300 may be configured to communicate using OFDM and/or OFDMA communication signals over a multicarrier communication channel.
  • the AP 350 may be configured to communicate using OFDM and/or OFDMA communication signals over a multicarrier communication channel. Accordingly, in some cases, the STA 300 and/or AP 350 may be configured to receive signals in accordance with specific communication standards, such as the Institute of Electrical and
  • IEEE Electronics Engineers
  • the AP 350 and/or the STA 300 may be configured to receive signals that were transmitted using one or more other modulation techniques such as spread spectrum modulation (e.g., direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) and/or frequency hopping code division multiple access (FH-CDMA)), time-division multiplexing (TDM) modulation, and/or frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) modulation, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.
  • spread spectrum modulation e.g., direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) and/or frequency hopping code division multiple access (FH-CDMA)
  • TDM time-division multiplexing
  • FDM frequency-division multiplexing
  • the STA 300 and/or AP 350 may be a mobile device and may be a portable wireless communication device, such as a personal digital assistant (PDA), a laptop or portable computer with wireless communication capability, a web tablet, a wireless telephone, a smartphone, a wireless headset, a pager, an instant messaging device, a digital camera, an access point, a television, a wearable device such as a medical device (e.g. , a heart rate monitor, a blood pressure monitor, etc.), or other device that may receive and/or transmit information wirelessly.
  • PDA personal digital assistant
  • a laptop or portable computer with wireless communication capability such as a personal digital assistant (PDA), a laptop or portable computer with wireless communication capability, a web tablet, a wireless telephone, a smartphone, a wireless headset, a pager, an instant messaging device, a digital camera, an access point, a television, a wearable device such as a medical device (e.g. , a heart rate monitor, a blood pressure monitor, etc.), or
  • Mobile devices or other devices in some embodiments may be configured to operate according to other protocols or standards, including other IEEE standards, Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standards, new radio (NR.) standards or other standards.
  • the STA 300 and/or AP 350 may include one or more of a keyboard, a display, a non-volatile memory port, multiple antennas, a graphics processor, an application processor, speakers, and other mobile device elements.
  • the display may be an LCD screen including a touch screen.
  • the STA 300 and the AP 350 are each illustrated as having several separate functional elements, one or more of the functional elements may be combined and may be implemented by combinations of software-configured elements, such as processing elements including digital signal processors (DSPs), and/or other hardware elements.
  • DSPs digital signal processors
  • some elements may comprise one or more microprocessors, DSPs, field- programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), radio-frequency integrated circuits (RFICs) and combinations of various hardware and logic circuitry for performing at least the functions described herein.
  • the functional elements may refer to one or more processes operating on one or more processing elements.
  • Embodiments may be implemented in one or a combination of hardware, firmware and software.
  • Embodiments may also be implemented as instructions stored on a computer-readable storage device, which may be read and executed by at least one processor to perform the operations described herein.
  • a computer-readable storage device may include any non-transitory mechanism for storing information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer).
  • a computer-readable storage device may include readonly memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), magnetic disk storage media, optical storage media, flash-memory devices, and other storage devices and media.
  • Some embodiments may include one or more processors and may be configured with instructions stored on a computer-readable storage device.
  • STA 300 may include various components of the STA 300 as shown in FIG. 3 and/or the example machine 200 as shown in FIG. 2 and/or various components shown in FIGs. 4-7. Accordingly, techniques and operations described herein that refer to the STA 300 (or 103) may be applicable to an apparatus of an STA, in some embodiments. In addition, techniques and operations described herein that refer to the STA 300 (or 103) may be applicable to an apparatus of an HE device, in some embodiments.
  • an apparatus of the AP 350 may include various components of the AP 350 as shown in FIG. 3 and/or the example machine 200 as shown in FIG. 2 and/or various components shown in FIGs. 4-7. Accordingly, techniques and operations described herein that refer to the AP 350 (or 102) may be applicable to an apparatus of an AP, in some embodiments.
  • an apparatus of a mobile device and/or base station may include one or more components shown in FIGs. 2-7, in some embodiments. Accordingly, techniques and operations described herein that refer to a mobile device and/or base station may be applicable to an apparatus of a mobile device and/or base station, in some embodiments.
  • FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a radio architecture 400 in accordance with some embodiments.
  • Radio architecture 400 may include radio front-end module (FEM) circuitry 404, radio IC circuitry 406 and baseband processing circuitry 408.
  • FEM radio front-end module
  • Radio architecture 400 as shown includes both Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) functionality and Bluetooth (BT) functionality although embodiments are not so limited.
  • WLAN Wireless Local Area Network
  • BT Bluetooth
  • the radio architecture 400 and components shown in FIGs. 5-7 support WLAN and BT, but embodiments are not limited to WLAN or BT.
  • two technologies supported by the radio architecture 400 may or may not include WLAN or BT.
  • Other technologies may be supported.
  • WLAN and a second technology may be supported.
  • BT and a second technology may be supported.
  • two technologies other than WLAN and BT may be supported.
  • the radio architecture 400 may be extended to support more man two protocols, technologies and/or standards, in some embodiments. Embodiments are also not limited to the frequencies illustrated in FIGs. 4-7.
  • FEM circuitry 404 may include a WLAN or Wi-Fi FEM circuitry
  • the WLAN FEM rircuitry 404a may include a receive signal path comprising circuitry configured to operate on WLAN RF signals received from one or more antennas 401, to amplify the received signals and to provide the amplified versions of the received signals to the WLAN radio IC circuitry 406a for further processing.
  • the BT FEM circuitry 404b may include a receive signal path which may include circuitry configured to operate on BT RF signals received from one or more antennas 402, to amplify the received signals and to provide the amplified versions of the received signals to the BT radio IC circuitry 406b for further processing.
  • FEM circuitry 404a may also include a transmit signal path which may include circuitry configured to amplify WLAN signals provided by the radio IC circuitry 406a for wireless transmission by one or more of the antennas 401.
  • FEM circuitry 404b may also include a transmit signal path which may include circuitry configured to amplify BT signals provided by the radio IC circuitry 406b for wireless transmission by the one or more antennas.
  • FIG. 40 In the embodiment of FIG.
  • FEM 404a and FEM 404b are shown as being distinct from one another, embodiments are not so limited, and include within their scope the use of an FEM (not shown) that includes a transmit path and/or a receive path for both WLAN and BT signals, or the use of one or more FEM circuitries where at least some of the FEM circuitries share transmit and/or receive signal paths for both WLAN and BT signals.
  • Radio IC circuitry 406 as shown may include WLAN radio IC circuitry 406a and BT radio IC circuitry 406b.
  • the WLAN radio IC circuitry 406a may include a receive signal path which may include circuitry to down- convert WLAN RF signals received from the FEM circuitry 404a and provide baseband signals to WLAN baseband processing circuitry 408a.
  • BT radio IC circuitry 406b may in turn include a receive signal path which may include circuitry to down-convert BT RF signals received from the FEM rircuitry 404b and provide baseband signals to BT baseband processing circuitry 408b.
  • WLAN radio IC circuitry 406a may also include a transmit signal path which may include circuitry to up-convert WLAN baseband signals provided by the WLAN baseband processing circuitry 408a and provide WLAN RF output signals to the FEM circuitry 404a for subsequent wireless transmission by the one or more antennas 401.
  • BT radio IC circuitry 406b may also include a transmit signal path which may include circuitry to up-convert BT baseband signals provided by the BT baseband processing circuitry 408b and provide BT RF output signals to the FEM circuitry 404b for subsequent wireless transmission by the one or more antennas 401.
  • radio IC circuitries 406a and 406b are shown as being distinct from one another, embodiments are not so limited, and include within their scope the use of a radio IC circuitry (not shown) that includes a transmit signal path and/or a receive signal path for both WLAN and BT signals, or the use of one or more radio IC circuitries where at least some of the radio IC circuitries share transmit and/or receive signal paths for both WLAN and BT signals.
  • Baseband processing circuity 408 may include a WLAN baseband processing circuitry 408a and a BT baseband processing circuitry
  • the WLAN baseband processing circuitry 408a may include a memory, such as, for example, a set of RAM arrays in a Fast Fourier Transform or Inverse
  • Each of the WLAN baseband circuitry 408a and the BT baseband circuiny 408b may further include one or more processors and control logic to process the signals received from the corresponding WLAN or BT receive signal path of the radio IC circuitry 406, and to also generate corresponding WLAN or BT baseband signals for the transmit signal path of the radio IC circuitry 406.
  • Each of the baseband processing circuitries 408a and 408b may further include physical layer (PHY) and medium access control layer (MAC) circuitry, and may further interface with application processor 410 for generation and processing of the baseband signals and for controlling operations of the radio IC circuitry 406.
  • WLAN-BT coexistence circuitry 413 may include logic providing an interface between the WLAN baseband circuitry 408a and the BT baseband circuitry 408b to enable use cases requiring WLAN and BT coexistence.
  • a switch 403 may be provided between the WLAN FEM circuitry 404a and the BT FEM circuitry 404b to allow switching between the WLAN and BT radios according to application needs.
  • antennas 401 are depicted as being respectively connected to the WLAN FEM circuitry 404a and the BT FEM circuitry 404b, embodiments include within their scope the sharing of one or more antennas as between the WLAN and BT FEMs, or the provision of more than one antenna connected to each of FEM 404a or 404b.
  • the front-end module circuitry 404, the radio IC circuitry 406, and baseband processing circuitry 408 may be provided on a single radio card, such as wireless radio card 402.
  • the one or more antennas 401, the FEM circuitry 404 and the radio IC circuitry 406 may be provided on a single radio card.
  • the radio IC circuitry 406 and the baseband processing circuitry 408 may be provided on a single chip or integrated circuit (IC), such as IC 412.
  • the wireless radio card 402 may include a
  • the radio architecture 400 may be configured to receive and transmit orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) or orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) communication signals over a multicarrier communication channel.
  • OFDM orthogonal frequency division multiplexed
  • OFDMA orthogonal frequency division multiple access
  • the OFDM or OFDMA signals may comprise a plurality of orthogonal subcarriers.
  • radio architecture 400 may be part of a Wi-Fi communication station (ST A) such as a wireless access point (AP), a base station or a mobile device including a Wi-Fi device.
  • radio architecture 400 may be configured to transmit and receive signals in accordance with specific communication standards and/or protocols, such as any of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standards including, 802.1 ln-2009, IEEE 802.1 1-2012, 802.1 ln-2009, 802.11 ac, and/or 802.11 ax standards and/or proposed specifications for WLANs, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect.
  • Radio architecture 400 may also be suitable to transmit and/or receive communications in accordance with other techniques and standards.
  • the radio architecture 400 may be configured for high-efficiency (HE) Wi-Fi (HEW) communications in accordance with the IEEE 802.1 lax standard and/or IEEE 802.1 1 az standard. In these embodiments, the radio architecture 400 may be configured to
  • the radio architecture 400 may be configured to transmit and receive signals transmitted using one or more other modulation techniques such as spread spectrum modulation (e.g., direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) and/or frequency hopping code division multiple access (FH-CDMA)), time-division multiplexing (TDM) modulation, and/or frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) modulation, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.
  • spread spectrum modulation e.g., direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) and/or frequency hopping code division multiple access (FH-CDMA)
  • TDM time-division multiplexing
  • FDM frequency-division multiplexing
  • the BT baseband circuitry 408b may be compliant with a Bluetooth (BT) connectivity standard such as Bluetooth, Bluetooth 4.0 or Bluetooth 5.0, or any other iteration of the Bluetooth Standard.
  • BT Bluetooth
  • the radio architecture 400 may be configured to establish a BT synchronous connection oriented (SCO) link and or a BT low energy (BT LE) link.
  • SCO BT synchronous connection oriented
  • BT LE BT low energy
  • the radio architecture 400 may be configured to establish an extended SCO (eSCO) link for BT communications, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.
  • the radio architecture may be configured to engage in a BT Asynchronous Connection-Less (ACL) communications, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.
  • ACL Asynchronous Connection-Less
  • the functions of a BT radio card and WLAN radio card may be combined on a single wireless radio card, such as single wireless radio card 402, although embodiments are not so limited, and include within their scope discrete WLAN and BT radio cards.
  • the radio-architecture 400 may include other radio cards, such as a cellular radio card configured for cellular (e.g., 3GPP such as LTE, LTE- Advanced or 5G communications).
  • a cellular radio card configured for cellular (e.g., 3GPP such as LTE, LTE- Advanced or 5G communications).
  • the radio architecture 400 may be configured for communication over various channel bandwidths including bandwidths having center frequencies of about 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz.
  • the bandwidths may be about 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 2.5 MHz, 4 MHz, 5MHz, 8 MHz, 10 MHz, 16 MHz, 20 MHz, 40MHz, 80MHz (with contiguous bandwidths) or 80+80MHz (160MHz) (with non-contiguous bandwidths).
  • a 320 MHz channel bandwidth may be used.
  • the bandwidths may be about 2.16 GHz, 4.32 GHz, 6.48 GHz, 8.72 GHz and/or other suitable value. The scope of the embodiments is not limited with respect to the above center frequencies or bandwidths, however.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates FEM circuitry 500 in accordance with some embodiments.
  • the FEM circuitry 500 is one example of circuitry that may be suitable for use as the WLAN and/or BT FEM circuitry 404a/404b (FIG. 4), although other circuitry configurations may also be suitable.
  • the FEM circuitry 500 may include a TX/RX switch 502 to switch between transmit mode and receive mode operation.
  • the FEM circuitry 500 may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path.
  • the receive signal path of the FEM circuitry 500 may include a low-noise amplifier (LNA) 506 to amplify received RF signals 503 and provide the amplified received RF signals 507 as an output (e.g., to the radio 1C circuitry 406 (FIG. 4)).
  • LNA low-noise amplifier
  • the transmit signal path of the circuitry 500 may include a power amplifier (PA) to amplify input RF signals 509 (e.g., provided by the radio IC circuitry 406), and one or more filters 512, such as band-pass filters (BPFs), low-pass filters (LPFs) or other types of filters, to generate RF signals 515 for subsequent transmission (e.g., by one or more of the antennas 401 (FIG. 4)) ⁇
  • PA power amplifier
  • filters 512 such as band-pass filters (BPFs), low-pass filters (LPFs) or other types of filters
  • the FEM circuitry 500 may be configured to operate in either the 2.4 GHz frequency spectrum or the 5 GHz frequency spectrum
  • the receive signal path of the FEM circuitry 500 may include a receive signal path duplexer 504 to separate the signals from each spectrum as well as provide a separate LNA 506 for each spectrum as shown.
  • the transmit signal path of the FEM circuitry 500 may also include a power amplifier 510 and a filter 512, such as a BPF, a LPF or another type of filter for each frequency spectrum and a transmit signal path duplexer 514 to provide the signals of one of the different spectrums onto a single transmit path for subsequent transmission by the one or more of the antennas 401 (FIG. 4).
  • BT communications may utilize the 2.4 GHZ signal paths and may utilize the same FEM circuitry 500 as the one used for WLAN communications.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates radio IC circuitry 600 in accordance with some embodiments.
  • the radio IC circuitry 600 is one example of circuitry that may be suitable for use as the WLAN or BT radio IC circuitry 406a/406b (FIG. 4), although other circuitry configurations may also be suitable.
  • the radio IC circuitry 600 may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path.
  • the receive signal path of the radio IC circuitry 600 may include at least mixer circuitry 602, such as, for example, down-conversion mixer circuitry, amplifier circuitry 606 and filter circuitry 608.
  • the transmit signal path of the radio IC circuitry 600 may include at least filter circuitry 612 and mixer circuitry 614, such as, for example, up- conversion mixer circuitry.
  • Radio IC circuitry 600 may also include synthesizer circuitry 604 for synthesizing a frequency 605 for use by the mixer circuitry 602 and the mixer circuitry 614.
  • the mixer circuitry 602 and/or 614 may each, according to some embodiments, be configured to provide direct conversion functionality.
  • Fig. 6 illustrates only a simplified version of a radio IC circuitry, and may include, although not shown, embodiments where each of the depicted circuitries may include more than one component.
  • mixer circuitry 620 and/or 614 may each include one or more mixers
  • filter circuitries 608 and/or 612 may each include one or more filters, such as one or more BPFs and/or LPFs according to application needs.
  • mixer circuitries when mixer circuitries are of the direct-conversion type, they may each include two or more mixers.
  • mixer circuitry 602 may be configured to down-convert RF signals 507 received from the FEM circuitry 404 (FIG. 4) based on the synthesized frequency 605 provided by synthesizer circuitry 604.
  • the amplifier circuitry 606 may be configured to amplify the down-converted signals and the filter circuitry 608 may include a LPF configured to remove unwanted signals from the down-converted signals to generate output baseband signals 607.
  • Output baseband signals 607 may be provided to the baseband processing circuitry 408 (FIG. 4) for further processing.
  • the output baseband signals 607 may be zero-frequency baseband signals, although this is not a requirement.
  • mixer circuitry 602 may comprise passive mixers, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.
  • the mixer circuitry 614 may be configured to up-convert input baseband signals 611 based on the synthesized frequency 605 provided by the synthesizer circuitry 604 to generate RF output signals 509 for the FEM circuitry 404.
  • the baseband signals 611 may be provided by the baseband processing circuitry 408 and may be filtered by filter circuitry 612.
  • the filter circuitry 612 may include a LPF or a BPF, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.
  • the mixer circuitry 602 and the mixer circuitry 614 may each include two or more mixers and may be arranged for quadrature down-conversion and/or up-conversion respectively with the help of synthesizer 604.
  • the mixer circuitry 602 and the mixer circuitry 614 may each include two or more mixers each configured for image rejection (e.g.. Hartley image rejection).
  • the mixer circuitry 602 and the mixer circuitry 614 may be arranged for direct down- conversion and/or direct up-conversion, respectively.
  • the mixer circuitry 602 and the mixer circuitry 614 may be configured for superheterodyne operation, although this is not a requirement.
  • Mixer circuitry 602 may comprise, according to one embodiment: quadrature passive mixers (e.g., for the in-phase (I) and quadrature phase (Q) paths).
  • RF input signal 507 from Fig. 6 may be down- converted to provide I and Q baseband output signals to be sent to the baseband processor.
  • Quadrature passive mixers may be driven by zero and ninety degree time-varying LO switching signals provided by a quadrature circuitry which may be configured to receive a LO frequency' (fro) from a local oscillator or a synthesizer, such as LO frequency 605 of synthesizer 604 (FIG. 6).
  • the LO frequency may be the carrier frequency, while in other embodiments, the LO frequency may be a fraction of the carrier frequency (e.g., one-half the carrier frequency, one-third the carrier frequency).
  • the zero and ninety degree time-varying switching signals may be generated by the synthesizer, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.
  • the LO signals may differ in duty cycle (the percentage of one period in which the LO signal is high) and/or offset (the difference between start points of the period). In some embodiments, the LO signals may have a 25% duty cycle and a 50% offset. In some embodiments, each branch of the mixer circuitry (e.g., the in-phase (I) and quadrature phase (Q) path) may operate at a 25% duty cycle, which may result in a significant reduction is power consumption.
  • I in-phase
  • Q quadrature phase
  • the RF input signal 507 may comprise a balanced signal, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.
  • the I and Q baseband output signals may be provided to low-nose amplifier, such as amplifier circuitry 606 (FIG. 6) or to filter circuitry 608 (FIG. 6).
  • the output baseband signals 607 and the input baseband signals 611 may be analog baseband signals, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some alternate
  • the output baseband signals 607 and the input baseband signals 611 may be digital baseband signals.
  • the radio IC circuitry may include analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuitry.
  • ADC analog-to-digital converter
  • DAC digital-to-analog converter
  • a separate radio IC circuitry may be provided for processing signals for each spectrum, or for other spectrums not mentioned here, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.
  • the synthesizer circuitry 604 may be a fractional-N synthesizer or a fractional N/N+l synthesizer, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect as other types of frequency synthesizers may be suitable.
  • synthesizer circuitry 604 may be a delta-sigma synthesizer, a frequency multiplier, or a synthesizer comprising a phase-locked loop with a frequency divider.
  • the synthesizer circuitry 604 may include digital synthesizer circuitry.
  • frequency input into synthesizer circuity 604 may be provided by a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), although that is not a requirement.
  • VCO voltage controlled oscillator
  • a divider control input may further be provided by either the baseband processing circuitry 408 (FIG. 4) or the application processor 410 (FIG. 4) depending on the desired output frequency 605.
  • a divider control input (e.g., N) may be determined from a look-up table (e.g., within a Wi-Fi card) based on a channel number and a channel center frequency as determined or indicated by the application processor 410.
  • synthesizer circuitry 604 may be configured to generate a carrier frequency as the output frequency' 605, while in other embodiments, the output frequency 60S may be a fraction of the carrier frequency (e.g., one-half the carrier frequency, one-third the carrier frequency). In some embodiments, the output frequency 605 may be a LO frequency (fLo).
  • FIG. 7 illustrates a functional block diagram of baseband processing circuitry 700 in accordance with some embodiments.
  • the baseband processing circuitry 700 is one example of circuitry that may be suitable for use as the baseband processing circuitry 408 (FIG. 4), although other circuitry configurations may also be suitable.
  • the baseband processing circuitry 700 may include a receive baseband processor (RX BBP) 702 for processing receive baseband signals 609 provided by the radio IC circuitry 406 (FIG. 4) and a transmit baseband processor (TX BBP) 704 for generating transmit baseband signals 611 for the radio IC circuitry 406.
  • RX BBP receive baseband processor
  • TX BBP transmit baseband processor
  • the baseband processing circuitry 700 may also include control logic 706 for coordinating the operations of the baseband processing circuitry 700.
  • the baseband processing circuitry 700 may include ADC 710 to convert analog baseband signals received from the radio IC circuitry 406 to digital baseband signals for processing by the RX BBP 702.
  • the baseband processing circuitry 700 may also include DAC 712 to convert digital baseband signals from the TX BBP 704 to analog baseband signals.
  • the transmit baseband processor 704 may be configured to generate OFDM or OFDMA signals as appropriate for transmission by performing an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT).
  • the receive baseband processor 702 may be configured to process received OFDM signals or OFDMA signals by performing an FFT.
  • the receive baseband processor 702 may be configured to detect the presence of an OFDM signal or OFDMA signal by performing an autocorrelation, to detect a preamble, such as a short preamble, and by performing a cross-correlation, to detect a long preamble.
  • the preambles may be part of a predetermined frame structure for Wi-Fi communication. [0090] Referring back to FIG. 4, in some embodiments, the antennas 401
  • FIG. 4 may each comprise one or more directional or omnidirectional antennas, including, for example, dipole antennas, monopole antennas, patch antennas, loop antennas, microstrip antennas or other types of antennas suitable for transmission of RF signals.
  • the antennas may be effectively separated to take advantage of spatial diversity and the different channel characteristics that may result.
  • Antennas 401 may each include a set of phased-array antennas, although embodiments are not so limited.
  • radio-architecture 400 is illustrated as having several separate functional elements, one or more of the functional elements maybe combined and may be implemented by combinations of software-configured elements, such as processing elements including digital signal processors (DSPs), and/or other hardware elements.
  • processing elements including digital signal processors (DSPs), and/or other hardware elements.
  • DSPs digital signal processors
  • some elements may comprise one or more microprocessors, DSPs, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), radio-frequency integrated circuits (RFICs) and combinations of various hardware and logic circuitry for performing at least the functions described herein.
  • the functional elements may refer to one or more processes operating on one or more processing elements.
  • Embodiments may be implemented in one or a combination of hardware, firmware and software. Embodiments may also be implemented as instructions stored on a computer-readable storage device, which may be read and executed by at least one processor to perform the operations described herein.
  • a computer-readable storage device may include any non-transitory mechanism for storing information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer).
  • a computer-readable storage device may include readonly memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), magnetic disk storage media, optical storage media, flash-memory devices, and other storage devices and media
  • Some embodiments may include one or more processors and may be configured with instructions stored on a computer-readable storage device.
  • the AP 102 may select a back-off counter value to be used for contention-based access to a channel, wherein the channel is included in unlicensed spectrum available for coexistence between APs 102 that operate in accordance with a wireless local area network (WLAN) protocol and other devices that operate in accordance with another protocol.
  • the AP 102 may monitor the channel to determine whether the channel is idle during a back-off period. A duration of the back-off period may be based on the back-off counter value.
  • the AP 102 may, if it is determined that the channel is idle during the back-off period, encode a coexistence reference signal (CRS) for transmission during a slot of an active collision resolution (ACR) period that begins after the back-off period.
  • CRS coexistence reference signal
  • ACR active collision resolution
  • Transmission of the CRS may be encoded to indicate, to other APs 102 and to the other devices: that the AP 102 determined that the channel was idle during the back-off period, and an intention of the AP 102 to obtain exclusive access to the channel during a data transmission (DT) period after the ACR period.
  • DT data transmission
  • FIG. 8 illustrates the operation of a method of communication in accordance with some embodiments. It is important to note that embodiments of the method 800 may include additional or even fewer operations or processes in comparison to what is illustrated in FIG. 8. In addition, embodiments of the method 800 are not necessarily limited to the chronological order that is shown in FIG. 8. In describing the method 800, reference may be made to any of FIGs. 1-12, although it is understood that the method 800 may be practiced with any other suitable systems, interfaces and components.
  • an AP 102 may perform one or more operations of the method 800, but embodiments are not limited to performance of die method 800 and/or operations of it by the AP 102.
  • an STA 103, HE device 104, gNB 107, and/or UE 106 may perform one or more operations of the method 800 (and/or similar operations). Accordingly, although references may be made to performance of one or more operations of the method 800 by the AP 102 in descriptions herein, it is understood that the STA 103, HE device 104, gNB 107, and/or UE 106 may perform the same operation(s), similar operation(s) and/or reciprocal operation(s), in some embodiments.
  • the method 800 and other methods described herein may refer to STAs 103 or APs 102 operating in accordance with an 802.11 standard, protocol and/or specification and/or WL AN standard, protocol and/or specification, in some cases. Embodiments of those methods are not limited to just those STAs 103 or APs 102 and may also be practiced on other devices, such as a UE 106, gNB 107, eNB and/or other device.
  • the method 800 and other methods described herein may be practiced by wireless devices configured to operate in other suitable types of wireless communication systems, including systems configured to operate according to various Third Generation Partnership Protocol (3GPP) standards, including but not limited to Long Term Evolution (LTE), New Radio (NR), 5G and/or other.
  • 3GPP Third Generation Partnership Protocol
  • the method 800 may also be practiced by an apparatus of an STA 103, an apparatus of an AP 102, an apparatus of an HE device 104, an apparatus of a UE 106, an apparatus of a gNB 107 and/or an apparatus of another device, in some embodiments.
  • embodiments are not limited by references herein (such as in descriptions of the methods 800, 900 and/or other descriptions herein) to transmission, reception and/or exchanging of elements such as frames, messages, requests, indicators, signals or other elements.
  • an element may be generated, encoded or otherwise processed by processing circuitry (such as by a baseband processor included in the processing circuitiy) for transmission.
  • the transmission may be performed by a transceiver or other component, in some cases.
  • such an element may be decoded, detected or otherwise processed by the processing circuitry (such as by the baseband processor).
  • the element may be received by a transceiver or other component, in some cases.
  • the processing circuitry and the transceiver may be included in a same apparatus. The scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect, however, as the transceiver may be separate from the apparatus that comprises the processing circuitry, in some embodiments.
  • Any suitable frequency band(s) may be used for transmission and/or reception as part of the method 800, 900 and/or other methods described herein.
  • a frequency' band that includes 6 GHz may be used.
  • a frequency band that is at least partly between 6 GHz and 7 GHz may be used. In some embodiments, such spectrum may be unlicensed, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect.
  • the AP 102 may monitor a channel during a data transmission (DT) period of another device.
  • the AP 102 may determine whether the DT period of the other device has ended.
  • the channel may be included in unlicensed spectrum.
  • the channel may be included in unlicensed spectrum available for co-existence between APs 102 that operate in accordance with a WLAN protocol and other devices that operate in accordance with another protocol.
  • one or more of the other devices may operate in accordance with a 3GPP protocol, 3GPP LTE protocol, NR protocol and/or other.
  • the AP 102 may monitor the channel during the DT period of the other device to determine if the channel is idle. In a non-limiting example, energy detection may be used for this purpose. In some embodiments, the AP 102 may determine that the DT period of the other device has ended if it is determined that the channel is idle for at least a time duration of an inter-frame spacing (IFS).
  • IFS inter-frame spacing
  • Embodiments are not limited to usage of the IFS for this purpose, as other spacings (which may or may not be included in a WLAN protocol) and/or other durations may be used, in some embodiments.
  • the DT period of the other device described at operation 805 may occur before a back-off period (to be described below), although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect
  • the AP 102 may enter the back-off period after the DT period of the other device has ended.
  • the AP 102 may enter the back-off period after the IFS of the DT period of the other device has passed.
  • the AP 102 may select a back-off counter value.
  • the AP 102 may select the back-off counter value to be used for contention-based access to the channel, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect.
  • the backoff counter value may be selected randomly. Any suitable technique for random number generation and/or pseudo-random number generation may be used to select the back-off counter value in this example.
  • the AP 102 may monitor the channel during a back-off period. In some embodiments, the AP 102 may monitor the channel to determine whether the channel is idle during the back-off period.
  • a duration of the back-off period may be based on the back-off counter value.
  • the back-off period may occur after the IFS.
  • the back-off period may occur after the DT period of another device. For instance, the back-off period may occur after the DT period described at operation 805.
  • the AP 102 may use a count-down technique for the back-off.
  • the AP 102 may reduce the back-off counter value by one.
  • the AP 102 may reduce the back-off counter value (per slot) by one if the AP 102 determines that the channel is idle. The AP 102 may continue the above until the back-off counter value reaches zero, and may then determine that the back-off period has ended/expired.
  • the AP 102 may, during one or more slots of an active collision resolution (ACR) period, transmit a co-existence reference signal (CRS).
  • the AP 102 may, during one or more slots of the ACR period, monitor the channel for other CRSs.
  • the AP 102 may determine whether the AP 102 has obtained exclusive access to the channel for a DT period after the ACR period.
  • the ACR period may occur after the backoff period. In a non-limiting example, the ACR period may begin after the back- off period. In another non-limiting example, the ACR period may begin within a predetermined duration after the back-off period. In another non-limiting example, the ACR period may begin immediately after the back-off period.
  • the ACR period may include a plurality of slots.
  • the ACR period includes a predetermined number of slots.
  • a number of slots in the ACR may be signaled between two components.
  • the AP 102 may exchange control signaling with the gNB 107 that indicates information related to the number of slots of the ACR period. Such control signaling may include additional information related to co-existence, contention based access, the ACR period, CRS(s) and/or other, in some embodiments.
  • the AP 102 may transmit, to the gNB 107 or to another AP 102, control signaling that includes information that identifies the CRS.
  • the control signaling described above may be exchanged before the back-off period, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect.
  • the AP 102 may transmit a co-existence reference signal (CRS) during a slot of the ACR period.
  • CRS co-existence reference signal
  • the AP 102 may transmit the CRS to indicate, to other APs 102 and/or other devices, one or more of: that the AP 102 determined that the channel was idle during the back-off period; an intention of the AP 102 to obtain exclusive access to the channel during a DT period after the ACR period; and/or other.
  • the AP 102 may transmit one or more CRSs during the ACR period. For instance, the AP 102 may transmit a CRS in each of multiple slots of the ACR period, in some cases.
  • the AP 102 may, during the slots of the ACR period in which the AP 102 does not transmit a CRS, attempt to detect other CRSs from other devices.
  • the AP 102 may perform one or more of: refrain from transmission of downlink data during the DT period; refrain from scheduling of uplink data during the DT period; determine mat the AP 102 has not obtained exclusive access to the channel for the DT period after the ACR period; determine that the AP 102 has lost a contention for access to the channel; and/or other.
  • the AP 102 may perform one or more of: transmit one or more downlink physical layer convergence procedure protocol data units (PPDUs) during the DT period; schedule one or more uplink PPDUs from one or more STAs 103 during the DT period; determine that the AP 102 has obtained exclusive access to the channel for the DT period after the ACR period; determine that the AP 102 has won the contention for access to the channel; and/or other.
  • PPDUs physical layer convergence procedure protocol data units
  • the AP 102 may determine whether to transmit a CRS during a first chronological slot of the ACR period based on a first probability. If it is determined that the AP 102 is to transmit the first CRS during the first chronological slot of the ACR period, the AP 102 may determine whether to transmit a second CRS during a subsequent slot of the ACR period based on a second probability. If it is determined that the AP 102 is not to transmit the first CRS during the first chronological slot of the ACR period, the AP 102 may determine whether to transmit the first CRS during a second chronological slot based on the first predetermined probability.
  • the AP 102 may determine whether to send the first CRS based on the first probability, beginning with the first chronological slot until it is determined that the first CRS is to be transmitted. In one or more subsequent slots, the AP 102 may use the second probability to determine whether to transmit an additional CRS.
  • the first probability and/or second probability may be predetermined. In some embodiments, the first probability may be greater than the second probability. In a non-limiting example, the first probability may be relatively close to 1.0, and the second probability may be a fraction of the first probability.
  • the AP 102 may select a preamble for a downlink PPDU.
  • the AP 102 may transmit the downlink PPDU.
  • the downlink PPDU may include the preamble.
  • the AP 102 may transmit a mid-amble during a downlink PPDU.
  • the mid-amble and the preamble sequence may be separated by a predetermined time separation.
  • the mid-amble may be based on a mid-amble sequence, which may or may not be the same as the preamble sequence.
  • an apparatus of an AP 102 may comprise memory.
  • the memory may be configured to store the back-off counter value.
  • the memory may be configured to store one or more other elements and the apparatus may use them for performance of one or more operations.
  • the apparatus may include processing circuitry, which may perform one or more operations (including but not limited to operation(s) of the method 800 and/or other methods described herein).
  • the processing circuitry may include a baseband processor.
  • the baseband circuitry and/or the processing circuitry may perform one or more operations described herein, including but not limited to selection of the back-off counter value.
  • the apparatus may include a transceiver.
  • the transceiver may transmit one or more elements (such as the CRS and/or other).
  • the transceiver may transmit and/or receive other frames, messages and/or other elements, in some embodiments.
  • FIG. 9 illustrates the operation of another method of communication in accordance with some embodiments.
  • Embodiments of the method 900 may include additional or even fewer operations or processes in comparison to what is illustrated in FIG. 9 and embodiments of the method 900 are not necessarily limited to the chronological order that is shown in FIG. 9.
  • embodiments of the method 900 may be applicable to APs 102, STAs 103, HE devices 104, UEs, eNBs and/or other wireless or mobile devices.
  • the method 900 may also be applicable to an apparatus of an AP 102, STA 103, HE device 104 and/or other device, in some embodiments.
  • an STA 103 may perform one or more operations of the method 900, but embodiments are not limited to performance of the method 900 and/or operations of it by the STA 103.
  • an AP 102, HE device 104, gNB 107, and/or UE 106 may perform one or more operations of the method 900 (and/or similar operations). Accordingly, although references may be made to performance of one or more operations of the method 900 by the STA 103 in descriptions herein, it is understood that the AP 102, HE device 104, gNB 107, and/or UE 106 may perform the same operation(s), similar operations) and/or reciprocal operation(s), in some embodiments.
  • the method 900 may be practiced by an STA 103 and may include exchanging of elements, such as frames, signals, messages and/or other elements with an AP 102.
  • the method 800 may be practiced by an AP 102 and may include exchanging of elements, such as frames, signals, messages and/or other elements with an STA 103.
  • operations and techniques described as part of the method 800 may be relevant to the method 900.
  • operations and techniques described as part of the method 900 may be relevant to the method 800.
  • embodiments of the method 900 may include one or more operations that may be the same as, similar to or reciprocal to one or more operations of the method 800 (and/or other operation(s) described herein).
  • an operation of the method 900 may include reception of an element (such as a frame, block, message and/or other) by an STA 103 and the method 800 may include transmission of a same or similar element by the AP 102.
  • one or more operations included in the method 800 may be the same as, or similar to, one of more operations included in the method 900.
  • the STA 103 may select a preamble detection (PD) threshold.
  • the selected PD threshold may be based at least partly on a desired level of interference immunity for transmission in a channel.
  • the PD threshold may be selected to enable listening devices that detect a preamble sequence to determine whether to defer transmissions in the channel. In a non-limiting example, other devices that detect the preamble sequence may defer transmissions in the channel if a received power level of the preamble sequence is above the selected PD threshold.
  • the AP 102 may select the PD threshold based at least partly on control signaling from the AP 102.
  • the STA 103 may select a preamble sequence.
  • the STA 103 may select the preamble sequence from candidate preamble sequences based on: the selected PD threshold, and a predetermined mapping between the candidate preamble sequences and candidate PD thresholds. For instance, a first preamble sequence may be selected and/or used to indicate that a first PD threshold is to be used by listening devices, and a second preamble sequence may be selected and/or used to indicate that a second PD threshold is to be used by the listening devices.
  • the STA 103 may transmit a physical layer convergence procedure protocol data unit (PPDU).
  • PPDU physical layer convergence procedure protocol data unit
  • the PPDU may include the selected preamble sequence and a data portion, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect.
  • the STA 103 may transmit a mid-amble.
  • the PPDU may include the mid-amble.
  • the mid-amble may be based on the preamble sequence, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect.
  • the preamble and the mid-amble may be separated in time by a predetermined separation.
  • the PPDU may include one or more mid- ambles. The one or more mid-ambles may also be separated in time by a predetermined separation (which may or may not be the spacing between the preamble and a first mid-amble).
  • the STA 103 may detect a preamble sequence of another PPDU from another device.
  • the STA 103 may be restricted in terms of PD thresholds that it may use in the receive direction (such as determination of whether to defer transmissions based on a received preamble) based on a PD threshold that it uses in the transmit direction (such as a PD threshold that the STA 103 instructs other devices to use for the PPDU transmitted by the STA 103).
  • the STA 103 may transmit a first PPDU that includes a first preamble sequence that corresponds to a first PD threshold.
  • the STA 103 may receive, from another STA 103 and/or other device, a second PPDU that includes a second preamble sequence that corresponds to a second PD threshold.
  • the STA 103 may determine, based on a detected energy level of the second preamble sequence, whether to defer transmission of one or more additional PPDUs.
  • the STA 103 may be restricted from usage of the second PD threshold to determine whether to defer transmission of the one or more additional PPDUs.
  • the STA 103 may be restricted to use the first PD threshold (and/or lower PD threshold) to determine whether to defer the transmission of the one or more additional PPDUs. For instance, the STA 103 may instruct other devices to use a value for the PD threshold of -72 dBm to determine whether to defer transmission after detection of a preamble from the STA 103.
  • the value of -72 dBm is more protective for the STA 103 than a value of -62 dBm If the STA 103 detects, from another device, a preamble mat indicates usage of a PD threshold of -62 dBm, the STA 103 may be restricted to use -72 dBm (or lower) to determine whether to defer transmission.
  • the STA 103 may be restricted from usage of the more permissible (from the perspective of whether to defer) value of -62 dBm for the incoming PPDU, as the STA 103 has instructed other devices to use the stricter value (more protective value from the perspective of the STA 103) of -62 dBm
  • the UE 106 may perform one or more operations of the method 900 and/or similar operations.
  • the UE 106 may select a preamble sequence for a packet to be transmitted in a channel mat is included in unlicensed spectrum
  • the preamble sequence may be selected from candidate preamble sequences based on: a target PD threshold for the packet, and a predetermined mapping between the candidate preamble sequences and candidate PD thresholds.
  • the target PD threshold may indicate a threshold to enable listening devices that detect the preamble sequence to determine whether to defer transmissions in the channel.
  • the UE 102 may encode, for transmission in the channel, the packet to include an encoded preamble sequence and an encoded data portion.
  • the UE 102 may encode the preamble sequence in accordance with a WLAN protocol and may encode a data portion in accordance with a 3GPP LTE protocol.
  • the UE 102 may encode the preamble sequence in accordance with a Next Big Thing (NBT) protocol and may encode the data portion in accordance with a New Radio (NR.) protocol.
  • NBT Next Big Thing
  • NR. New Radio
  • the UE 102 may encode the preamble sequence in accordance with a WLAN protocol and may encode a data portion in accordance with an NR protocol.
  • the UE 102 may encode the packet to further include a mid-amble.
  • the mid-amble may be the same as the preamble sequence and/or based on the preamble sequence.
  • the preamble and the mid-amble may be separated in time by a predetermined separation.
  • an apparatus of an STA 103 may comprise memory.
  • the memory may be configured to store information related to a preamble sequence.
  • the memory may be configured to store one or more other elements and the apparatus may use them for performance of one or more operations.
  • the apparatus may include processing circuitry, which may perform one or more operations (including but not limited to operation(s) of the method 900 and/or other methods described herein).
  • the processing circuitry may include a baseband processor.
  • the baseband circuitry and/or the processing circuitry may perform one or more operations described herein, including but not limited to selection of a preamble sequence.
  • the apparatus may include a transceiver.
  • the transceiver may transmit one or more elements (such as a PPDU and/or other).
  • the transceiver may transmit and/or receive other frames, messages and/or other elements, in some embodiments.
  • FIG. 10 illustrates an example mapping between transmit power and energy detection (ED) and/or packet detection (PD) thresholds in accordance with some embodiments.
  • FIG. 11 illustrates example elements that may be transmitted in accordance with some embodiments.
  • FIG. 12 illustrates an example flow diagram in accordance with some embodiments. It should be noted mat the examples shown in FIGs. 10-12 may illustrate some or all of the concepts and techniques described herein in some cases, but embodiments are not limited by the examples of FIGs. 10-12. For instance, embodiments are not limited by the name, number, type, size, ordering, arrangement and/or other aspects of the frames, signals, fields, data blocks, operations, time resources and other elements as shown in FIGs. 10-12. Although some of the elements shown in the examples of FIG. 10 may be included in a standard, such as 802.11, 802.1 lax, 802.11az, WLAN, 3GPP, 3GPP LTE, NR and/or other, embodiments are not limited to usage of such elements that are included in standards.
  • systems may operate in accordance with next generation Wi-Fi and/or wireless local area network (WLAN).
  • Next generation Wi-Fi may be referred to as next big thing (NBT) in some cases.
  • NBT next big thing
  • such systems may operate in unlicensed spectrum
  • unlicensed spectrum may be included in or near a frequency range of 6-7 GHz. It should be noted that one or more of the operations, techniques and/or methods may be described herein in terms of communication in unlicensed spectrum and/or in the 6-7 GHz range, but embodiments are not limited to unlicensed spectrum or to operation in the 6-7 GHz range. In addition, embodiments are not limited to usage of next generation Wi-Fi, WLAN or NBT.
  • devices may operate in accordance with a green-field Wi-Fi without legacy devices and without the need for backward compatibility, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect.
  • operation in unlicensed spectrum may be supported for multiple protocols.
  • some devices may operate in accordance with a WLAN protocol (such as 802.11, Wi-Fi and/or other) and some devices may operate in accordance with a Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) protocol (such as new radio (NR) and/or other).
  • 3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project
  • NR new radio
  • WLAN and NR may be used to improve and/or enable co-existence between devices using different protocols (such as WLAN and NR).
  • techniques to enable and/or improve coexistence between different technologies may use energy detection (ED).
  • ED energy detection
  • packet detection may be used in a WLAN protocol at the beginning of a packet for one or more of: improve the reliability of the detection; ensure that the PD detection measurement is extracted from the noise; improve co-existence; and/or other.
  • a common preamble may be defined mat both technologies may use (for instance, 802.11 NBT and 3GPP NR).
  • the common preamble may be used multiple times throughout the packet (for instance, at intervals of one msec or other).
  • One or more techniques described herein may be used, in some cases, to enable and/or improve coexistence between 802.11 NBT devices and 3GPP NR devices. Such techniques may be based on modifications of deferral levels (PD/ED), in order to adapt protection and spatial reuse gains to the environment of deployment.
  • PD/ED deferral levels
  • some devices may be arranged to communicate in accordance with an NBT protocol and some devices may be arranged to communicate in accordance with an NR protocol.
  • a common preamble may be transmitted by both categories of devices described above.
  • the common preamble may be transmitted at the beginning of a packet (such as a PPDU in the NBT protocol).
  • the preamble may include at least a known sequence mat may enable packet detection (with correlation, for instance).
  • the preamble may exclude data signaling and/or not include data signaling.
  • the preamble may include a synchronization element and a PD sequence, but may not necessarily include data.
  • the preamble may include data signaling.
  • the preamble may include a synchronization element, a PD sequence and (potentially) data
  • the same preamble may also be transmitted in the middle of the PPDU (such as a mid-amble).
  • the preamble/mid-amble may be transmitted in accordance with a periodicity.
  • a preamble/mid-amble may be transmitted at intervals of T msec, for some value of T.
  • the periodicity may be standardized, predetermined and/or known, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect.
  • the PD sequence that is transmitted may be selected from a plurality of N sequences.
  • the plurality of sequences may be one or more of the following: pre-defined sequences; standardized PD sequences; a same sequence rotated in time or frequency by different time shifts and/or frequency shifts; and/or other.
  • the receiver ma ⁇ ' use the selected sequence to perform packet detection as accurately as with a single sequence, and/or to detect the ID of the sequence (which of the N sequences were transmitted).
  • the PD sequence in the second mode of operation, may be unique and the data signaling included in the preamble/mid- amble may include a sequence ID (such as a value between 1 and N).
  • a protocol and/or standard may include a specific PD threshold associated with the ID of the sequence or with the ID carried in the data signaling. For instance, a value of 1 for the ID may indicate that the receiver is to set the PD detection threshold to -82dBm, a value of 2 for the ID may indicate that the receiver is to set the PD detection threshold to - 77dBm, a value of 3 for the ID may indicate that the receiver is to set the PD detection threshold to -72dBm and/or other.
  • the PD detection threshold may be used by the receiver to decide whether to defer to the received PPDU or to ignore the received PPDU.
  • a distributed selection of the sequence that is transmitted by a device may be used.
  • a centralized selection of the sequence may be used.
  • the distributed selection and/or the centralized selection may be used.
  • a device may select the sequence ID it uses for the PPDUs that it transmits. In some cases, by selection of the sequence, the device may therefore select a desired level of protection. In some cases, there may potentially be an incentive issue with the distributed selection. For instance, a device may choose to be the most protective, in some cases. In some embodiments, sequences that correspond to high levels of protection may be longer than sequences that correspond to a low levels of protection. In some embodiments, the sequences available for selection by the device may be predetermined in accordance with an inverse relationship between protection and sequence length. Accordingly, a higher overhead may result from the longer sequences. In some embodiments, the device may be restricted to usage of the sequences of high protection for transmission of one or more PPDU types (including but not limited to an extended range PPDU.
  • the AP for the centralized selection of the sequence, may select one or more sequences (and/or sequence IDs) to be used by associated STAs.
  • the eNB for 3GPP NR may select one or more sequences (and/or sequence IDs) that are to be used by UEs of the eNB.
  • collaboration between APs and eNBs for selection, definition and/or determination of sequence IDs may be used.
  • an STA 103 may be restricted to not use a higher detection threshold when receiving a PPDU with a sequence IDs that allows it, if it is not transmitting in its own PPDUs a sequence ID mat would allow the same level of detection.
  • an STA 103 may be restricted in terms of detection threshold. For instance, the STA 103 may receive a PPDU with a first sequence ID that corresponds to a first level of protection. The STA 103 may have previously transmitted one or more PPDUs with a second sequence ID mat corresponds to a second level of protection. If the first level of protection is higher than the second level of protection, the STA 103 may be restricted from usage of the first level of protection, and may be restricted to continue usage of the second level of protection.
  • example proportional rules between PD/ED levels and TxPower may depend on different sequences (sequences with IDs of 1, 2, 3 indicated by 1026, 1024, 1022 in this example). It should be noted that embodiments are not limited to the shape of the plot shown in FIG. 10 or to any of the example values shown in FIG. 10. Thresholds of -62, -72, and -82 dBm (indicated by 1012, 1014, 1016) for PD or ED level may be used. For instance, STA11 from network 1 is using sequence ID #1 (indicated by 1026), which corresponds to a PD threshold of -72dBm, for the PPDUs that it transmits.
  • STA22 from network 2 is using sequence ID #3 (indicated by 1022), which corresponds to a PD threshold of -62dBm, for the PPDUs mat it transmits.
  • sequence ID #3 (indicated by 1022), which corresponds to a PD threshold of -62dBm, for the PPDUs mat it transmits.
  • STA11 receives a PPDU from another STA 103 from network 1 (the same network (ESS)
  • STA11 can use a PD threshold of - 72dBm.
  • STA11 may be restricted to usage of a PD threshold of -72dBm (not -62dBm like with the mechanism described before this alternative).
  • STA22 may use a PD threshold of -62 dBm
  • STA22 may be restricted to usage of a PD threshold of -72dBm (not -62dBm).
  • usage of one or more of the above operations/techniques may enable a variable PD/ED detection level may be used for adaptation to the deployment environment and/or optimization of either protection or spatial reuse.
  • usage of one or more of the above operations and/or techniques may enable a faster and more efficient SRG OBSS PD mechanism in comparison to other protocols (including but not limited to 802.11 ax). For instance, in some cases, it may not be necessary that the device read the HE-SIGA field to be able to classify the received PPDU as inter-BSS PPDU and intra-SRG PPDU (wherein an SRG may be an SR group for which specific PD threshold parameters are used).
  • 5G New Radio (NR) and 802.1 1 Next Big Thing (NBT) systems may operate in same or overlapping spectrum
  • unlicensed spectrum including but not limited to spectrum in a 6 GHz band
  • the 5G NR base stations (such as a gNB 107) and 802.11 NBT APs 102 sharing the spectrum in this band may implement coexistence methodologies for fair and efficient medium access.
  • the APs 102 or gNBs 107 may listen for a random number of idle slots (backoff) and then may initiate data transmission in the wireless medium If more than one of these entities come out of their backoff state and start transmitting at the same time, then the entire data transmission time for all of these APs 102/gNBs 107 may be wasted (or at least affected in a negative manner) due to collision, in some cases. Loss of an entire transmission opportunity to a collision can be very detrimental to the operations of the 5G NR or 802.11 NBT networks. Besides, collision resolutions in those systems could be handled differently (for instance, exponential backoff vs deterministic backoff).
  • 802.11 devices may try to apply the collision resolution scheme assuming their transmissions collided with other 802.11 devices but in reality the collision might be happening with a gNB 107 transmission.
  • the gNB 107 may apply its own collision resolution approach. Dissimilarity in those collision resolution approaches may severely degrade performance and may cause unfair sharing of the medium Therefore, a co-existence mechanism may be beneficial, wherein the 802.11 NBT APs 102 and/or 5G NR.
  • gNBs 107 may have the opportunity to actively resolve a potential collision before such collision occurs during actual data transmission.
  • the backoff procedure may include a backoff process augmented with an Active Collision Resolution (ACR) period.
  • ACR Active Collision Resolution
  • the gNBs 107/ APs 102 for which a backoff counter expires may enter this ACR period and may send a co-existence reference signal (CRS) within a number of slots within the ACR period.
  • CRS co-existence reference signal
  • Such operations may be part of an ACR protocol, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect. Potentially colliding entities may find out about each other by utilizing this CRS signal and/or operations of a collision resolution protocol.
  • the expected collision during the actual data transmission can be minimized by resolution of the collision within the ACR time preceding the data transmission time (which may be much longer than the ACR time, in some cases). Therefore, the effect of collision on the data transmission may be reduced, in some cases.
  • one or more techniques, operations and/or methods described herein may enable both 5G NR and 802.11 NBT systems to coexist more efficiently without sacrificing fairness. In some embodiments, one or more techniques, operations and/or methods described herein may improve the overall system efficiency of both the 5G NR and 802.11 NBT in comparison to usage of an LBT-based coexistence mechanism
  • a time period may include two portions, a contention time (CT) and a data time (DT).
  • CT contention time
  • DT data time
  • the gNB 107 and APs 102 may perform one or more operations (including but not limited to operations of a co-existence protocol) to reserve channels for the DT (which is after the CT).
  • a device such as an AP 102 or a gNB 107) that wins a contention may have total access over the channel(s) and may further distribute the access to other devices under their control (such as STAs 103 under control of the AP 102 or UEs 106 under control of the gNB 107).
  • a non-limiting example 1100 is shown in FIG. 11.
  • the gNB 107/AP 102 may randomly choose a backoff counter within some range (which may be similar to 802.11 initial backoff counter selection, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect). During the DT 1110, the backoff counter is frozen. Once a gNB 107/AP 102 senses the medium idle, it may enter the simple backoff process 1120, wherein a backoff counter is decremented for each idle slot. Once the backoff counter of the AP 102/gNB 107 expires, instead of initiation of a data transfer immediately, the AP 102/gNB 107 may enter the ACR period 1130, which is described below.
  • the gNBs 107/APs 102 may enter the ACR period 1130, which may include a number of ACR slots (including but not limited to a fixed number of ACR slots).
  • the number of ACR slots in the ACR period 1130 may be configurable and/or standardized, in some embodiments.
  • the following operations may be used for gNBs 107/APs 102 whose backoff counter has expired and their perception is that they have won the contention for the next DT.
  • the APs 102/gNBs 107 whose backoff counter expired may use probability pi to determine whether to send a Coexistence Reference Signal (CRS) in that ACR slot.
  • CRS Coexistence Reference Signal
  • the CRS may be an orthogonal sequence which is recognizable by bom 5G gNBs 107 and 802.11 NBT APs 102. In some embodiments, such a sequence may result from an agreement between multiple standard bodies (such as 3GPP, IEEE and/or other).
  • the operator may design a reference signal that both types of networks may recognize.
  • the APs 102/gNBs 107 remaining in the contention process may send the CRS with probability pi or /3 ⁇ 4 depending on the outcome of the previous ACR slot. Values of the probabilities pi and /3 ⁇ 4 may be predetermined and/or determined using any suitable techniques).
  • Example operations for determination of the outcome of an ACR slot are given below.
  • the AP 102/gNB 107 that remains in the contention process does not send the CRS in an ACR slot, then the AP 102/gNB 107 may listen to the channel for that ACR slot.
  • the AP 102/gNB 107 may remain in contention and may use probability value pi in a subsequent ACR slot.
  • the AP 102/gNB sent the CRS then it remains in the contention process, but will use probability value pi in the subsequent ACR slot.
  • the value of /3 ⁇ 4 may be smaller than pi to make the probability of contention retries to be less than the initial try in the ACR period. This may help reduce the potential of repetitive collision during the ACR, in some cases.
  • the values of pi and pi may be configurable based on different system parameters such as number of gNBs 107/APs 102, their traffic load(s) and/or other.
  • the value of pi may be close to 1.0 and pi may be some fraction of pi.
  • an AP 102/gNB 107 may consider itself eliminated from the contention for the corresponding channel in the upcoming DT.
  • An AP 102/gNB 107 that remains in contention after the last ACR slot of the ACR period may consider itself the winner of contention and may commence to get control of the medium for a data transmission time.
  • the number of ACR slots in the ACR period and/or the probability values pi and p2 may be selected for a deployment scenario such that only one AP 102/gNB 107 wins the arbitration with probability close to 1.0.
  • An example flow diagram 1200 in FIG. 12 depicts an example protocol that may be used during the ACR period.
  • an apparatus of an access point may comprise memory.
  • the apparatus may further comprise processing circuitry.
  • the processing circuitry may be configured to select a back-off counter value to be used for contention-based access to a channel.
  • the channel may be included in unlicensed spectrum available for co-existence between APs that operate in accordance with a wireless local area network (WLAN) protocol and other devices that operate in accordance with another protocol.
  • the processing circuitry may be further configured to monitor the channel to determine whether the channel is idle during a back-off period. A duration of the back-off period may be based on the back-off counter value.
  • WLAN wireless local area network
  • the processing circuitry may be further configured to, if it is determined that the channel is idle during the backoff period: encode a co-existence reference signal (CRS) for transmission during a slot of an active collision resolution (ACR) period that begins after the backoff period.
  • CRS co-existence reference signal
  • ACR active collision resolution
  • Transmission of the CRS may be encoded to indicate, to other APs and to the other devices: that the AP determined that the channel was idle during the back-off period, and an intention of the AP to obtain exclusive access to the channel during a data transmission (DT) period after the ACR period.
  • Example 2 the subj ect matter of Example 1 , wherein the DT period is a second DT period.
  • the processing circuitry may be further configured to monitor the channel during a first DT period to determine if the channel is idle, wherein the first DT period occurs before the back-off period.
  • the processing circuitry may be further configured to determine that the first DT period has ended if it is determined that the channel is idle for at least a time duration of an inter-frame spacing (IFS).
  • IFS inter-frame spacing
  • Example 3 the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1 -2, wherein the ACR period may include a plurality of slots.
  • the processing circuitry may be further configured to, during the slots of the ACR period in which the first CRS is not transmitted, attempt to detect CRSs from other devices.
  • the processing circuitry may be further configured to, if at least one CRS from another device is detected:
  • the processing circuitry may be further configured to, if no
  • CRSs from the other devices are detected: determine that the AP has obtained exclusive access to the channel during the DT period.
  • Example 4 the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1-3, wherein the ACR period may include a plurality of slots.
  • the processing circuitry may be further configured to, during the slots of the ACR period in which the first CRS is not transmitted, attempt to detect other CRSs from other devices.
  • the processing circuitry may be further configured to, if at least one CRS from another device is detected: refrain from transmission of downlink data during the DT period; and refrain from scheduling of uplink data during the DT period.
  • Example 5 the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1-4, wherein the processing circuitry may be further configured to, if the CRSs from the other devices are not detected: encode one or more downlink physical layer convergence procedure protocol data units (PPDUs) for transmission during the DT period; or schedule one or more uplink PPDUs from one or more stations (STAs) during the DT period.
  • PPDUs physical layer convergence procedure protocol data units
  • Example 6 the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1-5, wherein the ACR period may include a predetermined number of slots.
  • the processing circuitry may be further configured to determine whether to transmit the CRS during a first chronological slot of the ACR period based on a predetermined probability.
  • Example 7 the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1-6, wherein the predetermined probability may be a first predetermined probability.
  • the CRS is a first CRS.
  • the processing circuitry may be further configured to, if it is determined that the AP is to transmit the first CRS during the first chronological slot of the ACR period: determine whether to transmit a second CRS during a subsequent slot of the ACR period based on a second predetermined probability.
  • Example 8 the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1-7, wherein the processing circuitry may be further configured to, if it is determined that the AP is not to transmit the first CRS during the first chronological slot of the ACR period: determine whether to transmit the first CRS during a second chronological slot based on the first predetermined probability.
  • Example 9 the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1-8, wherein the second predetermined probability may be less than the first predetermined probability.
  • Example 10 the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1-9, wherein the CRS may be based on a predetermined sequence.
  • Example 11 the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1-10, wherein the processing circuitry may be further configured to encode, for transmission to a Generation Node-B (gNB) or to another AP before the back-off period, control signaling that includes information that identifies the CRS.
  • gNB Generation Node-B
  • Example 12 the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1-11, wherein the memory may be configured to store the back-off counter value.
  • Example 13 the subj ect matter of one or any combination of Examples 1-12, wherein the apparatus may further include a transceiver to transmit the CRS.
  • Example 14 the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1-13, wherein the processing circuitry may include a baseband processor to select the back-off counter value.
  • a computer-readable storage medium may store instructions for execution by one or more processors to perform operations for communication by a station (STA).
  • the operations may configure the one or more processors to select a preamble detection (PD) threshold based at least partly on a desired level of interference immunity for transmission in a channel.
  • the PD threshold may be selected to enable listening devices that detect a preamble sequence to determine whether to defer transmissions in the channel.
  • the operations may further configure the one or more processors to select the preamble sequence from candidate preamble sequences based on: the selected PD threshold, and a predetermined mapping between the candidate preamble sequences and candidate PD thresholds.
  • the operations may further configure the one or more processors to encode, for transmission in the channel, a physical layer convergence procedure protocol data unit (PPDU) that includes the selected preamble sequence and a data portion.
  • PPDU physical layer convergence procedure protocol data unit
  • Example 16 the subject matter of Example 15, wherein the operations may further configure the one or more processors to select the PD threshold based at least partly on control signaling from an access point (AP).
  • AP access point
  • Example 17 the subject matter of one or any combination of
  • Examples 15-16 wherein the operations may further configure the one or more processors to encode the PPDU to further include a mid-amble based on the preamble sequence.
  • the preamble and the mid-amble may be separated in time by a predetermined separation.
  • Example 18 the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 15-17, wherein the PPDU is a first PPDU, the selected PD threshold is a first PD threshold, and the preamble sequence is a first preamble sequence.
  • the operations may further configure the one or more processors to detect a second preamble sequence of a second PPDU.
  • the second preamble sequence may corresponds to a second PD threshold of the candidate PD thresholds.
  • the operations may further configure the one or more processors to determine whether to defer a transmission of a third PPDU based on a PD threshold, of the candidate PD thresholds, that is: less than or equal to the first PD threshold, if the second PD threshold is greater than the first PD threshold.
  • a method of communication at a User Equipment may comprise selecting a preamble sequence for a packet to be transmitted in a channel that is included in unlicensed spectrum.
  • the preamble sequence may be selected from candidate preamble sequences based on: a target preamble detection (PD) threshold for the packet, and a predetermined mapping between the candidate preamble sequences and candidate PD thresholds.
  • the target PD threshold may indicate a threshold to enable listening devices that detect the preamble sequence to determine whether to defer transmissions in the channel.
  • the method may further comprise encoding the preamble sequence in accordance with a wireless local area network (WLAN) protocol.
  • the method may further comprise encoding a data portion in accordance with a New Radio (NR.) protocol.
  • the method may further comprise encoding, for transmission in the channel, the packet to include the encoded preamble sequence and the encoded data portion.
  • WLAN wireless local area network
  • NR. New Radio
  • Example 20 the subject matter of Example 19, wherein the method may further comprise encoding the packet to further include a mid- amble based on the preamble sequence.
  • the preamble and the mid-amble may be separated in time by a predetermined separation.
  • an apparatus of a station may comprise means for selecting a preamble detection (PD) threshold based at least partly on a desired level of interference immunity for transmission in a channel.
  • the PD threshold may be selected to enable listening devices that detect a preamble sequence to determine whether to defer transmissions in the channel.
  • the apparatus may further comprise means for selecting the preamble sequence from candidate preamble sequences based on: the selected PD threshold, and a predetermined mapping between the candidate preamble sequences and candidate PD thresholds.
  • the apparatus may further comprise means for encoding, for transmission in the channel, a physical layer convergence procedure protocol data unit (PPDU) that includes the selected preamble sequence and a data portion.
  • PPDU physical layer convergence procedure protocol data unit
  • Example 22 the subject matter of Example 21, wherein the apparatus may further comprise means for selecting the PD threshold based at least partly on control signaling from an access point (AP).
  • AP access point
  • Example 23 the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 21-22, wherein the apparatus may further comprise means for encoding the PPDU to further include a mid-amble based on the preamble sequence.
  • the preamble and the mid-amble may be separated in time by a predetermined separation.
  • Example 24 the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 21-23, wherein the PPDU is a first PPDU, the selected PD threshold is a first PD threshold, and the preamble sequence is a first preamble sequence.
  • the apparatus may further comprise means for detecting a second preamble sequence of a second PPDU, wherein the second preamble sequence corresponds to a second PD threshold of the candidate PD thresholds.
  • the apparatus may further comprise means for determining whether to defer a transmission of a third PPDU based on a PD threshold, of the candidate PD thresholds, that is: less than or equal to the first PD threshold, if the second PD threshold is greater than the first PD threshold.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)

Abstract

Les modes de réalisation de la présente invention concernent de manière générale une station (STA), un point d'accès (AP) et des procédés de communication. L'AP peut effectuer les opérations consistant à : sélectionner une valeur de compteur de réduction de puissance devant être utilisée pour un accès basé sur une contention à un canal dans un spectre sans licence; surveiller le canal de façon à déterminer s'il est inactif pendant une période de réduction de puissance, une durée de la période de réduction de puissance pouvant être basée sur la valeur de compteur de réduction de puissance; et s'il est déterminé que le canal est inactif pendant la période de réduction de puissance, transmettre un signal de référence de coexistence (CRS) pendant un intervalle d'une période de résolution de collision active (ACR) de façon à indiquer que l'AP a déterminé que le canal était inactif pendant la période de réduction de puissance et que l'AP a l'intention d'obtenir un accès exclusif au canal pendant une période de transmission de données (DT) après la période d'ACR.
PCT/US2018/035046 2017-05-30 2018-05-30 Coexistence entre des dispositifs de réseau local sans fil (wlan) et des dispositifs nouvelle radio (nr) dans un spectre sans licence WO2018222662A1 (fr)

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