WO2018214236A1 - 一种调节永磁同步电机高效率区域的方法 - Google Patents

一种调节永磁同步电机高效率区域的方法 Download PDF

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WO2018214236A1
WO2018214236A1 PCT/CN2017/091038 CN2017091038W WO2018214236A1 WO 2018214236 A1 WO2018214236 A1 WO 2018214236A1 CN 2017091038 W CN2017091038 W CN 2017091038W WO 2018214236 A1 WO2018214236 A1 WO 2018214236A1
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point
efficiency
loss
permanent magnet
relationship
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French (fr)
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陈前
范洵
刘国海
赵文祥
吉敬华
徐高红
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Jiangsu University
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Jiangsu University
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K3/00—Details of windings
    • H02K3/04—Windings characterised by the conductor shape, form or construction, e.g. with bar conductors
    • H02K3/28—Layout of windings or of connections between windings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K15/00—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining or repairing of dynamo-electric machines
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P23/00—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by a control method other than vector control
    • H02P23/0086—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by a control method other than vector control specially adapted for high speeds, e.g. above nominal speed
    • H02P23/009—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by a control method other than vector control specially adapted for high speeds, e.g. above nominal speed using field weakening
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L15/00—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles
    • B60L15/20—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles for control of the vehicle or its driving motor to achieve a desired performance, e.g. speed, torque, programmed variation of speed
    • B60L15/2045—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles for control of the vehicle or its driving motor to achieve a desired performance, e.g. speed, torque, programmed variation of speed for optimising the use of energy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K29/00—Motors or generators having non-mechanical commutating devices, e.g. discharge tubes or semiconductor devices
    • H02K29/03—Motors or generators having non-mechanical commutating devices, e.g. discharge tubes or semiconductor devices with a magnetic circuit specially adapted for avoiding torque ripples or self-starting problems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P21/00—Arrangements or methods for the control of electric machines by vector control, e.g. by control of field orientation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P27/00—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage
    • H02P27/04—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P6/00—Arrangements for controlling synchronous motors or other dynamo-electric motors using electronic commutation dependent on the rotor position; Electronic commutators therefor
    • H02P6/04—Arrangements for controlling or regulating the speed or torque of more than one motor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2220/00—Electrical machine types; Structures or applications thereof
    • B60L2220/10—Electrical machine types
    • B60L2220/14—Synchronous machines
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/42—Drive Train control parameters related to electric machines
    • B60L2240/421—Speed
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/42—Drive Train control parameters related to electric machines
    • B60L2240/423—Torque
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K21/00—Synchronous motors having permanent magnets; Synchronous generators having permanent magnets
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K2213/00—Specific aspects, not otherwise provided for and not covered by codes H02K2201/00 - H02K2211/00
    • H02K2213/03—Machines characterised by numerical values, ranges, mathematical expressions or similar information
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K29/00—Motors or generators having non-mechanical commutating devices, e.g. discharge tubes or semiconductor devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P27/00—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/64—Electric machine technologies in electromobility
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/72—Electric energy management in electromobility

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the design of a permanent magnet synchronous motor, in particular to a method for adjusting a high efficiency region of a permanent magnet synchronous motor, and belongs to the technical field of motor manufacturing.
  • permanent magnet motors have been widely used. From electric vehicles to ship propulsion, permanent magnet motors play a very important role. This is mainly due to several significant advantages of permanent magnet motors, including high torque density, high power density, and small weight.
  • the permanent magnet motor uses a high magnetic energy product of permanent magnet material instead of the traditional field winding, which not only eliminates the negative influence of the field winding, but also simplifies the mechanical structure of the motor, improves the operational reliability of the motor, and correspondingly reduces the mechanical loss. Reduced.
  • the method of optimizing the loss is used to match the copper loss, the iron loss, and the permanent magnet eddy current loss, and the high-efficiency area adjustment is moved to the area corresponding to the given operating condition of the electric vehicle. To improve efficiency and save energy.
  • the technical solution adopted by the invention is: a method for adjusting a high efficiency region of a permanent magnet synchronous motor, comprising the following steps Step:
  • Step 1 Analyze the constant torque zone of the target motor, and select the highest efficiency point "1" in the constant torque zone. According to the relationship between the constant torque zone point and the point, at the point up, down, right, left Select one point "2", "3", "4", "5" in each of the four directions;
  • Step 6 summarizing the conditions satisfied by the high efficiency region, and revealing a method for adjusting the high efficiency region;
  • Step 7 Studying the boundary area between the constant torque zone and the constant power zone, and analyzing whether the zone meets the high efficiency zone adjustment condition;
  • Step 8 Analyze the copper loss, iron loss, and permanent magnet eddy current loss of the permanent magnet motor, and propose three adjustments. Method of loss ratio;
  • step 9 the method is used to verify the correctness of the high efficiency region adjustment method.
  • n 2 represents the rotational speed of point "2”
  • n 1 represents the rotational speed of point "1”
  • I 2 represents the winding current amplitude of point "2”
  • I 1 represents the winding current amplitude of point "1”
  • k 2 Represents a coefficient greater than one.
  • step 2.2 the relationship between torque, electromagnetic power and copper consumption is obtained from the relationship between the speed and current of the point "1" and the point "2", as follows:
  • T 2 represents the torque of point "2”
  • T 1 represents the torque of point "1”
  • P e2 represents the electromagnetic power of point "2”
  • P e1 represents the electromagnetic power of point "1”
  • P copp2 represents the point.
  • P copp1 means the copper loss of point "1”.
  • Step 2.3 ignore the motor mechanical loss and wind friction loss, write the point "1" and point “2" efficiency expression, as follows:
  • ⁇ 2 represents the point efficiency "2"
  • ⁇ 1 represents a point “1” efficiency
  • P iron2 represents the point “2” iron loss
  • P iron1 represents the point “1” iron loss
  • P PM2 represents the point “2”
  • P PM1 represents the permanent magnet eddy current loss of point "1”.
  • Step 2.4 assuming that the efficiency of the point "1" is greater than the efficiency of the point "2”, the relationship between the two points is substituted, and the conditions that the hypothesis is established are satisfied, as follows:
  • step 3 the calculation process of the relationship between the two points of efficiency is:
  • n 3 represents the rotational speed of the point "3”
  • I 3 represents the winding current amplitude of the point "3”
  • k 3 represents a coefficient smaller than 1.
  • step 3.2 the relationship between torque, electromagnetic power and copper consumption is obtained from the relationship between the speed and current of the point "1" and the point "3", as follows:
  • T 3 represents the torque of the point "3”
  • P e3 represents the electromagnetic power of the point "3”
  • P copp3 represents the copper loss of the point "3”.
  • Step 3.3 ignore the motor mechanical loss and wind friction loss, write the point "1" and point "3" efficiency expression, as follows:
  • ⁇ 3 represents the efficiency of the point "3”
  • P iron3 represents the iron loss of the point "3”
  • P PM3 represents the permanent wave eddy current loss of the point "3”.
  • Step 3.4 assuming that the efficiency of the point "1" is greater than the efficiency of the point "3”, the relationship between the two points is substituted, and the conditions that the hypothesis is established are satisfied, as follows:
  • I 4 represents the winding current amplitude of the point "4"
  • T 4 represents the torque value of the point "4"
  • n 4 represents the rotational speed of the point "4"
  • k 4 represents a coefficient greater than 1.
  • step 4.2 the relationship between the current, the torque, the rotational speed, the eddy current loss, the additional loss, and the permanent magnet eddy current loss are obtained from the relationship between the current, the torque and the rotational speed of the point "1" and the point "4", as follows:
  • P e4 represents the electromagnetic power of the point "4"
  • P copp4 represents the copper loss of the point "4"
  • P h4 represents the hysteresis iron loss of the point "4"
  • P c4 represents the eddy current consumption of the point "4"
  • P E4 represents the additional iron loss of point "4"
  • P PM4 represents the permanent magnet eddy current loss of point "4"
  • P h1 represents the hysteresis iron loss of point "1”
  • P c1 represents the eddy current consumption of point "1”
  • P E1 represents the additional iron loss of point "1”.
  • Step 4.3 ignore the motor mechanical loss and wind friction loss, write the point "1" and point "4" efficiency expression, as follows:
  • Step 4.4 assuming that the efficiency of the point "1" is greater than the efficiency of the point "4", the relationship between the two points is substituted, and the conditions that the hypothesis is established are satisfied, as follows:
  • I 5 represents the winding current amplitude of the point "5"
  • T 5 represents the torque value of the point "5"
  • n 5 represents the rotational speed of the point "5"
  • k 5 represents a coefficient smaller than 1.
  • Step 5.2 the relationship between the current, the torque, the iron loss, the eddy current loss, the additional loss and the permanent magnet eddy current loss are obtained from the relationship between the current, the torque and the speed of the point "1" and the point "5", as follows:
  • P e5 represents the electromagnetic power of the point "5"
  • P copp5 represents the copper loss of the point "5"
  • P h5 represents the hysteresis iron loss of the point "5"
  • P c5 represents the eddy current consumption of the point "5"
  • P E5 represents the additional iron loss of point "5"
  • P PM5 represents the permanent wave eddy current loss of point "5".
  • Step 5.3 ignore the motor mechanical loss and wind friction loss, write the point "1" and point "5" efficiency expression, as follows:
  • Step 5.4 assuming that the efficiency of the point "1" is greater than the efficiency of the point "5", the relationship between the two points is substituted, and the conditions that the hypothesis is established should be satisfied, as follows:
  • P copp represents copper consumption
  • P iron represents iron loss
  • P PM represents permanent magnet eddy current loss
  • P c represents eddy current consumption
  • P E represents additional iron loss.
  • the current value is smaller and the speed is lower under the region, so the current angle does not change, and the high efficiency region adjustment is still satisfied. condition.
  • the copper loss, the iron loss, and the permanent magnet eddy current loss of the permanent magnet motor in the step 8 can be expressed by an expression, as follows:
  • m is the number of phases of the motor
  • I is the amplitude of the winding current
  • R is the resistance value of each phase winding
  • P h is the hysteresis iron loss
  • K is the electromotive force constant
  • f is the frequency
  • La is the axial length of the motor
  • B m represents the maximum magnetic density
  • L m represents the width of the permanent magnet
  • V represents the volume
  • ⁇ represents the resistivity.
  • the copper consumption can be adjusted by changing the winding current amplitude or the winding resistance value.
  • the winding resistance value is determined mainly by the winding length after determining the wire diameter; the iron loss can be adjusted by changing the strength of the armature magnetic field or the permanent magnetic field; permanent magnet eddy current The loss can be adjusted by means of rotor opening, radial or axial segmentation of permanent magnets, changing the pole arc coefficient of the permanent magnet, changing the opening size of the stator slot, and replacing the permanent magnet material.
  • the method for adjusting the three loss ratios in the high efficiency region by using the variation of the parameters of the winding, the permanent magnet and the silicon steel sheet is proposed: if the high efficiency region is to be adjusted to the upper or the left side, the means can be adopted. There are: reducing the current amplitude to increase the number of winding turns, increasing the pole arc coefficient of the permanent magnet, increasing the opening size of the stator slot; if the high efficiency zone is to be adjusted downward or to the right, the means that can be used are: increasing the current amplitude Winding turns, reducing permanent magnet pole arc coefficient, reducing stator slot opening size, permanent magnet radial segmentation or axial segmentation.
  • the proposed efficiency adjustment method is applicable to any form of permanent magnet motor.
  • the efficiency of the constant torque region and the region below the boundary between the constant torque and the constant power region in the efficiency map is analyzed, and the conditional relationship between the point and the point in the region is revealed. To make the distribution of efficiency in the efficiency map easier to understand.
  • the high-efficiency region adjustment method in the present invention reveals the conditions that the high-efficiency region satisfies, provides theoretical guidance for adjusting the high-efficiency region to the designated region, and saves a lot of design time and effort.
  • the high efficiency zone adjustment method of the present invention is applicable to any form of permanent magnet motor.
  • the magnetic field direction may include radial, axial and transverse flux permanent magnet motors;
  • the winding structure may include an integer slot distributed winding permanent magnet motor and a fractional slot concentrated winding permanent magnet motor; Surface mount, surface mount and built-in permanent magnet motors.
  • the high efficiency area adjustment method in the present invention the motion conditions for which the present invention includes various forms, such as UDDS, NEDC, and the like.
  • the high-efficiency area adjustment method in the invention can adjust the high-efficiency area in combination with the moving condition, improve the efficiency of the motor, reduce the energy consumption, and improve the cruising range of the electric vehicle.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the relationship between a point "1" in a constant torque region of a permanent magnet motor and its upper and lower right and left “2", “3", “4", and "5" in the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the relationship between the point "1" in the constant torque region of the permanent magnet motor and the point "2" above it in the present invention.
  • Figure 3 is a diagram showing the relationship between the point "1" in the constant torque region of the permanent magnet motor and the point "3" below it in the present invention.
  • Figure 4 is a diagram showing the relationship between the point "1" in the constant torque region of the permanent magnet motor and the point "4" on the right side thereof in the present invention.
  • Figure 5 is a diagram showing the relationship between the point "1" and the left point "5" in the constant torque region of the permanent magnet motor according to the present invention.
  • Figure 6 is a diagram showing the UDDS operating conditions in the present invention.
  • FIG. 7 is a corresponding torque speed distribution diagram calculated according to the UDDS operating condition and the motor parameters in the present invention.
  • Fig. 8 is a view showing an embodiment of a three-phase surface-mount permanent magnet synchronous motor according to the present invention.
  • Figure 9 is a diagram showing the motor efficiency map of the permanent magnet motor permanent magnet with a pole arc coefficient equal to one.
  • FIG. 10 is a data diagram of motor efficiency map when the permanent magnet permanent magnet coefficient of the permanent magnet motor is equal to 1.
  • Figure 11 is a graph showing the motor efficiency map of the permanent magnet motor permanent magnet with a pole arc coefficient equal to 0.3.
  • FIG. 12 is a data diagram of motor efficiency map when the permanent magnet permanent magnet coefficient of the permanent magnet motor is equal to 0.3.
  • FIG. 1 it is a relationship diagram of a point "1" in the constant torque region of the permanent magnet motor and its upper and lower right and left “2", “3", "4", and "5".
  • Figure 3 is a diagram showing the relationship between the point "1" in the constant torque region and the point "3" below it in the constant torque region of the present invention.
  • n 3 n 1
  • T 3 k 3 T 1
  • the current value is smaller and the speed is lower below the zone, so the current angle does not change, and the condition of high efficiency zone adjustment is still satisfied.
  • Figure 6 is a UDDS working condition diagram of the present invention, which shows a city journey of 31 minutes and 18 kilometers, including 23 parking spaces, an average speed of 32 km/h, and a top speed of 90 km/h.
  • FIG. 7 is a corresponding torque speed distribution diagram calculated according to the UDDS operating condition and the motor parameters in the present invention. It can be seen from the figure that the motor mainly works in the low torque and medium speed regions under this condition. If the high efficiency region of the motor efficiency map is also in this low torque and medium speed region, the energy will be greatly saved, otherwise it will cause Waste of energy.
  • the three-phase surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor includes an outer rotor 1 and an inner stator 2; the outer rotor 1 includes a rotor core 3 and 10 permanent magnet poles 4; and the inner stator includes 12 stator slots. 5 and an armature winding 6 embedded therein.
  • Figure 9 is a graph showing the motor efficiency map when the polar arc coefficient of the permanent magnet is equal to one in the present invention. It can be seen from the figure that the high-efficiency region is located in a region with a rotational speed range of 1000 rpm to 1500 rpm and a torque range of 6.14 Nm to 9.45 Nm, which does not match the UDDS operating condition of FIG. 7, resulting in waste of energy.
  • each point contains 3 parts, representing P vertical , P Horizontal , and efficiency of the point, respectively.
  • P vertical the efficiency of this point (92.5%) is larger than the upper point (92.0%) and less than the lower point (92.8%). This is because the P vertical (15.6) at this point is greater than 0; the efficiency of this point (92.5%) is greater than the point on the left (88.1%) and the point on the right (93.8%) because of the P Horizontal at this point (21.2).
  • the high efficiency zone is now in the high torque zone because the points in this zone satisfy P vertical and P Horizontal are close to 0, and the P vertical of the low torque zone is less than 0, so the efficiency of the low torque zone is less than The efficiency of the upper high torque zone. It can be seen that if you want to move the high-efficiency area to the low-torque area, you should reduce the iron loss and permanent-arc eddy current loss or increase the copper consumption.
  • the efficiency map obtained by optimizing the polar arc coefficient of the permanent magnet to 0.3 is shown.
  • the permanent magnet field of the motor is weakened, which causes the iron loss and permanent magnet eddy current loss to be greatly reduced.
  • the current value increases, resulting in an increase in copper consumption.
  • the high efficiency zone moves to a rotational speed range of 1350 rpm to 3500 rpm, a torque range of 2 to 4.6 Nm, and the high efficiency zone moves from the high torque zone to the low torque zone.
  • each point consists of three parts, representing P vertical , P Horizontal and efficiency of the point. It can be seen that each point of the constant torque zone conforms to the high efficiency adjustment method.
  • the present invention discloses a method for high-efficiency adjustment of a permanent magnet synchronous motor.
  • a condition to be satisfied in a high-efficiency region is derived, thereby achieving high optimization by loss.
  • Adjustment of the efficiency zone is used to adjust the high efficiency region of the motor to match the given working condition, thereby improving efficiency and saving energy.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Control Of Ac Motors In General (AREA)
  • Permanent Field Magnets Of Synchronous Machinery (AREA)
  • Permanent Magnet Type Synchronous Machine (AREA)

Abstract

一种调节永磁同步电机高效率区域的方法，具体包括：揭示高效率点与周围点的内在关系，探明高效率点向不同方向运动时电机内铜耗、铁耗以及永磁体涡流损耗的最优配比，进而总结出调节高效率区域的方法。该方法适用于任何形式的永磁电机，可根据设计需求将高效率区域调节至不同运行工况下电机工作点密集区域，有效的将高效率区域与电动汽车运行工况相结合，减少了能源消耗，提升电动汽车续航里程。

Description

一种调节永磁同步电机高效率区域的方法 技术领域
本发明涉及到永磁同步电机的设计，特别是永磁同步电机高效率区域的调节方法，属于电机制造的技术领域。
背景技术
现如今永磁电机已经得到了广泛的应用，从电动汽车到船舶推进的众多领域，永磁电机都扮演着十分重要的角色。这主要得益于永磁电机的几个显著优点，包括高转矩密度、高功率密度以及重量体积小等。永磁电机采用了高磁能积的永磁性材料替代了传统的励磁绕组，不仅消除了励磁绕组带来的负面影响，而且简化了电机的机械结构，使电机运行可靠性提高，机械损耗也相应的减小。
虽然永磁电机拥有一系列的优点，但应用于电动汽车驱动系统等仍然存在许多不足。电动汽车的运行工况与永磁电机高效率区域的不一致造成能源的浪费、效率的降低。将永磁电机的高效率区域调节至电动汽车给定运行工况所对应的区域，使得电动汽车运行在高效率区域，从而节约能源。因此，研究调节永磁同步电机高效率区域的方法是非常具有价值的。
目前，对于高效率区域的调节，国内外都有比较深入的研究，如优化永磁体形状、优化轴向长度与绕组匝数的配比等方法。这些方法普遍的一个不足，就是都是通过降低损耗来扩大电机的高效率区域，实现高效率区域的略微调节，也就是并未实现高效率区域的大幅度调节、并未揭示高效率区域的调节方法。所以，如何大幅度调节高效率区域以及揭示调节的方法，是需要重点研究的方向。
发明内容
本发明的目的是，揭示了一种调节高效率区域的方法。在准确分析高效率区域调节方法的基础上，合理使用优化损耗的方法对铜耗、铁耗、永磁体涡流损耗进行匹配，将高效率区域调节移动至电动汽车给定运行工况所对应的区域，从而提高效率、节约能源。
本发明采用的技术方案是：调节永磁同步电机高效率区域的方法，包括以下步 骤：
步骤1，对目标电机的恒转矩区进行分析，在恒转矩区选取最高效率点“1”，根据恒转矩区点与点之间的关系，在该点上、下、右、左四个方向各选取一个点“2”、“3”、“4”、“5”；
步骤2，分析恒转矩区最高效率点“1”与上方点“2”的转速、电流的关系(n2＝n1，I2＝k2I1)，得到两点之间的铜耗联系
Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-000001
进而推导出点“1”效率大于点“2”所要满足的条件(k2Pcopp1≥Piron1+PPM1)；
步骤3，分析恒转矩区最高效率点“1”与下方点“3”的转速、电流的关系(n3＝n1，I3＝k3I1)，得到两点之间的铜耗联系
Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-000002
进而推导出点“1”效率大于点“3”所要满足的条件(k3Pcopp1<Piron1+PPM1)；
步骤4，分析恒转矩区最高效率点“1”与右边点“4”的电流、转矩、转速的关系(I4＝I1，T4＝T1，n4＝k4n1)，得到两点之间的铜耗、磁滞铁耗、涡流铁耗、附加铁耗、永磁体涡流损耗联系(Pcopp4＝Pcopp1，Ph4＝k4Ph1，
Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-000003
Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-000004
)，进而推导出点“1”效率大于点“4”所要满足的条件(Pcopp1<k4(Pc1+PE1+PPM1))；
步骤5，分析恒转矩区最高效率点“1”与左边点“5”的电流、转矩、转速的关系(I5＝I1，T5＝T1，n5＝k5n1)，得到两点之间的铜耗、磁滞铁耗、涡流铁耗、附加铁耗、永磁体涡流损耗联系(Pcopp5＝Pcopp1，Ph5＝k5Ph1，
Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-000005
Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-000006
)，进而推导出点“1”效率大于点“5”所要满足的条件(Pcopp1≥k5(Pc1+PE1+PPM1))；
步骤6，总结高效率区域所满足的条件，揭示调节高效率区域的方法；
步骤7，对于恒转矩区与恒功率区交界处区域进行研究，分析该区域是否满足高效率区域调节条件；
步骤8，对于永磁电机的铜耗、铁耗、永磁体涡流损耗进行分析，提出调节三种 损耗配比的方法；
步骤9，采用方法验证高效率区域调节方法的正确性。
进一步，所述步骤2中，两点效率之间关系的计算过程为：
步骤2.1，点“1”与点“2”的关系为：n2＝n1，I2＝k2I1；
其中，n2表示点“2”的转速，n1表示点“1”的转速，I2表示点“2”的绕组电流幅值，I1表示点“1”的绕组电流幅值，k2表示一个大于1的系数。
步骤2.2，由点“1”与点“2”转速、电流关系得到转矩、电磁功率和铜耗关系，具体如下：
T2＝k2T1
Pe2＝k2Pe1
Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-000007
其中，T2表示点“2”的转矩，T1表示点“1”的转矩，Pe2表示点“2”的电磁功率，Pe1表示点“1”的电磁功率，Pcopp2表示点“2”的铜耗，Pcopp1表示点“1”的铜耗。
步骤2.3，忽略电机机械损耗和风摩损耗，写出点“1”与点“2”效率表达式，具体如下：
Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-000008
Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-000009
其中，η2表示点“2”的效率，η1表示点“1”的效率，Piron2表示点“2”的铁耗，Piron1表示点“1”的铁耗，PPM2表示点“2”的永磁体涡流损耗，PPM1表示点“1”的永磁体涡流损耗。
步骤2.4，假设点“1”的效率大于点“2”的效率，将两点之间的关系代入，得到假设成立所应满足的条件，具体如下：
y＝k2(k2-1)Pcopp1>(k2Piron1-Piron2)+(k2PPM1-PPM2)＝x
z＝(k2-1)Piron1+(k2-1)PPM1>x
当点“1”与点“2”距离非常接近时，Piron2略大于Piron1，PPM2略大于PPM1，故z略 大于x，故y大于z，化简可得：
k2Pcopp1≥Piron1+PPM1
进一步，所述步骤3中，两点效率之间关系的计算过程为：
步骤3.1，点“1”与点“3”的关系为：n3＝n1，I3＝k3I1；
其中，n3表示点“3”的转速，I3表示点“3”的绕组电流幅值，k3表示一个小于1的系数。
步骤3.2，由点“1”与点“3”转速、电流关系得到转矩、电磁功率和铜耗关系，具体如下：
T3＝k3T1
Pe3＝k3Pe1
Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-000010
其中，T3表示点“3”的转矩，Pe3表示点“3”的电磁功率，Pcopp3表示点“3”的铜耗。
步骤3.3，忽略电机机械损耗和风摩损耗，写出点“1”与点“3”效率表达式，具体如下：
Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-000011
Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-000012
其中，η3表示点“3”的效率，Piron3表示点“3”的铁耗，PPM3表示点“3”的永磁体涡流损耗。
步骤3.4，假设点“1”的效率大于点“3”的效率，将两点之间的关系代入，得到假设成立所应满足的条件，具体如下：
y＝k3(k3-1)Pcopp1>(k3Piron1-Piron3)+(k3PPM1-PPM3)＝x
z＝(k3-1)Piron1+(k3-1)PPM1<x
当点“1”与点“3”距离非常接近时，Piron3略小于Piron1，PPM3略小于PPM1，故z略小于x，故y大于z，化简可得：
k3Pcopp1<Piron1+PPM1
进一步，所述步骤4中，两点效率之间关系的计算过程为：
步骤4.1，点“1”与点“4”的关系为：I4＝I1，T4＝T1，n4＝k4n1；
其中，I4表示点“4”的绕组电流幅值，T4表示点“4”的转矩值，n4表示点“4”的转速，k4表示一个大于1的系数。
步骤4.2，由点“1”与点“4”电流、转矩、转速关系得到电磁功率、铜耗、铁耗中磁滞损耗、涡流损耗、附加损耗和永磁体涡流损耗关系，具体如下：
Pe4＝k4Pe1
Pcopp4＝Pcopp1
Ph4＝k4Ph1
Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-000013
Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-000014
Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-000015
其中，Pe4表示点“4”的电磁功率，Pcopp4表示点“4”的铜耗，Ph4表示点“4”的磁滞铁耗，Pc4表示点“4”的涡流铁耗，PE4表示点“4”的附加铁耗，PPM4表示点“4”的永磁体涡流损耗，Ph1表示点“1”的磁滞铁耗，Pc1表示点“1”的涡流铁耗，PE1表示点“1”的附加铁耗。
步骤4.3，忽略电机机械损耗和风摩损耗，写出点“1”与点“4”效率表达式，具体如下：
Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-000016
Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-000017
其中，η4表示点“4”的效率。
步骤4.4，假设点“1”的效率大于点“4”的效率，将两点之间的关系代入，得到假设成立所应满足的条件，具体如下：
Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-000018
Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-000019
当点“1”与点“4”距离非常接近时，
Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-000020
略大于
Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-000021
故w略大于u，故w大于v，化简可得：
Pcopp1<k4(Pc1+PE1+PPM1)
进一步，所述步骤5中，两点效率之间关系的计算过程为：
步骤5.1，点“1”与点“5”的关系为：I5＝I1，T5＝T1，n5＝k5n1；
其中，I5表示点“5”的绕组电流幅值，T5表示点“5”的转矩值，n5表示点“5”的转速，k5表示一个小于1的系数。
步骤5.2，由点“1”与点“5”电流、转矩、转速关系得到电磁功率、铜耗、铁耗中磁滞损耗、涡流损耗、附加损耗和永磁体涡流损耗关系，具体如下：
Pe5＝k5Pe1
Pcopp5＝Pcopp1
Ph5＝k5Ph1
Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-000022
Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-000023
Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-000024
其中，Pe5表示点“5”的电磁功率，Pcopp5表示点“5”的铜耗，Ph5表示点“5”的磁滞铁耗，Pc5表示点“5”的涡流铁耗，PE5表示点“5”的附加铁耗，PPM5表示点“5”的永磁体涡流损耗。
步骤5.3，忽略电机机械损耗和风摩损耗，写出点“1”与点“5”效率表达式，具体如下：
Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-000025
Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-000026
其中，η5表示点“5”的效率。
步骤5.4，假设点“1”的效率大于点“5”的效率，将两点之间的关系代入，得到假设成立所应满足的条件，具体如下：
Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-000027
Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-000028
当点“1”与点“5”距离非常接近时，
Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-000029
略小于
Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-000030
故w略小于u，故w大于v，化简可得：
Pcopp1≥k5(Pc1+PE1+PPM1)
进一步，所述步骤6中的高效率区域所满足的条件具体如下：
PVertical＝Pcopp-(Piron+PPM)≈0
PHorizontal＝Pcopp-(Pc+PE+PPM)≈0
其中，Pcopp表示铜耗，Piron表示铁耗，PPM表示永磁体涡流损耗，Pc表示涡流铁耗，PE表示附加铁耗。当Pvertical>0时，该点效率大于上方点的效率；当Pvertical<0时，该点效率大于下方点的效率；当PHorizontal>0时，该点效率大于左边点的效率；当PHorizontal<0时，该点效率大于右边点的效率。若想将高效率区域调节至目标区域，则要将目标区域的点的Pvertical和PHorizontal优化至接近0。
进一步，所述步骤7中的恒转矩区与恒功率区交界处区域，在该区域的下方，电流值较小，速度较低，因此电流角并未发生变化，仍然满足高效率区域调节的条件。
进一步，所述步骤8中的永磁电机的铜耗、铁耗、永磁体涡流损耗分别可以用表达式表示，具体如下：
Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-000031
Piron＝Ph+Pc+PE
Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-000032
其中，m表示电机的相数，I表示绕组电流幅值，R表示每相绕组电阻值，Ph表示磁滞铁耗，K表示电动势常数，f表示频率，La表示电机的轴向长度，Bm表示最大磁密，Lm表示永磁体宽度，V表示体积，ρ表示电阻率。铜耗可以通过改变绕组电流幅值或者绕组电阻值进行调节，绕组电阻值在线径确定后主要由绕组长度决定；铁耗可以通过改变电枢磁场或者永磁磁场的强弱进行调节；永磁体涡流损耗可以通过转 子开孔、永磁体径向或轴向分段、改变永磁体极弧系数、改变定子槽开口大小、更换永磁体材料等方法进行调节。
进一步，所述步骤8中，提出利用绕组、永磁体和硅钢片参数变化来调节高效率区三种损耗配比的方法具体为：若要将高效率区域往上方或左边调节，可以采用的手段有：减小电流幅值增大绕组匝数、增加永磁体极弧系数、增加定子槽开口大小；若要将高效率区往下方或右边调节，可以采用的手段有：增加电流幅值减小绕组匝数、减小永磁体极弧系数、减小定子槽开口大小、永磁体径向分段或轴向分段。
进一步，所提出的效率调节方法，适用于任何形式的永磁电机。
本发明采用的有益效果是：
1.本发明中对于效率map图中恒转矩区域以及恒转矩与恒功率区交界处下方区域的效率进行了分析，揭示了该区域点与点之间的效率大小所应满足的条件关系，使得效率map中效率的分布更易理解。
2.本发明中的高效率区域调节方法，揭示了高效率区域满足的条件，对于调节高效率区域至指定区域提供了理论指导，节省了大量设计时间与精力。
3.本发明中的高效率区域调节方法，适用于任何形式的永磁电机。从磁场方向来分可以包括径向、轴向和横向磁通永磁电机；从绕组结构上可以包括整数槽分布绕组永磁电机和分数槽集中绕组永磁电机；从永磁安装方式上来可以包括表贴式、表嵌式和内置式永磁电机。
4.本发明中的高效率区域调节方法，针对的运动工况包括多种形式，例如UDDS、NEDC等。
5.本发明中的高效率区域调节方法，能够结合运动工况进行高效率区调节，提高电机效率，减少能源消耗，提升电动汽车续航里程。
附图说明
图1为本发明中永磁电机恒转矩区域中点“1”与其上下右左“2”、“3”、“4”、“5”的关系图。
图2为本发明中永磁电机恒转矩区域中点“1”与其上方点“2”的关系图。
图3为本发明中永磁电机恒转矩区域中点“1”与其下方点“3”的关系图。
图4为本发明中永磁电机恒转矩区域中点“1”与其右边点“4”的关系图。
图5为本发明中永磁电机恒转矩区域中点“1”与其左边点“5”的关系图。
图6为本发明中UDDS工况图。
图7为本发明中根据UDDS工况、电机参数计算得到的相应的转矩转速分布图。
图8为本发明中三相表贴式永磁同步电机实施例。
图9为本发明中永磁电机永磁体极弧系数等于1时的电机效率map。
图10为本发明中永磁电机永磁体极弧系数等于1时的电机效率map数据图。
图11为本发明中永磁电机永磁体极弧系数等于0.3时的电机效率map。
图12为本发明中永磁电机永磁体极弧系数等于0.3时的电机效率map数据图。
具体实施方式
下面将结合本发明实施例中的附图，对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述。
下面通过参考附图描述的实施例是示例性的，仅用于解释本发明，而不能理解为对本发明的限制。
如图1所示，为本发明中永磁电机恒转矩区域中点“1”与其上下右左“2”、“3”、“4”、“5”的关系图。
图2是本发明中恒转矩区域中点“1”与其上方点“2”的关系图，根据两点在恒转矩区的位置关系，列出两点之间的联系为：n2＝n1，I2＝k2I1；根据转速、电流关系计算得到转矩、电磁功率、铜耗关系：T2＝k2T1，Pe2＝k2Pe1，
Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-000033
假设点“1”效率高于点“2”，计算出此假设成立的条件：k2Pcopp1≥Piron1+PPM1。
图3是本发明中恒转矩区域中点“1”与其下方点“3”的关系图，根据两点在恒转矩区的位置关系，列出两点之间的联系为：n3＝n1，I3＝k3I1；根据转速、电流关系计算得到转矩、电磁功率、铜耗关系：T3＝k3T1，Pe3＝k3Pe1，
Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-000034
假设点“1”效率高于点“3”，计算出此假设成立的条件：k3Pcopp1<Piron1+PPM1。
图4是本发明中恒转矩区域中点“1”与其右边点“4”的关系图，根据两点在 恒转矩区的位置关系，列出两点之间的联系为：I4＝I1，T4＝T1，n4＝k4n1；根据电流、转矩、转速关系计算得到电磁功率、损耗关系：Pe4＝k4Pe1，Pcopp4＝Pcopp1，Ph4＝k4Ph1，
Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-000035
假设点“1”效率高于点“4”，计算出此假设成立的条件：Pcopp1<k4(Pc1+PE1+PPM1)。
图5是本发明中恒转矩区域中点“1”与其左边点“5”的关系图，根据两点在恒转矩区的位置关系，列出两点之间的联系为：I5＝I1，T5＝T1，n5＝k5n1；根据电流、转矩、转速关系计算得到电磁功率、损耗关系：Pe5＝k5Pe1，Pcopp5＝Pcopp1，Ph5＝k5Ph1，
Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-000036
假设点“1”效率高于点“5”，计算出此假设成立的条件：Pcopp1≥k5(Pc1+PE1+PPM1)。
根据点“1”与四个方向的点“2”、“3”、“4”、“5”的关系，总结得到高效率区域所满足的条件：PVertical＝Pcopp-(Piron+PPM)≈0，PHorizontal＝Pcopp-(Pc+PE+PPM)≈0，Pcopp表示铜耗，Piron表示铁耗，PPM表示永磁体涡流损耗，Pc表示涡流铁耗，PE表示附加铁耗。当Pvertical>0时，该点效率大于上方点的效率；当Pvertical<0时，该点效率大于下方点的效率；当PHorizontal>0时，该点效率大于左边点的效率；当PHorizontal<0时，该点效率大于右边点的效率。最终，高效率区域调节方法得到揭示：若想将高效率区域调节至指定区域，则只要将指定区域的Pvertical和PHorizontal优化至接近0即可。
对于恒转矩区与恒功率区交界处区域进行分析，在该区域的下方，电流值较小，速度较低，所以电流角并未发生变化，仍然满足高效率区域调节的条件。
图6为本发明中UDDS工况图，它表示31分钟、18公里的城市路程，其中有23次停车、平均速度32公里/小时，最高速度90公里/小时。
图7为本发明中根据UDDS工况、电机参数计算得到的相应的转矩转速分布图。从图中可以看出该工况下电机主要工作于低转矩、中速区域，若电机效率map的高效率区域也处于此低转矩、中速区域，则能源将大大节省，否则则造成能源的浪费。
如图8所示，三相表贴式永磁同步电机包括外转子1和内定子2；所述外转子1包括转子铁心3和10个永磁磁极4；所述内定子包括12个定子槽5和嵌在其中的电枢绕组6。
以三相表贴式永磁同步电机为例，对本发明的方法进行验证：
图9为本发明中永磁体极弧系数等于1时的电机效率map。从图中可见，高效率区域位于转速范围1000rpm～1500rpm、转矩范围6.14Nm～9.45Nm的区域，与图7的UDDS工况并不匹配，造成了能源的浪费。
将图9效率map中的数据提取出来重新标记于图10中，对于图9中高效率区域分布位置的原因进行分析。如图10所示，每个点包含3部分，分别代表该点的Pvertical、PHorizontal和效率。以图中左上角第二行第二列的点(15.6/21.2/92.5％)为例，该点的效率(92.5％)大于上方的点(92.0％)、小于下方的点(92.8％)，这是因为该点的Pvertical(15.6)大于0；该点的效率(92.5％)大于左边的点(88.1％)、小于右边的点(93.8％)，这是因为该点的PHorizontal(21.2)大于0。图10中恒转矩区大多数点均满足本发明中所述方法，极少数不满足的点是因为Pvertical或PHorizontal接近0导致的误差，从而验证了本发明中方法的正确性。
根据高效率区调节方法，高效率区域现在处于高转矩区域是因为此区域的点满足Pvertical和PHorizontal接近0，而低转矩区域的Pvertical小于0，所以低转矩区域的效率小于上方高转矩区域的效率。由此可见，若想将高效率区域移动至低转矩区，则要降低铁耗和永磁体涡流损耗或者提高铜耗。
如图11所示为将永磁体极弧系数优化为0.3得到的效率map。极弧系数降低后，电机的永磁磁场减弱导致铁耗、永磁体涡流损耗大大降低，而为了保持转矩峰值不变，电流值加大，导致铜耗上升。由图中可见，高效率区移动至转速范围1350rpm～3500rpm、转矩范围2～4.6Nm，高效率区从高转矩区移动至低转矩区。
将图11效率map的数据提取出重新标记于图12。由图可见，每个点由三部分组成，分别代表该点的Pvertical、PHorizontal和效率。可以看出，恒转矩区的每个点均符合所述高效率调节方法。
综上，本发明公开了永磁同步电机高效率调节的方法，通过在效率map恒转矩区域建立点与点之间的联系，推导得到高效率区域所要满足的条件，从而通过优化损耗进行高效率区域的调节。在基于电动汽车给定工况的永磁同步电机的情况下，运用调节方法对于电机高效率区域进行调节，使之与给定工况相匹配，从而提高效率、节约能源。
在本说明书的描述中，参考术语“一个实施例”、“一些实施例”、“示意性实施例”、“示例”、“具体示例”、或“一些示例”等的描述意指结合该实施例或示例描述的具体特征、结构、材料或者特点包含于本发明的至少一个实施例或示例中。在本说明书中，对上述术语的示意性表述不一定指的是相同的实施例或示例。而且，描述的具体特征、结构、材料或者特点可以在任何的一个或多个实施例或示例中以合适的方式结合。
尽管已经示出和描述了本发明的实施例，本领域的普通技术人员可以理解：在不脱离本发明的方法和宗旨的情况下可以对这些实施例进行多种变化、修改、替换和变型，本发明的范围由权利要求及其等同物限定。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种调节永磁同步电机高效率区域的方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
    下列符号定义如下：ni为表示点“i”的转速，Ii表示点“i”的绕组电流幅值，Pcopp i表示点“i”的铜耗，Piron i表示点“i”的铁耗，PPM i表示点“i”的永磁体涡流损耗,Ph i表示点“i”的磁滞铁耗，Pc i表示点“i”的涡流铁耗，PE i表示点“i”的附加铁耗，Ti表示点“i”的转矩值，Pe i表示点“i”的电磁功率；ki表示系数，当i为2或5时大于1，当i为3或4时小于1；
    步骤1，对目标电机的恒转矩区进行分析，在恒转矩区设定点“1”为最高效率点，并在该点上、下、右、左四个方向各选取一个点“2”、“3”、“4”、“5”，进而构建高效率点与其它点之间的关系；
    步骤2，分析恒转矩区最高效率点“1”与上方点“2”的转速、电流的关系：n2＝n1，I2＝k2I1，得到两点之间的铜耗联系：
    Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-100001
    进而推导出点“1”效率大于点“2”所要满足的条件k2Pcopp1≥Piron1+PPM1；
    步骤3，分析恒转矩区最高效率点“1”与下方点“3”的转速、电流的关系：n3＝n1，I3＝k3I1，得到两点之间的铜耗联系：
    Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-100002
    进而推导出点“1”效率大于点“3”所要满足的条件：k3Pcopp1＜Piron1+PPM1；
    步骤4，分析恒转矩区最高效率点“1”与右边点“4”的电流、转矩、转速的关系：I4＝I1，T4＝T1，n4＝k4n1，得到两点之间的铜耗、磁滞铁耗、涡流铁耗、附加铁耗、永磁体涡流损耗联系：Pcopp4＝Pcopp1，Ph4＝k4Ph1，
    Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-100003
    Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-100004
    进而推导出点“1”效率大于点“4”所要满足的条件：Pcopp1<k4(Pc1+PE1+PPM1)；
    步骤5，分析恒转矩区最高效率点“1”与左边点“5”的电流、转矩、转速的关系：I5＝I1，T5＝T1，n5＝k5n1，得到两点之间的铜耗、磁滞铁耗、涡流铁耗、附加铁耗、永磁体涡流损耗联系：Pcopp5＝Pcopp1，Ph5＝k5Ph1，
    Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-100005
    Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-100006
    进而推导出点“1”效率大于点“5”所要满足的条件：Pcopp1≥k5(Pc1+PE1+PPM1)；
    步骤6，结合高效率区域所满足的条件，找出水平和垂直方向调节高效率点；
    步骤7，对于恒转矩区与恒功率区交界处区域进行分析，判断该区域是否满足高效率区域调节条件；
    步骤8，对于永磁电机的铜耗、铁耗、永磁体涡流损耗进行分析，提出利用绕组、永磁体和硅钢片参数变化来调节高效率区三种损耗配比的方法；
    步骤9，结合运行工况验证高效率区域调节方法的正确性。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的一种调节永磁同步电机高效率区域的方法，其特征在于：所述步骤2的具体过程为：
    步骤2.1，建立点“1”与点“2”的关系为：n2＝n1，I2＝k2I1；
    其中，n2表示点“2”的转速，n1表示点“1”的转速，I2表示点“2”的绕组电流幅值，I1表示点“1”的绕组电流幅值，k2表示一个大于1的系数；
    步骤2.2，由点“1”与点“2”转速、电流关系得到转矩、电磁功率和铜耗关系，具体如下：
    T2＝k2T1
    Pe2＝k2Pe1
    Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-100007
    其中，T2表示点“2”的转矩，T1表示点“1”的转矩，Pe2表示点“2”的电磁功率，Pe1表示点“1”的电磁功率，Pcopp2表示点“2”的铜耗，Pcopp1表示点“1”的铜耗；
    步骤2.3，忽略电机机械损耗和风摩损耗，写出点“1”与点“2”效率表达式，具体如下：
    Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-100008
    Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-100009
    其中，η2表示点“2”的效率，η1表示点“1”的效率，Piron2表示点“2”的铁耗，Piron1表示点“1”的铁耗，PPM2表示点“2”的永磁体涡流损耗，PPM1表示点“1”的永磁体涡流损耗；
    步骤2.4，假设点“1”的效率大于点“2”的效率，将两点之间的关系代入，得到假设成立所应满足的条件，具体如下：
    y＝k2(k2-1)Pcopp1>(k2Piron1-Piron2)+(k2PPM1-PPM2)＝x
    z＝(k2-1)Piron1+(k2-1)PPM1>x
    当点“1”与点“2”距离非常接近时，Piron2略大于Piron1，PPM2略大于PPM1，故z略大于x，故y大于z，化简可得：
    k2Pcopp1≥Piron1+PPM1。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的一种调节永磁同步电机高效率区域的方法，其特征在于：所述步骤3的具体过程为：
    步骤3.1，建立点“1”与点“3”的关系为：n3＝n1，I3＝k3I1；
    其中，n3表示点“3”的转速，I3表示点“3”的绕组电流幅值，k3表示一个小于1的系数；
    步骤3.2，由点“1”与点“3”转速、电流关系得到转矩、电磁功率和铜耗关系，具体如下：
    T3＝k3T1
    Pe3＝k3Pe1
    Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-100010
    其中，T3表示点“3”的转矩，Pe3表示点“3”的电磁功率，Pcopp3表示点“3”的铜耗；
    步骤3.3，忽略电机机械损耗和风摩损耗，写出点“1”与点“3”效率表达式，具体如下：
    Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-100011
    Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-100012
    其中，η3表示点“3”的效率，Piron3表示点“3”的铁耗，PPM3表示点“3”的永磁体涡流损耗；
    步骤3.4，假设点“1”的效率大于点“3”的效率，将两点之间的关系代入，得到假设成立所应满足的条件，具体如下：
    y＝k3(k3-1)Pcopp1>(k3Piron1-Piron3)+(k3PPM1-PPM3)＝x
    z＝(k3-1)Piron1+(k3-1)PPM1<x
    当点“1”与点“3”距离非常接近时，Piron3略小于Piron1，PPM3略小于PPM1，故z略小于x，故y大于z，化简可得：
    k3Pcopp1<Piron1+PPM1。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的一种调节永磁同步电机高效率区域的方法，其特征在于：所述步骤4的具体过程为：
    步骤4.1，建立点“1”与点“4”的关系为：I4＝I1，T4＝T1，n4＝k4n1；
    其中，I4表示点“4”的绕组电流幅值，T4表示点“4”的转矩值，n4表示点“4”的转速，k4表示一个大于1的系数；
    步骤4.2，由点“1”与点“4”电流、转矩、转速关系得到电磁功率、铜耗、铁耗中磁滞损耗、涡流损耗、附加损耗和永磁体涡流损耗关系，具体如下：
    Pe4＝k4Pe1
    Pcopp4＝Pcopp1
    Ph4＝k4Ph1
    Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-100013
    Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-100014
    Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-100015
    其中，Pe4表示点“4”的电磁功率，Pcopp4表示点“4”的铜耗，Ph4表示点“4”的磁滞铁耗，Pc4表示点“4”的涡流铁耗，PE4表示点“4”的附加铁耗，PPM4表示点“4”的永磁体涡流损耗，Ph1表示点“1”的磁滞铁耗，Pc1表示点“1”的涡流铁耗，PE1表示点“1”的附加铁耗；
    步骤4.3，忽略电机机械损耗和风摩损耗，写出点“1”与点“4”效率表达式，具体如下：
    Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-100016
    Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-100017
    其中，η4表示点“4”的效率；
    步骤4.4，假设点“1”的效率大于点“4”的效率，将两点之间的关系代入，得到假设成立所应满足的条件，具体如下：
    Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-100018
    Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-100019
    当点“1”与点“4”距离非常接近时，
    Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-100020
    略大于
    Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-100021
    故w略大于u，故w大于v，化简可得：
    Pcopp1<k4(Pc1+PE1+PPM1)。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的一种调节永磁同步电机高效率区域的方法，其特征在于：所述步骤5的具体过程为：
    步骤5.1，建立点“1”与点“5”的关系为：I5＝I1，T5＝T1，n5＝k5n1；
    其中，I5表示点“5”的绕组电流幅值，T5表示点“5”的转矩值，n5表示点“5”的转速，k5表示一个小于1的系数；
    步骤5.2，由点“1”与点“5”电流、转矩、转速关系得到电磁功率、铜耗、铁耗中磁滞损耗、涡流损耗、附加损耗和永磁体涡流损耗关系，具体如下：
    Pe5＝k5Pe1
    Pcopp5＝Pcopp1
    Ph5＝k5Ph1
    Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-100022
    Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-100023
    Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-100024
    其中，Pe5表示点“5”的电磁功率，Pcopp5表示点“5”的铜耗，Ph5表示点“5”的磁滞铁耗，Pc5表示点“5”的涡流铁耗，PE5表示点“5”的附加铁耗，PPM5表示点“5”的永磁体涡流损耗；
    步骤5.3，忽略电机机械损耗和风摩损耗，写出点“1”与点“5”效率表达式，具体如下：
    Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-100025
    Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-100026
    其中，η5表示点“5”的效率；
    步骤5.4，假设点“1”的效率大于点“5”的效率，将两点之间的关系代入，得到假设成立所应满足的条件，具体如下：
    Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-100027
    Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-100028
    当点“1”与点“5”距离非常接近时，
    Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-100029
    略小于
    Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-100030
    故w略小于u，故w大于v，化简可得：
    Pcopp1≥k5(Pc1+PE1+PPM1)。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的一种调节永磁同步电机高效率区域的方法，其特征在于：所述步骤6中的高效率区域所满足的条件具体如下：
    PVertical＝Pcopp-(Piron+PPM)≈0
    PHorizontal＝Pcopp-(Pc+PE+PPM)≈0
    其中，Pcopp表示铜耗，Piron表示铁耗，PPM表示永磁体涡流损耗，Pc表示涡流铁耗，PE表示附加铁耗；当Pvertical>0时，该点效率大于上方点的效率；当Pvertical<0时，该点效率大于下方点的效率；当PHorizontal>0时，该点效率大于左边点的效率；当PHorizontal<0时，该点效率大于右边点的效率；若想将高效率区域调节至目标区域，则要将目标区域的点的Pvertical和PHorizontal优化至接近0。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的一种调节永磁同步电机高效率区域的方法，其特征在于：所述步骤7中的恒转矩区与恒功率区交界处区域，在该区域的下方，电流值较小，速度较低，因此电流角并未发生变化，仍然满足恒功率区域高效率调节的条件。
  8. 根据权利要求1所述的一种调节永磁同步电机高效率区域的方法，其特征在于：所述步骤8中的永磁电机的铜耗、铁耗、永磁体涡流损耗分别可以用表达式表示，具体如下：
    Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-100031
    Piron＝Ph+Pc+PE
    Figure PCTCN2017091038-appb-100032
    其中，m表示电机的相数，I表示绕组电流幅值，R表示每相绕组电阻值，Ph表示磁滞铁耗，K表示电动势常数，f表示频率，La表示电机的轴向长度，Bm表示最大磁密，Lm表示永磁体宽度，V表示体积，ρ表示电阻率。铜耗可以通过改变绕组电流幅值或者绕组电阻值进行调节，绕组电阻值在线径确定后主要由绕组长度决定；铁耗可以通过改变电枢磁场或者永磁磁场的强弱进行调节；永磁体涡流损耗可以通过转子开孔、永磁体径向或轴向分段、改变永磁体极弧系数、改变定子槽开口大小、更换永磁体材料进行调节。
  9. 根据权利要求1所述的一种调节永磁同步电机高效率区域的方法，其特征在于：所述步骤8中，提出利用绕组、永磁体和硅钢片参数变化来调节高效率区三种损耗配比的方法具体为：若要将高效率区域往上方或左边调节，可以采用的手段有：减小电流幅值增大绕组匝数、增加永磁体极弧系数、增加定子槽开口大小；若要将高效率区往下方或右边调节，可以采用的手段有：增加电流幅值减小绕组匝数、减小永磁体极弧系数、减小定子槽开口大小、永磁体径向分段或轴向分段。
  10. 根据权利要求1所述的一种调节永磁同步电机高效率区域的方法，其特征在于：所提出的效率调节方法，适用于任何形式的永磁电机。
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