Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
  • A61P37/04—Immunostimulants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/702—Oligosaccharides, i.e. having three to five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K39/002—Protozoa antigens
  • A61K39/015—Hemosporidia antigens, e.g. Plasmodium antigens
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K39/12—Viral antigens
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K39/39—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by the immunostimulating additives, e.g. chemical adjuvants
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H15/00—Compounds containing hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to hetero atoms of saccharide radicals
  • C07H15/20—Carbocyclic rings
  • C07H15/24—Condensed ring systems having three or more rings
  • C07H15/256—Polyterpene radicals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K2039/555—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by a specific combination antigen/adjuvant
  • A61K2039/55511—Organic adjuvants
  • A61K2039/55577—Saponins; Quil A; QS21; ISCOMS
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N2710/00—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA dsDNA viruses
  • C12N2710/00011—Details
  • C12N2710/16011—Herpesviridae
  • C12N2710/16711—Varicellovirus, e.g. human herpesvirus 3, Varicella Zoster, pseudorabies
  • C12N2710/16734—Use of virus or viral component as vaccine, e.g. live-attenuated or inactivated virus, VLP, viral protein
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N2760/00—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA ssRNA viruses negative-sense
  • C12N2760/00011—Details
  • C12N2760/16011—Orthomyxoviridae
  • C12N2760/16111—Influenzavirus A, i.e. influenza A virus
  • C12N2760/16134—Use of virus or viral component as vaccine, e.g. live-attenuated or inactivated virus, VLP, viral protein
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
  • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

• the present application relates to triterpene glycoside saponin-derived adjuvants, syntheses thereof, and intermediates thereto.
• the application also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising compounds of the present invention and methods of using said compounds or compositions in the treatment of infectious diseases.
• Vaccines against infectious diseases continue to improve public health across the world. With increased knowledge of etiologic pathogens and necessary immune responses have come increasingly defined or targeted vaccines. Influenza, Hepatitis B, DTaP, HPV, pneumococcal and other widely used vaccines require use of the immunological adjuvant alum.
• alum which was introduced over 80 years ago, is a poor adjuvant restricting the potency of some of these vaccines and requiring higher or more doses of others.
• a leading candidate as a far more potent adjuvant than alum is the natural saponin adjuvant QS-21, used widely despite 3 major liabilities: dose limiting toxicity, poor stability, and limited availability of quality product.
• Saponins are glycosidic compounds that are produced as secondary metabolites of steroids and triterpenes. They are widely distributed among plant species and in some marine invertebrates. The chemical structure of saponins imparts a wide range of pharmacological and biological activities, including some potent and efficacious immunological activity. Semi-purified saponin extracts from the bark of the South American Quillaja saponaria Molina tree (Quillaja saponins) exhibit remarkable immunoadjuvant activity. Because the Quillaja saponins are found as a mixture of at least one hundred structurally related saponin glycosides, their separation and isolation is often difficult if not prohibitive.
• the most active fraction of these extracts designated QS-21 , has been found to include a mixture of two principal isomeric triterpene glycoside saponins, each incorporating a quillaic acid triterpene core, flanked on either side by complex oligosaccharides and a stereochemically rich glycosylated fatty acyl chain.
• the present invention encompasses the recognition that the clinical use of QS-21 as an adjuvant is limited due to toxicity at higher doses, and that QS-7, a related Quillaja saponin, is difficult to isolate in pure form. Moreover, synthetic access to QS-21 , QS-7, and other triterpene glycoside saponins is hindered by their structural complexity.
• the present application provides compounds that are analogs of QS-21 and QS-7.
• W is— CHO
• V is hydrogen or OR x ;
• Y is CH 2 ,— O— ,— NR-, or— NH— ;
• Z is hydrogen; a cyclic or acyclic, optionally substituted moiety selected from the group consisting of acyl, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, arylalkyi, heteroacyl, and heteroaryl; or a carbohydrate domain having the structure:
• R is R x or a carbohydrate domain having the structure:
• each occurrence of a, b, and c is independently 0, 1 , or 2;
• d is an integer from 1-5, wherein each d bracketed structure may be the same or different; with the proviso that the d bracketed structure represents a furanose or a pyranose moiety, and the sum of b and c is 1 or 2;
• R 0 is hydrogen; an oxygen protecting group selected from the group consisting of alkyl ethers, benzyl ethers, silyl ethers, acetals, ketals, esters, carbamates, and carbonates; or an optionally substituted moiety selected from the group consisting of acyl, CM O aliphatic, Ci -e heteroaliphatic, 6-10-membered aryl, arylalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, 4-7 membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;
• each occurrence of R a , R , R c , and R d is independently hydrogen, halogen, OH, OR, OR x , NR 2 , NHCOR, or an optionally substituted group selected from acyl, Ci-io aliphatic, Ci -e heteroaliphatic, 6-10-membered aryl, arylalkyl, 5-10- membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur; 4-7-membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;
• R 2 is hydrogen, halogen, OH, OR, OC(0)R 4 , OC(0)OR 4 , OC(0)NHR 4 , OC(0)NRR 4 , OC(0)SR 4 , NHC(0)R 4 , NRC(0)R 4 , NHC(0)OR 4 , NHC(0)NHR 4 , NHC(0)NRR 4 , NHR 4 , N(R 4 ) 2 , NHR 4 , NRR 4 , N 3 , or an optionally substituted group selected from Ci-io aliphatic, Ci -e heteroaliphatic, 6-10-membered aryl, arylalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, 4-7-membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;
• R 3 is hydrogen, halogen, CH 2 OR 1 , or an optionally substituted group selected from the group consisting of acyl, CM O aliphatic, Ci -e heteroaliphatic, 6-10-membered aryl, arylalkyl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, 4-7-membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur,
• R 4 is -T-R z , -C(0)-T-R z , -NH-T-R Z , -0-T-R z , -S-T-R z , -C(0)NH-T-R z , C(0)0-T-R z , C(0)S-T-R z , C(0)NH-T-0-T-R z , -0-T-R z , -T-0-T-R z , -T-S-T-R z , or wherein
• X is— O— ,— NR— , or T-R z ;
• T is a covalent bond or a bivalent Ci -2 e saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched, aliphatic or heteroaliphatic chain;
• R z is hydrogen, halogen,—OR,— OR x ,—OR 1 ,— SR, NR 2 ,— C(0)OR,— C(0)R, -NHC(0)R, -NHC(0)OR, NC(0)OR, or an optionally substituted group selected from acyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, Ci_e aliphatic, 6-10-membered aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, 4-7-membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;
• each occurrence of R x is independently hydrogen or an oxygen protecting group selected from the group consisting of alkyl ethers, benzyl ethers, silyl ethers, acetals, ketals, esters, carbamates, and carbonates;
• each occurrence of R is independently hydrogen, an optionally substituted group selected from acyl, arylalkyl, 6-10-membered aryl, Ci -e aliphatic, or Ci -e heteroaliphatic having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, or:
• W is Me,— CHO, or
• V is hydrogen or OR x ;
• Y is CH 2 ,— O— ,— NR-, or— NH— ;
• z is hydrogen; a cyclic or acyclic, optionally substituted moiety selected from the group consisting of acyl, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroacyl, and heteroaryl; or a carbohydrate domain having the structure:
• each occurrence of R 1 is R x or a carbohydrate domain having the structure: wherein:
• each occurrence of a, b, and c is independently 0, 1, or 2;
• d is an integer from 1-5, wherein each d bracketed structure may be the same or different; with the proviso that the d bracketed structure represents a furanose or a pyranose moiety, and the sum of b and c is 1 or 2;
• R° is hydrogen; an oxygen protecting group selected from the group consisting of alkyl ethers, benzyl ethers, silyl ethers, acetals, ketals, esters, carbamates, and carbonates; or an optionally substituted moiety selected from the group consisting of acyl, CM O aliphatic, Ci -e heteroaliphatic, 6-10-membered aryl, arylalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, 4-7 membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;
• each occurrence of R a , R , R c , and R d is independently hydrogen, halogen, OH, OR, OR x , NR 2 , NHCOR, or an optionally substituted group selected from acyl, Ci-io aliphatic, Ci -e heteroaliphatic, 6-10-membered aryl, arylalkyl, 5-10- membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur; 4-7-membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;
• R 2 is hydrogen, halogen, OH, OR, OC(0)R 4 , OC(0)OR 4 , OC(0)NHR 4 , OC(0)NRR 4 , OC(0)SR 4 , NHC(0)R 4 , NRC(0)R 4 , NHC(0)OR 4 , NHC(0)NHR 4 , NHC(0)NRR 4 , NHR 4 , N(R 4 ) 2 , NHR 4 , NRR 4 , N 3 , or an optionally substituted group selected from Ci-io aliphatic, Ci -e heteroaliphatic, 6-10-membered aryl, arylalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, 4-7-membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; R 3 is hydrogen, halogen, CH 2 OR 1 , or an optionally substituted group selected from the group consisting of acyl,
• R 4 is -T-R z , -C(0)-T-R z , -NH-T-R Z , -0-T-R z , -S-T-R z , -C(0)NH-T-R z , C(0)0-T-R z , C(0)S-T-R z , C(0)NH-T-0-T-R z , -0-T-R z , -T-0-T-R z , -T-S-T-R z , or
• X is— O— ,— NR— , or T-R z ;
• T is a covalent bond or a bivalent Ci -2e saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched, aliphatic or heteroaliphatic chain;
• R z is hydrogen, halogen,—OR,— OR x ,—OR 1 ,— SR, NR 2 ,— C(0)OR,— C(0)R, -NHC(0)R, -NHC(0)OR, NC(0)OR, or an optionally substituted group selected from acyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, Ci_e aliphatic, 6-10-membered aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, 4-7-membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;
• each occurrence of R x is independently hydrogen or an oxygen protecting group selected from the group consisting of alkyl ethers, benzyl ethers, silyl ethers, acetals, ketals, esters, carbamates, and carbonates;
• R y is— OH,— OR, or a carboxyl protecting group selected from the group consisting of ester, amides, and hydrazides;
• each occurrence of R is independently an optionally substituted group selected from 6-10-membered aryl, Ci -e aliphatic, or d -e heteroaliphatic having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; or:
• heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;
• each occurrence of R is independently hydrogen, an optionally substituted group selected from acyl, arylalkyl, 6-10-membered aryl, Ci -e aliphatic, or Ci -e heteroaliphatic having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, or:
• the compounds of the present application include, but are not necessarily limited to, those compounds encompassed in the genus set forth herein.
• the compounds encompassed by this application include at least all of the compounds disclosed in the entire specification as a whole, including all individual species within each genus.
• the present invention provides novel semi-synthetic methods for synthesizing QS-7, QS-21, and related analogs, the method comprising coupling a triterpene compound with a compound comprising a saccharide to form a compound of Formula II.
• the method comprises the steps of:
• Y' is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, aryl, OR, OR y , OH, NR 2 , NR 3 + , NHR, NH 2 ,
• W is Me,— CHO,— CH 2 OR x ,— C(0)R y , or
• V is hydrogen or— OR x ;
• R y is — OH, or a carboxyl protecting group selected from the group consisting of ester, amides, and hydrazides;
• each occurrence of R is independently an optionally substituted group selected from 6-10-membered aryl, C1-6 aliphatic, or Ci. 6 heteroaliphatic having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; or:
• each occurrence of R is independently hydrogen, an optionally substituted group selected from acyl, arylalkyl, 6-10-membered aryl, CM 2 aliphatic, or CM 2 heteroaliphatic having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;
• each occurrence of R x is independently hydrogen or an oxygen protecting group selected from the group consisting of alkyl ethers, benzyl ethers, silyl ethers, acetals, ketals, esters, and carbonates;
• Z is hydrogen; a cyclic or acyclic, optionally substituted moiety selected from the group consisting of acyl, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, arylalkyl, and heteroaryl; or a carbohydrate domain having the structure:
• each occurrence of R is Rx or a carbohydrate domain having the structure:
• each occurrence of a, b, and c is independently 0, 1 , or 2;
• d is an integer from 1-5, wherein each d bracketed structure may be the same or different; with the proviso that the d bracketed structure represents a furanose or a pyranose moiety, and the sum of b and c is 1 or 2;
• R° is hydrogen; an oxygen protecting group selected from the group consisting of alkyl ethers, benzyl ethers, silyl ethers, acetals, ketals, esters, carbamates, and carbonates; or an optionally substituted moiety selected from the group consisting of acyl, CM 0 aliphatic, Ci. 6 heteroaliphatic, 6-10-membered aryl, arylalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, 4-7 membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;
• each occurrence of R a , R , R c , and R d is independently hydrogen, halogen, OH, OR, OR x , NR 2 , NHCOR, or an optionally substituted group selected from acyl, CM 0 aliphatic, Ci. 6 heteroaliphatic, 6-10- membered aryl, arylalkyl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur; 4-7-membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;
• R 2 is hydrogen, halogen, OH, OR, OC(0)R 4 , OC(0)OR 4 , OC(0)NHR 4 , OC(0)NRR 4 , OC(0)SR 4 , NHC(0)R 4 , NRC(0)R 4 , NHC(0)OR 4 , NHC(0)NHR 4 , NHC(0)NRR 4 , NHR 4 , N(R 4 ) 2 , NHR 4 , NRR 4 , N 3 , or an optionally substituted group selected from C 1 - 10 aliphatic, Ci -e heteroaliphatic, 6-10-membered aryl, arylalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, 4-7-membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;
• R 3 is hydrogen, halogen, CH 2 OR 1 , or an optionally substituted group selected from the group consisting of acyl, CM O aliphatic, Ci -e heteroaliphatic, 6-10-membered aryl, arylalkyl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, 4-7-membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur,
• R 4 is -T-R z , -C(0)-T-R z , -NH-T-R Z , -0-T-R z , -S-T-R z , -C(0)NH-T-R z , C(0)0-T-R z , C(0)S-T-R z , C(0)NH-T-0-T-R z , -0-T-R z , -T-0-T-R z , -T- S-T-R z , or
• X is— O— ,— N R— , or T-R z ;
• T is a covalent bond or a bivalent Ci -2 e saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched, aliphatic or heteroaliphatic chain;
• R z is hydrogen, halogen, —OR, — OR x , —OR 1' , — SR, NR 2 , — C(0)OR, — C(0)R, -NHC(0)R, -NHC(0)OR, NC(0)OR, or an optionally substituted group selected from acyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, Ci -e aliphatic, 6-10-membered aryl, 5-10- membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, 4-7-membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;
• R 1 ' is R x or a carbohydrate domain having the structure:
• each occurrence of a, b, and c is independently 0, 1, or 2;
• d is an integer from 1-5, wherein each d bracketed structure may be the same or different; with the proviso that the d bracketed structure represents a furanose or a pyranose moiety, and the sum of b and c is 1 or 2;
• R° is hydrogen; an oxygen protecting group selected from the group consisting of alkyl ethers, benzyl ethers, silyl ethers, acetals, ketals, esters, carbamates, and carbonates; or an optionally substituted moiety selected from the group consisting of acyl, CMO aliphatic, Ci -e heteroaliphatic, 6-10- membered aryl, arylalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl having 1- 4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, 4-7 membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;
• each occurrence of R a , R , R c , and R d is independently hydrogen, halogen, OH, OR, OR x , NR 2 , NHCOR, or an optionally substituted group selected from acyl, CMO aliphatic, Ci -e heteroaliphatic, 6-10-membered aryl, arylalkyl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur; 4-7-membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; each occurrence of R x is as defined for compounds of Formula III; and LG is a suitable leaving group selected from the group consisting of halogen, imidate, alkoxy, sulphonyloxy, optionally substituted alkylsulphonyl, optionally substituted alkenylsulfonyl, optionally substituted arylsulfonyl, and diazonium moieties;
• the method comprises the steps of:
• Y' is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, aryl, OR, OR y , OH, NR 2 , NR 3 + , NHR, NH 2 ,
• W is Me,— CHO,— CH 2 OR x ,— C(0)R y , or
• V is hydrogen or— OR x ;
• R y is — OH, or a carboxyl protecting group selected from the group consisting of ester, amides, and hydrazides;
• each occurrence of R is independently an optionally substituted group selected from 6-10-membered aryl, C1-6 aliphatic, or d -6 heteroaliphatic having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; or:
• each occurrence of R is independently hydrogen, an optionally substituted group selected from acyl, arylalkyl, 6-10-membered aryl, CM 2 aliphatic, or CM 2 heteroaliphatic having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;
• each occurrence of R x is independently hydrogen or an oxygen protecting group selected from the group consisting of alkyl ethers, benzyl ethers, silyl ethers, acetals, ketals, esters, and carbonates;
• Z is hydrogen; a cyclic or acyclic, optionally substituted moiety selected from the group consisting of acyl, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, arylalkyl, and heteroaryl; or a carbohydrate domain having the structure:
• each occurrence of R1 is Rx or a carbohydrate domain having the structure:
• each occurrence of a, b, and c is independently 0, 1 , or 2;
• d is an integer from 1-5, wherein each d bracketed structure may be the same or different; with the proviso that the d bracketed structure represents a furanose or a pyranose moiety, and the sum of b and c is 1 or 2;
• R° is hydrogen; an oxygen protecting group selected from the group consisting of alkyl ethers, benzyl ethers, silyl ethers, acetals, ketals, esters, carbamates, and carbonates; or an optionally substituted moiety selected from the group consisting of acyl, CM 0 aliphatic, Ci. 6 heteroaliphatic, 6-10-membered aryl, arylalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, 4-7 membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;
• each occurrence of R a , R , R c , and R d is independently hydrogen, halogen, OH, OR, OR x , NR 2 , NHCOR, or an optionally substituted group selected from acyl, CM 0 aliphatic, Ci.
• R 2 is hydrogen, halogen, OH, OR, OC(0)R 4 , OC(0)OR 4 , OC(0)NHR 4 , OC(0)NRR 4 , OC(0)SR 4 , NHC(0)R 4 , NRC(0)R 4 , NHC(0)OR 4 , NHC(0)NHR 4 , NHC(0)NRR 4 , NHR 4 , N(R 4 ) 2 , NHR 4 , NRR 4 , N 3 , or an optionally substituted group selected from CM 0 aliphatic, Ci.
• R 3 is hydrogen, halogen, CH 2 OR 1 , or an optionally substituted group selected from the group consisting of acyl, C 1 - 1 0 aliphatic, Ci -e heteroaliphatic, 6-10-membered aryl, arylalkyl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, 4-7-membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur,
• R 4 is -T-R z , -C(0)-T-R z , -NH-T-R Z , -0-T-R z , -S-T-R z , -C(0)NH-T-R z , C(0)0-T-R z , C(0)S-T-R z , C(0)NH-T-0-T-R z , -0-T-R z , -T-0-T-R z , -T- S-T-R z , or
• X is— O— ,— N R— , or T-R z ;
• T is a covalent bond or a bivalent Ci -2 e saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched, aliphatic or heteroaliphatic chain;
• R z is hydrogen, halogen, —OR, — OR x , —OR 1' , — SR, NR 2 , — C(0)OR, — C(0)R, -NHC(0)R, -NHC(0)OR, NC(0)OR, or an optionally substituted group selected from acyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, Ci -e aliphatic, 6-10-membered aryl, 5-10- membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, 4-7-membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;
• R 1' is R x or a carbohydrate domain having the structure: wherein:
• each occurrence of a, b, and c is independently 0, 1, or 2;
• d is an integer from 1-5, wherein each d bracketed structure may be the same or different; with the proviso that the d bracketed structure represents a furanose or a pyranose moiety, and the sum of b and c is 1 or 2;
• R° is hydrogen; an oxygen protecting group selected from the group consisting of alkyl ethers, benzyl ethers, silyl ethers, acetals, ketals, esters, carbamates, and carbonates; or an optionally substituted moiety selected from the group consisting of acyl, CMO aliphatic, Ci -e heteroaliphatic, 6-10- membered aryl, arylalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl having 1- 4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, 4-7 membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;
• each occurrence of R a , R , R c , and R d is independently hydrogen, halogen, OH, OR, OR x , NR 2 , NHCOR, or an optionally substituted group selected from acyl, CMO aliphatic, Ci-e heteroaliphatic, 6-10-membered aryl, arylalkyl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur; 4-7-membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;
• R x is as defined for compounds of formula IV.
• LG is a suitable leaving group selected from the group consisting of halogen, imidate, alkoxy, sulphonyloxy, optionally substituted alkylsulphonyl, optionally substituted alkenylsulfonyl, optionally substituted arylsulfonyl, and diazonium moieties;
• the compounds disclosed in this application have been shown to be useful as adjuvants.
• the present application provides a method for preparing compounds according to the embodiments of this application.
• the present invention provides a method of potentiating an immune response to an antigen, comprising administering to a subject a provided vaccine in an effective amount to potentiate the immune response of said subject to said antigen.
• the present invention provides methods of vaccinating a subject, comprising administering a provided vaccine to said subject.
• the subject is human.
• the vaccine is administered as an injectable.
• the invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising compounds of the invention and pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
• the pharmaceutical composition is a vaccine comprising an antigen and an inventive adjuvant.
• kits comprising pharmaceutical compositions of inventive compounds.
• the kits comprise prescribing information.
• such kits include the combination of an inventive adjuvant compound and another immunotherapeutic agent.
• the agents may be packaged separately or together.
• the kit optionally includes instructions for prescribing the medication.
• the kit includes multiple doses of each agent.
• the kit may include sufficient quantities of each component to treat a subject for a week, two weeks, three weeks, four weeks, or multiple months.
• the kit includes one cycle of immunotherapy.
• the kit includes a sufficient quantity of a pharmaceutical composition to immunize a subject against an antigen long term.
• aliphatic or "aliphatic group,” as used herein, means a straight-chain (i.e., unbranched) or branched, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon chain that is completely saturated or that contains one or more units of unsaturation, or a monocyclic hydrocarbon or bicyclic hydrocarbon that is completely saturated or that contains one or more units of unsaturation, but which is not aromatic (also referred to herein as "carbocycle,” “cycloaliphatic” or “cycloalkyl”), that has a single point of attachment to the rest of the molecule. Unless otherwise specified, aliphatic groups contain 1-12 aliphatic carbon atoms.
• aliphatic groups contain 1-6 aliphatic carbon atoms. In some embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-5 aliphatic carbon atoms. In other embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-4 aliphatic carbon atoms. In still other embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-3 aliphatic carbon atoms, and in yet other embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-2 aliphatic carbon atoms.
• cycloaliphatic refers to a monocyclic C 3 -C e hydrocarbon that is completely saturated or that contains one or more units of unsaturation, but which is not aromatic, that has a single point of attachment to the rest of the molecule.
• Suitable aliphatic groups include, but are not limited to, linear or branched, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl groups and hybrids thereof such as (cycloalkyl)alkyl, (cycloalkenyl)alkyl or (cycloalkyl)alkenyl.
• lower alkyl refers to a Ci -4 straight or branched alkyl group.
• Lower alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl.
• lower haloalkyl refers to a C straight or branched alkyl group that is substituted with one or more halogen atoms.
• heteroatom means one or more of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, or silicon (including, any oxidized form of nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, or silicon; the quaternized form of any basic nitrogen or; a substitutable nitrogen of a heterocyclic ring, for example N (as in 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrolyl), NH (as in pyrrolidinyl) or NR+ (as in N-substituted pyrrolidinyl)).
• unsaturated means that a moiety has one or more units of unsaturation.
• bivalent C1-12 or Ci -2 e, Ci.ie, Ci -8 ) or saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain
• bivalent alkylene, alkenylene, and alkynylene chains that are straight or branched as defined herein.
• alkylene refers to a bivalent alkyl group.
• An "alkylene chain” is a polymethylene group, i.e.,— (CH 2 )n— , wherein n is a positive integer, preferably from 1 to 30, from 1 to 28, from 1 to 26, from 1 to 24, from 1 to 22, from 1 to 20, from 1 to 18, from 1 to 16, from 1 to 14, from 1 to 12, from 1 to 10, from 1 to 8, from 1 to 6, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 3, from 1 to 2, or from 2 to 3.
• a substituted alkylene chain is a polymethylene group in which one or more methylene hydrogen atoms are replaced with a substituent. Suitable substituents include those described below for a substituted aliphatic group.
• alkenylene refers to a bivalent alkenyl group.
• a substituted alkenylene chain is a polymethylene group containing at least one double bond in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with a substituent. Suitable substituents include those described below for a substituted aliphatic group.
• alkynylene refers to a bivalent alkynyl group.
• a substituted alkynylene chain is a polymethylene group containing at least one double bond in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with a substituent. Suitable substituents include those described below for a substituted aliphatic group.
• acyl used alone or a part of a larger moiety, refers to groups formed by removing a hydroxy group from a carboxylic acid.
• halogen means F, CI, Br, or I.
• aralkyl and “arylalkyl” are used interchangeably and refer to alkyl groups in which a hydrogen atom has been replaced with an aryl group.
• Such groups include, without limitation, benzyl, cinnamyl, and dihyrocinnamyl.
• aryl used alone or as part of a larger moiety as in “aralkyl,” “aralkoxy,” or “aryloxyalkyl,” refers to monocyclic or bicyclic ring systems having a total of five to fourteen ring members, wherein at least one ring in the system is aromatic and wherein each ring in the system contains 3 to 7 ring members.
• aryl may be used interchangeably with the term “aryl ring.”
• aryl refers to an aromatic ring system which includes, but not limited to, phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, anthracyl and the like, which may bear one or more substituents. Also, included within the scope of the term “aryl,” as it is used herein, is a group in which an aromatic ring is fused to one or more non- aromatic rings, such as indanyl, phthalimidyl, naphthimidyl, phenanthridinyl, or tetrahydronaphthyl, and the like.
• heteroaryl and “heteroar-,” used alone or as part of a larger moiety, e.g., “heteroaralkyl,” or “heteroaralkoxy,” refer to groups having 5 to 10 ring atoms, preferably 5, 6, or 9 ring atoms; having 6, 10, or 14 ⁇ electrons shared in a cyclic array; and having, in addition to carbon atoms, from one to five heteroatoms.
• heteroatom refers to nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, and includes any oxidized form of nitrogen or sulfur, and any quaternized form of a basic nitrogen.
• Heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, thienyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, indolizinyl, purinyl, naphthyridinyl, and pteridinyl.
• heteroaryl and “heteroar-”, as used herein, also include groups in which a heteroaromatic ring is fused to one or more aryl, cycloaliphatic, or heterocyclyl rings, where the radical or point of attachment is on the heteroaromatic ring.
• Nonlimiting examples include indolyl, isoindolyl, benzothienyl, benzofuranyl, dibenzofuranyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, and pyrido[2,3-b]-1,4-oxazin-3(4H)-one.
• heteroaryl group may be mono- or bicyclic.
• heteroaryl may be used interchangeably with the terms “heteroaryl ring,” “heteroaryl group,” or “heteroaromatic,” any of which terms include rings that are optionally substituted.
• heteroarylkyl and heteroarylalkyl refer to an alkyl group substituted by a heteroaryl moiety, wherein the alkyl and heteroaryl portions independently are optionally substituted.
• heteroaliphatic means aliphatic groups wherein one or two carbon atoms are independently replaced by one or more of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or phosphorus. Heteroaliphatic groups may be substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched, cyclic or acyclic, and include "heterocycle,” “heterocyclyl,” “heterocycloaliphatic,” or “heterocyclic” groups.
• heterocycle As used herein, the terms “heterocycle,” “heterocyclyl,” “heterocyclic radical,” and “heterocyclic ring” are used interchangeably and refer to a stable 5- to 7-membered monocyclic or 7-10-membered bicyclic heterocyclic moiety that is either saturated or partially unsaturated, and having, in addition to carbon atoms, one or more, preferably one to four, heteroatoms, as defined above.
• nitrogen includes a substituted nitrogen.
• the nitrogen may be N (as in 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrolyl), NH (as in pyrrolidinyl), or +NR (as in N- substituted pyrrolidinyl).
• a heterocyclic ring can be attached to its pendant group at any heteroatom or carbon atom that results in a stable structure and any of the ring atoms can be optionally substituted.
• saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic radicals include, without limitation, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperazinyl, dioxanyl, dioxolanyl, diazepinyl, oxazepinyl, thiazepinyl, morpholinyl, and quinuclidinyl.
• heterocycle used interchangeably herein, and also include groups in which a heterocyclyl ring is fused to one or more aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloaliphatic rings, such as indolinyl, 3H-indolyl, chromanyl, phenanthridinyl, or tetrahydroquinolinyl, where the radical or point of attachment is on the heterocyclyl ring.
• a heterocyclyl group may be mono- or bicyclic.
• heterocyclylalkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted by a heterocyclyl, wherein the alkyl and heterocyclyl portions independently are optionally substituted.
• partially unsaturated refers to a ring moiety that includes at least one double or triple bond.
• partially unsaturated is intended to encompass rings having multiple sites of unsaturation, but is not intended to include aryl or heteroaryl moieties, as herein defined.
• the present invention provides "pharmaceutically acceptable" compositions, which comprise a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the compounds described herein, formulated together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers (additives) and/or diluents.
• pharmaceutically acceptable carriers additives
• the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be specially formulated for administration by injection.
• phrases "pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
• pharmaceutically acceptable carrier means a pharmaceutically-acceptable material, composition or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, or solvent encapsulating material, involved in carrying or transporting the subject compound from one organ, or portion of the body, to another organ, or portion of the body.
• a pharmaceutically-acceptable material such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, or solvent encapsulating material, involved in carrying or transporting the subject compound from one organ, or portion of the body, to another organ, or portion of the body.
• Each carrier must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not injurious to the patient.
• materials which can serve as pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers include: sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; glycols, such as propylene glycol; polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; Ring
• the term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art. For example, S. M. Berge et al., describe pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1977, 66, 1-19, incorporated herein by reference.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention include those derived from suitable inorganic and organic acids and bases.
• Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable, nontoxic acid addition salts are salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid or by using other methods used in the art such as ion exchange.
• inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid
• organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid or by using other methods used in the art such as ion exchange.
• salts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2- naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate
• the compounds of the present invention may contain one or more acidic functional groups and, thus, are capable of forming pharmaceutically-acceptable salts with pharmaceutically acceptable bases.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic base addition salts of compounds of the present invention. These salts can likewise be prepared in situ in the administration vehicle or the dosage form manufacturing process, or by separately reacting the purified compound in its free acid form with a suitable base, such as the hydroxide, carbonate or bicarbonate of a pharmaceutically acceptable metal cation, with ammonia, or with a pharmaceutically acceptable organic primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary amine.
• Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium and N+(Ci -4 alkyl)4 salts.
• Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like.
• Further pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, when appropriate, nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed using counterions such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, lower alkyl sulfonate and aryl sulfonate.
• Organic amines useful for the formation of base addition salts include ethylamine, diethylamine, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperazine and the like. (See, for example, Berge et al., supra).
• structures depicted herein are also meant to include all isomeric (e.g., enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric (or conformational)) forms of the structure; for example, the R and S configurations for each stereocenter, Z and E double bond isomers, and Z and E conformational isomers. Therefore, single stereochemical isomers as well as enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric (or conformational) mixtures of the present compounds are within the scope of the invention. Unless otherwise stated, all tautomeric forms of the compounds of the invention are within the scope of the invention.
• Provided compounds may comprise one or more saccharide moieties. Unless otherwise specified, both D- and L-configurations, and mixtures thereof, are within the scope of the invention. Unless otherwise specified, both a- and ⁇ -linked embodiments, and mixtures thereof, are contemplated by the present invention.
• a particular enantiomer of a compound of the present invention may be prepared by asymmetric synthesis, chiral chromatography, or by derivation with a chiral auxiliary, where the resulting diastereomeric mixture is separated and the auxiliary group cleaved to provide the pure desired enantiomers.
• the molecule contains a basic functional group, such as amino, or an acidic functional group, such as carboxyl, diastereomeric salts are formed with an appropriate optically-active acid or base, followed by resolution of the diastereomers thus formed by fractional crystallization or chromatographic means well known in the art, and subsequent recovery of the pure enantiomers.
• structures depicted herein are also meant to include compounds that differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms.
• compounds having the present structures including the replacement of hydrogen by deuterium or tritium, or the replacement of a carbon by a 13C- or 14C-enriched carbon are within the scope of this invention.
• Such compounds are useful, for example, as analytical tools, as probes in biological assays, or as therapeutic agents in accordance with the present invention.
• protecting group it is meant that a particular functional moiety, e.g., O, S, or N, is masked or blocked, permitting, if desired, a reaction to be carried out selectively at another reactive site in a multifunctional compound.
• a protecting group reacts selectively in good yield to give a protected substrate that is stable to the projected reactions; the protecting group is preferably selectively removable by readily available, preferably non-toxic reagents that do not attack the other functional groups; the protecting group forms a separable derivative (more preferably without the generation of new stereogenic centers); and the protecting group will preferably have a minimum of additional functionality to avoid further sites of reaction.
• oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon protecting groups may be utilized.
• hydroxyl protecting groups include methyl, methoxylmethyl (MOM), methylthiomethyl (MTM), t- butylthiomethyl, (phenyldimethylsilyl)methoxymethyl (SMOM), benzyloxymethyl (BOM), p- methoxybenzyloxymethyl (PMBM), (4-methoxyphenoxy)methyl (p-AOM), guaiacolmethyl (GUM), t-butoxymethyl, 4-pentenyloxymethyl (POM), si loxy methyl, 2-methoxyethoxymethyl (MEM), 2,2,2-trichloroethoxymethyl, bis(2-chloroethoxy) methyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl (SEMOR), tetrahydropyranyl (THP), 3-bromotetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, 1- methoxycyclohexyl, 4-methoxytetrahydropyranyl (MT), methylthiomethyl (
• the protecting groups include methylene acetal, ethylidene acetal, 1-t-butylethylidene ketal, 1-phenylethylidene ketal, (4- methoxyphenyl)ethylidene acetal, 2,2,2-trichloroethylidene acetal, acetonide, cyclopentylidene ketal, cyclohexylidene ketal, cycloheptylidene ketal, benzylidene acetal, p- methoxybenzylidene acetal, 2,4-dimethoxybenzylidene ketal, 3,4-dimethoxybenzylidene acetal, 2-nitrobenzylidene acetal, methoxymethylene acetal, ethoxymethylene acetal, dimethoxymethylene ortho ester, 1-methoxyethylidene
• Amino-protecting groups include methyl carbamate, ethyl carbamante, 9-fluorenylmethyl carbamate (Fmoc), 9-(2-sulfo)fluorenylmethyl carbamate, 9-(2,7-dibromo)fluoroenylmethyl carbamate, 2,7-di-t-butyl-[9-(10, 10-dioxo-10, 10, 10, 10-tetrahydrothioxanthyl)]methyl carbamate (DBD-Tmoc), 4-methoxyphenacyl carbamate (Phenoc), 2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbamate (Troc), 2-trimethylsilylethyl carbamate (Teoc), 2-phenylethyl carbamate (hZ), 1- (1-adamantyl)-1-methylethyl carbamate (Adpoc), 1,1-dimethyl-2-haloethyl carbamate, 1 ,1- dimethyl-2,
• protecting groups are detailed herein, however, it will be appreciated that the present invention is not intended to be limited to these protecting groups; rather, a variety of additional equivalent protecting groups can be readily identified using the above criteria and utilized in the method of the present invention. Additionally, a variety of protecting groups are described by Greene and Wuts (supra).
• compounds of the invention may contain "optionally substituted” moieties.
• substituted whether preceded by the term “optionally” or not, means that one or more hydrogens of the designated moiety are replaced with a suitable substituent.
• an “optionally substituted” group may have a suitable substituent at each substitutable position of the group, and when more than one position in any given structure may be substituted with more than one substituent selected from a specified group, the substituent may be either the same or different at every position.
• Combinations of substituents envisioned by this invention are preferably those that result in the formation of stable or chemically feasible compounds.
• stable refers to compounds that are not substantially altered when subjected to conditions to allow for their production, detection, and, in certain embodiments, their recovery, purification, and use for one or more of the purposes disclosed herein.
• Suitable monovalent substituents on a substitutable carbon atom of an "optionally substituted" group are independently halogen;— (CH 2 ) 0 -4R°;— (CH 2 ) 0 -4OR°;— O(CH 2 ) 0 -4R°, — O— (CH 2 )o-4C(0)OR°; — (CH 2 ) 0 . 4 CH(OR o ) 2 ; — (CH 2 ) 0 . 4 SR o ; — (CH 2 ) 0 .
• each R° may be substituted as defined below and is independently hydrogen, Ci.
• Suitable monovalent substituents on R° are independently halogen, — (CH 2 ) 0 . 2 R A , — (haloR A ), — (CH 2 ) 0 - 2 OH, — (CH 2 ) 0 - 2 OR A , — (CH 2 ) 0 - 2 CH(OR A ) 2 ; — 0(haloR A ),— CN,— N 3 ,— (CH 2 ) 0 . 2 C(O)R A ,— (CH 2 ) 0 . 2 C(O)OH,— (CH 2 ) 0 .
• each R A is unsubstituted or where preceded by "halo" is substituted only with one or more halogens, and is independently selected from Ci_ 4 aliphatic,— CH 2 Ph,— O(CH 2 ) 0 -iPh, or a 5- 6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.
• each independent occurrence of R * is selected from hydrogen, d -6 aliphatic which may be substituted as defined below, or an unsubstituted 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.
• Suitable divalent substituents that are bound to vicinal substitutable carbons of an "optionally substituted" group include: — 0(CR * 2 ) 2 . 3 0— , wherein each independent occurrence of R* is selected from hydrogen, Ci. 6 aliphatic which may be substituted as defined below, or an unsubstituted 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.
• Suitable substituents on the aliphatic group of R * include halogen,— R A , -(haloR A ),— OH,— OR A ,— 0(haloR A ),— CN,— C(0)OH,— C(0)OR A ,— NH 2 ,— NHR A ,— NR A 2 , or— N0 2 , wherein each R A is unsubstituted or where preceded by "halo" is substituted only with one or more halogens, and is independently Ci_ 4 aliphatic, — CH 2 Ph, — O(CH 2 ) 0 -iPh, or a 5-6- membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.
• Suitable substituents on a substitutable nitrogen of an "optionally substituted" group include— R ⁇ ,— NR ⁇ 2 ,— C(0)R ⁇ ,— C(0)OR ⁇ ,— C(0)C(0)R ⁇ ,— C(0)CH 2 C(0)R ⁇ ,— S(0) 2 R ⁇ , — S(0) 2 NR ⁇ 2l — C(S)NR ⁇ 2l — C(NH)NR ⁇ 2l or — N(R ⁇ )S(0) 2 R ⁇ ; wherein each R ⁇ is independently hydrogen, Ci_e aliphatic which may be substituted as defined below, unsubstituted— OPh, or an unsubstituted 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or, notwithstanding the definition above, two independent occurrences of R ⁇ , taken together with their intervening atom(s) form an unsubstituted 3
• Suitable substituents on the aliphatic group of R ⁇ are independently halogen,— R A , -(haloR A ),—OH,— OR A ,— 0(haloR A ),— CN,— C(0)OH,— C(0)OR A ,— NH 2 ,— NHR A ,— NR A 2 , or— N0 2 , wherein each R A is unsubstituted or where preceded by "halo" is substituted only with one or more halogens, and is independently Ci -4 aliphatic,— CH 2 Ph,— 0(CH 2 )o-iPh, or a 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.
• parenteral administration and “administered parenterally” as used herein means modes of administration other than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection, and includes, without limitation, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticulare, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal and intrasternal injection and infusion.
• systemic administration means the administration of a compound, drug or other material other than directly into the central nervous system, such that it enters the patients system and, thus, is subject to metabolism and other like processes, for example, subcutaneous administration.
• enriched refers to a mixture having an increased proportion of one or more species.
• the mixture is "enriched” following a process that increases the proportion of one or more desired species in the mixture.
• the desired species comprise(s) greater than 10% of the mixture.
• the desired species comprise(s) greater than 25% of the mixture.
• the desired species comprise(s) greater than 40% of the mixture.
• the desired species comprise(s) greater than 60% of the mixture.
• the desired species comprise(s) greater than 75% of the mixture.
• the desired species comprise(s) greater than 85% of the mixture.
• the desired species comprise(s) greater than 90% of the mixture.
• the desired species comprise(s) greater than 95% of the mixture.
• Such proportions can be measured any number of ways, for example, as a molar ratio, volume to volume, or weight to weight.
• a target compound has less than about 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, and 0.1% of non-target structures or chemical precursors.
• a pure compound of present invention is only one prosapogenin compound (i.e., separation of target prosapogenin from other prosapogenins).
• carbohydrate refers to a sugar or polymer of sugars.
• saccharide “saccharide”, “polysaccharide”, “carbohydrate”, and “oligosaccharide”, may be used interchangeably. Most carbohydrates are aldehydes or ketones with many hydroxyl groups, usually one on each carbon atom of the molecule. Carbohydrates generally have the molecular formula C n H 2 nOn. A carbohydrate may be a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, trisaccharide, oligosaccharide, or polysaccharide. The most basic carbohydrate is a monosaccharide, such as glucose, sucrose, galactose, mannose, ribose, arabinose, xylose, and fructose.
• Disaccharides are two joined monosaccharides.
• Exemplary disaccharides include sucrose, maltose, cellobiose, and lactose.
• an oligosaccharide includes between three and six monosaccharide units (e.g., raffinose, stachyose), and polysaccharides include six or more monosaccharide units.
• Exemplary polysaccharides include starch, glycogen, and cellulose.
• Carbohydrates may contain modified saccharide units such as 2'-deoxyribose wherein a hydroxyl group is removed, 2 -fluororibose wherein a hydroxyl group is replaced with a fluorine, or N-acetylglucosamine, a nitrogen-containing form of glucose, (e.g., 2 -fluororibose, deoxyribose, and hexose).
• Carbohydrates may exist in many different forms, for example, conformers, cyclic forms, acyclic forms, stereoisomers, tautomers, anomers, and isomers.
• FIG. 1 depicts the chemical structure of QS-21-Api and QS-21-Xyl. Percentages correspond to the natural abundance of each isomer in isolated extracts of QS-21.
• FIG. 2 depicts data showing the immunogenicity of high or low dose Prevnar-13 or of Lym2- CRM197 conjugate in combination with synthetic QS-21 (SQS-21) or Compound I-4 CTiterQuil-1-0-5-5 / TQL-1055).
• FIG. 3 depicts data showing immunogenicity of Adacel alone or in combination with Compound I-4 (TiterQuil-1-0-5-5 / TQL-1055) or QS-21 (Pharm/tox study).
• FIG. 4 depicts data showing immunogenicity of Engerix-B alone or in combination with 10, 30, 100 or 300 meg of Compound I-4 (TiterQui I- 1-0-5-5 / TQL-1055).
• FIG. 5 depicts data showing the hemolytic activity of QS-21 at 2uM, 5uM and 20uM, and Compound I-4 (TiterQuil-1-0-5-5 / TQL-1055) at 20uM, 100uM and 200uM. % Hemolytic activity reported as % of Triton-X100/SDS lysis control.
• FIG. 6 depicts one synthetic route to obtain an intermediate used in the total synthesis of Compound 1-4 (TiterQuil-1-0-5-5 / TQL-1055).
• FIG. 7 depicts one synthetic route to obtain an intermediate used in the total synthesis of Compound I-4 (TiterQuil-1-0-5-5 / TQL-1055).
• FIG. 8 depicts the total synthesis to obtain Compound I-4 (TiterQuil-1-0-5-5 / TQL-1055).
• “Semi-purified Bark extract” is the semi-purified abstract from Quillaja saponaria (commercially available as Quil-A, Accurate Chemical and Scientific Corporation, Westbury, NY).
• FIG. 9 depicts endpoint reciprocal titer data for mouse IgG-anti-HA obtained using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique.
• the data shows titers of total IgG at day 21 post immunization for three test groups, demonstrating that Compound I-4 enhances anti-HA IgG and provides a dose sparing effect on HA concentration.
• FIG. 10 depicts dilution curves showing optical density at 405 nm vs. dilution for individual mice in each experimental group in the same experiment referenced in FIG. 9.
• FIG. 11 depicts dilution curves with error bars showing optical density at 405 nm vs. dilution overally for each group in the same experiment referenced in FIG. 9.
• Vaccines 2006, 2, 137-143) and infectious-disease (HIV, malaria) vaccine therapies (Sasaki, S.; Sumino, K.; Hamajima, K.; Fukushima, J.; Ishii, N.; Kawamoto, S.; Mohri, H.; Kensil, C. R.; Okuda, K. J. Virol. 1998, 72, 4931-4939; Evans, T. G., et al. Vaccine 2001 , 19, 2080-2091; Kashala, O., et al. Vaccine 2002, 20, 2263-2277; Carcaboso, A. M.; Hernandez, R. M.; Igartua, M.; Rosas, J. E.; Patarroyo, M. E.; Pedraz, J. L. Vaccine 2004, 22, 1423- 1432).
• QS-21 the tolerated dose of QS-21 in cancer patients typically does not exceed 100-150 ⁇ IQ, above which significant local erythema and systemic flu-like symptoms arise.
• QS-21 is hemolytic, and this hemolytic activity had previously been hypothesized that at least some of QS-21 's adjuvant activity was related to its hemolytic properties.
• compounds of the present application which are in some embodiments synthetic analogues of QS-21 and other QS extraction fractions such as QS-7, possess significant stand-alone adjuvant activity as well as a high degree of tolerability and/or reduced side-effects.
• These new adjuvant compounds are more cost-effective to produce than natural QS-21, more stable, more efficacious, and less toxic for use in prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination programs.
• Some embodiments have no detectable toxicity in pharmacology/toxicology studies in mice at doses close to the likely 1000 meg human dose.
• Some embodiments are surprisingly completely nonhemolytic while still retaining their adjuvant properties.
• QS-21 toxicity and potency were related to hemolysis and other cellular toxicity associated with QS-21.
• Some embodiments of the present application exhibit greater stability and less hemolytic activity by replacing the unstable ester linkage of the acyl chain in QS-21 with a very stable amide linkage, resulting in adjuvant active analogs of QS-21.
• Some embodiments also retain adjuvant activity despite having a simplified structure as compared to QS-21 , resulting in higher synthetic yields and significantly reduced synthetic steps and cost of manufacture in comparison to synthetic QS- 21.
• the present application also provides efficient semi-synthetic methods of synthesizing the compounds of the present application, thereby significantly reducing the number of synthetic steps required to access this potent class of adjuvants.
• the application also includes pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds of the present application together with an immunologically effective amount of an antigen associated with a bacterium or virus.
• Bacterium or viruses included in the subject matter of this application consist of those associated with influenza, Hepatitis B, pneumococcus, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, or Lyme disease including the closely related spirochetes of the genus Borrelia such as, B. burgdorferi, B. garinii, B. afzelli, and B. japonica.
• the application also includes methods of vaccinating a human patient comprising administering an immunologically effective amount of a pharmaceutical compositions or of the compounds of the present application.
• the application also includes methods for increasing the immune response to a vaccine comprising administering an immunologically effective amount of a pharmaceutical compositions or of the compounds of the present application.
• Compounds of this invention include those described generally above, and are further illustrated by the classes, subclasses, and species disclosed herein. In some embodiments, provided compounds are analogs of naturally occurring triterpene glycoside saponins and intermediates thereto.
• the chemical elements are identified in accordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements, CAS version, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75th Ed. Additionally, general principles of organic chemistry are described in Organic Chemistry, Thomas Sorrell, University Science Books, Sausalito: 1999, and March's Advanced Organic Chemistry, 5th Ed., Ed.: Smith, M. B. and March, J., John Wiley & Sons, New York: 2001 , the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
• provided compounds are analogs of Quillaja saponins. In some embodiments, provided compounds are prosapogenins. In certain embodiments, provided compounds are analogs of QS-7 and QS-21 and possess potent adjuvant activity. In one aspect, the present application provides compounds of Formula I:
• W is— CHO
• V is hydrogen or OR x ;
• Y is CH 2 ,— O— ,— NR-, or— NH— ;
• Z is hydrogen; a cyclic or acyclic, optionally substituted moiety selected from the group consisting of acyl, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroacyl, and heteroaryl; or a carbohydrate domain having the structure:
• R is R X or a carbohydrate domain having the structure:
• each occurrence of a, b, and c is independently 0, 1 , or 2;
• d is an integer from 1-5, wherein each d bracketed structure may be the same or different; with the proviso that the d bracketed structure represents a furanose or a pyranose moiety, and the sum of b and c is 1 or 2;
• R° is hydrogen; an oxygen protecting group selected from the group consisting of alkyl ethers, benzyl ethers, silyl ethers, acetals, ketals, esters, carbamates, and carbonates; or an optionally substituted moiety selected from the group consisting of acyl, CMO aliphatic, Ci. 6 heteroaliphatic, 6-10-membered aryl, arylalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, 4-7 membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;
• each occurrence of R A , R , R C , and R D is independently hydrogen, halogen, OH , OR, OR X , N R 2 , N HCOR, or an optionally substituted group selected from acyl, CMO aliphatic, d -6 heteroaliphatic, 6-10-membered aryl, arylalkyl, 5-10- membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur; 4-7-membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;
• R 2 is hydrogen, halogen, OH, OR, OC(0)R 4 , OC(0)OR 4 , OC(0)NHR 4 , OC(0)NRR 4 , OC(0)SR 4 , NHC(0)R 4 , NRC(0)R 4 , NHC(0)OR 4 , NHC(0)NHR 4 , NHC(0)NRR 4 , NHR 4 , N(R 4 ) 2 , NHR 4 , NRR 4 , N 3 , or an optionally substituted group selected from Ci-io aliphatic, Ci -e heteroaliphatic, 6-10-membered aryl, arylalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, 4-7-membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;
• R 3 is hydrogen, halogen, CH 2 OR 1 , or an optionally substituted group selected from the group consisting of acyl, CM O aliphatic, Ci -e heteroaliphatic, 6-10-membered aryl, arylalkyl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, 4-7-membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur,
• R 4 is -T-R z , -C(0)-T-R z , -NH-T-R Z , -0-T-R z , -S-T-R z , -C(0)NH-T-R z , C(0)0-T-R z , C(0)S-T-R z , C(0)NH-T-0-T-R z , -0-T-R z , -T-0-T-R z , -T-S-T-R z , or
• X is— O— ,— NR— , or T-R z ;
• T is a covalent bond or a bivalent Ci -2e saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched, aliphatic or heteroaliphatic chain;
• R z is hydrogen, halogen,—OR,— OR x ,—OR 1 ,— SR, NR 2 ,— C(0)OR,— C(0)R, -NHC(0)R, -NHC(0)OR, NC(0)OR, or an optionally substituted group selected from acyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, Ci-e aliphatic, 6-10-membered aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, 4-7-membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; each occurrence of R x is independently hydrogen or an oxygen protecting group selected from the group consisting of alkyl ethers, benzyl ethers, silyl ethers, acetals, ketals, esters, carbamates, and carbonates;
• each occurrence of R is independently hydrogen, an optionally substituted group selected from acyl, arylalkyl, 6-10-membered aryl, Ci -e aliphatic, or Ci -e heteroaliphatic having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, or:
• W is Me,— CHO, or
• acyl is hydrogen; a cyclic or acyclic, optionally substituted moiety selected from the group consisting of acyl, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroacyl, and heteroaryl; or a carbohydrate domain having the structure:
• R is R x or a carbohydrate domain having the structure:
• each occurrence of a, b, and c is independently 0, 1 , or 2;
• d is an integer from 1-5, wherein each d bracketed structure may be the same or different; with the proviso that the d bracketed structure represents a furanose or a pyranose moiety, and the sum of b and c is 1 or 2;
• R° is hydrogen; an oxygen protecting group selected from the group consisting of alkyl ethers, benzyl ethers, silyl ethers, acetals, ketals, esters, carbamates, and carbonates; or an optionally substituted moiety selected from the group consisting of acyl, C MO aliphatic, Ci. 6 heteroaliphatic, 6-10-membered aryl, arylalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, 4-7 membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;
• each occurrence of R a , R , R c , and R d is independently hydrogen, halogen, OH, OR, OR x , NR 2 , NHCOR, or an optionally substituted group selected from acyl, C MO aliphatic, Ci_ 6 heteroaliphatic, 6-10-membered aryl, arylalkyl, 5-10- membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur; 4-7-membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;
• R 2 is hydrogen, halogen, OH, OR, OC(0)R 4 , OC(0)OR 4 , OC(0)NHR 4 , OC(0)NRR 4 , OC(0)SR 4 , NHC(0)R 4 , NRC(0)R 4 , NHC(0)OR 4 , NHC(0)NHR 4 , NHC(0)NRR 4 , NHR 4 , N(R 4 ) 2 , NHR 4 , NRR 4 , N 3 , or an optionally substituted group selected from Ci-io aliphatic, Ci -e heteroaliphatic, 6-10-membered aryl, arylalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, 4-7-membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;
• R 3 is hydrogen, halogen, CH 2 OR 1 , or an optionally substituted group selected from the group consisting of acyl, CM O aliphatic, Ci -e heteroaliphatic, 6-10-membered aryl, arylalkyl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, 4-7-membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur,
• R 4 is -T-R z , -C(0)-T-R z , -NH-T-R Z , -0-T-R z , -S-T-R z , -C(0)NH-T-R z , C(0)0-T-R z , C(0)S-T-R z , C(0)NH-T-0-T-R z , -0-T-R z , -T-0-T-R z , -T-S-T-R z , or
• X is— O— ,— NR— , or T-R z ;
• T is a covalent bond or a bivalent Ci -2 e saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched, aliphatic or heteroaliphatic chain;
• R z is hydrogen, halogen,—OR,— OR x ,—OR 1 ,— SR, NR 2 ,— C(0)OR,— C(0)R, -NHC(0)R, -NHC(0)OR, NC(0)OR, or an optionally substituted group selected from acyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, Ci-e aliphatic, 6-10-membered aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, 4-7-membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; each occurrence of R x is independently hydrogen or an oxygen protecting group selected from the group consisting of alkyl ethers, benzyl ethers, silyl ethers, acetals, ketals, esters, carbamates, and carbonates;
• R y is— OH,— OR, or a carboxyl protecting group selected from the group consisting of ester, amides, and hydrazides;
• each occurrence of R is independently an optionally substituted group selected from 6-10-membered aryl, Ci -e aliphatic, or Ci -e heteroaliphatic having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; or:
• each occurrence of R is independently hydrogen, an optionally substituted group selected from acyl, arylalkyl, 6-10-membered aryl, Ci -e aliphatic, or Ci -e heteroaliphatic having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, or:
• W is— CHO
• V is—OH
• Y is -O-
• Z is a carbohydrate domain having the structure:
• R 1 is independently H or
• R 2 is NHR 4 ;
• R 3 is CH 2 OH
• R 4 is -T-R z , -C(0)-T-R z , -NH-T-R Z , -0-T-R z , -S-T-R z , -C(0)NH-T-R z , C(0)0-T-R z , C(0)S-T-R z , C(0)NH-T-0-T-R z , -0-T-R z , -T-0-T-R z , -T-S-T-R 2 , or
• X is— O— ,— NR— , or T-R z ;
• T is a covalent bond or a bivalent C 1-2e saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched, aliphatic or heteroaliphatic chain; and R z is hydrogen, halogen,—OR,— OR x ,—OR 1 ,— SR, NR 2 ,— C(0)OR,— C(0)R, -NHC(0)R, -NHC(0)OR, NC(0)OR, or an optionally substituted group selected from acyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, Ci_e aliphatic, 6-10-membered aryl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, 4-7-membered heterocyclyl having
• heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
• the compounds of the present application include but are not necessarily limited to those compounds encompassed in the genus definitions set forth as part of the present section.
• the compounds encompassed by this application include at least all of the compounds disclosed in the entire specification as a whole, including all individual species within each genus.
• V is OR x . In certain embodiments V is OH. In certain embodiments, V is H.
• Y is -0-. In certain embodiments, Y is -NH-. In certain embodiments, Y is -NR-. In certain embodiments, Y is CH 2 .
• Z is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, Z is a cyclic or acyclic, optionally substituted moiety. In certain embodiments, Z is an acyl. In certain embodiments, Z is an aliphatic. In certain embodiments, Z is a heteroaliphatic. In certain embodiments, Z is aryl. In certain embodiments Z is arylalkyl. In certain embodiments, Z is heteroacyl. In certain embodiments, Z is heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, Z is a carbohydrate domain having the structure:
• R 1 is independently H or
• R 2 is NHR 4 ,
• R 3 is CH 2 OH
• R 4 is selected from:
• R 1 is R X . In other embodiments, R 1 a carbohydrate domain having the structure:
• each occurrence of a, b, and c is independently 0, 1 , or 2.
• d is an integer from 1-5.
• each d bracketed structure may be the same.
• each d bracketed structure may be different.
• the d bracketed structure represents a furanose or a pyranose moiety.
• the sum of b and c is 1 or 2.
• R° is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R° is an oxygen protecting group selected from the group. In some embodiments, R° is an alkyl ether. In some embodiments, R° is a benzyl ether. In some embodiments, R° is a silyl ether. In some embodiments, R° is an acetal. In some embodiments, R° is ketal. In some embodiments, R° is an ester. In some embodiments, R° is a carbamate. In some embodiments, R° is a carbonate. In some embodiments, R° is an optionally substituted moiety. In some embodiments, R° is an acyl. In some embodiments, R° is a CMO aliphatic.
• R° is a Ci-s heteroaliphatic. In some embodiments, R° is a 6-10-membered aryl. In some embodiments, R° is a arylalkyl. In some embodiments, R° is a 5-10 membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. In some embodiments, R° is a 4-7 membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
• R a is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R a is a halogen. In some embodiments, R a is OH. In some embodiments, R a is OR. In some embodiments, R a is OR x . In some embodiments, R a is NR 2 . In some embodiments, R a is NHCOR. In some embodiments, R a an acyl. In some embodiments, R a is CMO aliphatic. In some embodiments, R a is Ci-8 heteroaliphatic. In some embodiments, R a is 6-10-membered aryl. In some embodiments, R a is arylalkyl.
• R a is 5-10-membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur. In some embodiments, R a is 4-7-membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
• R b is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R b is a halogen. In some embodiments, R b is OH. In some embodiments, R b is OR. In some embodiments, R b is OR x . In some embodiments, R b is NR 2 . In some embodiments, R b is NHCOR. In some embodiments, R b an acyl. In some embodiments, R b is CMO aliphatic. In some embodiments, R b is Ci-8 heteroaliphatic. In some embodiments, R b is 6-10-membered aryl. In some embodiments, R b is arylalkyl.
• R b is 5-10-membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur. In some embodiments, R b is 4-7-membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
• R b is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R b is a halogen. In some embodiments, R b is OH. In some embodiments, R b is OR. In some embodiments, R b is OR x . In some embodiments, R b is NR 2 . In some embodiments, R b is NHCOR. In some embodiments, R b an acyl. In some embodiments, R b is CMO aliphatic. In some embodiments, R b is Ci-8 heteroaliphatic. In some embodiments, R b is 6-10-membered aryl. In some embodiments, R b is arylalkyl.
• R b is 5-10-membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur. In some embodiments, R b is 4-7-membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
• R c is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R c is a halogen. In some embodiments, R c is OH. In some embodiments, R c is OR. In some embodiments, R c is OR x . In some embodiments, R c is NR 2 . In some embodiments, R c is NHCOR. In some embodiments, R c an acyl. In some embodiments, R c is CMO aliphatic. In some embodiments, R c is Ci-s heteroaliphatic. In some embodiments, R c is 6-10-membered aryl. In some embodiments, R c is arylalkyl.
• R c is 5-10-membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur. In some embodiments, R c is 4-7-membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
• R d is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R d is a halogen. In some embodiments, R d is OH. In some embodiments, R d is OR. In some embodiments, R d is OR x . In some embodiments, R d is NR 2 . In some embodiments, R d is NHCOR. In some embodiments, R d an acyl. In some embodiments, R d is CMO aliphatic. In some embodiments, R d is Ci-s heteroaliphatic. In some embodiments, R d is 6-10-membered aryl. In some embodiments, R d is arylalkyl.
• R d is 5-10-membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur. In some embodiments, R d is 4-7-membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
• R 2 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R 2 is a halogen. In some embodiments, R 2 is OH. In some embodiments, R 2 is OR. In some embodiments, R 2 is OC(0)R 4 . In some embodiments, R 2 is OC(0)OR 4 . In some embodiments, R 2 is OC(0)NHR 4 . In some embodiments, R 2 is OC(0)NRR 4 . In some embodiments, R 2 is OC(0)SR 4 . In some embodiments, R 2 is NHC(0)R 4 . In some embodiments, R 2 is NRC(0)R 4 . In some embodiments, R 2 is NHC(0)OR 4 . In some embodiments, R 2 is NHC(0)NHR 4 .
• R 2 is NHC(0)NRR 4 . In some embodiments, R 2 is NHR 4 . In some embodiments, R 2 is N(R 4 ) 2 . In some embodiments, R 2 is NHR 4 In some embodiments, R 2 is NRR 4 . In some embodiments, R 2 is N 3 . In some embodiments, R 2 is CMO aliphatic. In some embodiments, R 2 is Ci -e heteroaliphatic. In some embodiments, R 2 is 6-10-membered aryl. In some embodiments, R 2 is arylalkyl. In some embodiments, R 2 is 5-10 membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R 2 is 4-7-membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
• R 3 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R 3 is a halogen. In some embodiments, R 3 is CH 2 OR 1 . In some embodiments, R 3 is an acyl. In some embodiments, R 3 is CMO aliphatic. In some embodiments, R 3 is Ci -e heteroaliphatic. In some embodiments, R 3 is 6-10-membered aryl. In some embodiments, R 3 is arylalkyl. In some embodiments, R 3 is 5-10-membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
• R 3 is 4-7-membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
• R 4 is -T-R z .
• R 4 is -C(0)-T-R z .
• R 4 is -NH-T-R Z .
• R 4 is -0-T-R z .
• R 4 is -S-T-R z .
• R 4 is -C(0)NH-T-R z .
• R 4 is C(0)0-T-R z .
• R 4 is C(0)S-T-R z .
• R 4 is C(0)NH- T-0-T-R z . In some embodiments, R 4 is -0-T-R z . In some embodiments, R 4 is -T-0-T-R z . In some embodiments, R 4 is -T-S-T-R z . In some embodiments, R 4 is
• X is In some embodiments, X is— NR— . In some embodiments, X is T-R z .
• T is a covalent bond or a bivalent Ci -2 e saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched, aliphatic or heteroaliphatic chain.
• R z is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R z is a halogen. In some embodiments, R z is— OR. In some embodiments, R z is— OR x . In some embodiments, R z is— OR 1 . In some embodiments, R z is— OR 1' . In some embodiments, R z is— SR. In some embodiments, R z is NR 2 . In some embodiments, R z is — C(0)OR. In some embodiments, R z is — C(0)R. In some embodiments, R z is -NHC(0)R. In some embodiments, R z is -NHC(0)OR. In some embodiments, R z is NC(0)OR.
• R z is an acyl. In some embodiments, R z is arylalkyl. In some embodiments, R z is heteroarylalkyl. In some embodiments, R z is Ci-s aliphatic. In some embodiments, R z is 6- 10-membered aryl. In some embodiments, R z is 5-10-membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. In some embodiments, R z is 4-7-membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
• R x is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R x is an oxygen protecting group. In some embodiments, R x is an alkyl ether. In some embodiments, R x is a benzyl ether. In some embodiments, R x is silyl ether. In some embodiments, R x is an acetal. In some embodiments, R x is ketal. In some embodiments, R x is ester. In some embodiments, R x is carbamate. In some embodiments, R x is carbonate.
• R y is— OH. In some embodiments, R y is— OR. In some embodiments, R y is a carboxyl protecting group. In some embodiments, R y is an ester. In some embodiments, R y is an amide. In some embodiments, R y is a hydrazide. In some embodiments, R s is
• R is optionally substituted 6-10-membered aryl. In some embodiments, R is optionally substituted Ci -e aliphatic. In some embodiments, R is optionally substituted or Ci -e heteroaliphatic having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, two R are taken together to form a 5-7-membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
• R is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R is an acyl. In some embodiments, R is arylalkyl. In some embodiments, R is 6-10-membered aryl. In some embodiments, R is Ci-e aliphatic. In some embodiments, R is Ci -e heteroaliphatic having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, two R on the same nitrogen atom are taken with the nitrogen atom to form a 4-7-membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
• R 1' has the same embodiments as R 1 .
• saponin species include a triterpene-trisaccharide substructure as found in immunologically-active Quillaja saponins such as QS-21 and QS-7. [Exposing these saponin species to base hydrolysis affords a mixture enriched with prosapogenins A, B, and C (shown below).
• U.S. Ser. No. 12/420,803, issued as U.S. Patent 8,283,456 presents a strategy that allows for the facile separation of derivatized prosapogenins A, B, and C via silica gel chromatography. It will be appreciated that some embodiments of the present application may be synthesized in part using the methods described in U.S. Ser. No. 12/420,803, issued as U.S. Patent 8,283,456 (and its parent/child U.S. applications and publications), particularly the methods relating to facile separation of derivatized prosapogenins A, B, and C. In one aspect, separated derivatized prosapogenins A, B, and/or C may then be used to synthesize QS-21 or analogs thereof using the methods described herein.
• the present application provides semi-synthetic methods for synthesizing QS-7, QS-21 , and related analogs, the method comprising coupling a triterpene compound with a compound comprising a saccharide to form a compound of Formula I or of Formula II.
• the method comprises the steps of:
• NR 2 is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, aryl, OR, OR y , OH, NR 2 , NR 3 + , NHR, SR, or NROR;
• — OH or a carboxyl protecting group selected from the group consisting of ester, amides, and hydrazides;
• R is independently an optionally substituted group selected from 6-10-membered aryl, C1-6 aliphatic, or d -6 heteroaliphatic having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; or: two R are taken together to form a 5-7-membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;
• each occurrence of R is independently hydrogen, an optionally substituted group selected from acyl, arylalkyl, 6-10-membered aryl, C1.12 aliphatic, or C1.12 heteroaliphatic having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;
• each occurrence of R x is independently hydrogen or an oxygen protecting group selected from the group consisting of alkyl ethers, benzyl ethers, silyl ethers, acetals, ketals, esters, and carbonates;
• Z is hydrogen; a cyclic or acyclic, optionally substituted moiety selected from the group consisting of acyl, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, arylalkyl, and heteroaryl; or a carbohydrate domain having the structure:
• each occurrence of R1 is Rx or a carbohydrate domain having the structure:
• each occurrence of a, b, and c is independently 0, 1 , or 2;
• d is an integer from 1-5, wherein each d bracketed structure may be the same or different; with the proviso that the d bracketed structure represents a furanose or a pyranose moiety, and the sum of b and c is 1 or 2;
• R° is hydrogen; an oxygen protecting group selected from the group consisting of alkyl ethers, benzyl ethers, silyl ethers, acetals, ketals, esters, carbamates, and carbonates; or an optionally substituted moiety selected from the group consisting of acyl, CMO aliphatic, Ci. 6 heteroaliphatic, 6-10-membered aryl, arylalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, 4-7 membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;
• each occurrence of R a , R , R c , and R d is independently hydrogen, halogen, OH, OR, OR x , NR 2 , NHCOR, or an optionally substituted group selected from acyl, CMO aliphatic, d -6 heteroaliphatic, 6-10- membered aryl, arylalkyl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur; 4-7-membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; is hydrogen, halogen, OH, OR, OC(0)R 4 , OC(0)OR 4 , OC(0)NHR 4 , OC(0)NRR 4 , OC(0)SR 4 , NHC(0)R 4 , NRC(0)R 4 , NHC(0)OR 4 , NHC(0)NHR 4 , NHC(0)NRR 4 , NHR 4 , N(R 4 ) 2 , NHR 4 ,
• acyl is hydrogen, halogen, CH 2 OR 1 , or an optionally substituted group selected from the group consisting of acyl, CMO aliphatic, Ci_ 6 heteroaliphatic, 6-10-membered aryl, arylalkyl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, 4-7-membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur,
• R 4 is -T-R z , -C(0)-T-R z , -NH-T-R Z , -0-T-R z , -S-T-R z , -C(0)NH-T-R z , C(0)0-T-R z , C(0)S-T-R z , C(0)NH-T-0-T-R z , -0-T-R z , -T-0-T-R z , -T- S-T-R z , or
• X is— O— ,— N R— , or T-R z ;
• T is a covalent bond or a bivalent Ci -2 e saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched, aliphatic or heteroaliphatic chain;
• R z is hydrogen, halogen, —OR, — OR x , —OR 1 , — SR, NR 2 , — C(0)OR, — C(0)R, -NHC(0)R, -NHC(0)OR, NC(0)OR, or an optionally substituted group selected from acyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, Ci -e aliphatic, 6-10-membered aryl, 5-10- membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, 4-7-membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;
• each occurrence of R x is as defined for compounds of formula III; and LG is a suitable leaving group selected from the group consisting of halogen, imidate, alkoxy, sulphonyloxy, optionally substituted alkylsulphonyl, optionally substituted alkenylsulfonyl, optionally substituted arylsulfonyl, and diazonium moieties;
• the method comprises the steps of:
• Y' is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, aryl, OR, OR y , OH, NR 2 , NR 3 + , NHR, NH 2 , SR, or NROR;
• W is Me,— CHO,— CH 2 OR x ,— C(0)R y , or
• — OH or a carboxyl protecting group selected from the group consisting of ester, amides, and hydrazides;
• R is independently an optionally substituted group selected from 6-10-membered aryl, C1-6 aliphatic, or Ci. 6 heteroaliphatic having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; or:
• each occurrence of R is independently hydrogen, an optionally substituted group selected from acyl, arylalkyl, 6-10-membered aryl, CM 2 aliphatic, or C1.12 heteroaliphatic having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;
• each occurrence of R x is independently hydrogen or an oxygen protecting group selected from the group consisting of alkyl ethers, benzyl ethers, silyl ethers, acetals, ketals, esters, and carbonates;
• Z is hydrogen; a cyclic or acyclic, optionally substituted moiety selected from the group consisting of acyl, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, arylalkyl, and heteroaryl; or a carbohydrate domain having the structure:
• each occurrence of R1 is Rx or a carbohydrate domain having the structure:
• each occurrence of a, b, and c is independently 0, 1, or 2;
• d is an integer from 1-5, wherein each d bracketed structure may be the same or different; with the proviso that the d bracketed structure represents a furanose or a pyranose moiety, and the sum of b and c is 1 or 2;
• R° is hydrogen; an oxygen protecting group selected from the group consisting of alkyl ethers, benzyl ethers, silyl ethers, acetals, ketals, esters, carbamates, and carbonates; or an optionally substituted moiety selected from the group consisting of acyl, CM O aliphatic, Ci -e heteroaliphatic, 6-10-membered aryl, arylalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, 4-7 membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;
• each occurrence of R a , R , R c , and R d is independently hydrogen, halogen, OH, OR, OR x , NR 2 , NHCOR, or an optionally substituted group selected from acyl, CM O aliphatic, Ci -e heteroaliphatic, 6-10- membered aryl, arylalkyl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur; 4-7-membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;
• R 2 is hydrogen, halogen, OH, OR, OC(0)R 4 , OC(0)OR 4 , OC(0)NHR 4 , OC(0)NRR 4 , OC(0)SR 4 , NHC(0)R 4 , NRC(0)R 4 , NHC(0)OR 4 , NHC(0)NHR 4 , NHC(0)NRR 4 , NHR 4 , N(R 4 ) 2 ,
• R 3 is hydrogen, halogen, CH 2 OR 1 , or an optionally substituted group selected from the group consisting of acyl, CM O aliphatic, Ci -e heteroaliphatic, 6-10-membered aryl, arylalkyl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, 4-7-membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, is -T-R z , -C(0)-T-R z , -NH-T-R Z , -0-T-R z , -S-T-R z , -C(0)NH-T-R z , C(0)0-T-R z , C(0)S-T-R z , C(0)NH-T-0-T-R z , -0-T-R z , -T-0-T-R z , -T
• X is— O— ,— N R— , or T-R z ;
• T is a covalent bond or a bivalent Ci -2 e saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched, aliphatic or heteroaliphatic chain;
• R z is hydrogen, halogen, —OR, — OR x , —OR 1 , — SR, NR 2 , — C(0)OR, — C(0)R, -NHC(0)R, -NHC(0)OR, NC(0)OR, or an optionally substituted group selected from acyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, Ci -e aliphatic, 6-10-membered aryl, 5-10- membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, 4-7-membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;
• each occurrence of R x is as defined for compounds of formula IV; and LG is a suitable leaving group selected from the group consisting of halogen, imidate, alkoxy, sulphonyloxy, optionally substituted alkylsulphonyl, optionally substituted alkenylsulfonyl, optionally substituted arylsulfonyl, and diazonium moieties;
• the present application provides a synthesis method comprising:
• Y' is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, aryl, OR, OR y , OH, NR 2 , NR 3 + , NHR, NH 2 ,
• R x is independently hydrogen or an oxygen protecting group selected from the group consisting of alkyl ethers, benzyl ethers, silyl ethers, acetals, ketals, esters, carbamates, and carbonates;
• Z is a carbohydrate domain having the structure:
• R 2 is NHR 4 ;
• R 3 is CHzOH
• R 4 is -T-R z , -C(0)-T-R z , -NH-T-R Z , -0-T-R z , -S-T-R z , -C(0)NH-T-R z , C(0)0-T-R z , C(0)S-T-R z , C(0)NH-T-0-T-R z , -0-T-R z , -T-0-T-R z , -T- S-T-R z , or
• X is— O— ,— NR— , or T-R z ;
• T is a covalent bond or a bivalent Ci -2 e saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched, aliphatic or heteroaliphatic chain; and R z is hydrogen, halogen, —OR, — OR x , —OR 1 , — SR, NR 2 , — C(0)OR,— C(0)R, -NHC(0)R, -NHC(0)OR, NC(0)OR, or an optionally substituted group selected from acyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, Ci -e aliphatic, 6-10-membered aryl, 5-10- membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, 4-7-membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;
• the present application provides a method of synthesizing a compound of Formula I, or an intermediate thereof, comprising the following steps:
• Y' is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, aryl, OR, OR y , OH, NR 2 , NR 3 + , NHR, NH 2 ,
• R H is a halogen
• R 2 is hydrogen, N 3 , NH 2 , halogen, OH, OR, OC(0)R 4 , OC(0)OR 4 ,
• NHC(0)OR 4 NHC(0)NHR 4 , NHC(0)NRR 4 , NHR 4 , N(R 4 ) 2 , NHR 4 , NRR 4 , N 3 , or an optionally substituted group selected from CMO aliphatic, Ci -6 heteroaliphatic, 6-10-membered aryl, arylalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, 4-7- membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;
• R 4 is -T-R z , -C(0)-T-R z , -NH-T-R Z , -0-T-R z , -S-T-R z , -C(0)NH-T-R z , C(0)0-T-R z , C(0)S-T-R z , C(0)NH-T-0-T-R z
• X is— O— ,— NR— , or T-R z ;
• T is a covalent bond or a bivalent Ci -2e saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched, aliphatic or heteroaliphatic chain;
• R z is hydrogen, halogen, —OR, — OR x , —OR 1' , — SR, NR 2 , — C(0)OR, — C(0)R, -NHC(0)R, -NHC(0)OR, NC(0)OR, or an optionally substituted group selected from acyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, Ci -e aliphatic, 6-10-membered aryl, 5-10- membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, 4-7-membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;
• R x is independently hydrogen or an oxygen protecting group selected from the group consisting of alkyl ethers, benzyl ethers, silyl ethers, acetals, ketals, esters, carbamates, and carbonates; and
• R is independently hydrogen, an optionally substituted group selected from acyl, arylalkyl, 6-10-membered aryl, Ci-e aliphatic, or Ci -e heteroaliphatic having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, or:
• R is R x or a carbohydrate domain having the structure:
• each occurrence of a, b, and c is independently 0, 1 , or 2;
• d is an integer from 1-5, wherein each d bracketed structure may be the same or different; with the proviso that the d bracketed structure represents a furanose or a pyranose moiety, and the sum of b and c is 1 or 2;
• R° is hydrogen; an oxygen protecting group selected from the group consisting of alkyl ethers, benzyl ethers, silyl ethers, acetals, ketals, esters, carbamates, and carbonates; or an optionally substituted moiety selected from the group consisting of acyl, CM 0 aliphatic, Ci. 6 heteroaliphatic, 6-10- membered aryl, arylalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl having 1- 4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, 4-7 membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;
• each occurrence of R a , R , R c , and R d is independently hydrogen, halogen, OH, OR, OR x , NR 2 , NHCOR, or an optionally substituted group selected from acyl, CMO aliphatic, d -6 heteroaliphatic, 6-10-membered aryl, arylalkyl, 5-10-membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur; 4-7-membered heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
• the compound of Formula X is:
• the method includes reacting the product of step (b) or a further downstream product with R 4 -OH. In one embodiment, the method includes reacting the product of step (b) or a compound obtained after modifying the product of step (b) with R 4 - OH. In one embodiment, the method includes reacting the product of step (b) or a compound obtained after modifying the product of step (b) with R 4 -OH. In one embodiment, the method includes reacting the product of step (b) or an intermediate with R 4 -OH. In one embodiment, R 4 -OH is HO-C(0)-(CH 2 )io-C(0)-OR x . In one embodiment, R x is H. In one embodiment, R x is Bn.
• the present application provides a method of synthesizing a compound of Formula I, or an intermediate thereof, comprising at least one of the following steps:
• the present application discloses a synthesis route for Compound 1-4 (TQL-1055 / TiterQui I- 1-0-5-5), as shown, for example, in FIG. 6-8. It will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the synthesis of Compound I-4 and its intermediates described in these figures may be modified or adapted according to the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art to obtain other molecules. It will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the synthesis of Compound I-4 and its intermediates described in these figures may be modified or adapted according to the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art to alter the route to Compound I-4 (TQL-1055 / TiterQuil- 1-0-5-5).
• synthesis of QS-21 , QS-7, and/or analogs of these compounds may be undertaken by using one or more of the methods disclosed in the examples, including examples 1-10, described in this application. Although the synthesis of several compounds is disclosed in these examples, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that these methods may be modified or adapted according to the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art to obtain other molecules.
• the present application also includes methods for obtaining the compounds according the present application comprising providing a compound according to the application and a second substance, and subsequently purifying the compound of the application by removing at least a portion of the second substance.
• Immune adjuvants are substances that, when administered to a subject, increase the immune response to an antigen or enhance certain activities of cells from the immune system. An adjuvant may also allow the use of a lower dose of antigen to achieve a useful immune response in a subject.
• Common adjuvants include alum, Freund's adjuvant (an oil-in-water emulsion with dead mycobacteria), Freund's adjuvant with MDP (an oil-in-water emulsion with muramyl dipeptide, MDP, a constituent of mycobacteria), alum plus Bordetella pertussis (aluminum hydroxide gel with killed B. pertussis).
• alum Freund's adjuvant
• MDP an oil-in-water emulsion with muramyl dipeptide
• MDP muramyl dipeptide
• Bordetella pertussis aluminum hydroxide gel with killed B. pertussis.
• ISCOMs Immune stimulatory complexes
• lipid lipid
• immunogen lipid
• saponin such as Quil-A (a Quillaja saponin extract).
• ISCOMs deliver antigen to the cytosol, and have been demonstrated to promote antibody response and induction of T helper cell as well as cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in a variety of experimental animal models.
• Natural saponin adjuvant QS-21 is far more potent than currently used adjuvants, like alum. QS-21 's superiority over more than 20 other adjuvants tested in preclinical models and over 7 other adjuvants used in the clinic has been demonstrated. Thus, QS-21 has been widely used despite its three major liabilities: dose limiting toxicity, poor stability, and the limited availability of quality product.
• QS-21 has been associated with notable adverse biological effects.
• QS-21 has displayed both local and systemic toxicity.
• Maximum doses for cancer patients are 100-150 HQ and for healthy patients are typically 50 pg (an immunology suboptimal dose).
• clinical success of non-cancer vaccines depends upon the identification of novel, potent adjuvants that are more tolerable.
• the present application encompasses the recognition that synthetic access to and structural modification of QS-21 and related Quillaja saponins may afford compounds with high adjuvant potency and low toxicity, as well as having more stability and being more cost effective.
• compositions in this application are useful as vaccines to induce active immunity towards antigens in subjects. Any animal that may experience the beneficial effects of the compositions of the present application is within the scope of subjects that may be treated. In some embodiments, the subjects are mammals. In some embodiments, the subjects are humans.
• the vaccines of the present application may be used to confer resistance to infection by either passive or active immunization.
• a vaccine of the present application is administered to an animal to elicit a protective immune response which either prevents or attenuates a proliferative or infectious disease.
• the vaccines of the present application are used to confer resistance to infection through passive immunization, the vaccine is provided to a host animal (e.g., human, dog, or mouse), and the antisera elicited by this vaccine is recovered and directly provided to a recipient suspected of having an infection or disease or exposed to a causative organism.
• the present application thus concerns and provides a means for preventing or attenuating a proliferative disease resulting from organisms which have antigens that are recognized and bound by antisera produced in response to the immunogenic angtigens included in vaccines of the present application.
• a vaccine is said to prevent or attenuate a disease if its administration to an animal results either in the total or partial attenuation (i.e., suppression) of a symptom or condition of the disease, or in the total or partial immunity of the animal to the disease.
• the administration of the vaccine may be for either a
• the vaccine(s) are provided in advance of any symptoms of proliferative disease.
• the prophylactic administration of the vaccine(s) serves to prevent or attenuate any subsequent presentation of the disease.
• the vaccine(s) is provided upon or after the detection of symptoms which indicate that an animal may be infected with a pathogen.
• the therapeutic administration of the vaccine(s) serves to attenuate any actual disease presentation.
• the vaccines may be provided either prior to the onset of disease proliferation (so as to prevent or attenuate an anticipated infection) or after the initiation of an actual proliferation.
• the present application provides vaccines comprising an antigen associated with Influenza, varicella zoster, malaria, Hepatitis B, pneumococcus, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, or Lyme disease including the closely related spirochetes of the genus Borrelia such as, B. burgdorferi, B. garinii, B. afzelli, and B. japonica.
• vaccine comprising an antigen associated with influenza, varicella zoster and malaria with adjuvant containing compound 1-4.
• vaccines may optionally include a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier.
• provided vaccines may comprise one or more antigens that are optionally conjugated to a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier.
• said one or more antigens are conjugated covalently to a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
• said one or more antigens are non-covalently associated with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
• adjuvants may be used to increase the immune response to an antigen.
• provided vaccines may be used to invoke an immune response when administered to a subject.
• an immune response to an antigen may be potentiated by administering to a subject a provided vaccine in an effective amount to potentiate the immune response of said subject to said antigen.
• the compounds of the present application may be combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient to form a pharmaceutical composition.
• formulations of the present application include injectable formulations.
• the pharmaceutical composition includes a pharmaceutically acceptable amount of a compound of the present application.
• the compounds of the application and an antigen form an active ingredient.
• the compound of the present application alone forms an active ingredient.
• the amount of active ingredients) which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host being treated, and the particular mode of administration.
• the amount of active ingredients) that can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will generally be that amount of the compound which produces a therapeutic effect.
• this amount will range from about 1% to about 99% of active ingredient, preferably from about 5% to about 70%, most preferably from about 10% to about 30%, or from about 1% to 99%, preferably from 10% to 90%, 20% to 80%, 30% to 70%, 40% to 60%, 45% to 55%, or about 50%.
• wetting agents such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, release agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the compositions.
• Non-limiting examples of pharmaceutically-acceptable antioxidants include: water soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like; oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin, propyl gallate, alpha-tocopherol, and the like; and metal chelating agents, such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.
• water soluble antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like
• oil-soluble antioxidants such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluen
• Suspensions in addition to the active compounds, may contain suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.
• suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.
• Non-limiting examples of suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers which may be employed in the pharmaceutical compositions of the present application include water, alcohols (including but not limited to methanol, ethanol, butanol, etc.), polyols (including but not limited to glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, etc.), and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters, such as ethyl oleate.
• Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.
• compositions may also contain additives such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents. Prevention of the action of microorganisms upon the subject compounds may be ensured by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents, such as sugars, sodium chloride, and the like into the compositions. In addition, prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form may be brought about by the inclusion of agents which delay absorption such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin. In some cases, in order to prolong the effect of a formulation, it is desirable to slow the absorption of the drug from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material having poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the drug then depends upon its rate of dissolution, which in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form.
• the compounds of the present application which may be used in a suitable hydrated form, and/or the pharmaceutical compositions of the present application, are formulated into pharmaceutically-acceptable dosage forms by conventional methods known to those of skill in the art.
• Actual dosage levels of the active ingredients in the pharmaceutical compositions of the present application may be varied so as to obtain an amount of the active ingredient that is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, composition, and mode of administration, without being toxic to the patient.
• the selected dosage level will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the particular compound of the present application employed, or the ester, salt or amide thereof, the route of administration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion or metabolism of the particular compound being employed, the duration of the treatment, other drugs, compounds and/or materials used in combination with the particular compound employed, the age, sex, weight, condition, general health and prior medical history of the patient being treated, and like factors well known in the medical arts.
• a physician or veterinarian having ordinary skill in the art can readily determine and prescribe the effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition required.
• the physician or veterinarian could start doses of the compounds of the present application employed in the pharmaceutical composition at levels lower than that required to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and then gradually increasing the dosage until the desired effect is achieved.
• a compound or pharmaceutical composition of the present application is provided to a subject chronically.
• Chronic treatments include any form of repeated administration for an extended period of time, such as repeated administrations for one or more months, between a month and a year, one or more years, or longer.
• a chronic treatment involves administering a compound or pharmaceutical composition of the present application repeatedly over the life of the subject.
• Preferred chronic treatments involve regular administrations, for example one or more times a day, one or more times a week, or one or more times a month.
• a suitable dose such as a daily dose of a compound of the present application, will be that amount of the compound that is the lowest dose effective to produce a therapeutic effect. Such an effective dose will generally depend upon the factors described above.
• doses of the compounds of the present application for a patient when used for the indicated effects, will range from about 0.0001 to about 100 mg per kg of body weight per day.
• the daily dosage will range from 0.001 to 50 mg of compound per kg of body weight, and even more preferably from 0.01 to 10 mg of compound per kg of body weight.
• lower or higher doses can be used.
• the dose administered to a subject may be modified as the physiology of the subject changes due to age, disease progression, weight, or other factors.
• provided adjuvant compounds of the present application are administered as pharmaceutical compositions or vaccines.
• the amount of adjuvant compound administered will be 1-2000 M9- In certain embodiments, it is contemplated that the amount of adjuvant compound administered will be 1-1000 Mg. In certain embodiments, it is contemplated that the amount of adjuvant compound administered will be 1-500 Mg.
• the amount of adjuvant compound administered will be 1-250 Mg- In certain embodiments, it is contemplated that the amount of adjuvant compound administered will be 100-1000 Mg- In certain embodiments, it is contemplated that the amount of adjuvant compound administered will be 100-500 Mg- In certain embodiments, it is contemplated that the amount of adjuvant compound administered will be 100-200 Mg- In certain embodiments, it is contemplated that the amount of adjuvant compound administered will be 250-500 Mg- In certain embodiments, it is contemplated that the amount of adjuvant compound administered will be 10-1000 Mg- In certain embodiments, it is contemplated that the amount of adjuvant compound administered will be 500-1000 Mg- In certain embodiments, it is contemplated that the amount of adjuvant compound administered will be 50-250 Mg- In certain embodiments, it is contemplated that the amount of adjuvant compound administered will be 50-500 [ig.
• provided adjuvant compounds of the present application are administered as pharmaceutical compositions or vaccines.
• the amount of adjuvant compound administered will be 1-2000 mg. In certain embodiments, it is contemplated that the amount of adjuvant compound administered will be 1-1000 mg. In certain embodiments, it is contemplated that the amount of adjuvant compound administered will be 1-500 mg. In certain embodiments, it is contemplated that the amount of adjuvant compound administered will be 1-250 mg. In certain embodiments, it is contemplated that the amount of adjuvant compound administered will be 100-1000 mg. In certain embodiments, it is contemplated that the amount of adjuvant compound administered will be 100-500 mg.
• the amount of adjuvant compound administered will be 100-200 mg. In certain embodiments, it is contemplated that the amount of adjuvant compound administered will be 250-500 mg. In certain embodiments, it is contemplated that the amount of adjuvant compound administered will be 10-1000 mg. In certain embodiments, it is contemplated that the amount of adjuvant compound administered will be 500-1000 mg. In certain embodiments, it is contemplated that the amount of adjuvant compound administered will be 50-250 mg. In certain embodiments, it is contemplated that the amount of adjuvant compound administered will be 50-500 mg. In certain embodiments, it is contemplated that the amount of adjuvant compound administered will be 0.01-215.4 mg.
• the amount of adjuvant administered will be 1000-5000 ⁇ ig/kg. In certain embodiments, it is contemplated that the amount of adjuvant administered will be 1000-4000 Mg/kg. In certain embodiments, it is contemplated that the amount of adjuvant administered will be 1000-3000 Mg/kg. In certain embodiments, it is contemplated that the amount of adjuvant administered will be 1000-2000 Mg/kg. In certain embodiments, it is contemplated that the amount of adjuvant administered will be 2000-5000 Mg kg. In certain embodiments, it is contemplated that the amount of adjuvant administered will be 2000-4000 Mg/kg.
• the amount of adjuvant administered will be 2000-3000 MQ/kg. In certain embodiments, it is contemplated that the amount of adjuvant administered will be 3000-5000 Mg kg- In certain embodiments, it is contemplated that the amount of adjuvant administered will be 3000-4000 Mg/kg. In certain embodiments, it is contemplated that the amount of adjuvant administered will be 4000-5000 Mg/kg. In certain embodiments, it is contemplated that the amount of adjuvant administered will be 1-500 Mg/kg. In certain embodiments, it is contemplated that the amount of adjuvant administered will be 500-1000 ⁇ ig/kg.
• the amount of adjuvant administered will be 1000-1500 ⁇ ig/kg. In certain embodiments, it is contemplated that the amount of adjuvant administered will be 1 mg/kg. In certain embodiments, it is contemplated that the amount of adjuvant administered will be 2 mg/kg. In certain embodiments, it is contemplated that the amount of adjuvant administered will be 3 mg/kg. In certain embodiments, it is contemplated that the amount of adjuvant administered will be 4 mg/kg. In certain embodiments, it is contemplated that the amount of adjuvant administered will be 5 mg/kg. In certain embodiments, it is contemplated that the amount of adjuvant administered will be 0.0029-5 mg/kg.
• the amount of adjuvant administered in females is less than the amount of adjuvant administered in males. In certain embodiments, the amount of adjuvant administered to infants is less than the amount of adjuvant administered to adults. In certain embodiments, the amount of adjuvant administered to pediatric recipients is less than the amount of adjuvant administered to adults. In certain embodiments, the amount of adjuvant administered to immunocompromised recipients is more than the amount of adjuvant administered to healthy recipients. In certain embodiments, the amount of adjuvant administered to elderly recipients is more than the amount of adjuvant administered to non-elderly recipients.
• the effective dose of the active compound may be administered as two, three, four, five, six or more sub-doses administered separately at appropriate intervals throughout the day, optionally, in unit dosage forms.
• a compound of the present application is administered alone, in certain embodiments the compound is administered as a pharmaceutical formulation or composition as described above.
• the compounds according to the present application may be formulated for administration in any convenient way for use in human or veterinary medicine, by analogy with other pharmaceuticals.
• kits comprising pharmaceutical formulations or compositions of a compound of the present application.
• such kits include the combination of a compound of formulae I and/or II and an antigen.
• the agents may be packaged separately or together.
• the kit optionally includes instructions for prescribing the medication.
• the kit includes multiple doses of each agent.
• the kit may include sufficient quantities of each component to treat one or more subject for a week, two weeks, three weeks, four weeks, or multiple months.
• the kit may include a full cycle of immunotherapy.
• the kit includes a vaccine comprising one or more bacterial or viral-associated antigens, and one or more provided compounds.
• Example 1 Isolation and selective protection of auillaic acid triterpene
• Part A Isolation of Quillaic Acid Triterpene 9 from Quil-A.
• the dry solid is placed into a Soxhlet thimble and subjected to continuous extraction with diethyl ether (200 ml_) for 24 h.
• the quillaic acid triterpene 9 (100 mg, 0.20 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) is dissolved in DMF (5 ml_) and the solution is cooled to 0 °C.
• quillaic allyl ester 10 (77 mg, 0.15 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) is dissolved in DCM (5 ml_) and the solution is cooled to 0 °C. 2,6-Lutidine (0.17 ml_,
• reaction progress is monitored by TLC using CHCI 3 /
• reaction mixture is diluted with water (10 ml_) and the aqueous phase is extracted with EtOAc (10 ml_ x 3). The combined organic phases are dried (anhydrous Na 2 S0 4 ), filtered, and concentrated.
• Part D Synthesis of TES-Protected Quillaic Acid Triterpene 12 by Deallylation of Protected Quillaic Acid
• Part A Synthesis of Selectively Protected Monosaccharide Precursor 2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-D- xylose 15 from D-xylose
• Step A Synthesis of 1-O-allyl- D -xylose 13 by selective allylation of D-xylose.
• a solution of allyl alcohol (50 ml_, 0.74 mol, 9.0 equiv.) and AcCI (12.7 mL, 0.17 mol, 2.1 equiv.) is cooled to -10 °C, then solid D-xylose (12.3 g, 0.08 mol, 1.0 equiv.) is added.
• Step B Synthesis of 1-0-allyl-2,3,4-tri-0-benzyl- D -xylose 14 by benzylation of 1- O-allyl-D-xylose 13.
• allyl xylose 13 (11.5 g, 60.5 mmol,
• Benzyl bromide (47 mL, 0.39 mol, 6.5 equiv.) is added dropwise at 0 °C, and the resulting suspension is stirred at rt for 16 h.
• reaction mixture is cooled to 0 °C and quenched by slow addition of MeOH (150 mL) followed by water (600 mL).
• the mixture is extracted with hexanes/EtOAc (1:1) (3 x 250 mL) and the combined organic layers are washed with water (100 mL), brine (100 mL), dried with anhydrous MgS0 4 , filtered, and concentrated.
• Step C Synthesis of selectively protected 2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-D -xylose 15 by deallylation of 1-0-allyl-2,3,4-tri-0-benzyl- D -xylose 14.
• PPh 3 3.4 g, 13 mmol, 1.2 equiv.
• Pd(OAc) 2 0.45 g, 2.2 mmol, 0.2 equiv.
• DCM/MeOH (1 :1) 20 mL
• Et 2 NH (15.8 mL, 0.15 mol, 14.0 equiv.
• L-rhamnose monohydrate (10 g, 0.055 mol, 1.0 equiv.) is added.
• reaction mixture is stirred for 16 h at rt and ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4 ⁇ is then added.
• reaction mixture is concentrated and purified by silica gel chromatography (hexanes/EtOAc, 8:2) to afford 1-0-allyl-2,3- O-isopropylidene-a-L-rhamnose ( 16 ) (8.9 g, 66 %) as a colorless oil.
• Part C Synthesis of Selectively Protected Monosaccharide Precursor 4-Azido-4-deoxy-3, 6- di-0-benzyl-1-Otriisopropylsilyl-D-galactose 21 from D-Glucal
• Step A Synthesis of 3,6-di-0-benzoyl-4-0-mesyl-D-glucal 17 by selective protection of D-glucal.
• D-glucal (10.0 g, 67.1 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) is dissolved in pyridine (165 ml_) and the solution is cooled to 0 °C, then BzCI (17 ml_, 0.15 mol, 2.2 equiv.) is added dropwise.
• reaction mixture is stirred at 0 °C for 1.5 h, then MsCI (10.3 ml_, 0.13 mol, 2.0 equiv.) is added.
• the reaction mixture is stirred for 0.5 h while allowing the ice bath warm to rt, then quenched by slow addition of MeOH (20 ml_) at 0 °C (Caution: exothermic reaction).
• Step B Synthesis of 4-azido-4-deoxy-3,6-di-0-benzoyl-D-galactal 18 by azide substitution of mesylate 17.
• the mesyl-glucal 17 (5.1 g, 11.8 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) is dissolved in toluene (55 ml_), then sodium azide (Caution: sodium azide is a toxic, hazardous substance that should not be acidified to avoid poisonous, explosive hydrazoic acid (HN 3 ).
• the reaction should be carried out behind a blast shield due to risk of explosion of sodium azide when heated near its decomposition temperature (300 °C)) (2.8 g, 43.3 mmol, 3.7 equiv.) is added, followed by Bu 4 NCI (7.1 g, 25.6 mmol, 2.2 equiv.), and the flask is equipped with a reflux condenser.
• Step C Synthesis of 4-azido-4-deoxy-3,6-di-0-benzyl- D -galactal 19 by saponification and benzylation of dibenzoate 18 .
• the benzoyl-protected azidogalactal 18 (2.9 g, 8.1 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) is dissolved in MeOH (40 ml_) and the solution is cooled to 0 °C.
• reaction mixture is concentrated to afford a sticky tan solid, then evaporated again from toluene (7 ml_) to remove trace solvent.
• the aqueous layer is extracted with DCM (80 ml_), and the combined organic layers are washed with water (100 ml_), dried with anhydrous MgS0 4 , filtered, and concentrated.
• Step D Synthesis of 4-azido-4-deoxy-3,6-di-0-benzyl-D-galactose 20 by dihydroxylation of galactal 19.
• the benzyl-protected azidogalactal 19 (5.8 g, 16.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) is dissolved in a mixture of water/THF/iBuOH (1:3:7) (400 ml_), then Os0 4 (2.5 wt% in fBuOH) (5.1 ml_, 0.4 mmol, 0.025 equiv.) is added.
• NMO 50 % in water
• (10.2 ml_, 44.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv. is added in three portions (1.0 equiv. each) over 8 h.
• reaction mixture is stirred at rt overnight, then quenched with saturated aqueous Na 2 S0 3 solution (30 ml_) and EtOAc (200 ml_).
• Step E Synthesis of 4-azido-4-deoxy-3,6-di-0-benzyl-1-0-triisopropylsilyl-D- galactose 21 by selective silylation of diol 20.
• the galactose diol 20 (0.96 g, 2.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) is dissolved in DMF (2.5 ml_), then imidazole (0.41 g, 6.0 mmol, 2.4 equiv.) and DMAP (29 mg, 0.24 mmol, 0.1 equiv.) are added.
• TIPSCI (0.63 ml_, 3.0 mmol, 1.2 equiv.
• Part D Synthesis of Protected Xylose-Rhamnose Disaccharide Hemiacetal 23 ([2,3,4-Tri-O- benzyl-fi-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 ⁇ 4)]2,3-di-0-isopropylidene-L-rhamnopyranose) from protected D-xylose 15 and protected L-rhamnose 16
• Step A Dehydrative glycosylation of protected rhamnose 16 with protected xylose 15 (22): In a 25-mL modified Schlenk flask, azeotropically dried 2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl xylose (15)
• reaction mixture is stirred at -60 °C for 12 h, at -42 °C for 30 min, and finally at 0 °C for 2 min.
• the reaction is quenched by addition of ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4 ⁇ (0.1 ml_) at -42 °C, diluted with DCM (90 ml_) and transferred to a separatory funnel.
• the organic layer is washed with saturated aqueous NaHC0 3 solution (30 ml_) and the aqueous layer is extracted with DCM (2 ⁇ 80 ml_).
• the organic phases are combined, dried over anhydrous Na 2 S0 4 , filtered, and concentrated to afford the crude product as a tan oil (160 mg). 6.
• Step B Anomeric deallylation of protected xylose-rhamnose disaccharide (23): In a 5-mL pear-shaped Schlenk flask equipped with a triangular stir bar, PPh 3 (13 mg, 51 ⁇ ,
• the solution is degassed by performing three freeze-thaw pump cycles (This degassing technique involves freezing the solvent under liquid nitrogen, evacuating the headspace for 4-5 min, and letting the solvent thaw under static vacuum, thereby allowing any gas bubbles trapped in the solvent to escape into the headspace of the flask. After the last cycle, the flask is refilled with Ar.) and then stirred at 30 °C for 18 h, at which point the turbid solution turns clear, dark yellow.
• reaction mixture is passed through a plug of silica gel eluted with hexanes/EtOAc (2:1 , 50 mL) and the eluate is concentrated to afford the crude product as a bright yellow oil (29 mg).
• Step E Synthesis of Protected Xylose-Rhamnose-Azidogalactose Trisaccharide Imidate 26 (O-Trichloroacetimidoyl [2,3,4-tri-0-Benzyl-fi-D-xylopyn3nosyl-(1 ⁇ 4)]-2,3-Oisopmpylicte L-rhamnopyranosyl-( 1 ⁇ 2) ⁇ -4-azido-4-deoxy-3, 6-0-benzyl-fi-D-galactopyranoside)
• Step A Synthesis of protected xylose-rhamnose-azidogalactose trisaccharide 24 by dehydrative glycosylation of protected 4-azido-4-deoxygalactose 21 with protected xylose-rhamnose disaccharide 23 ( 24):
• Ph 2 SO 17.1 mg, 0.85 mmol, 3.2 equiv.
• DCM 3.0 ml_
• Tf 2 0 76 ⁇ _, 0.45 mmol, 1.7 equiv.
• hemiacetal 23 (185 mg, 0.30 mmol, 1.1 equiv.) in DCM (1 ml_) is added to the reaction mixture at -42 °C via cannula from a flame-dried, 5-mL pear-shaped Schlenk flask; then additional DCM (1 ml_) is added to rinse the source flask and transferred to the reaction flask.
• reaction mixture is stirred at -42 °C for 16.5 h and at 0 °C for 1 h, then concentrated.
• Step B Synthesis of trisaccharide hemiacetal 25 by anomeric desilylation of protected xylose-rhamnose-azidogalactose trisaccharide 24.
• the protected trisaccharide 24 (575 mg, 0.51 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) is dissolved in THF (50 ml_) and the solution is cooled to 0 °C.
• reaction mixture is stirred for an additional 5 min at 0 °C, then quenched by addition of saturated aqueous NaHC0 3 solution (20 mL).
• Step C Synthesis of protected xylose-rhamnose-azidogalactose trisaccharide trichloroacetimidate 26 by activation of protected xylose-rhamnose-azidogalactose trisaccharide 25.
• the hemiacetal 25 200 mg, 0.21 mmol, 1.0 equiv.
• DCM 32 mL
• Step A Synthesis of protected azidogalactose saponin 29 by glycosylation of protected quillaic acid 12 with protected xylose-rhamnose- azidogalactose linear trisaccharide 26.
• the selectively protected quillaic acid triterpene 12 38 mg, 49 ⁇ , 1.05 equiv.
• the trisaccharide imidate 26 52 mg, 47 ⁇ , 1.0 equiv.
• MS 80 mg
• the mixture is concentrated by rotary evaporation.
• Step B Synthesis of protected aminogalactose saponin 30 by reduction of protected azidogalactose saponin 29.
• PhSeSePh 187 mg, 0.6 mmol, 1.0 equiv.
• H 3 P0 2 50 % in water
• reaction mixture is removed from the heat, diluted with benzene (6 ml_) and distilled water (6 ml_), and stirred vigorously for 5 min under Ar.
• the lower aqueous phase of the resulting biphasic suspension is removed by glass pipette and the remaining organic layer is dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate while stirring.
• reaction mixture is stirred under an atmosphere of H 2 (50 psi) for 24 h at rt using a high-pressure bomb reactor (In similar saponin triterpene variants lacking the branched trisaccharide domain, hydrogenolysis under hydrogen atmosphere at balloon pressure for 12 h is sufficient to provide the corresponding debenzylated products).
• reaction mixture is stirred for 2 h at 0 °C and then concentrated under high vacuum at 0 °C to give a white solid residue.
• Step A Synthesis of Fully Elaborated Saponin 4, (Compound 1-8), Lacking the Branched Trisaccharide Domain, by Selective 4-lodobenzoylation of Free Amine in Aminoacyl Saponin 34
• amine-terminating truncated saponin 34 (2.1 mg, 2.0 ⁇ , 1.0 equiv.) is dissolved in DMF (0.4 ml_).
• ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4 ⁇ (11 ⁇ _, 0.08 mmol, 40 equiv.) is injected followed by dropwise addition of a solution of N-succinimidyl 4-iodobenzoate (4.0 mg, 10 Mmol, 5.8 equiv.) in DMF (0.2 ml_) under Ar via gas-tight syringe.
• reaction mixture is stirred for 2 h at rt, then diluted with 30 % MeCN/water (2.3 ml_), and directly purified by RPHPLC using a linear gradient of 30 ⁇ 70 % MeCN in water (0.05 vol% TFA) over 15 min.
• Example 6 Isolation and selective protection of branched trisaccharide-triterpene prosapogenin
• Part A Isolation of branched trisaccharide-triterpene prosapogenins from QuilA. 1. In a 250-mL round-bottomed flask equipped with a reflux condenser, Quil A (1.15 g) and potassium hydroxide (0.97 g, 17 mmol) are suspended in EtOH/water (1 :1) (50 ml_), then the mixture is heated to 80 °C for 7 h.
• reaction is cooled to 0 °C, neutralized with 1.0 N HCI, and concentrated to approximately one-half volume (care must be taken to avoid excessive foaming and bumping; water bath should be kept at 35 °C and pressure decreased slowly).
• the resulting solid is dried by azeotropic removal of solvents with toluene (2x20 ml_) and lyophilized in MeCN/water (1:1) (3x15 ml_) to provide a mixture of prosapogenins (5:6, 2.5:1) as a light tan foam ( ⁇ 0.55 g, 50% mass yield).
• These xylose- and rhamnose- containing prosapogenins 5 and 6, respectively correspond to the two most abundant trisaccharide-triterpene fragments found in QS saponins, and are advanced to the next protection step without further purification.
• Part B Synthesis of triethylsilyl (TES)-protected prosapogenin by selective protection of prosapogenin hydroxyl groups 1.
• TES triethylsilyl
• the prosapogenin diacid 7 (81 mg, 41 ⁇ , 1.0 equiv.) is dissolved in DCM (0.7 ml_) and pyridine (30 ⁇ _, 0.37 mmol, 9.0 equiv.) and TBP (102 mg, 0.41 mmol, 10 equiv.) are added, followed by benzyl chloroformate (15 ⁇ _, 0.11 mmol, 2.6 equiv.).
• the mixture is concentrated and purified by silica gel chromatography (hexanes/EtOAc, 20:1 to 7:1) to afford selectively glucuronate-protected prosapogenin 8 (58 mg, 68 %) as a white solid.
• Step A Synthesis of protected azidogalactose saponin 27 by glycosylation of branched trisaccharide-triterpene prosapogenin 8 with protected xylose-rhamnose- azidogalactose linear trisaccharide 26.
• the selectively protected prosapogenin 8 (653 mg, 0.32 mmol, 1.5 equiv.) and the trisaccharide imidate 26 (230 mg, 0.21 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) are azeotropically dried from toluene (3x3 ml_) under high vacuum, then dissolved in DCM (10 ml_).
• Powdered 4 A MS (1 g) is added and the suspension is stirred for 2 h at rt.
• the opaque, white mixture is then cooled to -78 °C and freshly distilled BF 3 OEt 2 (15 ⁇ _, 0.23 mmol, 1.1 equiv.) is injected via gas-tight syringe.
• reaction mixture is stirred at -78 °C for 6 h, passed through a plug of silica gel, and the filtrate is concentrated.
• Step B Synthesis of protected aminogalactose saponin 28 by reduction of protected azidogalactose saponin 27.
• PhSeSePh 313 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.
• Phenylselenol itself is extremely noxious.
• the in-situ preparation of phenylselenol solution by reduction of diphenyldiselenide circumvents the need to handle phenylselenol directly, but manipulation of the selenide-containing solution that will be added to the reaction flask is necessary.
• a bleach solution should be prepared in advance to treat all used glassware and possibly early column fractions as well, to oxidize any remaining trace selenides. Bleach solution should also be placed in the solvent trap of the rotary evaporator, which should be thoroughly cleaned after use and ideally contained within the fumehood.) is dissolved in THF (8 ml_) and H 3 PO 2 (50% in water) (1.2 ml_, 11.0 mmol, 11 equiv.) is then added via syringe.
• reaction mixture is removed from the heat, diluted with benzene (8 ml_) and distilled water (8 ml_), and stirred vigorously for 5 min under Ar.
• the lower aqueous phase of the resulting biphasic suspension is removed by syringe (or glass pipette) under positive pressure of Ar, and anhydrous sodium sulfate is added to the Schlenk flask to dry the remaining organic layer while stirring.
• Vent needle and cannula are removed from septum, which is sealed with Teflon tape and parafilm, and the reaction mixture is stirred overnight at rt.
• the dark green solution is then purged of excess hydrogen sulfide with a stream of nitrogen, and the resulting light-orange solution is concentrated by rotary evaporation. Purification of the residue by silica gel chromatography (hexanes/EtOAc, 1.0 vol% ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4 ⁇ ) yields the desired saponin amine product ( ⁇ 40 mg, 80-90 % yield)).
• Part A Synthesis of Aminoacyl Saponin 33 by Hydrogenolysis and Acid Hydrolysis of Protected Aminoacyl Saponin 31
• reaction mixture is stirred under H 2 atmosphere (50 psi) for 24 h at rt using a high-pressure bomb reactor, and the suspension is filtered through a 0.45 Mm nylon syringe filter.
• Part A Synthesis of Fully Elaborated Saponin 3 by Selective 4-lodobenzoylation of Free Amine in Aminoacyl Saponin 33
• amine-terminating saponin 33 (9.0 mg, 6.0 ⁇ , 1.0 equiv.) is dissolved in DMF (2.0 ml_) and ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4 ⁇ (50 ⁇ _, 0.36 mmol, 60 equiv.) is injected via gastight syringe.
• reaction mixture is stirred for 1 h at rt, diluted with water/MeCN (4:1) (10 ml_), and directly purified by RP-HPLC using a linear gradient of 20 ⁇ 70% MeCN in water over 30 min.
• Adacel doses containing 1 , 0.3, and 0.1 meg of pertussis toxin per mouse were administered subcutaneously (SC, with no immunological adjuvant), using 2 vaccinations 4 weeks apart, resulting in a mean of 1 ,618 meg, 898 meg, and 107 meg respectively of anti- PT antibody per ml of serum drawn 2 weeks after the second vaccination.
• the 0.1 meg dose was indistinguishable from unvaccinated controls (96 meg/ml).
• a 0.5 meg dose of Adacel was selected for a pharmacology/toxicology (pharm/tox) study. The serological results for this study are summarized in Figure 3 of the present application.
• Antibody levels in the groups of 5 mice 2 weeks after the second SC immunization were augmented by 70 fold (726 to 52,344) with TiterQuil-1055 (TQL-1055 / Compound I-4) (and further increased 2 weeks later) and 10 fold with QS-21 compared to immunization with Adacel alone. No weight loss was detected in the mice receiving 50 meg of TiterQuil-1055 while the 20 meg QS-21 injected mice lost 8-9% of their body weight.
• Example 13 Impact of TiterQui 1-1 -0-5-5 and QS-21 on Hepatitis B Vaccine Enaerix-B Immunogenicity
• Engerix-B HBV adult vaccine
• 3 meg, 1 meg, 0.3 meg, 0.1 meg, and 0.03 meg Engerix-B doses per mouse were tested.
• Mean resulting anti-HBsAg antibody levels were 92,512 meg/ml, 64,255 meg/ml, 24,847 meg/ml, 3,682 meg/ml, and 910 meg/ml respectively, with the 0.03 dose being indistinguishable from controls (821 meg/ml).
• the 0.3 meg dose of Engerix-B was selected for further studies and this dose was used mixed with various doses of TiterQuil- 1055 (TQL-1055 / Compound I-4).
• mice were vaccinated SC on days 1 and 15, weighed daily, and bled and sacrificed on day 22, except for group 7 which was sacrificed on day 29. No changes in blood chemistry or hematology results were seen in any group.
• Example 15 Stability and Hemolytic Activity of Compound I-4 (TQL-1055 / TiterQui 1-1 -0-5-5) Natural and synthetic QS-21 (SQS-21 or SAPONEX®) and a variety of analogs were tested for hemolytic activity. This data clearly demonstrates that QS-21 is highly hemolytically active whereas several of tOhe structural analogs, particularly Compound I-4 (TiterQuil- 1-0-5-5 / TQL-1055), demonstrated much lower or undetectable hemolytic activity in addition to increased stability. Figure 5 depicts results a hemolytic assay performed with TiterQuil-1055.
• Example 16 Compound I-4 (TQL-1055 / TiterQuil-1-0-5-5) Enhances Anti-HA Total IQG And Provides A Dose Soaring Effect On HA Concentration
• Compound I-4 (TQL-1055 / TiterQuil-1 -0-5-5) was tested with HA protein in groups of 10 female BLJ6 mice.
• Influenza hemagglutinin (HA) is a glycoprotein found on the surface of influenza viruses. Without being bound by theory, HA is thought to be responsible for binding the influenza virus to cells with sialic acid on their membranes, such as cells in the upper respiratory tract or erythrocytes.
• experimental groups were given either (1) 9 ⁇ g/ml HA protein, (2) 9 ⁇ /ml HA protein and 50 ⁇ g Compound I-4, or (3) 3 ⁇ /ml HA protein and 50 ⁇ g Compound I-4.
• the Y-Axis in Figure 11 shows optical density at 405 nm.
• Compound I-4 (TQL-1055 / TiterQuil-1 -0-5-5) enhances anti-HA total IgG and provides a dose sparing effect on HA concentration in mice.
• One of ordinary skill in the art would expect the same effect to be demonstrated in other mammals, including human.
• Compound I-4 is expected to provide an adjuvant effect when administered in combination with flu vaccine.

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