WO2018182684A1 - Procédé de détection de porteuse virtuelle qui sépare le plan de commande du plan de données - Google Patents

Procédé de détection de porteuse virtuelle qui sépare le plan de commande du plan de données Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2018182684A1
WO2018182684A1 PCT/US2017/025354 US2017025354W WO2018182684A1 WO 2018182684 A1 WO2018182684 A1 WO 2018182684A1 US 2017025354 W US2017025354 W US 2017025354W WO 2018182684 A1 WO2018182684 A1 WO 2018182684A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
cts
low power
wireless communications
transmission
circuitry
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PCT/US2017/025354
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English (en)
Inventor
Shahrnaz Azizi
David Barr
Minyoung Park
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Intel Corporation
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Publication date
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Priority to PCT/US2017/025354 priority Critical patent/WO2018182684A1/fr
Publication of WO2018182684A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018182684A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W74/00—Wireless channel access
    • H04W74/08—Non-scheduled access, e.g. ALOHA
    • H04W74/0808—Non-scheduled access, e.g. ALOHA using carrier sensing, e.g. carrier sense multiple access [CSMA]
    • H04W74/0816—Non-scheduled access, e.g. ALOHA using carrier sensing, e.g. carrier sense multiple access [CSMA] with collision avoidance
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
    • H04W52/02—Power saving arrangements
    • H04W52/0209—Power saving arrangements in terminal devices
    • H04W52/0212—Power saving arrangements in terminal devices managed by the network, e.g. network or access point is master and terminal is slave
    • H04W52/0216—Power saving arrangements in terminal devices managed by the network, e.g. network or access point is master and terminal is slave using a pre-established activity schedule, e.g. traffic indication frame
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
    • H04W52/02—Power saving arrangements
    • H04W52/0209—Power saving arrangements in terminal devices
    • H04W52/0212—Power saving arrangements in terminal devices managed by the network, e.g. network or access point is master and terminal is slave
    • H04W52/0219—Power saving arrangements in terminal devices managed by the network, e.g. network or access point is master and terminal is slave where the power saving management affects multiple terminals
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
    • H04W52/02—Power saving arrangements
    • H04W52/0209—Power saving arrangements in terminal devices
    • H04W52/0225—Power saving arrangements in terminal devices using monitoring of external events, e.g. the presence of a signal
    • H04W52/0229—Power saving arrangements in terminal devices using monitoring of external events, e.g. the presence of a signal where the received signal is a wanted signal
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W84/00—Network topologies
    • H04W84/02—Hierarchically pre-organised networks, e.g. paging networks, cellular networks, WLAN [Wireless Local Area Network] or WLL [Wireless Local Loop]
    • H04W84/10—Small scale networks; Flat hierarchical networks
    • H04W84/12—WLAN [Wireless Local Area Networks]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02D—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES [ICT], I.E. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AIMING AT THE REDUCTION OF THEIR OWN ENERGY USE
    • Y02D30/00—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks
    • Y02D30/70—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks in wireless communication networks

Definitions

  • An exemplary aspect is directed toward communications systems. More specifically an exemplary aspect is directed toward wireless communications systems and even more specifically to wireless networks. Even more particularly, an exemplary aspect is directed toward wireless networks and interference avoidance/mitigation through use of a designated device/station/access point.
  • IEEE 802.11 standards such as the IEEE 802.11 ⁇ standard, the IEEE 802.1 lac standard and the IEEE 802.11 ax standard.
  • the IEEE 802.11 standards specify a common Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer which provides a variety of functions that support the operation of IEEE 802.11 -based Wireless LANs (WLANs) and devices.
  • the MAC Layer manages and maintains communications between IEEE 802.11 stations (such as between radio network interface cards (NIC) in a PC or other wireless device(s) or stations (STA) and access points (APs)) by coordinating access to a shared radio channel and utilizing protocols that enhance communications over a wireless medium.
  • NIC radio network interface cards
  • STA stations
  • APs access points
  • IEEE 802.1 lax is the successor to IEEE 802.1 lac and is proposed to increase the efficiency of WLAN networks, especially in high density areas like public hotspots and other dense traffic areas. IEEE 802.1 lax also uses orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA), and related to IEEE 802.1 lax, the High Efficiency WLAN Study Group (HEW SG) within the IEEE 802.11 working group is considering improvements to spectrum efficiency to enhance system throughput/area in high density scenarios of APs (Access Points) and/or STAs (Stations).
  • APs Access Points
  • STAs Stations
  • Wi-Fi manufacturers enable low power (LP) Wi-Fi operation targeting, for example, the IoT (Internet of Things) market, M2M (Machine to Machine) communications, energy management, sensor applications, and the like.
  • LP Wi-Fi is intended to leverage the mass-market WLAN infrastructure for reliable, consistent, and stable access to Internet and "cloud" services.
  • Fig. 1 illustrates an exemplary environment with coexistence problems in accordance with some aspects of the technology
  • Fig. 2 illustrates another exemplary environment with coexistence problems in accordance with some aspects of the technology
  • Fig. 3 illustrates another exemplary environment with coexistence problems in accordance with some aspects of the technology
  • Fig. 4 illustrates yet another exemplary environment with coexistence problems in accordance with some aspects of the technology
  • Fig. 5 illustrates an exemplary embodiment with a device capable of relaying CTS transmissions in accordance with some aspects of the technology
  • Fig. 6 illustrates an exemplary communications device that can be used with the techniques disclosed herein in accordance with some aspects of the technology
  • Fig. 7 is a block diagram of a radio architecture in accordance with some embodiments.
  • Fig. 8 illustrates a front-end module circuitry for use in the radio architecture of Fig. 7 in accordance with some embodiments
  • Fig. 9 illustrates a radio IC circuitry for use in the radio architecture of Fig. 7 in accordance with some embodiments
  • Fig. 10 illustrates a baseband processing circuitry for use in the radio architecture of Fig. 7 in accordance with some embodiments; and Fig. 11 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary method for relaying in accordance with some aspects of the technology.
  • Wi-Fi Wireless Local Area Network
  • One use case is the enabling of battery operated sensors and IoT devices in the smart home, smart building management, industrial automation, etc.
  • a Wi-Fi transceiver can be built into a motion sensor and mounted on a high ceiling, which cannot be reached easily, and hence requires on the order of five plus years of battery life.
  • the sensor and IoT devices should be low cost.
  • NB narrow bandwidth
  • OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access
  • narrow bandwidth operation for IoT devices may be different from IEEE 802.1 lax, because one objective for IoT devices is to enable low power (LP) devices that only operate with a bandwidth smaller than 20 MHz, for example, approximately to 2MHz to 2.6MHz (although this range may change and any frequency/frequency range could be used).
  • LP low power
  • LP APs low power access points
  • HE High Efficiency
  • LP NB low power narrow band
  • a dual-mode AP (with low power and IEEE 802.1 lax compatibility) can: perform CCA (Clear Channel Assessment) and legacy network access, can also protect DL (downlink) LP NB transmissions using legacy preambles, and can further protect UL (uplink) LP NB transmissions using legacy preambles and triggering UL from LP NB STAs.
  • CCA Carrier Channel Assessment
  • legacy network access can also protect DL (downlink) LP NB transmissions using legacy preambles
  • one aspect allows the NB mode to be used in longer range operation to improve the BSS (Basic Service Set) coverage.
  • BSS Basic Service Set
  • Wi-Fi manufacturers and consumers there is an increased interest from Wi-Fi manufacturers and consumers to enable improved low power operation for Wi-Fi devices, in addition to potentially extending the range of operation for those devices.
  • the extended range operation are enabling sensors and IoT devices in smart building management and other systems beyond the reach of legacy coverage, for example, in a backyards or basements and/or in different sections/levels separated by concrete structures or other obstacles/obstructions.
  • APs can have both HE/legacy and LP capability to ensure WLAN coexistence, while an LP STA may not be required to support legacy 20 MHz transmission or reception, i.e., no detection or transmission of legacy preambles will be required for the LP STA.
  • Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 show two respective examples of coexistence problems for the extended range scenarios when the legacy STA and the LP STA (deployed at a longer range from the AP, such as in the case of a longer-range, low-power deployment) are not within the transmission range of the new dual-mode AP due to the fact that the range of the legacy STA is limited to the coverage of the legacy preamble.
  • the legacy STA is unable to decode the 2 MHz PPDU (PLCP protocol data unit).
  • the legacy STA also cannot receive a packet transmitted by the LP AP.
  • the legacy STA further is unable to decode the 2 MHz PPDU transmitted by the LP STA and thus cannot defer transmission correctly.
  • the legacy AP's transmission therefore collides with the 2 MHz PPDU transmission by the LP STA at the legacy STA.
  • the LP STA is unable to decode 20 MHz RTS.
  • the legacy STA is also unable to transmit a 20 MHz CTS.
  • the LP AP performs CCA and transmits a Trigger frame.
  • the legacy STA cannot decode the 2 MHz Trigger frame transmitted by the LP AP due to a collision with the 20MHz transmission from legacy AP.
  • Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 show two other examples of coexistence problems for LP NB scenarios when there is a hidden node challenge for the legacy STA and the LP NB STA.
  • the LP NB STA is unable to decode the 20 MHz RTS.
  • the legacy CTS cannot be received by LP NB STA.
  • the dual-mode AP performs CCA and transmits a Trigger frame.
  • the legacy STA is unable to receive the dual-mode Trigger frame transmitted by the Dual-mode AP.
  • a collision with the 20 MHz transmission prevents the LP NB from having a successful data transmission.
  • the legacy STA/AP is unable to decode the 2 MHz PPDU.
  • the legacy STA/AP is unable to receive a packet transmitted by the dual-mode AP.
  • the legacy STA/AP cannot decode the 2 MHz PPDU transmitted by the LP STA and thus cannot defer transmission correctly.
  • the legacy transmission collides with the 2 MHz PPDU transmission by the LP NB STA at the legacy STA.
  • One aspect proposes a solution for the coexistence problems in the above illustrative scenarios such as in the smart building management systems, or in general any environment, as mentioned above.
  • One technological solution to overcome the challenges is to deploy a designated device(s) in the network that receive the legacy signals and set the designated device's NAV correctly. And if the designated device receives an RTS with its address in the destination address, then the designated device could transmit a CTS.
  • Such a CTS transmission can be viewed as a relaying CTS to the LP NB APs and/or Legacy APs.
  • the designated device can also perform channel reservation or virtual carrier sensing functions and leave the data packet transmissions to the original device(s).
  • This exemplary approach can separate the control plane from the data plane where the designated device(s) is utilized in the control plane.
  • a narrow band device can be any device only being able to transmit and receive a bandwidth less than 20 MHz.
  • all devices must be able to transmit and receive at least 20 MHz, in many cases with later revisions, even larger than 20 MHz.
  • Fig. 5 shows an example of such deployment.
  • the circles 504 identify 20MHz coverage areas and the circle 508 shows the coverage of the designated STA where CTS transmissions are relayed.
  • a typical example of such a deployment could be a scenario in which where the dual-mode AP is a residential AP associated with a sensor associated with the LP NB STA 512, which receives interfering signals from (and interferes to) an OBSS (Overlapping Basic Service Set) in the neighborhood.
  • One aspect places the designated STA (shown by the hexagon) at the cell edge of the legacy coverage of both the dual-mode and Legacy APs.
  • the designated STA is 20 MHz capable and therefore receives RTSs transmitted by both APs, as well as other legacy signals in the environment, and can set its NAV correctly.
  • This designated station could be placed/located in a manner similar to that of installing a range extender.
  • the designated STA will transmit a 20 MHz CTS causing other 20 MHz devices within its reach to set their NAVs, which results in the other 20 MHz devices to defer transmissions correctly.
  • the dual-mode AP initiates an RTS/CTS exchange with the designated STA.
  • the designated STA would transmit a CTS only when the media is clear, i.e., both virtual carrier sensing and physical carrier sensing have indicated a clear channel.
  • the solution requires careful placement of the designated STA to cover the area in which legacy interference to the LP NB range/coverage area exist. It is envisaged that such placement can be done in vicinity of the LP NB devices by service providers' technicians and/or via guided user instructions similar to the placement of a range extender as discussed above.
  • an (or a group of) LP NB device(s) can be pre-configured to work with a designated STA (or a designated STA can be configured to operate with specified LP NB device(s)), and a protocol can be defined to associate the designated STA to the LP NB AP. Additionally, and optionally, the MAC address in an RTS packet received by the designated STA can be used to determine when the designated device is associated with an AP.
  • the designated STA/device can be used with a LP NB BSS to transmit and receive control frames and PHY headers to perform virtual and physical carrier sensing. By doing so, the control plane of the narrowband low power devices is separated from their data plane. In that manner, the designated STA does not need to receive/decode data transmissions. More specifically, the designated STA does not need to decode the B data packets.
  • the designated STA does not need to be a standalone device as discussed shortly in relation to Fig. 6, but can optionally be integrated into another device, such as a Wi- Fi device, an AP, a STA, a mobile device, a smartphone, an IoT device or in general any type of device, which need not necessarily be a communications device.
  • the device 600 in Fig. 6 addresses coexistence problems in low power and/or extended range (e.g., long range) scenarios.
  • Fig. 6 illustrates an exemplary hardware diagram of a device 600, that implements the functionality of Fig. 5, such as a wireless device, designated device, mobile device, access point, station, and/or the like, that is adapted to implement the technique(s) discussed herein. Operation will be discussed in relation to the components in Fig. 6 appreciating that each separate device in a system, e.g., station, AP, proxy server, etc., can include one or more of the components shown in the figure, with the components each being optional and each capable of being collocated or non-collocated. Each of the components in Fig. 6 can optionally be merged with one or more of the other components described herein, or into a new component(s).
  • a wireless device designated device, mobile device, access point, station, and/or the like
  • a component may have partially overlapping functionality. Similarly, all or a portion of the functionality of a component can optionally be merged with one or more of the other components described herein, or into a new component(s). Additionally, one or more of the components illustrated in Fig. 6 can be optionally implemented partially or fully in, for example, a baseband portion of a wireless communications device such as in an analog and/or digital baseband system and/or baseband signal processor, that is typically in communication with a radio frequency (RF) system.
  • the baseband signal processor could optionally be implemented in one or more FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays).
  • the device 600 includes interconnected elements (with links 5 generally omitted for clarity) including one or more of: one or more antennas/antenna arrays 604, an interleaver/deinterleaver 608, an analog front end (AFE) 612, memory/storage/cache 616, controller/microprocessor 620, MAC circuitry 622, modulator/demodulator 624, encoder/decoder 628, GPU 636, accelerator 642, a multiplexer/demultiplexer 640, clock 644, an RTS (Request to Send) decoder 648, a CTS (Clear to Send) module 650, a defer system 652, a Wi-Fi/BT/BLE (Bluetooth®/Bluetooth® Low Energy) PHY module 656, a Wi-Fi/BT/BLE MAC module 660, transmitter(s) 664 and receiver(s) 668.
  • interconnected elements including one or more of: one or more antennas/antenna arrays 604, an interleaver/
  • the various elements in the device 600 are connected by one or more links (not shown, again for sake of clarity).
  • the device 600 can have one more antennas 604, for use in wireless communications such as multi-input multi-output (MIMO) communications, multi-user multi-input multi- output (MU-MIMO) communications Bluetooth®, LTE, RFID, 4G, 5G, LTE, LWA, LP communications, etc.
  • MIMO multi-input multi-output
  • MU-MIMO multi-user multi-input multi- output
  • transmission/reception using MFMO may require particular antenna spacing.
  • MIMO transmission/reception can enable spatial diversity allowing for different channel characteristics at each of the antennas.
  • MIMO transmission/reception can be used to distribute resources to multiple users.
  • Antenna(s) 604 generally interact with the Analog Front End (AFE) 612, which is needed to enable the correct processing of the received modulated signal and signal conditioning for a transmitted signal.
  • the AFE 612 can be functionally located between the antenna and a digital baseband system in order to convert the analog signal into a digital signal for processing and vice-versa.
  • the device 600 can also include a controller/microprocessor 620 and a memory/storage/cache 616.
  • the device 600 can interact with the memory/storage/cache 616 which may store information and operations necessary for configuring and transmitting or receiving the information described herein and/or operating the device as described herein.
  • the memory/storage/cache 616 may also be used in connection with the execution of application programming or instructions by the controller/microprocessor 620, and for temporary or long term storage of program instructions and/or data.
  • the memory/storage/cache 620 may comprise a computer-readable device, RAM, ROM, DRAM, SDRAM, and/or other storage device(s) and media.
  • the controller/microprocessor 620 may comprise a general purpose programmable processor or controller for executing application programming or instructions related to the device 600. Furthermore, the controller/microprocessor 620 can perform operations for configuring and transmitting information as described herein.
  • the controller/microprocessor 620 may include multiple processor cores, and/or implement multiple virtual processors.
  • the controller/microprocessor 620 may include multiple physical processors.
  • the controller/microprocessor 620 may comprise a specially configured Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) or other integrated circuit, a digital signal processor(s), a controller, a hardwired electronic or logic circuit, a programmable logic device or gate array, a special purpose computer, or the like.
  • ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit
  • the device 600 can further include a transmitter(s) 664 and receiver(s) 668 which can transmit and receive signals, respectively, to and from other wireless devices and/or access points using the one or more antennas 604. Included in the device 600 circuitry is the medium access control or MAC Circuitry 622. MAC circuitry 622 provides for controlling access to the wireless medium. In an exemplary embodiment, the MAC circuitry 622 may be arranged to contend for the wireless medium and configure frames or packets for communicating over the wireless medium as discussed.
  • the PHY module/circuitry 656 controls the electrical and physical specifications for device 600.
  • PHY module/circuitry 656 manages the relationship between the device 600 and a transmission medium.
  • Primary functions and services performed by the physical layer, and in particular the PHY module/circuitry 656, include the establishment and termination of a connection to a communications medium, and participation in the various process and technologies where communication resources shared between, for example, among multiple STAs. These technologies further include, for example, contention resolution and flow control and modulation or conversion between a representation of digital data in user equipment and the corresponding signals transmitted over the communications channel. These are signals are transmitted over the physical cabling (such as copper and optical fiber) and/or over a radio communications (wireless) link.
  • the physical layer of the OSI model and the PHY module/circuitry 656 can be embodied as a plurality of sub components. These sub components or circuits can include a Physical Layer Convergence Procedure (PLCP) which acts as an adaption layer.
  • the PLCP is at least responsible for the Clear Channel Assessment (CCA) and building packets for different physical layer technologies.
  • the Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) layer specifies modulation and coding techniques used by the device and a PHY management layer manages channel tuning and the like.
  • a station management sub layer and the MAC circuitry 622 handle co-ordination of interactions between the MAC and PHY layers.
  • the MAC layer and components, and in particular the MAC module 660 and MAC circuitry 622 provide functional and procedural means to transfer data between network entities and to detect and possibly correct errors that may occur in the physical layer.
  • the MAC module 650 and MAC circuitry 622 also provide access to contention-based and contention-free traffic on different types of physical layers, such as when multiple communications technologies are incorporated into the device 600.
  • the responsibilities are divided into the MAC sub-layer and the MAC management sub-layer.
  • the MAC sub-layer defines access mechanisms and packet formats while the MAC management sub-layer defines power management, security and roaming services, etc.
  • the device 600 can also optionally contain a security module (not shown).
  • This security module can contain information regarding but not limited to, security parameters required to connect the device to an access point or other device or other available network(s), and can include WEP or WPA/WPA-2 (optionally + AES and/or TKIP) security access keys, network keys, etc.
  • WEP security access key is a security password used by Wi-Fi networks. Knowledge of this code can enable a wireless device to exchange information with the access point and/or another device. The information exchange can occur through encoded messages with the WEP access code often being chosen by the network administrator.
  • WPA is an added security standard that is also used in conjunction with network connectivity with stronger encryption than WEP.
  • the accelerator 642 can cooperate with MAC circuitry 622 to, for example, perform real-time MAC functions.
  • the GPU 636 can be a specialized electronic circuit designed to rapidly manipulate and alter memory to accelerate the creation of data such as images in a frame buffer. GPUs are typically used in embedded systems, mobile phones, personal computers, workstations, and game consoles. GPUs are very efficient at manipulating computer graphics and image processing, and their highly parallel structure makes them more efficient than general-purpose CPUs for algorithms where the processing of large blocks of data is done in parallel.
  • the CTS module is adapted to assemble and transmit (optionally with the assistance of the transmitter 664 and/or processor 620) a CTS signal as discussed herein.
  • the CTS module can optionally be embodied as software/firmware and/or a processor/controller.
  • the RTS decoder 648 is adapted to receive an RTS transmission (optionally with the assistance of the receiver 668 and/or processor 620)and determine a transmission deferral period of time upon which the NAV is set.
  • the RTS decoder can be optionally be embodied as software/firmware and/or a processor/controller.
  • the network allocation vector (NAV) is a virtual carrier-sensing mechanism used with wireless network protocols such as IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.16 (WiMax).
  • WiMax IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.16
  • the MAC layer frame headers contain a duration field that specifies the transmission time required for the frame, in which time the medium will be busy.
  • the stations listening on the wireless medium read the Duration field and set their NAV, which is an indicator for a station of how long the station must defer from accessing the medium.
  • the NAV may be thought of as a counter, which counts down to zero at a uniform rate.
  • the virtual CS (Carrier Sense) indication is that the medium is idle; when nonzero, the indication is busy.
  • the medium shall be determined to be busy when the STA is transmitting.
  • the NAV represents the number of microseconds the sending STA intends to hold the medium busy (maximum of 32,767 microseconds).
  • Wireless stations are often battery-powered, so to conserve power the stations may enter a power-saving mode.
  • a station decrements its NAV counter until it becomes zero, at which time it is awakened to sense the medium again.
  • the NAV virtual carrier sensing mechanism is a prominent part of the CSMA/CA MAC protocol used with IEEE 802.11 WLANs.
  • the various elements/components in Fig. 8 cooperate along with the defer subsystem 652 to perform the functionality as discussed herein.
  • the designated device 600 is deployed in the network to perform designated services in the network as discussed.
  • the designated device 600 receives legacy signals from other device(s) and set its NAV correctly in conjunction with the defer subsystem 652 and optionally processor 620 and memory 616.
  • the defer subsystem can optionally be software/firmware and/or a processor/controller/ASIC and/or implemented in a baseband processor as discussed.
  • the device 600 receives an RTS with its address in a destination address field of the RTS, then the device 600 transmits a CTS in conjunction with the CTS module 650 and transmitter 664.
  • Such a CTS transmission can be viewed as relaying CTS to LP APs, dual-mode APs and/or Legacy APs.
  • the designated device 600 also performs channel reservation or virtual carrier sensing functionality and leaves data packet transmissions to the respective original device(s). This approach separates control plane functionality from the data plane functionality where the designated device(s) is utilized in the control plane.
  • the design of the device 600 in Fig. 6 can provide designated services throughout the coverage area, at the edge of a legacy coverage area and in the vicinity of an (or a group of) LP device(s) operating at the extended range.
  • the device 600 receives interference from legacy BSSs which are unreachable by the dual-mode AP.
  • Fig. 5 shows an example of such a deployment. In Fig.
  • the circles 504 identify 20MHz coverage
  • the circle 2 MHz Transmission Range shows the extended range of the dual -mode AP
  • the circle 508 shows the coverage of the designated STA where CTS transmissions are relayed as discussed.
  • a dual-mode AP is an industrial AP associated with an IoT manufacturing sensor (the LP B/LP STA 512 at an extended range), for example at a far end of a manufacturing facility, which receives interfering signals from (and interferes with) an OBSS in an adjacent facility.
  • the device 600 places the device 600 as a designated STA (shown by the hexagon) at or near the cell edge of the legacy coverage of both the LP STA and the Legacy APs.
  • the designated STA 600 is 20 MHz capable and therefore receives RTSs transmitted by both APs, as well as other legacy signals in the environment, and can set its NAV correctly as outlined herein.
  • the designated STA 600 will transmit a 20MHz CTS causing other 20MHz devices within range to correctly set their NAVs. Thus, the 20MHz devices within range defer subsequent transmissions correctly to allow the LP B STA to transmit without a collision.
  • the dual- mode AP initiates an RTS/CTS exchange with the designated STA 600.
  • the designated STA 600 transmits the CTS only if the media is clear, i.e., both virtual carrier sensing and physical carrier sensing have indicated a clear channel.
  • the CTS transmission from the designated STA 600 causes legacy devices to establish their NAV and defer any transmissions in favour of the LP NB transmission.
  • the designated STA 600 therefore does not need to receive/decode data transmissions and more specifically, the designated STA 600 does not need to decode NB data packets.
  • Fig. 7 is a block diagram of a radio architecture 700 in accordance with some embodiments. Any of the functionality described herein can optionally be implemented in one or more portions of the architecture described in Figs. 7-10. As one example, the functionality could be implemented in the baseband processing circuitry, and more specifically to the control logic, although the technology is not limited thereto.
  • Radio architecture 700 may include radio front-end module (FEM) circuitry 704, radio IC circuitry 706 and baseband processing circuitry 708.
  • Radio architecture 700 as shown optionally includes both Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) functionality and Bluetooth® (BT) functionality although embodiments are not so limited.
  • WLAN Wireless Local Area Network
  • BT Bluetooth®
  • the FEM circuitry 704 may include a WLAN or Wi-Fi FEM circuitry 704a and a Bluetooth® (BT) FEM circuitry 704b.
  • the WLAN FEM circuitry 704a may include a receive signal path comprising circuitry configured to operate on WLAN RF signals received from one or more antennas 701, to amplify the received signals and to provide the amplified versions of the received signals to the WLAN radio IC circuitry 706a for further processing.
  • the BT FEM circuitry 704b may include a receive signal path which may include circuitry configured to operate on BT RF signals received from one or more antennas 702, to amplify the received signals and to provide the amplified versions of the received signals to the BT radio IC circuitry 706b for further processing.
  • FEM circuitry 704a may also include a transmit signal path which may include circuitry configured to amplify WLAN signals provided by the radio IC circuitry 706a for wireless transmission by one or more of the antennas 701.
  • FEM circuitry 704b may also include a transmit signal path which may include circuitry configured to amplify BT signals provided by the radio IC circuitry 706b for wireless transmission by the one or more antennas 702.
  • a transmit signal path which may include circuitry configured to amplify BT signals provided by the radio IC circuitry 706b for wireless transmission by the one or more antennas 702.
  • FEM 704a and FEM 704b are shown as being distinct from one another, embodiments are not so limited, and include within their scope the use of an FEM (not shown) that includes a transmit path and/or a receive path for both WLAN and BT signals, or the use of one or more FEM circuitries where at least some of the FEM circuitries share transmit and/or receive signal paths for both WLAN and BT signals.
  • Radio IC circuitry 706 as shown may include WLAN radio IC circuitry 706a and BT radio IC circuitry 706b.
  • the WLAN radio IC circuitry 706a may include a receive signal path which may include circuitry to down-convert WLAN RF signals received from the FEM circuitry 704a and provide baseband signals to WLAN baseband processing circuitry 708a.
  • BT radio IC circuitry 706b may in turn include a receive signal path which may include circuitry to down-convert BT RF signals received from the FEM circuitry 704b and provide baseband signals to BT baseband processing circuitry 708b.
  • WLAN radio IC circuitry 706a may also include a transmit signal path which may include circuitry to up-convert WLAN baseband signals provided by the WLAN baseband processing circuitry 708a and provide WLAN RF output signals to the FEM circuitry 704a for subsequent wireless transmission by the one or more antennas 701.
  • BT radio IC circuitry 706b may also include a transmit signal path which may include circuitry to up-convert BT baseband signals provided by the BT baseband processing circuitry 708b and provide BT RF output signals to the FEM circuitry 704b for subsequent wireless transmission by the one or more antennas 702.
  • a transmit signal path which may include circuitry to up-convert BT baseband signals provided by the BT baseband processing circuitry 708b and provide BT RF output signals to the FEM circuitry 704b for subsequent wireless transmission by the one or more antennas 702.
  • radio IC circuitries 706a and 706b are shown as being distinct from one another, embodiments are not so limited, and include within their scope the use of a radio IC circuitry (not shown) that includes a transmit signal path and/or a receive signal path for both WLAN and BT signals, or the use of one or more radio IC circuitries where at least some of the radio IC circuitries share transmit and/or receive signal paths for both WLAN and BT signals.
  • Baseband processing circuity 708 may include a WLAN baseband processing circuitry
  • the WLAN baseband processing circuitry 708a may include a memory, such as, for example, a set of RAM arrays in a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and/or Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) block (not shown) of the WLAN baseband processing circuitry 708a.
  • FFT Fast Fourier Transform
  • IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform
  • Each of the WLAN baseband circuitry 708a and the BT baseband circuitry 708b may further include one or more processors and/or control logic to process the signals received from the corresponding WLAN or BT receive signal path of the radio IC circuitry 706, and to also generate corresponding WLAN or BT baseband signals for the transmit signal path of the radio IC circuitry 706.
  • Each of the baseband processing circuitries 708a and 708b may further include physical layer (PHY) and medium access control layer (MAC) circuitry, and may further interface with application processor 711 for generation and processing of the baseband signals and for controlling operations of the radio IC circuitry 706.
  • optional WLAN-BT coexistence circuitry 713 may include logic providing an interface between the WLAN baseband circuitry 708a and the BT baseband circuitry 708b to enable use cases that may require WLAN and BT coexistence.
  • a switch 703 may be provided between the WLAN FEM circuitry 704a and the BT FEM circuitry 704b to allow switching between the WLAN and BT radios according to, for example, application needs.
  • antennas 701, 702 are depicted as being respectively connected to the WLAN FEM circuitry 704a and the BT FEM circuitry 704b, embodiments include within their scope the sharing of one or more antennas as between the WLAN and BT FEMs, or the provision of more than one antenna connected to each of FEM 704a or 704b.
  • the front-end module circuitry 704, the radio IC circuitry 706, and baseband processing circuitry 708 may be provided on a single radio card, such as wireless radio card 777.
  • the one or more antennas 701, 702, the FEM circuitry 704 and the radio IC circuitry 706 may be provided on a single radio card.
  • the radio IC circuitry 706 and the baseband processing circuitry 708 may be provided on a single chip or integrated circuit (IC), such as IC 712.
  • the wireless radio card 777 may include a WLAN radio card and may be configured for Wi-Fi communications, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.
  • the radio architecture 700 may be configured to receive and transmit orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) or orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) communication signals over a multicarrier communication channel.
  • OFDM orthogonal frequency division multiplexed
  • OFDMA orthogonal frequency division multiple access
  • radio architecture 700 may be part of a Wi- Fi communication station (STA) such as a wireless access point (AP), a base station or a mobile device including a Wi-Fi device.
  • STA Wi- Fi communication station
  • AP wireless access point
  • radio architecture 700 may be configured to transmit and receive signals in accordance with specific communication standards and/or protocols, such as any of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standards including, IEEE 802.11-2016, IEEE 802.1 ln-2009, IEEE 802.11-2012, 802.1 ln-2009, 802.1 lac, and/or 802.1 lax standards and/or proposed specifications for WLANs, although the scope of embodiments is not limited in this respect.
  • Radio architecture 700 may also be suitable to transmit and/or receive communications in accordance with other techniques and standards.
  • the radio architecture 700 may be configured for high-efficiency Wi-Fi (HEW) communications in accordance with the IEEE 802.1 lax standard.
  • the radio architecture 700 may be configured to communicate in accordance with an OFDMA technique, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.
  • the radio architecture 700 may be configured to transmit and receive signals transmitted using one or more other modulation techniques such as spread spectrum modulation (e.g., direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) and/or frequency hopping code division multiple access (FH-CDMA)), time-division multiplexing (TDM) modulation, and/or frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) modulation, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.
  • spread spectrum modulation e.g., direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) and/or frequency hopping code division multiple access (FH-CDMA)
  • TDM time-division multiplexing
  • FDM frequency-division multiplexing
  • the BT baseband circuitry 708b may be compliant with a Bluetooth® (BT) connectivity standard such as Bluetooth®, Bluetooth® 4.0 or Bluetooth® 5.0, BT Low Energy, or any other iteration of the Bluetooth® Standard.
  • BT Bluetooth®
  • the radio architecture 700 may be configured to establish a BT synchronous connection oriented (SCO) link and or a BT low energy (BT LE) link.
  • SCO BT synchronous connection oriented
  • BT LE BT low energy
  • the radio architecture 700 may be configured to establish an extended SCO (eSCO) link for BT communications, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.
  • the radio architecture may be configured to engage in a BT Asynchronous Connection-Less (ACL) communications, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.
  • ACL Asynchronous Connection-Less
  • the functions of a BT radio card and WLAN radio card may be combined on a single wireless radio card, such as single wireless radio card 777, although embodiments are not so limited, and include within their scope discrete WLAN and BT radio cards
  • the radio architecture 700 may include other radio cards, such as a cellular radio card configured for cellular (e.g., 3 GPP such as LTE, LTE- Advanced, 4G and/or 5G communications).
  • the radio architecture 700 may be configured for communication over various channel bandwidths including bandwidths having center frequencies of about 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and bandwidths of about 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 2.5 MHz, 4 MHz, 5 MHz, 8 MHz, 10 MHz, 16 MHz, 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz (with contiguous bandwidths) or 80+80 MHz (160 MHz) (with non-contiguous bandwidths).
  • a 320 MHz channel bandwidth may be used. The scope of the embodiments is not limited with respect to any of the above center frequencies.
  • Fig. 8 illustrates in greater detail the FEM circuitry 800 in accordance with some embodiments.
  • the FEM circuitry 800 is one example of circuitry that may be suitable for use as the WLAN and/or BT FEM circuitry 704a/704b, although other circuitry configurations may also be suitable.
  • the FEM circuitry 800 may include a TX/RX switch 802 to switch between transmit mode and receive mode operation.
  • the FEM circuitry 800 may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path.
  • the receive signal path of the FEM circuitry 800 may include one or more low-noise amplifiers (LNA) 806 to amplify received RF signals 803 and provide the amplified received RF signals 807 as an output (e.g., to the radio IC circuitry 706).
  • LNA low-noise amplifiers
  • the transmit signal path of the circuitry 800 may include one or more a power amplifiers (PA) to amplify input RF signals 809 (e.g., provided by the radio IC circuitry 706), and one or more filters 812, such as band-pass filters (BPFs), low-pass filters (LPFs) and/or other types of filters, to generate RF signals 815 for subsequent transmission (e.g., by one or more of the antennas 701/702).
  • PA power amplifiers
  • BPFs band-pass filters
  • LPFs low-pass filters
  • the FEM circuitry 800 may be configured to operate in either the 2.4 GHz frequency spectrum and/or the 5 GHz frequency spectrum.
  • the receive signal path of the FEM circuitry 800 may include a receive signal path duplexer 804 to separate the signals from each spectrum as well as provide a separate LNA 806 for each spectrum as shown.
  • the transmit signal path of the FEM circuitry 800 may also include a power amplifier 810 and a filter 812, such as a BPF, a LPF or another type of filter for each frequency spectrum and a transmit signal path duplexer 814 to provide the signals of one of the different spectrums onto a single transmit path for subsequent transmission by the one or more of the antennas 701.
  • BT communications may utilize the 2.4 GHZ signal paths and may utilize the same FEM circuitry 800 as the one used for WLAN communications.
  • Fig. 9 illustrates radio IC circuitry 900 in accordance with some embodiments.
  • the radio IC circuitry 900 is one example of circuitry that may be suitable for use as the WLAN or BT radio IC circuitry 706a/706b, although other circuitry configurations may also be suitable.
  • the radio IC circuitry 900 may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path.
  • the receive signal path of the radio IC circuitry 900 may include at least mixer circuitry 902, such as, for example, down-conversion mixer circuitry, amplifier circuitry 906 and filter circuitry 908.
  • the transmit signal path of the radio IC circuitry 900 may include at least filter circuitry 912 and mixer circuitry 914, such as, for example, up-conversion mixer circuitry.
  • Radio IC circuitry 900 may also include synthesizer circuitry 904 for synthesizing a frequency 905 for use by the mixer circuitry 902 and the mixer circuitry 914.
  • the mixer circuitry 902 and/or 914 may each, according to some embodiments, be configured to provide direct conversion functionality.
  • Fig. 9 illustrates only a simplified version of a radio IC circuitry, and may include, although not shown, embodiments where each of the depicted circuitries may include more than one component.
  • mixer circuitry 902 and/or 914 may each include one or more mixers
  • filter circuitries 908 and/or 912 may each include one or more filters, such as one or more BPFs and/or LPFs according to application needs.
  • mixer circuitries when mixer circuitries are of the direct-conversion type, they may each include two or more mixers.
  • mixer circuitry 902 may be configured to down-convert RF signals 807 received from the FEM circuitry 804 based on the synthesized frequency 905 provided by synthesizer circuitry 904.
  • the amplifier circuitry 906 may be configured to amplify the down-converted signals and the filter circuitry 908 may include a LPF configured to remove unwanted signals from the down-converted signals to generate output baseband signals 907.
  • Output baseband signals 907 may be provided to the baseband processing circuitry 708 for further processing.
  • the output baseband signals 907 may be zero- frequency baseband signals, although this is not a requirement.
  • mixer circuitry 902 may comprise passive mixers, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.
  • the mixer circuitry 914 may be configured to up-convert input baseband signals 911 based on the synthesized frequency 905 provided by the synthesizer circuitry 904 to generate RF output signals 809 for the FEM circuitry 704.
  • the baseband signals 911 may be provided by the baseband processing circuitry 708 and may be filtered by filter circuitry 912.
  • the filter circuitry 912 may include a LPF or a BPF, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.
  • the mixer circuitry 902 and the mixer circuitry 914 may each include two or more mixers and may be arranged for quadrature down-conversion and/or up- conversion respectively with the help of synthesizer 904.
  • the mixer circuitry 902 and the mixer circuitry 914 may each include two or more mixers each configured for image rejection (e.g., Hartley image rejection).
  • the mixer circuitry 902 and the mixer circuitry 914 may be arranged for direct down-conversion and/or direct up- conversion, respectively.
  • the mixer circuitry 902 and the mixer circuitry 914 may be configured for super-heterodyne operation, although this is not a requirement.
  • Mixer circuitry 902 may comprise, according to one embodiment: quadrature passive mixers (e.g., for the in-phase (I) and quadrature phase (Q) paths).
  • RF input signal 807 may be down-converted to provide I and Q baseband output signals to be sent to the baseband processor.
  • Quadrature passive mixers may be driven by zero and ninety degree time-varying LO switching signals provided by a quadrature circuitry which may be configured to receive a LO frequency (fLO) from a local oscillator or a synthesizer, such as LO frequency 905 of synthesizer 904.
  • a LO frequency fLO
  • the LO frequency may be the carrier frequency
  • the LO frequency may be a fraction of the carrier frequency (e.g., one- half the carrier frequency, one-third the carrier frequency).
  • the zero and ninety degree time-varying switching signals may be generated by the synthesizer, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.
  • the LO signals may differ in duty cycle (the percentage of one period in which the LO signal is high) and/or offset (the difference between start points of the period). In some embodiments, the LO signals may have a 25% duty cycle and a 50% offset. In some embodiments, each branch of the mixer circuitry (e.g., the in-phase (I) and quadrature phase (Q) path) may operate at a 25% duty cycle, which may result in a significant reduction is power consumption.
  • the RF input signal 807 may comprise a balanced signal, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.
  • the I and Q baseband output signals may be provided to low-nose amplifier, such as amplifier circuitry 906 or to filter circuitry 908.
  • the output baseband signals 907 and the input baseband signals 911 may be analog baseband signals, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some alternate embodiments, the output baseband signals 907 and the input baseband signals 911 may be digital baseband signals. In these alternate embodiments, the radio IC circuitry may include analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuitry.
  • ADC analog-to-digital converter
  • DAC digital-to-analog converter
  • a separate radio IC circuitry may be provided for processing signals for each spectrum, or for other spectrums not mentioned here, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.
  • the synthesizer circuitry 904 may be a fractional-N synthesizer or a fractional N/N+l synthesizer, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect as other types of frequency synthesizers may be suitable.
  • synthesizer circuitry 904 may be a delta-sigma synthesizer, a frequency multiplier, or a synthesizer comprising a phase-locked loop with a frequency divider.
  • the synthesizer circuitry 904 may include digital synthesizer circuitry. An advantage of using a digital synthesizer circuitry is that, although it may still include some analog components, its footprint may be scaled down much more than the footprint of an analog synthesizer circuitry.
  • frequency input into synthesizer circuity 904 may be provided by a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), although that is not a requirement.
  • VCO voltage controlled oscillator
  • a divider control input may further be provided by either the baseband processing circuitry 708 or the application processor 711 depending on the desired output frequency 905.
  • a divider control input (e.g., N) may be determined from a look-up table (e.g., within a Wi-Fi card) based on a channel number and a channel center frequency as determined or indicated by the application processor 711.
  • synthesizer circuitry 904 may be configured to generate a carrier frequency as the output frequency 905, while in other embodiments, the output frequency 905 may be a fraction of the carrier frequency (e.g., one-half the carrier frequency, one-third the carrier frequency). In some embodiments, the output frequency 905 may be a LO frequency (fLO).
  • fLO LO frequency
  • Fig. 10 illustrates a functional block diagram of baseband processing circuitry 1000 in accordance with some embodiments.
  • the baseband processing circuitry 1000 is one example of circuitry that may be suitable for use as the baseband processing circuitry 708, although other circuitry configurations may also be suitable.
  • the baseband processing circuitry 1000 may include a receive baseband processor (RX BBP) 1002 for processing receive baseband signals 907 provided by the radio IC circuitry 706 and a transmit baseband processor (TX BBP) 1004 for generating transmit baseband signals 911 for the radio IC circuitry 706.
  • RX BBP receive baseband processor
  • TX BBP transmit baseband processor
  • the baseband processing circuitry 1000 may also include control logic 1006 for coordinating the operations of the baseband processing circuitry 1000.
  • the baseband processing circuitry 1000 may include ADC 1010 to convert analog baseband signals received from the radio IC circuitry 706 to digital baseband signals for processing by the RX BBP 1002.
  • the baseband processing circuitry 1000 may also include DAC 1012 to convert digital baseband signals from the TX BBP 1004 to analog baseband signals.
  • the transmit baseband processor 1004 may be configured to generate OFDM or OFDMA signals as appropriate for transmission by performing an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT).
  • IFFT inverse fast Fourier transform
  • the receive baseband processor 1002 may be configured to process received OFDM signals or OFDMA signals by performing an FFT.
  • the receive baseband processor 1002 may be configured to detect the presence of an OFDM signal or OFDMA signal by performing an autocorrelation, to detect a preamble, such as a short preamble, and by performing a cross-correlation, to detect a long preamble.
  • the preambles may be part of a predetermined frame structure for Wi-Fi communication. Referring back to Fig.
  • the antennas 701 may each comprise one or more directional or omnidirectional antennas, including, for example, dipole antennas, monopole antennas, patch antennas, loop antennas, microstnp antennas or other types of antennas suitable for transmission of RF signals.
  • the antennas may be effectively separated to take advantage of spatial diversity and the different channel characteristics that may result.
  • Antennas 701 may each include a set of phased-array antennas, although embodiments are not so limited.
  • radio-architecture 700 is illustrated as having several separate functional elements, one or more of the functional elements may be combined and may be implemented by combinations of software-configured elements, such as processing elements including digital signal processors (DSPs), and/or other hardware elements.
  • DSPs digital signal processors
  • some elements may comprise one or more microprocessors, DSPs, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), radio-frequency integrated circuits (RFICs) and combinations of various hardware and logic circuitry for performing at least the functions described herein.
  • the functional elements may refer to one or more processes operating on one or more processing elements.
  • the radio-architecture 700, acting as a designated device can also be deployed in a network to perform designated services in the network as discussed.
  • the radio-architecture 700 receives legacy signals from other device(s) (for example with the FEM 704) and set its NAV correctly in conjunction with the defer subsystem embodied in the baseband circuitry 708.
  • the defer subsystem can optionally be software/firmware and/or a processor/controller/ASIC and/or implemented in a baseband circuitry as discussed.
  • the radio-architecture 700 receives an RTS with its address in a destination address field of the RTS, then the radio-architecture 700 transmits a CTS in conjunction with the FEM 704 and baseband processing circuitry 700.
  • Such a CTS transmission can be viewed as relaying CTS to LP APs, dual-mode APs and/or Legacy APs.
  • the radio-architecture 700 also performs channel reservation or virtual carrier sensing functionality and leaves data packet transmissions to the respective original device(s). As discussed, this approach separates control plane functionality from the data plane functionality where the designated device(s) is utilized in the control plane.
  • the radio-architecture 700 places the radio-architecture 700 as a designated STA (shown by the hexagon) at or near the cell edge of the legacy coverage of both the LP STA and the Legacy APs.
  • the radio-architecture 700 can optionally be 20 MHz capable and therefore receives RTSs transmitted by both APs, as well as other legacy signals in the environment, and can set its NAV correctly as outlined herein.
  • the radio-architecture 700 will transmit a 20MHz CTS causing other 20MHz devices within range to correctly set their NAVs.
  • the 20MHz devices within range defer subsequent transmissions correctly to allow the LP NB STA to transmit without a collision.
  • Fig. 11 outlines an exemplary method for virtual carrier sensing that separates the control plane from the data plane.
  • Control begins in step SHOO and continues to step SI 104.
  • the designated STA 600 which is 20 MHz capable, receives RTSs (for example by the FEM 704) transmitted by APs, as well as other legacy signals in the deployment environment.
  • step SI 108 when an RTS is addressed to the designated STA, then the designated STA will transmit a 20 MHz CTS (for example by the FEM 704) causing other 20 MHz devices within range to correctly set their NAVs. Then, in step SI 112, the 20 MHz devices within range of the designated STA defer subsequent transmissions correctly to allow the LP NB STA to transmit without a collision.
  • step SI 116 the dual-mode AP initiates an RTS/CTS exchange with the designated STA.
  • step SI 120 the designated STA transmits the CTS only if the media is clear, i.e., both virtual carrier sensing and physical carrier sensing have indicated a clear channel.
  • step SI 124 this CTS transmission from the designated STA causes legacy devices in step SI 128 to establish their NAV and defer any transmissions in favour of the LP NB transmission. Control then continues to step SI 132 where the control sequence ends.
  • Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with various devices and systems, for example, a User Equipment (UE), a Mobile Device (MD), a wireless station (STA), a Personal Computer (PC), a desktop computer, a mobile computer, a laptop computer, a notebook computer, a tablet computer, a server computer, a handheld computer, a handheld device, a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) device, a handheld PDA device, an on-board device, an off- board device, a hybrid device, a vehicular device, a non-vehicular device, a mobile or portable device, a consumer device, a non-mobile or non-portable device, a wireless communication station, a wireless communication device, a wireless Access Point (AP), a wired or wireless router, a wired or wireless modem, a video device, an audio device, an audio-video (A/V) device, a wired or wireless network, a wireless area network, a Wireless Video Area Network (WVAN), a Local Area Network (LAN), a Wireless
  • Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with devices and/or networks operating in accordance with existing Wireless-Gigabit- Alliance (WGA) specifications (Wireless Gigabit Alliance, Inc. WiGig MAC and PHY Specification Version 1.1, April 2011, Final specification) and/or future versions and/or derivatives thereof, devices and/or networks operating in accordance with existing IEEE 802.11 standards (IEEE 802.11-2012, IEEE Standard for Information technology—Telecommunications and information exchange between systems Local and metropolitan area networks—Specific requirements Part 11 : Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications, March 29, 2012; IEEE802.11ac-2013 ("IEEE P802.1 lac-2013, IEEE Standard for Information Technology - Telecommunications and Information Exchange Between Systems - Local and Metropolitan Area Networks - Specific Requirements - Part 11 : Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications - Amendment 4: Enhancements for Very High Throughput for Operation in Bands below 6GHz", December, 2013); IEEE 802.11-2012,
  • IEEE P802.11ad-2012 IEEE Standard for Information Technology - Telecommunications and Information Exchange Between Systems - Local and Metropolitan Area Networks - Specific Requirements - Part 11 : Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications - Amendment 3 : Enhancements for Very High Throughput in the 60GHz Band", 28 December, 2012); IEEE-802.1 IREVmc (“IEEE 802.1 l-REVmcTM/D3.0, June 2014 draft standard for Information technology - Telecommunications and information exchange between systems Local and metropolitan area networks Specific requirements; Part 11 : Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specification”); IEEE802.
  • Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with one way and/or two-way radio communication systems, cellular radio-telephone communication systems, a mobile phone, a cellular telephone, a wireless telephone, a Personal Communication Systems (PCS) device, a PDA device which incorporates a wireless communication device, a mobile or portable Global Positioning System (GPS) device, a device which incorporates a GPS receiver or transceiver or chip, a device which incorporates an RFID element or chip, a Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) transceiver or device, a Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) transceiver or device, a Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) transceiver or device, a device having one or more internal antennas and/or external antennas, Digital Video Broadcast (DVB) devices or systems, multi- standard radio devices or systems, a wired or wireless handheld device, e.g., a Smartphone, a Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) device, or the like.
  • WAP Wireless Application Protocol
  • Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with one or more types of wireless communication signals and/or systems, for example, Radio Frequency (RF), Infra-Red (IR), Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM), Orthogonal FDM (OFDM), Orthogonal Frequency- Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), FDM Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM), Time- Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Multi-User MIMO (MU-MFMO), Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA), Extended TDMA (E-TDMA), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), extended GPRS, Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Wideband CDMA (WCDMA), CDMA 2000, single-carrier CDMA, multi-carrier CDMA, Multi-Carrier Modulation (MDM), Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT), Bluetooth , Global Positioning System (GPS), Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, ZigBeeTM, Ultra-Wideband (UWB), Global System for Mobile communication (GSM),
  • Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity
  • Other embodiments may be used in conjunction with any other suitable wireless communication network, for example, a wireless area network, a "piconet", a WPAN, a WVAN, and the like.
  • Some demonstrative embodiments may be used in conjunction with a wireless communication network communicating over a frequency band of 5GHz and/or 60GHz.
  • other embodiments may be implemented utilizing any other suitable wireless communication frequency bands, for example, an Extremely High Frequency (EHF) band (the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency band), e.g., a frequency band within the frequency band of between 20GhH and 300GHz, a WLAN frequency band, a WPAN frequency band, a frequency band according to the WGA specification, and the like.
  • EHF Extremely High Frequency
  • mmWave millimeter wave
  • the terms “plurality” and “a plurality” as used herein may include, for example, “multiple” or “two or more”.
  • the terms “plurality” or “a plurality” may be used throughout the specification to describe two or more components, devices, elements, units, parameters, circuits, or the like.
  • a plurality of stations may include two or more stations.
  • the exemplary embodiments will be described in relation to communications systems, as well as protocols, techniques, means and methods for performing communications, such as in a wireless network, or in general in any communications network operating using any communications protocol(s). Examples of such are home or access networks, wireless home networks, wireless corporate networks, and the like. It should be appreciated however that in general, the systems, methods and techniques disclosed herein will work equally well for other types of communications environments, networks and/or protocols. For purposes of explanation, numerous details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present techniques. It should be appreciated however that the present disclosure may be practiced in a variety of ways beyond the specific details set forth herein.
  • a Domain Master can also be used to refer to any device, system or module that manages and/or configures or communicates with any one or more aspects of the network or communications environment and/or transceiver(s) and/or stations and/or access point(s) described herein.
  • the components of the system can be combined into one or more devices, or split between devices, such as a transceiver, an access point, a station, a Domain Master, a network operation or management device, a node or collocated on a particular node of a distributed network, such as a communications network.
  • the components of the system can be arranged at any location within a distributed network without affecting the operation thereof.
  • the various components can be located in a Domain Master, a node, a domain management device, such as a MIB, a network operation or management device, a transceiver(s), a station, an access point(s), or some combination thereof.
  • one or more of the functional portions of the system could be distributed between a transceiver and an associated computing device/system.
  • the various links 5, including the communications channel(s) connecting the elements can be wired or wireless links or any combination thereof, or any other known or later developed element(s) capable of supplying and/or communicating data to and from the connected elements.
  • module as used herein can refer to any known or later developed hardware, circuitry, software, firmware, or combination thereof, that is capable of performing the functionality associated with that element.
  • determine, calculate, and compute and variations thereof, as used herein are used interchangeable and include any type of methodology, process, technique, mathematical operational or protocol.
  • exemplary embodiments described herein are directed toward a transmitter portion of a transceiver performing certain functions, or a receiver portion of a transceiver performing certain functions, this disclosure is intended to include corresponding and complementary transmitter-side or receiver-side functionality, respectively, in both the same transceiver and/or another transceiver(s), and vice versa.
  • Exemplary aspects are directed toward:
  • a wireless communications device comprising:
  • RTS Request to Send
  • a controller that determines if the RTS signal is addressed to the wireless communications device
  • CTS Clear to Send
  • the Clear to Send (CTS) module and transmitter transmit the CTS only if a media is clear, an access point will transmit low power data to low power station after an exchange of the
  • a low power station will receive narrow band data from an access point/designated station, a low power device will receive a trigger frame for an uplink transmission after an RTS/CTS exchange, and/or
  • a low power station transmits low power data after a trigger.
  • an RTS/CTS exchange is performed with the wireless communications device.
  • the CTS transmission by the wireless communications device causes legacy devices to establish their NAV and defer any transmissions in favor of the low power narrow bandwidth transmission.
  • the wireless communications device CTS transmission is a relaying CTS to a low power narrow bandwidth device and/or a legacy device.
  • wireless communications device is installed on one or more cell edges.
  • the wireless communications device operates on one or more of 20 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz and/or at another narrowband frequency.
  • a low power narrow bandwidth device will be scheduled to transmit data after a RTS/CTS exchange between an access point and the wireless communications device.
  • the wireless communications device allows separation of a control and a data plane.
  • a non-transitory information storage media having stored thereon one or more instructions, that when executed by one or more processors, cause a channel mapping method comprising:
  • the CTS is transmitted only if a media is clear
  • an access point will transmit low power data to low power station after an exchange of the
  • a low power station will receive narrow band data from an access point/designated station, a low power device will receive a trigger frame for an uplink transmission after an RTS/CTS exchange, and/or
  • a low power station transmits low power data after a trigger.
  • an RTS/CTS exchange is performed with the wireless communications device.
  • the CTS transmission by the wireless communications device causes legacy devices to establish their NAV and defer any transmissions in favor of the low power narrow bandwidth transmission.
  • the wireless communications device CTS transmission is a relaying CTS to a low power narrow bandwidth device and/or a legacy device.
  • wireless communications device is installed on one or more cell edges.
  • the wireless communications device operates on one or more of 20 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz and/or at another narrowband frequency.
  • a low power narrow bandwidth device will be scheduled to transmit data after a RTS/CTS exchange between an access point and the wireless communications device.
  • a wireless communications device comprising:
  • the Clear to Send (CTS) module and transmitter transmit the CTS only if a media is clear, an access point will transmit low power data to low power station after an exchange of the RTS/CTS,
  • a low power station will receive narrow band data from an access point/designated station, a low power device will receive a trigger frame for an uplink transmission after an
  • a low power station transmits low power data after a trigger.
  • an RTS/CTS exchange is performed with the wireless communications device.
  • the CTS transmission by the wireless communications device causes legacy devices to establish their NAV and defer any transmissions in favor of the low power narrow bandwidth transmission.
  • the wireless communications device CTS transmission is a relaying CTS to a low power narrow bandwidth device and/or a legacy device.
  • wireless communications device is installed on one or more cell edges.
  • the wireless communications device operates on one or more of 20 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz and/or at another narrowband frequency.
  • a low power narrow bandwidth device will be scheduled to transmit data after a RTS/CTS exchange between an access point and the wireless communications device.
  • the wireless communications device allows separation of a control and a data plane.
  • a channel mapping method comprising:
  • the CTS is transmitted only if a media is clear
  • an access point will transmit low power data to low power station after an exchange of the RTS/CTS,
  • a low power station will receive narrow band data from an access point/designated station, a low power device will receive a trigger frame for an uplink transmission after an RTS/CTS exchange, and/or
  • a low power station transmits low power data after a trigger.
  • an RTS/CTS exchange is performed with the wireless communications device.
  • the CTS transmission by the wireless communications device causes legacy devices to establish their NAV and defer any transmissions in favor of the low power narrow bandwidth transmission.
  • the wireless communications device CTS transmission is a relaying CTS to a low power narrow bandwidth device and/or a legacy device.
  • wireless communications device is installed on one or more cell edges.
  • the wireless communications device operates on one or more of 20 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz and/or at another narrowband frequency.
  • SoC system on a chip
  • One or more means for performing any one or more of the above aspects Any one or more of the aspects as substantially described herein.
  • the various components of the system can be located at distant portions of a distributed network, such as a communications network and/or the Internet, or within a dedicated secure, unsecured and/or encrypted system.
  • a distributed network such as a communications network and/or the Internet
  • the components of the system can be combined into one or more devices, such as an access point or station, or collocated on a particular node/element(s) of a distributed network, such as a telecommunications network.
  • the components of the system can be arranged at any location within a distributed network without affecting the operation of the system.
  • the various components can be located in a transceiver, an access point, a station, a management device, or some combination thereof.
  • one or more functional portions of the system could be distributed between a transceiver, such as an access point(s) or station(s) and an associated computing device.
  • the various links including communications channel(s), connecting the elements (which may not be not shown) can be wired or wireless links, or any combination thereof, or any other known or later developed element(s) that is capable of supplying and/or communicating data and/or signals to and from the connected elements.
  • module as used herein can refer to any known or later developed hardware, software, firmware, or combination thereof that is capable of performing the functionality associated with that element.
  • determine, calculate and compute, and variations thereof, as used herein are used interchangeably and include any type of methodology, process, mathematical operation or technique.
  • the above-described system can be implemented on a wireless telecommunications device(s)/system, such an IEEE 802.11 transceiver, or the like.
  • wireless protocols that can be used with this technology include IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.
  • IEEE 802.11 ⁇ IEEE 802.1 lac, IEEE 802.1 lad, IEEE 802.11af, IEEE 802.1 lah, IEEE 802.11ai, IEEE 802.1 laj, IEEE 802.1 laq, IEEE 802.1 lax, Wi-Fi, LTE, 4G, Bluetooth®, WirelessHD, WiGig, WiGi, 3 GPP, Wireless LAN, WiMAX, DensiFi SIG, Unifi SIG, 3 GPP LAA (licensed-assisted access), and the like.
  • transceiver as used herein can refer to any device that comprises hardware, software, circuitry, firmware, or any combination thereof and is capable of performing any of the methods, techniques and/or algorithms described herein.
  • the systems, methods and protocols can be implemented to improve one or more of a special purpose computer, a programmed microprocessor or microcontroller and peripheral integrated circuit element(s), an ASIC or other integrated circuit, a digital signal processor, a hard-wired electronic or logic circuit such as discrete element circuit, a programmable logic device such as PLD, PLA, FPGA, PAL, a modem, a transmitter/receiver, any comparable means, or the like.
  • any device capable of implementing a state machine that is in turn capable of implementing the methodology illustrated herein can benefit from the various communication methods, protocols and techniques according to the disclosure provided herein.
  • Examples of the processors as described herein may include, but are not limited to, at least one of Qualcomm® Qualcomm® Qualcomm® 800 and 801, Qualcomm® Qualcomm® Qualcomm® 610 and 615 with 4G LTE Integration and 64-bit computing, Apple® A7 processor with 64-bit architecture, Apple® M7 motion coprocessors, Samsung® Exynos® series, the Intel® CoreTM family of processors, the Intel® Xeon® family of processors, the Intel® AtomTM family of processors, the Intel Itanium® family of processors, Intel® Core® ⁇ 5-4670 ⁇ and ⁇ 7-4770 ⁇ 22nm Haswell, Intel® Core® ⁇ 5-3570 ⁇ 22nm Ivy Bridge, the AMD® FXTM family of processors, AMD® FX- 4300, FX-6300, and FX-8350 32nm Vishera, AMD® Kaveri processors, Texas Instruments® Jacinto C6000TM automotive infotainment processors, Texas Instruments® OMAPTM automotive-grade mobile processors, ARM® CortexTM
  • the disclosed methods may be readily implemented in software using object or object-oriented software development environments that provide portable source code that can be used on a variety of computer or workstation platforms.
  • the disclosed system may be implemented partially or fully in hardware using standard logic circuits or VLSI design. Whether software or hardware is used to implement the systems in accordance with the embodiments is dependent on the speed and/or efficiency requirements of the system, the particular function, and the particular software or hardware systems or microprocessor or microcomputer systems being utilized.
  • the communication systems, methods and protocols illustrated herein can be readily implemented in hardware and/or software using any known or later developed systems or structures, devices and/or software by those of ordinary skill in the applicable art from the functional description provided herein and with a general basic knowledge of the computer and telecommunications arts.
  • the disclosed methods may be readily implemented in software and/or firmware that can be stored on a storage medium to improve the performance of: a programmed general-purpose computer with the cooperation of a controller and memory, a special purpose computer, a microprocessor, or the like.
  • the systems and methods can be implemented as program embedded on personal computer such as an applet, JAVA.RTM. or CGI script, as a resource residing on a server or computer workstation, as a routine embedded in a dedicated communication system or system component, or the like.
  • the system can also be implemented by physically incorporating the system and/or method into a software and/or hardware system, such as the hardware and software systems of a communications transceiver.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)

Abstract

Pour faire face aux machines M2M (machine à machine), à l'IoT (Internet des objets), la gestion d'énergie, les applications de capteur et similaires, l'invention porte sur dispositif Wi-Fi de faible puissance destiné à tirer parti de l'infrastructure WLAN de marché de masse pour un accès fiable, cohérent et stable à des services Internet et « en nuage ». Pour les modes OFDMA IEEE 802.11ax, même lorsqu'un dispositif transmet un signal de 2 MHz, le dispositif est nécessaire pour transmettre d'abord un préambule existant à 20 MHz. La transmission de ce préambule existant fournit une compatibilité de coexistence avec des dispositifs existants. Ceci limite considérablement les économies d'énergie pouvant être réalisées si un mode à bande étroite est défini, ce qui permet également de supprimer la restriction de devoir d'abord transmettre le préambule existant à 20 MHz. Ainsi, des mécanismes pour permettre à des futurs dispositifs LP de coexister avec des dispositifs existants sont nécessaires.
PCT/US2017/025354 2017-03-31 2017-03-31 Procédé de détection de porteuse virtuelle qui sépare le plan de commande du plan de données WO2018182684A1 (fr)

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US11349557B2 (en) 2018-11-30 2022-05-31 At&T Intellectual Property I, L.P. System model and architecture for mobile integrated access and backhaul in advanced networks
CN118433731A (zh) * 2024-07-04 2024-08-02 清华四川能源互联网研究院 一种光伏电站通信方法、系统、设备及存储介质

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CN109343469A (zh) * 2018-10-25 2019-02-15 毛海龙 基于物联网的智能铣床控制方法及系统
US11349557B2 (en) 2018-11-30 2022-05-31 At&T Intellectual Property I, L.P. System model and architecture for mobile integrated access and backhaul in advanced networks
CN118433731A (zh) * 2024-07-04 2024-08-02 清华四川能源互联网研究院 一种光伏电站通信方法、系统、设备及存储介质

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