WO2018171007A1 - Austenitic acid-resistant stainless steel pipe - Google Patents
Austenitic acid-resistant stainless steel pipe Download PDFInfo
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- WO2018171007A1 WO2018171007A1 PCT/CN2017/083169 CN2017083169W WO2018171007A1 WO 2018171007 A1 WO2018171007 A1 WO 2018171007A1 CN 2017083169 W CN2017083169 W CN 2017083169W WO 2018171007 A1 WO2018171007 A1 WO 2018171007A1
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- steel pipe
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L9/00—Rigid pipes
- F16L9/02—Rigid pipes of metal
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/48—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with niobium or tantalum
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/50—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with titanium or zirconium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/58—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with more than 1.5% by weight of manganese
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an austenitic acid-resistant stainless steel tube and its manufacture.
- stainless steel As an indispensable material in modern industry, stainless steel is widely used in medical equipment, industrial production equipment, building materials, etc. With the development of aerospace and nuclear power technology, the requirements for stainless steel are getting higher and higher. Stainless steel does not meet the requirements.
- the present invention provides an austenitic acid-resistant stainless steel pipe which is good in rigidity, non-slip and acid resistant, and is easy to install and fix.
- the invention relates to an austenitic acid-resistant stainless steel pipe, comprising a steel pipe body, wherein a plurality of anti-slip stripes are arranged on the outer surface of the steel pipe body, and a plurality of inner card grooves are arranged on the inner surfaces of the two ends of the steel pipe body, and the end faces at the two ends of the steel pipe body are respectively
- the outer inclined surface and the inner inclined surface, the steel pipe body has the following composition by weight: C 0.45%, Si 0.7%, Mn 1.8%, Cr 23%, Ni 13%, Nb 1.1%, S 0.01%, P 0.01%, Ta 6%, Zr 0.3%, Nb 0.2%.
- a further improvement of the present invention is that the inner inclined surface and the outer inclined surface respectively form an angle of 30 to 60 with the inner surface and the outer surface of the steel pipe body.
- a further improvement of the present invention is that the steps of manufacturing the above-described steel pipe body are as follows:
- cast steel billet smelting in a medium frequency induction furnace, using a continuous casting method to obtain a cylindrical continuous casting billet;
- the cylindrical continuous casting billet in the step (2) is subjected to piercing and rolling by a three-roll punching machine, and the piercing rolling is performed by hot rolling, and the rolling temperature is between 1230 and 1260 ° C, and the cylinder is cylindrical.
- the billet is made into a hollow shell;
- the hollow tube blank in the step (3) is pickled and then cold-rolled, and after cold rolling, soft-annealing is performed, and the cold-rolled hollow shell is heated to 640-650 ° C for 120-150 min. Obtaining a steel pipe from air cooling to room temperature;
- the invention has the beneficial effects that: the inner surface provided at both ends of the steel pipe body is provided with a plurality of inner card slots and inner inclined surfaces and outer inclined surfaces disposed at both ends, so as to facilitate fixing the steel pipe body on the workpiece matched thereto, in the steel pipe
- the non-slip strips on the surface of the body can provide anti-slip effect.
- the addition of 6% of Ta in the steel tube enhances the acid resistance and hardness of the steel tube.
- the special production process also strengthens the hardness of the steel tube.
- the invention has the advantages of simple structure, reasonable involvement, simple processing steps, not only acid resistance, easy rotation and anti-slip, but high hardness.
- Figure 1 is a schematic view of the structure of the invention.
- Figure 2 is a schematic view of the inner card slot.
- 1- steel pipe body 2-slip stripe, 3- inner card slot, 4-outer inclined surface.
- the present invention is an austenitic acid-resistant stainless steel pipe, comprising a steel pipe body 1, characterized in that: a plurality of non-slip stripes 2 are disposed on the outer surface of the steel pipe body 1 at the ends of the steel pipe body 1
- the surface is provided with a plurality of inner card slots 3, and the end faces at both ends of the steel pipe body 1 are respectively an outer inclined surface 4 and an inner inclined surface.
- the steel pipe body 1 has the following composition by weight: C 0.45%, Si 0.7%, Mn 1.8%, Cr 23%, Ni 13%, Nb 1.1%, S 0.01%, P 0.01%, Ta 6%, Zr 0.3%, Nb 0.2%, the inner inclined surface and the outer inclined surface respectively form the inner surface and the outer surface of the steel pipe body
- the angle of 30 ° - 60 °, the steps of manufacturing the above steel pipe body are as follows:
- cast steel billet smelting in a medium frequency induction furnace, using a continuous casting method to obtain a cylindrical continuous casting billet;
- step (1) The cylindrical continuous casting slab in step (1) is placed in a heating furnace for heating to 1200-1250 ° C, soaking 70-90min;
- the cylindrical continuous casting billet in the step (2) is subjected to piercing and rolling by a three-roll punching machine, and the piercing rolling is performed by hot rolling, and the rolling temperature is between 1230 and 1260 ° C, and the cylinder is cylindrical.
- the billet is made into a hollow shell;
- the hollow tube blank in the step (3) is pickled and then cold-rolled, and after cold rolling, soft-annealing is performed, and the cold-rolled hollow shell is heated to 640-650 ° C for 120-150 min. Obtaining a steel pipe from air cooling to room temperature;
- the trough device comprises a frame, and two fixed ends of the steel pipe body 1 are fixed on both sides of the frame, and the fixed rotating shaft of the steel pipe body 1 is rotated.
- the fixed rotating shaft is driven by the motor, and the frame is arranged on the upper end of the fixed rotating shaft.
- the cylinder is provided with a mounting seat for mounting the cutting shaft at the movable end of the cylinder, and a plurality of blades are mounted on the cutting shaft, and the cutting shaft can be lifted and lowered by the cylinder, and the height of the cutting shaft is controlled according to the depth of the anti-skid strip, and the motor is passed through the motor.
- the cylinder drives the blade on the cutting shaft to reduce the anti-slip stripe processing on the steel pipe body.
- the steel pipe body is hot-rolled and then cold-rolled and annealed to strengthen the hardness of the steel pipe, and 6% of the Ta can increase the steel pipe body. Hardness and acid resistance.
- the invention has the advantages of simple structure, reasonable involvement, simple processing steps, not only acid resistance, easy rotation and anti-slip, but high hardness.
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- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
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Abstract
Disclosed is an austenitic acid-resistant stainless steel pipe, comprising a steel pipe body (1), wherein a number of antiskid strips (2) are provided on the outer surface of the steel pipe body, a number of inner clamping grooves (3) are provided on the inner surfaces of both ends of the steel pipe body (1), the end faces at both ends of the steel pipe body (1) are respectively an outwardly inclined surface (4) and an inwardly inclined surface, and the steel pipe body (1) consists of the following materials in parts by weight: 0.45% of C, 0.7% of Si, 1.8% of Mn, 23% of Cr, 13% of Ni, 1.3% of Nb, 0.01% of S, 0.01% of P, 6% of Ta, and 0.3% of Zr. The stainless steel pipe has a simple structure, a rational design, and simple processing steps, and the stainless steel pipe not only has acid resistance, easy installation and skid resistance, but also has a high hardness.
Description
本发明涉及一种奥氏体型耐酸不锈钢管及其制造。The present invention relates to an austenitic acid-resistant stainless steel tube and its manufacture.
不锈钢作为现代工业中不可缺少的重要材料,被广泛的运用在医疗器械、工业生产设备、建筑材料等领域,随着航天、核电技术的发展对不锈钢的要求越来越高,现有技术中的不锈钢不能满足要求。As an indispensable material in modern industry, stainless steel is widely used in medical equipment, industrial production equipment, building materials, etc. With the development of aerospace and nuclear power technology, the requirements for stainless steel are getting higher and higher. Stainless steel does not meet the requirements.
发明内容Summary of the invention
为了解决上述问题本发明提供了一种硬性好、防滑耐酸,便于安装和固定的奥氏体型耐酸不锈钢管。In order to solve the above problems, the present invention provides an austenitic acid-resistant stainless steel pipe which is good in rigidity, non-slip and acid resistant, and is easy to install and fix.
为了达到上述目的本发明是通过以下技术方案来实现的:In order to achieve the above object, the present invention is achieved by the following technical solutions:
本发明是一种奥氏体型耐酸不锈钢管,包括钢管本体,在钢管本体外表层设置有数个防滑条纹,在钢管本体两端的内表面设置有数个内卡槽,在钢管本体两端的端面分别为外倾斜面和内倾斜面,钢管本体有如下重量份材料组成:C 0.45%,Si 0.7%,Mn 1.8%,Cr 23%,Ni 13%,Nb 1.1%,S 0.01%,P 0.01%,Ta 6%,Zr 0.3%,Nb0.2%。The invention relates to an austenitic acid-resistant stainless steel pipe, comprising a steel pipe body, wherein a plurality of anti-slip stripes are arranged on the outer surface of the steel pipe body, and a plurality of inner card grooves are arranged on the inner surfaces of the two ends of the steel pipe body, and the end faces at the two ends of the steel pipe body are respectively The outer inclined surface and the inner inclined surface, the steel pipe body has the following composition by weight: C 0.45%, Si 0.7%, Mn 1.8%, Cr 23%, Ni 13%, Nb 1.1%, S 0.01%, P 0.01%, Ta 6%, Zr 0.3%, Nb 0.2%.
本发明的进一步改进在于:内倾斜面、外倾斜面分别与钢管本体的内表面和外表层形成30°-60°夹角。A further improvement of the present invention is that the inner inclined surface and the outer inclined surface respectively form an angle of 30 to 60 with the inner surface and the outer surface of the steel pipe body.
本发明的进一步改进在于:制造上述钢管本体的步骤如下:A further improvement of the present invention is that the steps of manufacturing the above-described steel pipe body are as follows:
(1)铸钢坯:在中频感应炉中冶炼,采用连续铸造的方法制得圆柱形连铸钢坯;(1) cast steel billet: smelting in a medium frequency induction furnace, using a continuous casting method to obtain a cylindrical continuous casting billet;
(2)将步骤(1)中的圆柱形连铸钢坯放置在加热炉中进行加热至1200-1250℃,
均热70-90min;(2) placing the cylindrical continuous casting slab in the step (1) in a heating furnace and heating to 1200-1250 ° C,
Soaking 70-90min;
(3)对步骤(2)中的圆柱形连铸钢坯采用三辊穿孔机进行穿孔轧制,穿孔轧制采用热轧的方式轧制,轧制温度为1230到1260℃之间,将圆柱形钢坯制成空心管坯;(3) The cylindrical continuous casting billet in the step (2) is subjected to piercing and rolling by a three-roll punching machine, and the piercing rolling is performed by hot rolling, and the rolling temperature is between 1230 and 1260 ° C, and the cylinder is cylindrical. The billet is made into a hollow shell;
(4)对步骤(3)中的空心管坯进行酸洗后冷轧,冷轧后进行软化退火处理,将冷轧后的空心管坯加热到640-650℃之间,维持120-150min,空冷至室温得到钢管;(4) The hollow tube blank in the step (3) is pickled and then cold-rolled, and after cold rolling, soft-annealing is performed, and the cold-rolled hollow shell is heated to 640-650 ° C for 120-150 min. Obtaining a steel pipe from air cooling to room temperature;
(5)对步骤(4)中的钢管进行打磨和抛光,(5) grinding and polishing the steel pipe in step (4),
(6)将步骤(5)中的钢管固定在防滑条纹开槽装置将其表面加工出防滑条纹,在利用数控机床对钢管的两端进行加工得到钢管本体。(6) Fixing the steel pipe in the step (5) in the anti-slip stripe grooving device to machine the surface of the steel pipe to form an anti-slip stripe, and processing the steel pipe body by machining the two ends of the steel pipe with a numerically controlled machine tool.
本发明的有益效果是:在钢管本体两端设置的内表面设置有数个内卡槽以及设置在两端的内倾斜面和外倾斜面,便于将钢管本体固定在与之配合的工件上,在钢管本体表面设置的防滑条纹能够起到防滑的效果,在钢管中加入了6%的Ta增强了钢管的耐酸性和硬度,由于特殊的生产工艺同时也加强了钢管的硬度。The invention has the beneficial effects that: the inner surface provided at both ends of the steel pipe body is provided with a plurality of inner card slots and inner inclined surfaces and outer inclined surfaces disposed at both ends, so as to facilitate fixing the steel pipe body on the workpiece matched thereto, in the steel pipe The non-slip strips on the surface of the body can provide anti-slip effect. The addition of 6% of Ta in the steel tube enhances the acid resistance and hardness of the steel tube. The special production process also strengthens the hardness of the steel tube.
本发明结构简单、涉及合理、加工步骤简单,不仅具有耐酸性、便于安转和防滑,同时硬度高。The invention has the advantages of simple structure, reasonable involvement, simple processing steps, not only acid resistance, easy rotation and anti-slip, but high hardness.
图1是发明结构示意图。Figure 1 is a schematic view of the structure of the invention.
图2是内卡槽示意图。Figure 2 is a schematic view of the inner card slot.
其中:1-钢管本体,2-防滑条纹,3-内卡槽,4-外倾斜面。Among them: 1- steel pipe body, 2-slip stripe, 3- inner card slot, 4-outer inclined surface.
为了加强对本发明的理解,下面将结合附图和实施例对本发明作进一
步的详细描述,该实施例仅用于解释本发明,并不对本发明的保护范围构成限定。In order to enhance the understanding of the present invention, the present invention will be further developed in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and embodiments.
The detailed description of the steps is intended to be illustrative only and not to limit the scope of the invention.
如图1-2所示,本发明是一种奥氏体型耐酸不锈钢管,包括钢管本体1,其特征在于:在钢管本体1外表层设置有数个防滑条纹2,在钢管本体1两端的内表面设置有数个内卡槽3,在钢管本体1两端的端面分别为外倾斜面4和内倾斜面,钢管本体1有如下重量份材料组成:C 0.45%,Si 0.7%,Mn 1.8%,Cr 23%,Ni 13%,Nb 1.1%,S 0.01%,P 0.01%,Ta 6%,Zr 0.3%,Nb0.2%,内倾斜面、外倾斜面分别与钢管本体的内表面和外表层形成30°-60°夹角,制造上述钢管本体的步骤如下:As shown in FIG. 1-2, the present invention is an austenitic acid-resistant stainless steel pipe, comprising a steel pipe body 1, characterized in that: a plurality of non-slip stripes 2 are disposed on the outer surface of the steel pipe body 1 at the ends of the steel pipe body 1 The surface is provided with a plurality of inner card slots 3, and the end faces at both ends of the steel pipe body 1 are respectively an outer inclined surface 4 and an inner inclined surface. The steel pipe body 1 has the following composition by weight: C 0.45%, Si 0.7%, Mn 1.8%, Cr 23%, Ni 13%, Nb 1.1%, S 0.01%, P 0.01%, Ta 6%, Zr 0.3%, Nb 0.2%, the inner inclined surface and the outer inclined surface respectively form the inner surface and the outer surface of the steel pipe body The angle of 30 ° - 60 °, the steps of manufacturing the above steel pipe body are as follows:
(1)铸钢坯:在中频感应炉中冶炼,采用连续铸造的方法制得圆柱形连铸钢坯;(1) cast steel billet: smelting in a medium frequency induction furnace, using a continuous casting method to obtain a cylindrical continuous casting billet;
(2)将步骤(1)中的圆柱形连铸钢坯放置在加热炉中进行加热至1200-1250℃,均热70-90min;(2) The cylindrical continuous casting slab in step (1) is placed in a heating furnace for heating to 1200-1250 ° C, soaking 70-90min;
(3)对步骤(2)中的圆柱形连铸钢坯采用三辊穿孔机进行穿孔轧制,穿孔轧制采用热轧的方式轧制,轧制温度为1230到1260℃之间,将圆柱形钢坯制成空心管坯;(3) The cylindrical continuous casting billet in the step (2) is subjected to piercing and rolling by a three-roll punching machine, and the piercing rolling is performed by hot rolling, and the rolling temperature is between 1230 and 1260 ° C, and the cylinder is cylindrical. The billet is made into a hollow shell;
(4)对步骤(3)中的空心管坯进行酸洗后冷轧,冷轧后进行软化退火处理,将冷轧后的空心管坯加热到640-650℃之间,维持120-150min,空冷至室温得到钢管;(4) The hollow tube blank in the step (3) is pickled and then cold-rolled, and after cold rolling, soft-annealing is performed, and the cold-rolled hollow shell is heated to 640-650 ° C for 120-150 min. Obtaining a steel pipe from air cooling to room temperature;
(5)对步骤(4)中的钢管进行打磨和抛光,(5) grinding and polishing the steel pipe in step (4),
(6)将步骤(5)中的钢管固定在防滑条纹开槽装置将其表面加工出防滑条纹,在利用数控机床对钢管的两端进行加工得到钢管本体,步骤(6)中的防滑条纹开槽装置包括机架,在机架的两侧设置有固定钢管本体1的两端并带动钢管本体1旋转的固定转轴,固定转轴通过电机带动,在固定转轴上端的机架上设置有气
缸,在气缸活动端部设置有安装切割轴的安装座,在切割轴上安装有数个刀片,切割轴在气缸的带动下能够进行升降,根据防滑条纹的深度控制切割轴下降的高度,通过电机带动钢管本体转动,气缸带动切割轴上的刀片下降对钢管本体进行防滑条纹加工,钢管本体先经过热轧后在进行冷轧和退火能够加强钢管的硬度,同时6%的Ta能够增加钢管本体的硬度和耐酸性。(6) Fixing the steel pipe in step (5) in the anti-slip stripe grooving device to machine the surface of the steel pipe to form a non-slip stripe, and processing the steel pipe body on both ends of the steel pipe by using a numerical control machine tool, and the anti-slip stripe in step (6) is opened. The trough device comprises a frame, and two fixed ends of the steel pipe body 1 are fixed on both sides of the frame, and the fixed rotating shaft of the steel pipe body 1 is rotated. The fixed rotating shaft is driven by the motor, and the frame is arranged on the upper end of the fixed rotating shaft.
The cylinder is provided with a mounting seat for mounting the cutting shaft at the movable end of the cylinder, and a plurality of blades are mounted on the cutting shaft, and the cutting shaft can be lifted and lowered by the cylinder, and the height of the cutting shaft is controlled according to the depth of the anti-skid strip, and the motor is passed through the motor. Drive the steel pipe body to rotate, the cylinder drives the blade on the cutting shaft to reduce the anti-slip stripe processing on the steel pipe body. The steel pipe body is hot-rolled and then cold-rolled and annealed to strengthen the hardness of the steel pipe, and 6% of the Ta can increase the steel pipe body. Hardness and acid resistance.
本发明结构简单、涉及合理、加工步骤简单,不仅具有耐酸性、便于安转和防滑,同时硬度高。The invention has the advantages of simple structure, reasonable involvement, simple processing steps, not only acid resistance, easy rotation and anti-slip, but high hardness.
Claims (3)
- 一种奥氏体型耐酸不锈钢管,包括钢管本体(1),其特征在于:在所述钢管本体(1)外表层设置有数个防滑条纹(2),在所述钢管本体(1)两端的内表面设置有数个内卡槽(3),在所述钢管本体(1)两端的端面分别为外倾斜面(4)和内倾斜面,所述钢管本体(1)有如下重量份材料组成:C 0.45%,Si 0.7%,Mn 1.8%,Cr 23%,Ni 13%,Nb 1.1%,S 0.01%,P 0.01%,Ta 6%,Zr 0.3%,Nb 0.2%。An austenitic acid-resistant stainless steel pipe, comprising a steel pipe body (1), characterized in that: a plurality of non-slip stripes (2) are arranged on the outer surface of the steel pipe body (1), at both ends of the steel pipe body (1) The inner surface is provided with a plurality of inner card slots (3), and the end faces at both ends of the steel pipe body (1) are respectively an outer inclined surface (4) and an inner inclined surface, and the steel pipe body (1) is composed of the following weight parts: C 0.45%, Si 0.7%, Mn 1.8%, Cr 23%, Ni 13%, Nb 1.1%, S 0.01%, P 0.01%, Ta 6%, Zr 0.3%, Nb 0.2%.
- 根据权利要求1所述一种奥氏体型耐酸不锈钢管,其特征在于:所述内倾斜面、外倾斜面分别与所述钢管本体的内表面和外表层形成30°-60°夹角。The austenitic acid-resistant stainless steel pipe according to claim 1, wherein the inner inclined surface and the outer inclined surface form an angle of 30 to 60 with the inner surface and the outer surface of the steel pipe body, respectively.
- 根据权利要求1所述一种种奥氏体型不锈钢管,其特征在于:制造上述钢管本体的步骤如下:An austenitic stainless steel pipe according to claim 1, wherein the step of manufacturing the steel pipe body is as follows:(1)铸钢坯:在中频感应炉中冶炼,采用连续铸造的方法制得圆柱形连铸钢坯;(1) cast steel billet: smelting in a medium frequency induction furnace, using a continuous casting method to obtain a cylindrical continuous casting billet;(2)将步骤(1)中的圆柱形连铸钢坯放置在加热炉中进行加热至1200-1250℃,均热70-90min;(2) The cylindrical continuous casting slab in step (1) is placed in a heating furnace for heating to 1200-1250 ° C, soaking 70-90min;(3)对步骤(2)中的圆柱形连铸钢坯采用三辊穿孔机进行穿孔轧制,穿孔轧制采用热轧的方式轧制,轧制温度为1230到1260℃之间,将圆柱形钢坯制成空心管坯;(3) The cylindrical continuous casting billet in the step (2) is subjected to piercing and rolling by a three-roll punching machine, and the piercing rolling is performed by hot rolling, and the rolling temperature is between 1230 and 1260 ° C, and the cylinder is cylindrical. The billet is made into a hollow shell;对步骤(3)中的空心管坯进行酸洗后冷轧,冷轧后进行软化退火处理,将冷轧后的空心管坯加热到640-650℃之间,维持120-150min,空冷至室温得到钢管;The hollow tube blank in the step (3) is pickled and then cold-rolled, and after cold rolling, soft-annealing is performed, and the cold-rolled hollow shell is heated to 640-650 ° C for 120-150 min, and air-cooled to room temperature. Get a steel pipe;对步骤(4)中的钢管进行打磨和抛光,Grinding and polishing the steel pipe in step (4),将步骤(5)中的钢管固定在防滑条纹开槽装置将其表面加工出防滑条纹,在利用数控机床对钢管的两端进行加工得到钢管本体。 The steel pipe in the step (5) is fixed to the anti-slip stripe grooving device to machine the surface thereof with anti-slip stripes, and the steel pipe body is obtained by processing both ends of the steel pipe by a numerically controlled machine tool.
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