WO2018164718A1

WO2018164718A1 - Single carrier physical layer block interleaver

Info

Publication number: WO2018164718A1
Application number: PCT/US2017/054089
Authority: WO
Inventors: Iaroslav P. Gagiev; Artyom LOMAYEV; Alexander Kostin; Alexander Maltsev; Michael Genossar; Claudio Da Silva; Carlos Cordeiro
Original assignee: Intel IP Corporation
Priority date: 2017-03-07
Filing date: 2017-09-28
Publication date: 2018-09-13

Abstract

This disclosure describes systems, methods, and devices related to single carrier (SC) physical layer (PHY) block interleaver. A device may determine one or more data symbol blocks to be sent on a transmission medium, wherein a first data symbol block of the one or more data symbol blocks comprises one or more groups of symbols. The device determine a first group of symbols of the one or more groups of symbols to be used as input into an interleaver device. The device may determine an interleaver configuration based on at least one of a number of bonded channels of the transmission medium and a size of a guard interval. The device may generate one or more interleaved symbol blocks by interleaving the one or more groups of symbols. The device may append the guard interval to at least one of the one or more interleaved symbol blocks. The device may cause to send the one or more interleaved symbol blocks with the appended guard intervals.

Description

SINGLE CARRIER PHYSICAL LAYER BLOCK INTERLEAVER

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application 62/468,053 filed March 7, 2017, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference as if set forth in full.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] This disclosure generally relates to systems and methods for wireless communications and, more particularly, to a single carrier (SC) physical layer (PHY) block interleaver.

BACKGROUND

[0003] Wireless devices are becoming widely prevalent and are increasingly requesting access to wireless channels. The growing density of wireless deployments requires increased network and spectrum availability. Wireless devices may communicate with each other using directional transmission techniques, including but not limited to beamforming techniques. Wireless devices may communicate over a next generation 60 GHz (NG60) network, an enhanced directional multi-gigabit (EDMG) network, and/or any other network.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0004] FIG. 1 depicts a network diagram illustrating an example network environment for a SC PHY block interleaver, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0005] FIG. 2 depicts a network diagram illustrating an example configuration for a SC PHY block interleaver, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0006] FIG. 3A depicts a flow diagram of an illustrative process for an illustrative SC PHY block interleaver, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0007] FIG. 3B depicts a flow diagram of an illustrative process for an illustrative SC PHY block interleaver, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0008] FIG. 4 depicts a functional diagram of an example communication station that may be suitable for use as a user device, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure. [0009] FIG. 5 depicts a block diagram of an example machine upon which any of one or more techniques (e.g., methods) may be performed, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0010] Example embodiments described herein provide certain systems, methods, and devices for a single carrier (SC) physical layer (PHY) block interleaver design. The following description and the drawings sufficiently illustrate specific embodiments to enable those skilled in the art to practice them. Other embodiments may incorporate structural, logical, electrical, process, and other changes. Portions and features of some embodiments may be included in, or substituted for, those of other embodiments. Embodiments set forth in the claims encompass all available equivalents of those claims.

[0011] The IEEE 802.11ay task group (TGay) started development of a new standard for the mmWave (60 GHz) band which is an evolution of the IEEE 802.11 ad standard also known as WiGig. The IEEE 802.1 lay standard proposes to increase the transmission data rate applying multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and channel bonding techniques. However, the IEEE 802.11 ay does not define any interleaver schemes for SC PHY in Next Generation 60 GHz (NG60)or TGay groups.

[0012] Example embodiments of the present disclosure relate to systems, methods, and devices for a SC PHY block interleaver design.

[0013] A directional multi-gigabit (DMG) communications may involve one or more directional links to communicate at a rate of multiple gigabits per second, for example, at least 1 gigabit per second, 7 gigabits per second, or any other rate. An amendment to a DMG operation in a 60 GHz band, e.g., according to an IEEE 802. Had standard, may be defined, for example, by an IEEE 802.1 lay project.

[0014] In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more devices may be configured to communicate over an NG60network, an enhanced DMG (EDMG) network, and/or any other network. For example, the one or more devices may be configured to communicate over the NG60 or EDMG networks. Devices operating in an EDMG network may be referred to herein as EDMG devices. These devices may include user devices and/or access points (APs) or other devices capable of communicating in accordance with a communication standard.

[0015] In one embodiment, a SC PHY block interleaver system may facilitate a block interleaver design for a SC PHY. A SC PHY block interleaver design for a SC PHY may be designed for various modulation methods such as quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) or non-uniform constellation (NUC), for example, 64-QAM/64-NUC constellations. The design may be used with a different number of channel bonding (e.g., NCB = 1, 2, 3 and 4). It can be supported by different guard intervals (GIs). Simulation analysis has proven that the use of an interleaver in a SC PHY block provides significant signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) gain in selective frequency channels.

[0016] In one embodiment, a SC PHY block interleaver system may be dependent on the size of the guard interval (which determines the number of symbols per block) and a channel bonding parameter. The SC PHY block interleaver system may determine that an interleaver may be comprised of a number of columns and a number of rows such that blocks of symbols are written on a row-by-row basis and information is read out of the interleaver on a column- by-column basis. Each element (or cell) of the interleaver may be comprised of a group of 64-QAM (or 64-NUC) symbols. In IEEE 802. Had, there was only one block with a length equal to 448 symbols. This block was interlaced with guard intervals of a fixed length of 64 symbols. Hence, the length of the data block plus the length of the guard interval is 512 symbols (448 + 64). However, IEEE 802.1 lad does not use interleaving of any of the data block and does not have a variable guard interval.

[0017] In one embodiment, a SC PHY block interleaver system may define three guard interval types. A short guard interval may be defined as having a size of 32 symbols multiplied by the number of channel bonding (NCB)- A normal guard interval may be defined as having a size of 64 symbols multiplied by the NCB- A long guard interval may be defined as having a size of 128 symbols multiplied by NCB- The short guard interval may be used in indoor short-range applications, where the channel is not very complex, and having a short guard interval keeps the overhead at a manageable level. The medium guard interval may be used in indoor applications for a longer range than the short guard interval application. The long guard interval may be used in outdoor applications, where the use of a long guard interval may prevent inter-symbol interference. It should be understood that the size of each symbol is taken at the chip rate (e.g., 1.76 GHz in frequency), which can be converted to the chip time duration, which would be equal to 0.57 nanoseconds. For the data part, modulation is accomplished by assigning 64-QAM symbols and for the guard interval, binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation may be used.

[0018] In one embodiment, various data symbol block lengths may be defined based on the type of guard interval used, while maintaining a constant discrete Fourier transfer (DFT) size. The DFT size may be scaled by the NCB- That is the DFT size may be equal to 512 * NCB- For example, the DFT size may be 512 symbols, if NCB is equal to 1. In this case, if the DFT size is equal to 512 symbols, this may be compatible with other devices and may make implementation easier. That is, the data symbol block length may be equal to 512 symbols minus the length of the guard interval, where the guard interval length may be a variable. For example, the guard interval length may be equal to either 32 * NCB, 64 * NCB, or 128 * NCB symbols.

[0019] In one embodiment, the interleaver operates on a block-by-block basis. That it, it interleaves each data block only. Each data block may contain one or more symbols and may be designated as NSPB_, the number of symbols per data block. The data block is then input to the interleaver with a size of NCB X NSPB symbols. These NCB X NSPB symbols are divided into groups of adjacent symbols. The number of these adjacent symbols may be designated as N_s. Each of these groups occupies an element of the interleaver. The basic idea is to distribute the adjacent QAM (or NUC) symbols or adjacent group of N_s QAM symbols (or NUC symbols) in a SC symbol block over different codewords. The same number of symbols is output from the interleaver but these symbols are interleaved.

[0020] The above descriptions are for purposes of illustration and are not meant to be limiting. Numerous other examples, configurations, processes, etc., may exist, some of which are described in greater detail below. Example embodiments will now be described with reference to the accompanying figures.

[0021] FIG. 1 is a network diagram illustrating an example network environment for a SC PHY block interleaver, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure. Wireless network 100 may include one or more user device(s) 120 and one or more access point(s) (APs) 102, which may communicate in accordance with IEEE 802.11 communication standards, such as the IEEE 802.11ad and/or IEEE 802.11ay specifications. The user device(s) 120 may be referred to as stations (STAs). The user device(s) 120 may be mobile devices that are non- stationary and do not have fixed locations. Although the AP 102 is shown to be communicating with the user device(s) 120, it should be understood that this is only for illustrative purposes and that any user device 120 may also communicate using multiple antennas with other user devices 120 and/or the AP 102.

[0022] In some embodiments, the user device(s) 120 and the AP 102 may include one or more computer systems similar to that of the functional diagram of FIG. 4 and/or the example machine/system of FIG. 5.

[0023] One or more illustrative user device(s) 120 and/or AP 102 may be operable by one or more user(s) 110. The user device(s) 120 (e.g., 124, 126, or 128) and/or AP 102 may include any suitable processor-driven device including, but not limited to, a mobile device or a non- mobile, e.g., a static, device. For example, user device(s) 120 and/or AP 102 may include, a user equipment (UE), a station (STA), an access point (AP), a personal computer (PC), a wearable wireless device (e.g., bracelet, watch, glasses, ring, etc.), a desktop computer, a mobile computer, a laptop computer, an ultrabook™ computer, a notebook computer, a tablet computer, a server computer, a handheld computer, a handheld device, an internet of things (IoT) device, a sensor device, a PDA device, a handheld PDA device, an on-board device, an off-board device, a hybrid device (e.g., combining cellular phone functionalities with PDA device functionalities), a consumer device, a vehicular device, a non-vehicular device, a mobile or portable device, a non-mobile or non-portable device, a mobile phone, a cellular telephone, a PCS device, a PDA device which incorporates a wireless communication device, a mobile or portable GPS device, a DVB device, a relatively small computing device, a non-desktop computer, a "carry small live large" (CSLL) device, an ultra mobile device (UMD), an ultra mobile PC (UMPC), a mobile internet device (MID), an "origami" device or computing device, a device that supports dynamically composable computing (DCC), a context-aware device, a video device, an audio device, an A/V device, a set-top-box (STB), a blu-ray disc (BD) player, a BD recorder, a digital video disc (DVD) player, a high definition (HD) DVD player, a DVD recorder, a HD DVD recorder, a personal video recorder (PVR), a broadcast HD receiver, a video source, an audio source, a video sink, an audio sink, a stereo tuner, a broadcast radio receiver, a flat panel display, a personal media player (PMP), a digital video camera (DVC), a digital audio player, a speaker, an audio receiver, an audio amplifier, a gaming device, a data source, a data sink, a digital still camera (DSC), a media player, a smartphone, a television, a music player, or the like. It is understood that the above is a list of devices. However, other devices, including smart devices, Internet of Things (IoT), such as lamps, climate control, car components, household components, appliances, etc. may also be included in this list.

[0024] Any of the user device(s) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128), and AP 102 may be configured to communicate with each other via one or more communications networks 130 and/or 135 wirelessly or wired. Any of the communications networks 130 and/or 135 may include, but not limited to, any one of a combination of different types of suitable communications networks such as, for example, broadcasting networks, cable networks, public networks (e.g., the Internet), private networks, wireless networks, cellular networks, or any other suitable private and/or public networks. Further, any of the communications networks 130 and/or 135 may have any suitable communication range associated therewith and may include, for example, global networks (e.g., the Internet), metropolitan area networks (MANs), wide area networks (WANs), local area networks (LANs), or personal area networks (PANs). In addition, any of the communications networks 130 and/or 135 may include any type of medium over which network traffic may be carried including, but not limited to, coaxial cable, twisted-pair wire, optical fiber, a hybrid fiber coaxial (HFC) medium, microwave terrestrial transceivers, radio frequency communication mediums, white space communication mediums, ultra-high frequency communication mediums, satellite communication mediums, or any combination thereof.

[0025] Any of the user device(s) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128), and AP 102 may include one or more communications antennas. The one or more communications antennas may be any suitable type of antennas corresponding to the communications protocols used by the user device(s) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126 and 128), and AP 102. Some non-limiting examples of suitable communications antennas include Wi-Fi antennas, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 family of standards compatible antennas, directional antennas, non-directional antennas, dipole antennas, folded dipole antennas, patch antennas, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas, or the like. The one or more communications antennas may be communicatively coupled to a radio component to transmit and/or receive signals, such as communications signals to and/or from the user devices 120 and/or AP 102.

[0026] Any of the user devices 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128), and AP 102 may include multiple antennas that may include one or more directional antennas. The one or more directional antennas may be steered to a plurality of beam directions. For example, at least one antenna of a user device 120 (or an AP 102) may be steered to a plurality of beam directions. For example, a user device 120 (or an AP 102) may transmit a directional transmission to another user device 120 (or another AP 102).

[0027] Any of the user device(s) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128), and AP 102 may be configured to perform directional transmission and/or directional reception in conjunction with wirelessly communicating in a wireless network. Any of the user device(s) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128), and AP 102 may be configured to perform such directional transmission and/or reception using a set of multiple antenna arrays (e.g., DMG antenna arrays or the like). Each of the multiple antenna arrays may be used for transmission and/or reception in a particular respective direction or range of directions. Any of the user device(s) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128), and AP 102 may be configured to perform any given directional transmission towards one or more defined transmit sectors. Any of the user device(s) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128), and AP 102 may be configured to perform any given directional reception from one or more defined receive sectors.

[0028] MIMO beamforming in a wireless network may be accomplished using RF beamforming and/or digital beamforming. In some embodiments, in performing a given MIMO transmission, user devices 120 and/or AP 102 may be configured to use all or a subset of its one or more communications antennas to perform MIMO beamforming.

[0029] Any of the user devices 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128), and AP 102 may include any suitable radio and/or transceiver for transmitting and/or receiving radio frequency (RF) signals in the bandwidth and/or channels corresponding to the communications protocols utilized by any of the user device(s) 120 and AP 102 to communicate with each other. The radio components may include hardware and/or software to modulate and/or demodulate communications signals according to pre-established transmission protocols. The radio components may further have hardware and/or software instructions to communicate via one or more Wi-Fi and/or Wi-Fi direct protocols, as standardized by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standards. In certain example embodiments, the radio component, in cooperation with the communications antennas, may be configured to communicate via 2.4 GHz channels (e.g., 802.11b, 802. l lg, 802.11η, 802.1 lax), 5 GHz channels (e.g., 802.11η, 802.1 lac, 802.1 lax), or 60 GHz channels (e.g., 802.1 lad, 802. Hay). In some embodiments, non-Wi-Fi protocols may be used for communications between devices, such as Bluetooth, dedicated short-range communication (DSRC), Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) (e.g. IEEE 802.1 laf, IEEE 802.22), white band frequency (e.g., white spaces), or other packetized radio communications. The radio component may include any known receiver and baseband suitable for communicating via the communications protocols. The radio component may further include a low noise amplifier (LNA), additional signal amplifiers, an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter, one or more buffers, and a digital baseband.

[0030] Some demonstrative embodiments may be used in conjunction with a wireless communication network communicating over a frequency band of 60 GHz. However, other embodiments may be implemented utilizing any other suitable wireless communication frequency bands, for example, an extremely high frequency (EHF) band (the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency band), a frequency band within the frequency band of between 20 GHz and 300 GHz, a WLAN frequency band, a WPAN frequency band, a frequency band according to the WGA specification, and the like. [0031] IEEE 802.11 is a set of medium access control (MAC) and PHY specifications for implementing wireless local area network (WLAN) communication. At the PHY level, signal processing and modulation techniques are implemented. PHY defines the relationship between a device and a transmission medium (e.g., establishing/terminating connections to a communication medium, modulation and/or conversion between digital data and signals over a communication channel).

[0032] The phrases "directional multi-gigabit (DMG)" and "directional band (DBand)," as used herein, may relate to a frequency band wherein the channel starting frequency is above 45 GHz. In one example, DMG communications may involve one or more directional links to communicate at a rate of multiple gigabits per second, for example, at least 1 gigabit per second, 7 gigabits per second, or any other rate.

[0033] In some demonstrative embodiments, the user device(s) 120 and/or the AP 102 may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more specifications, including one or more IEEE 802.11 specifications (e.g., an IEEE 802.11ad specification, an IEEE 802. Hay specification, and/or any other specification and/or protocol). For example, an amendment to a DMG operation in the 60 GHz band, according to an IEEE 802.1 lad standard, may be defined, for example, by an IEEE 802. Hay project.

[0034] It is understood that a basic service set (BSS) provides the basic building block of an 802.11 wireless LAN. For example, in an infrastructure mode, a single access point (AP) together with all associated stations (STAs) is called a BSS.

[0035] Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is a form of modulation that is a combination of phase modulation and amplitude modulation. The QAM scheme represents bits as points in a quadrant grid known as a constellation map. A constellation is a graph of the phase and amplitude modulation points in a given modulation scheme. Since QAM is usually square, some of these are rare— the most common forms are 16-QAM, 64-QAM and 256-QAM. By moving to a higher-order constellation, it is possible to transmit more bits per symbol.

[0036] Interleaving is a technique that performs reordering of data that is to be transmitted from one communication device to another communication device so that consecutive bytes of data are distributed over a larger sequence of data to reduce the effect of burst errors. The inputs to the interleaver are interleaved, and the outputs are the results of the interleaved inputs. The number of inputs is the same as the number of outputs. During interleaving, the positions of the data bits are dispersed before transmission so that any corrupted information can be recovered at the receiver by rearranging the data. In that sense, a block interleaver is a device that performs interleaving of data, whereas a de-interleaver is always associated with every interleaver and restores the original input data sequence. For example, in a receiver, a de-interleaver performs the reverse function of an interleaver.

[0037] Single carrier transmission means that one radio frequency (RF) carrier is used to carry the information. Hence, information in the form of bits is carried by one single RF carrier. OFDM, also known as multicarrier transmission or modulation, uses multiple carrier signals at different frequencies, sending some of the bits on each channel.

[0038] In a wide spectrum frequency, only the middle frequency of the spectrum is used. Basically, 64-QAM symbols are taken in time domain and are placed with a sampling rate, and then a convolution is performed using a shaping filter. This process forms a spectrum in the frequency domain in order to meet the mask requirement. Then, the carrier frequency is used to carry the signal in 60 GHz. The bandwidth of a channel associated with a SC may be equal to 2.16 GHz. The 2.16 GHz channel may then be carried over using a SC as opposed to dividing into subcarriers.

[0039] Channel bonding occurs when two adjacent channels within a given frequency band are combined to increase throughput between two or more wireless devices. This bonding effectively doubles the amount of available bandwidth. For example, using two 2.16 GHz channels may be bonded together to form a 4.32 GHz channel. In this case, the number of bonded channels is 2, which is designated as NCB- NCB refers to the integer number of 2.16 GHz channels over which an EDMG physical layer convergence protocol data unit (PPDU) is transmitted, where 1 < NCB≤ 4.

[0040] In OFDM, the beginning of each data block to be sent to a receiving device is preceded by a guard interval. As long as the noise or echo falls within this interval, it will not affect the receiver's ability to safely decode the actual data, because the data is only interpreted outside the guard interval. The number of symbols (constellation points) per data block transmitted over a 2.16 GHz channel is referred to as NSPB- In the case of a SC data block, each SC data block is prepended with a guard interval. For example, guard intervals may be inserted in a data field of an EDMG PPDU. It should be understood that where guard intervals are inserted may be implementation- specific.

[0041] In one embodiment, and with reference to FIG. 1, when an AP (e.g., AP 102) establishes communication with one or more user devices 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, and/or 128), the AP 102 may communicate in a downlink direction, and the user devices 120 may communicate with the AP 102 in an uplink direction by sending one or more interleaved symbols (e.g., interleaved symbols in frame 140) in either direction. A device (e.g., user devices 120 and/or AP 102) may receive the interleaved symbols in frame 140 and may perform de-interleaving in order to retrieve the original bits.

[0042] In one embodiment, the user devices 120 and the AP 102 may include one or more interleavers (in the transmission chain) and one or more de-interleavers (in the receiving chain). In FIG. 1, there is shown an interleaver 136 and a de-interleaver 137 as part of the AP 102 and an interleaver 138 and a de-interleaver 139 as part of at least one of the user devices 120. During data transmission from the AP 102 to one or more user devices 120, the AP 102 may use the interleaver 136 to interleave a data block, which may be comprised of a number of symbols. The AP 102 may arrange the symbols in blocks of symbols (e.g., data symbol blocks). The AP 102 may use these data symbol blocks as inputs to the interleaver 136. The AP 102 may insert or append guard intervals (e.g., GI 141 and GI 143) around the interleaved data symbol blocks (e.g., interleaved data symbol blocks 142 and 144) before transmitting the frame 140 to a user device 120. When the AP 102 wants to transmit a frame to one or more user devices 120, the AP 102 may pass data through one or more devices in preparation for transmission. For example, the AP 102 may use the interleaver 136 to interleave a data block, which may be comprised of a number of symbols. The AP 102 may arrange the symbols in groups of symbols (e.g., referred to as data symbol blocks). It should be understood that although two GIs and two interleaved data symbol blocks are shown in FIG. 1, more GI and interleaved data symbol blocks may be present in the frame 140. When a user device 120 receives the frame 140, the user device 120 may use the de-interleaver 139 to de- interleave the interleaved data symbol blocks. The de-interleaver 139 restores the original data block sent by the AP 102. That is, the de-interleaver 139 performs the reverse function of the interleaver 136. It should be understood that the reverse direction of a data transmission from the user devices 120 to the AP 102 may use the same approach by first performing interleaving using interleaver 138 and de-interleaving using de-interleaver 137.

[0043] In one embodiment, a SC PHY block interleaver system may facilitate a block interleaver design for a SC PHY. A SC PHY block interleaver design for a SC PHY may be designed for various modulation methods such as QAM or non-uniform constellation (NUC), for example, 64-QAM/64-NUC constellations. The design may be used with a different number of channel bonding (e.g., NCB = 1, 2, 3, and 4). It can be supported with different guard intervals (GIs). Simulation analysis has proven that the use of an interleaver in a SC PHY block provides significant signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) gain in selective frequency channels. [0044] FIG. 2 depicts a network diagram illustrating an example configuration for a SC PHY block interleaver, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0045] Referring to FIG. 2, there is shown a SC PHY block interleaver 200 design that may be defined in a number of rows 206 (Nx) and a number of columns 208 (Ny) resulting in an Nx multiplied by Ny (Nx * Ny) number of cells or elements that contain blocks of symbols that may be written in each of the cells or elements in direction 202. That is, each element may not contain a single QAM symbol, but rather a group of N_s consecutive symbols. In that case, Nx * Ny = NCB * NSPB/N_S. N_s can be selected equal to a parallelization factor of 8 or 16 to facilitate easy implementation (e.g., N_s is equal to eight consecutive symbols). The SC PHY block interleaver 200 may then generate outputs by reading out the blocks of symbols in direction 204. The SC PHY block interleaver 200 cells may be designated as (x,y), where x and y are integers that identify each of the rows and each of columns respectively. The SC PHY block interleaver 200 would receive inputs 230 and generate outputs 240 after the blocks of symbols have been interleaved. In other words, the SC PHY block interleaver 200 performs row-by-row writing and column-by-column reading. Since a de-interleaver is always associated with every interleaver that restores the original input data sequence on the receiving side, the de-interleaver performs column-by-column writing and row-by-row reading.

[0046] In one embodiment, the SC PHY block interleaver 200 may be defined for various modulation methods such as quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) or non-uniform constellation (NUC). For example, the SC PHY block interleaver 200 may be defined for 64- QAM and 64-NUC modulation. Blocks of symbols contain a number of symbols that may be modulated according to 64-QAM or 64-NUC modulation. For example, a block may contain eight 64-QAM symbols. The SC PHY block interleaver 200 may perform modulated complex symbols interleaving inside the SC symbol block, and its parameters may depend on the NSPB and NCB parameters. NSPB defines the number of 64-QAM/64-NUC symbols per block, which may depend on the GI type (e.g., short, normal, long), and NCB defines the number of channel bonding. In 802.1 lay, NSPB = 384, 448, or 480 and NCB may be NCB = 1, 2, 3 or 4. For example, if NSPB = 448 and NCB = 1, this may indicate that there are 448 64- QAM symbols that need to be inputted into the SC PHY block interleaver 200. Further, based on the size of the blocks of symbols (e.g., each block containing eight symbols), the 448 ÷ 8 is equal to 56 blocks of symbols. Then, if N_x is equal to 4, then N_y is equal to 14. Consequently, the SC PHY block interleaver 200 will be defined by four rows and 14 columns.

[0047] Table 1 shows examples of the SC PHY block interleaver 200 configuration based on the GI type and the NCB- [0048] Table 1 : Interleaver Configuration

[0049] It should be understood that the above is only an example to illustrate an exemplary design of the SC PHY block interleaver 200. It should also be understood that the

"*" character indicates multiplication in this disclosure.

[0050] The input to the interleaver is a SC symbol block di_n ^(q) of length NSPB * NCB composed of 64-QAM (or 64-NUC) symbols. di_n ^(q) may be represented as follows:

where q denotes a SC symbol block number, q = 0,

1, NBLKS-1, and NBLKS is the number of blocks.

[0052] The interleaver design implements the permutation process where the 64-QAM (or 64-NUC) adjacent modulated symbols (constellation points) are grouped into the group of N_s symbols, which are then used as input into the interleaver. N_s can be any integer number; in this particular implementation, it is equal to 8. The N_s can be selected equal to the parallelization factor in the modem hardware architecture. The interleaving is performed on a group of symbols basis. That is, the group of N_s symbols is treated as a unit when fed into the interleaver.

[0053] The adjacent groups of N_s 64QAM symbols are distributed over different low- density parity-check (LDPC) codewords. The number of codewords defines the N_x dimension of the interleaver, e.g., N_x = NO*NCB; where No defines the number of LDPC codewords per SC symbol block and NCB is the number of channel bonding, which defines the number of 2.16 GHz channels used for PPDU transmission. In this particular example No = 4 and NCB can be from 1 up to 4. [0054] The N_y dimension is computed as a ratio of SC symbol block length equal to NSPB*NCB over the N_X*N_S. The NSPB defines the number of 64QAM symbols per SC symbol block for NCB = 1· In this particular example, NSPB can be equal to 384, 448, and 480.

[0055] The distribution of adjacent 64QAM symbols groups over different LDPC codewords allows to de-correlate post equalizer residual inter symbol interference and additive noise.

[0056] The output of the interleaver scheme is a permuted SC symbol block of the same length (NBLKS) defined as follows:

[0057] d£^[ _t = ^ y d£^[ _(ly... ^^[ _NspBtNcB_^, where idx() defines the array of permutation indexes.

[0058] The array of permutation indexes idx() is constructed as follows:

[0059] idx(i * N_S + j) = idx0(j) * N_s + j , where i = 0, 1 (N_SPB*N_CB)/N_s-1 and j = 0, 1,

..., N_S-1.

[0060] idx0(j * N_X + i) = N_y * i + j , where i = 0, 1, ..., N_x -1 and j = 0, 1, ..., N_y - 1.

[0061] N_x = NO*NCB and N_y = (NSPB*N_CB)/(N_X*N_s), where No = 4 and N_s = 8.

[0062] In general, parameters NSPB, NCB, NO and N_s may be arbitrarily selected for each particular case. It is understood that the above descriptions are for purposes of illustration and are not meant to be limiting.

[0063] FIG. 3 A illustrates a flow diagram of an illustrative process 300 for an illustrative SC PHY block interleaver design, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0064] At block 302, a device (e.g., the user device(s) 120 and/or the AP 102 of FIG. 1) may determine one or more data symbol blocks to be sent on a transmission medium, wherein a first data symbol block of the one or more data symbol blocks comprises one or more groups of symbols. The one or more data symbol blocks may be processed by an interleaver device belonging to the device. However, the one or more data symbol blocks may be first split up into one or more groups of symbols. These groups are used as individual elements input into the interleaver, so that the interleaver process is performed on a group of symbols basis. The interleaver device may be an SC PHY block interleaver. For example, during data transmission from an AP 102 to one or more user devices 120, the AP 102 may use an interleaver device to interleave one or more data blocks, which may be comprised of a number of symbols, which will ultimately be transmitted on a communication medium such as a wireless channel (or multiple bonded wireless channels). [0065] The interleaver design implements the permutation process where the 64-QAM (or 64-NUC) adjacent modulated symbols (constellation points) are grouped into the group of N_s symbols, which are then used as input into the interleaver. N_s can be any integer number; in this particular implementation, it is equal to 8. The N_s can be selected equal to the parallelization factor in the modem hardware architecture. The interleaving is performed on a group of symbols basis. That is, the group of N_s symbols is treated as a unit when fed into the interleaver.

[0066] The adjacent groups of N_s 64-QAM symbols are distributed over different low- density parity-check (LDPC) codewords. The number of codewords defines the N_x dimension of the interleaver, e.g., N_x = NO*NCB; where No defines the number of LDPC codewords per SC symbol block and NCB is the number of channel bonding, which defines the number of 2.16 GHz channels used for PPDU transmission. In this particular example, No = 4 and NCB can be from 1 up to 4.

[0067] The N_y dimension is computed as a ratio of SC symbol block length equal to NSPB*NCB over N_X*N_S. The N_SPB defines the number of 64-QAM symbols per SC symbol block for NCB = 1· In this particular example, NSPB can be equal to 384, 448, and 480.

[0068] The distribution of adjacent 64-QAM symbol groups over different LDPC codewords allows to de-correlate post equalizer residual inter-symbol interference and additive noise.

[0069] Various data symbol block lengths may be defined based on the type of guard interval used, while maintaining a constant discrete Fourier transfer (DFT) size. The DFT size may be scaled by the NCB- That is the DFT size may be equal to 512 * NCB- For example, the DFT size may be 512 symbols, if NCB is equal to 1. For example, if the DFT size is equal to 512 symbols, this may be compatible with other devices and may make implementation easier. That is, the data symbol block length may be equal to 512 symbols minus the length of the guard interval, where the guard interval length may be a variable. For example, the guard interval length may be equal to either 32 * NCB, 64 * NCB, or 128 * NCB symbols.

[0070] At block 304, the device may determine a first group of symbols of the one or more groups of symbols to be used as input into an interleaver device. For example, the interleaver device, during input, may write into a first memory, the first group of symbols and write into a second memory, a second group of symbols, and so on. During input, the interleaver device may read out from the first memory, the first group of symbols, and read out another group of symbols from another memory. In essence, the interleaver device interleaves on a group-by-group basis as opposed to a symbol-by-symbol basis.

[0071] At block 306, the device may determine an interleaver configuration based on at least one of a number of bonded channels of the transmission medium and a size of a guard interval. For example, the interleaver configuration may be defined in a number of rows (Nx) and a number of columns (Ny) resulting in an Nx multiplied by Ny (Nx * Ny) number of cells or elements that contain blocks of symbols that may be written in each of the cells or elements in the first direction. That is, each element may not contain a single QAM symbol, but rather a group of N_s consecutive symbols. In that case, Nx * Ny = NCB * NSPB/N_S. N_s can be selected equal to a parallelization of factor 8 or 16 to facilitate easy implementation (e.g., N_s may be equal to eight consecutive symbols).

[0072] At block 308, the device may generate one or more interleaved symbol blocks by interleaving the one or more groups of symbols. For example, the interleaver device takes in inputs and generates outputs resulting in interleaved groups of symbols. In other words, the SC PHY block interleaver performs row-by-row writing and column-by-column reading, wherein each element of a row is a group of symbols and each element of a column is also a group of symbols. Since a de-interleaver is always associated with every interleaver that restores the original input data sequence on the receiving side, the de-interleaver performs column-by-column writing and row-by-row reading. The SC PHY block interleaver may be defined for 64-QAM and 64-NUC modulation. Groups of symbols may contain a number of symbols that may be modulated according to 64-QAM or 64-NUC modulation. For example, a group may contain eight 64-QAM symbols. Each of these groups of eight 64-QAM symbols, for example, would be considered one element into the interleaver, hence the designation of the interleaver device as a block interleaver.

[0073] At block 310, the device may append the guard interval to at least one of the one or more interleaved symbol blocks. For example, the AP 102 may insert or append guard intervals (e.g., GI 141 and GI 143 of FIG. 1) around the interleaved data symbol blocks (e.g., interleaved data symbol blocks 142 and 144 of FIG. 1) before transmitting a frame to a user device 120.

[0074] At block 312, the device may cause to send the one or more interleaved symbol blocks with the appended guard intervals. It is understood that the above descriptions are for purposes of illustration and are not meant to be limiting.

[0075] FIG. 3B illustrates a flow diagram of an illustrative process 350 for an illustrative SC PHY block interleaver design, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure. [0076] At block 352, a device (e.g., the user device(s) 120 and/or the AP 102 of FIG. 1) may identify a data block with an appended guard interval received on one or more bonded channels, wherein the data block comprises one or more interleaved symbol blocks to be used as inputs to a de-interleaver device. A block interleaver is a device that performs interleaving of data, whereas a de-interleaver device is always associated with every interleaver device and restores the original input data sequence. For example, in a receiver, a de-interleaver device performs the reverse function of an interleaver device. In one example, a user device may receive a data transmission from an AP. The data transmission may be composed of one or more data blocks, each prepended with a guard interval. The data transmission may be received on one or more bonded channels. For example, the number of bonded channels may be one, two, three, or four. The data blocks may be composed of one or more groups of symbols that have been interleaved using an interleaver on the AP.

[0077] At block 354, the device may determine a de-interleaver configuration based on a number of the one or more bonded channels. Since the de-interleaver has the reverse function of an interleaver, the configuration of the de-interleaver is the same as the interleaver. For example, the de-interleaver configuration may be defined in a number of rows (Nx) and a number of columns (Ny) resulting in an Nx multiplied by Ny (Nx * Ny) number of cells or elements that contain blocks of symbols that may be written in each of the cells or elements in the first direction. That is, each element may not contain a single QAM symbol, but rather a group of N_s consecutive symbols. In that case, Nx * Ny = NCB * NSPB N_S. N_s can be selected equal to a parallelization factor of 8 or 16 to facilitate easy implementation (e.g., N_s is equal to eight consecutive symbols).

[0078] At block 356, the device may de-interleave the one or more interleaved symbol blocks based on the de-interleaver configuration.

[0079] At block 358, the device may generate outputs of the de-interleaver, wherein the outputs are one or more modulated symbol blocks. For example, the user device may generate one or more blocks of symbols after the inputs to the de-interleaver have gone through de-interleaving in accordance with the de-interleaver configuration. The basic idea is to distribute the adjacent QAM (or NUC) symbols or adjacent group of Ns QAM symbols (or NUC symbols) in an SC symbol block over different codewords on the de-interleaver side. The same number of symbols are output from the de-interleaver but these symbols are de- interleaved. It is understood that the above descriptions are for purposes of illustration and are not meant to be limiting.

[0080] FIG. 4 shows a functional diagram of an exemplary communication station 400 in accordance with some embodiments. In one embodiment, FIG. 4 illustrates a functional block diagram of a communication station that may be suitable for use as an AP 102 (FIG. 1) or user device 120 (FIG. 1) in accordance with some embodiments. The communication station 400 may also be suitable for use as a handheld device, a mobile device, a cellular telephone, a smartphone, a tablet, a netbook, a wireless terminal, a laptop computer, a wearable computer device, a femtocell, a high data rate (HDR) subscriber station, an access point, an access terminal, or other personal communication system (PCS) device.

[0081] The communication station 400 may include communications circuitry 402 and a transceiver 410 for transmitting and receiving signals to and from other communication stations using one or more antennas 401. The communications circuitry 402 may include circuitry that can operate the physical layer (PHY) communications and/or media access control (MAC) communications for controlling access to the wireless medium, and/or any other communications layers for transmitting and receiving signals. The communication station 400 may also include processing circuitry 406 and memory 408 arranged to perform the operations described herein. In some embodiments, the communications circuitry 402 and the processing circuitry 406 may be configured to perform operations detailed in FIGs. 2- 3.

[0082] In accordance with some embodiments, the communications circuitry 402 may be arranged to contend for a wireless medium and configure frames or packets for communicating over the wireless medium. The communications circuitry 402 may be arranged to transmit and receive signals. The communications circuitry 402 may also include circuitry for modulation/demodulation, upconversion/downconversion, filtering, amplification, etc. In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 406 of the communication station 400 may include one or more processors. In other embodiments, two or more antennas 401 may be coupled to the communications circuitry 402 arranged for sending and receiving signals. The memory 408 may store information for configuring the processing circuitry 406 to perform operations for configuring and transmitting message frames and performing the various operations described herein. The memory 408 may include any type of memory, including non-transitory memory, for storing information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). For example, the memory 408 may include a computer-readable storage device, read-only memory (ROM), random- access memory (RAM), magnetic disk storage media, optical storage media, flash-memory devices and other storage devices and media.

[0083] In some embodiments, the communication station 400 may be part of a portable wireless communication device, such as a personal digital assistant (PDA), a laptop or portable computer with wireless communication capability, a web tablet, a wireless telephone, a smartphone, a wireless headset, a pager, an instant messaging device, a digital camera, an access point, a television, a medical device (e.g., a heart rate monitor, a blood pressure monitor, etc.), a wearable computer device, or another device that may receive and/or transmit information wirelessly.

[0084] In some embodiments, the communication station 400 may include one or more antennas 401. The antennas 401 may include one or more directional or omnidirectional antennas, including, for example, dipole antennas, monopole antennas, patch antennas, loop antennas, microstrip antennas, or other types of antennas suitable for transmission of RF signals. In some embodiments, instead of two or more antennas, a single antenna with multiple apertures may be used. In these embodiments, each aperture may be considered a separate antenna. In some multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) embodiments, the antennas may be effectively separated for spatial diversity and the different channel characteristics that may result between each of the antennas and the antennas of a transmitting station.

[0085] In some embodiments, the communication station 400 may include one or more of a keyboard, a display, a non-volatile memory port, multiple antennas, a graphics processor, an application processor, speakers, and other mobile device elements. The display may be an LCD screen including a touch screen.

[0086] Although the communication station 400 is illustrated as having several separate functional elements, two or more of the functional elements may be combined and may be implemented by combinations of software-configured elements, such as processing elements including digital signal processors (DSPs), and/or other hardware elements. For example, some elements may include one or more microprocessors, DSPs, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), radio-frequency integrated circuits (RFICs) and combinations of various hardware and logic circuitry for performing at least the functions described herein. In some embodiments, the functional elements of the communication station 400 may refer to one or more processes operating on one or more processing elements.

[0087] Certain embodiments may be implemented in one or a combination of hardware, firmware, and software. Other embodiments may also be implemented as instructions stored on a computer-readable storage device, which may be read and executed by at least one processor to perform the operations described herein. A computer-readable storage device may include any non-transitory memory mechanism for storing information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). For example, a computer-readable storage device may include read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), magnetic disk storage media, optical storage media, flash- memory devices, and other storage devices and media. In some embodiments, the communication station 400 may include one or more processors and may be configured with instructions stored on a computer-readable storage device memory.

[0088] FIG. 5 illustrates a block diagram of an example of a machine 500 or system upon which any one or more of the techniques (e.g., methodologies) discussed herein may be performed. In other embodiments, the machine 500 may operate as a standalone device or may be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines. In a networked deployment, the machine 500 may operate in the capacity of a server machine, a client machine, or both in server-client network environments. In an example, the machine 500 may act as a peer machine in peer-to- peer (P2P) (or other distributed) network environments. The machine 500 may be a personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a set-top box (STB), a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile telephone, a wearable computer device, a web appliance, a network router, a switch or bridge, or any machine capable of executing instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine, such as a base station. Further, while only a single machine is illustrated, the term "machine" shall also be taken to include any collection of machines that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, such as cloud computing, software as a service (SaaS), or other computer cluster configurations.

[0089] Examples, as described herein, may include or may operate on logic or a number of components, modules, or mechanisms. Modules are tangible entities (e.g., hardware) capable of performing specified operations when operating. A module includes hardware. In an example, the hardware may be specifically configured to carry out a specific operation (e.g., hardwired). In another example, the hardware may include configurable execution units (e.g., transistors, circuits, etc.) and a computer readable medium containing instructions where the instructions configure the execution units to carry out a specific operation when in operation. The configuring may occur under the direction of the executions units or a loading mechanism. Accordingly, the execution units are communicatively coupled to the computer-readable medium when the device is operating. In this example, the execution units may be a member of more than one module. For example, under operation, the execution units may be configured by a first set of instructions to implement a first module at one point in time and reconfigured by a second set of instructions to implement a second module at a second point in time.

[0090] The machine (e.g., computer system) 500 may include a hardware processor 502 (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), a hardware processor core, or any combination thereof), a main memory 504 and a static memory 506, some or all of which may communicate with each other via an interlink (e.g., bus) 508. The machine 500 may further include a power management device 532, a graphics display device 510, an alphanumeric input device 512 (e.g., a keyboard), and a user interface (UI) navigation device 514 (e.g., a mouse). In an example, the graphics display device 510, alphanumeric input device 512, and UI navigation device 514 may be a touch screen display. The machine 500 may additionally include a storage device (i.e., drive unit) 516, a signal generation device 518 (e.g., a speaker), a SC PHY block interleaver device 519, a network interface device/transceiver 520 coupled to antenna(s) 530, and one or more sensors 528, such as a global positioning system (GPS) sensor, a compass, an accelerometer, or other sensor. The machine 500 may include an output controller 534, such as a serial (e.g., universal serial bus (USB), parallel, or other wired or wireless (e.g., infrared (IR), near field communication (NFC), etc.) connection to communicate with or control one or more peripheral devices (e.g., a printer, a card reader, etc.)).

[0091] The storage device 516 may include a machine readable medium 522 on which is stored one or more sets of data structures or instructions 524 (e.g., software) embodying or utilized by any one or more of the techniques or functions described herein. The instructions 524 may also reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory 504, within the static memory 506, or within the hardware processor 502 during execution thereof by the machine 500. In an example, one or any combination of the hardware processor 502, the main memory 504, the static memory 506, or the storage device 516 may constitute machine- readable media.

[0092] The SC PHY block interleaver device 519 may carry out or perform any of the operations and processes (e.g., the processes 300 and 350) described and shown above. For example, the SC PHY block interleaver device 519 may facilitate the design of a block interleaver for SC PHY for various modulation methods such as quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) or non- uniform constellation (NUC), for example, 64-QAM/64-NUC constellations. The design may be used with a different number of channels (e.g., NCB = 1, 2, 3 and 4). It can be supported with different types of guard intervals (GIs). Simulation analysis has proven that the use of an interleaver in a SC PHY block provides significant signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) gain in selective frequency channels.

[0093] The SC PHY block interleaver device 519 may be dependent on the size of the guard interval (which determines the number of symbols per block) and a channel bonding parameter. The SC PHY block interleaver device 519 may determine that an interleaver may be comprised of a number of columns and a number of rows such that blocks of symbols are written on a row-by-row basis, and information is read out of the interleaver on a column-by- column basis. Each element (or cell) of the interleaver may be comprised of a group of 64- QAM (or 64-NUC) symbols. In IEEE 802.1 lad, there was only one block with a length equal to 448 symbols. This block was interlaced with guard intervals of a fixed length of 64 symbols. Hence, the length of the data block plus the length of the guard interval is 512 symbols (448 + 64). However, IEEE 802.1 lad does not use interleaving of any data blocks and does not have a variable guard interval.

[0094] The SC PHY block interleaver device 519 may define three guard interval types. A short guard interval may be defined as having a size of 32 symbols multiplied by the number of channel bonding (NCB)- normal guard interval may be defined as having a size of 64 symbols multiplied by the NCB- long guard interval may be defined as having a size of 128 symbols multiplied by NCB- The short guard interval may be used in indoor short range applications, where the channel is not very complex, and having a short guard interval keeps the overhead at a manageable level. The medium guard interval may be used in indoor applications for a longer range than the short guard interval application. The long guard interval may be used in outdoor applications, where the use of a long guard interval may prevent inter-symbol interference. It should be understood that the size of each symbol is taken at the chip rate (e.g., 1.76 GHz in frequency), which can be converted to the chip time duration, which would be equal to 0.57 nanoseconds. For the data part, modulation is accomplished by assigning a 64-QAM symbol and for the guard interval, BPSK modulation may be used.

[0095] The SC PHY block interleaver device 519 may define various SC data block lengths based on the type of guard interval used, while maintaining a constant discrete Fourier transfer (DFT) size equal to 512 symbols. The DFT size may be scaled by the NCB- That is the DFT size may be equal to 512 * NCB- For example, the DFT size may be 512 symbols, if NCB is equal to 1. That is, the data SC block length may be equal to 512 symbols minus the length of the guard interval, where the guard interval length may be either 32 x NCB, 64 x N_CB, or 128 X N_CB symbols. [0096] The SC PHY block interleaver device 519 may operate on a block-by-block basis. That it, it interleaves each block only. Each block may contain one or more symbols and may be designated as NSPB, the number of symbols per block. The inputs to the interleaver is NCB x NSPB- The same number of symbols are output from the interleaver but these symbols are interleaved.

[0097] It is understood that the above are only a subset of what the SC PHY block interleaver device 519 may be configured to perform and that other functions included throughout this disclosure may also be performed by the SC PHY block interleaver device 519.

[0098] While the machine-readable medium 522 is illustrated as a single medium, the term "machine-readable medium" may include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) configured to store the one or more instructions 524.

[0099] Various embodiments may be implemented fully or partially in software and/or firmware. This software and/or firmware may take the form of instructions contained in or on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. Those instructions may then be read and executed by one or more processors to enable performance of the operations described herein. The instructions may be in any suitable form, such as but not limited to source code, compiled code, interpreted code, executable code, static code, dynamic code, and the like. Such a computer-readable medium may include any tangible non-transitory medium for storing information in a form readable by one or more computers, such as but not limited to read only memory (ROM); random access memory (RAM); magnetic disk storage media; optical storage media; a flash memory, etc.

[00100] The term "machine-readable medium" may include any medium that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying instructions for execution by the machine 500 and that cause the machine 500 to perform any one or more of the techniques of the present disclosure, or that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying data structures used by or associated with such instructions. Non-limiting machine-readable medium examples may include solid-state memories and optical and magnetic media. In an example, a massed machine -readable medium includes a machine-readable medium with a plurality of particles having resting mass. Specific examples of massed machine-readable media may include non-volatile memory, such as semiconductor memory devices (e.g., electrically programmable read-only memory (EPROM), or electrically erasable programmable read- only memory (EEPROM)) and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD- ROM disks.

[00101] The instructions 524 may further be transmitted or received over a communications network 526 using a transmission medium via the network interface device/transceiver 520 utilizing any one of a number of transfer protocols (e.g., frame relay, internet protocol (IP), transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP), hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), etc.). Example communications networks may include a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a packet data network (e.g., the Internet), mobile telephone networks (e.g., cellular networks), plain old telephone (POTS) networks, wireless data networks (e.g., Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 family of standards known as Wi-Fi®, IEEE 802.16 family of standards known as WiMax®), IEEE 802.15.4 family of standards, and peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, among others. In an example, the network interface device/transceiver 520 may include one or more physical jacks (e.g., Ethernet, coaxial, or phone jacks) or one or more antennas to connect to the communications network 526. In an example, the network interface device/transceiver 520 may include a plurality of antennas to wirelessly communicate using at least one of single-input multiple-output (SIMO), multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), or multiple-input single-output (MISO) techniques. The term "transmission medium" shall be taken to include any intangible medium that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying instructions for execution by the machine 500 and includes digital or analog communications signals or other intangible media to facilitate communication of such software. The operations and processes described and shown above may be carried out or performed in any suitable order as desired in various implementations. Additionally, in certain implementations, at least a portion of the operations may be carried out in parallel. Furthermore, in certain implementations, less than or more than the operations described may be performed.

[00102] The word "exemplary" is used herein to mean "serving as an example, instance, or illustration." Any embodiment described herein as "exemplary" is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments. The terms "computing device," "user device," "communication station," "station," "handheld device," "mobile device," "wireless device" and "user equipment" (UE) as used herein refers to a wireless communication device such as a cellular telephone, a smartphone, a tablet, a netbook, a wireless terminal, a laptop computer, a femtocell, a high data rate (HDR) subscriber station, an access point, a printer, a point of sale device, an access terminal, or other personal communication system (PCS) device. The device may be either mobile or stationary.

[00103] As used within this document, the term "communicate" is intended to include transmitting, or receiving, or both transmitting and receiving. This may be particularly useful in claims when describing the organization of data that is being transmitted by one device and received by another, but only the functionality of one of those devices is required to infringe the claim. Similarly, the bidirectional exchange of data between two devices (both devices transmit and receive during the exchange) may be described as "communicating," when only the functionality of one of those devices is being claimed. The term "communicating" as used herein with respect to a wireless communication signal includes transmitting the wireless communication signal and/or receiving the wireless communication signal. For example, a wireless communication unit, which is capable of communicating a wireless communication signal, may include a wireless transmitter to transmit the wireless communication signal to at least one other wireless communication unit, and/or a wireless communication receiver to receive the wireless communication signal from at least one other wireless communication unit.

[00104] As used herein, unless otherwise specified, the use of the ordinal adjectives "first," "second," "third," etc., to describe a common object, merely indicates that different instances of like objects are being referred to and are not intended to imply that the objects so described must be in a given sequence, either temporally, spatially, in ranking, or in any other manner.

[00105] The term "access point" (AP) as used herein may be a fixed station. An access point may also be referred to as an access node, a base station, an evolved node B (eNodeB), an evolved node B (eNodeB), or some other similar terminology known in the art. An access terminal may also be called a mobile station, user equipment (UE), a wireless communication device, or some other similar terminology known in the art. Embodiments disclosed herein generally pertain to wireless networks. Some embodiments may relate to wireless networks that operate in accordance with one of the IEEE 802.11 standards.

[00106] Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with various devices and systems, for example, a personal computer (PC), a desktop computer, a mobile computer, a laptop computer, a notebook computer, a tablet computer, a server computer, a handheld computer, a handheld device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) device, a handheld PDA device, an onboard device, an off-board device, a hybrid device, a vehicular device, a non-vehicular device, a mobile or portable device, a consumer device, a non-mobile or non-portable device, a wireless communication station, a wireless communication device, a wireless access point (AP), a wired or wireless router, a wired or wireless modem, a video device, an audio device, an audio- video (A/V) device, a wired or wireless network, a wireless area network, a wireless video area network (WVAN), a local area network (LAN), a wireless LAN (WLAN), a personal area network (PAN), a wireless PAN (WPAN), and the like.

[00107] Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with one way and/or two-way radio communication systems, cellular radio-telephone communication systems, a mobile phone, a cellular telephone, a wireless telephone, a personal communication system (PCS) device, a PDA device which incorporates a wireless communication device, a mobile or portable global positioning system (GPS) device, a device which incorporates a GPS receiver or transceiver or chip, a device which incorporates an RFID element or chip, a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) transceiver or device, a single input multiple output (SIMO) transceiver or device, a multiple input single output (MISO) transceiver or device, a device having one or more internal antennas and/or external antennas, digital video broadcast (DVB) devices or systems, multi-standard radio devices or systems, a wired or wireless handheld device, e.g., a smartphone, a wireless application protocol (WAP) device, or the like.

[00108] Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with one or more types of wireless communication signals and/or systems following one or more wireless communication protocols, for example, radio frequency (RF), infrared (IR), frequency- division multiplexing (FDM), orthogonal FDM (OFDM), time-division multiplexing (TDM), time-division multiple access (TDMA), extended TDMA (E-TDMA), general packet radio service (GPRS), extended GPRS, code-division multiple access (CDMA), wideband CDMA (WCDMA), CDMA 2000, single-carrier CDMA, multi-carrier CDMA, multi-carrier modulation (MDM), discrete multi-tone (DMT), Bluetooth®, global positioning system (GPS), Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, ZigBee, ultra-wideband (UWB), global system for mobile communications (GSM), 2G, 2.5G, 3G, 3.5G, 4G, fifth generation (5G) mobile networks, 3GPP, long term evolution (LTE), LTE advanced, enhanced data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), or the like. Other embodiments may be used in various other devices, systems, and/or networks.

[00109] According to example embodiments of the disclosure, there may be a device. The device may include memory and processing circuitry configured to determine one or more data symbol blocks to be sent on a transmission medium, wherein a first data symbol block of the one or more data symbol blocks comprises one or more groups of symbols. The processing circuitry may be further configured to determine a first group of symbols of the one or more groups of symbols to be used as input into an interleaver device. The processing circuitry may be further configured to determine an interleaver configuration based on at least one of a number of bonded channels of the transmission medium or a size of a guard interval. The processing circuitry may be further configured to interleave the first group of symbols using the interleaver configuration to generate one of more interleaved symbol blocks. The processing circuitry may be further configured to append the guard interval to at least one of the one or more interleaved symbol blocks. The processing circuitry may be further configured to cause to send the one or more interleaved symbol blocks with the appended guard intervals.

[00110] The implementations may include one or more of the following features. A first bonded channel of the bonded channels is a 2.16 GHz channel. The one or more symbols are modulated using a 64 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) or a 64 non-uniform constellation (NUC) modulation. The number of bonded channels is equal to 1, 2, 3, or 4. A size of the first data symbol block is based on a direct Fourier transfer (DFT) size, a guard interval size, and a number of bonded channels. The interleaver device is represented by a two dimensional matrix may include one or more columns and one or more rows, wherein a number of the one or more rows is associated with the number of bonded channels and a number of codewords. A number of the one or more columns is a ratio of the size of the first data symbol block and a product of multiplying the number of the one or more rows by a number of symbols in the first group of symbols. The DFT size is equal to 512 symbols multiplied by the number of bonded channels. The guard interval size is equal to 32 symbols, 64 symbols, or 128 symbols. A number of symbols in the first data symbol block is equal to the guard interval size subtracted from the DFT size. The device may further include a transceiver configured to transmit and receive wireless signals. The device may further include one or more antennas coupled to the transceiver.

[00111] According to example embodiments of the disclosure, there may be a device. The device may include memory and processing circuitry configured to determine one or more data symbol blocks to be sent to a device on a transmission medium, wherein a first data symbol block of the one or more data symbol blocks comprises one or more groups of symbols. The processing circuitry may be further configured to determine a first group of symbols of the one or more groups of symbols to be used as input into an interleaver device. The processing circuitry may be further configured to determine an interleaver configuration based on at least one of a number of bonded channels of the transmission medium and a size of a guard interval. The processing circuitry may be further configured to generate one or more interleaved symbol blocks by interleaving the one or more groups of symbols. The processing circuitry may be further configured to append the guard interval to at least one of the one or more interleaved symbol blocks. The processing circuitry may be further configured to cause to send the one or more interleaved symbol blocks with the appended guard intervals.

[00112] The implementations may include one or more of the following features. Each input to the interleaver is a single carrier symbol block di_n ^(q) of length NSPB * NCB composed of 64 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) symbols or 64 non-uniform constellation (NUC) symbols, wherein NSPB is a number of symbols per data block transmitted over a 2.16 GHz channel. di_n ^(q) is represented as: - \di^q d ^q ...,d N^)_SPB N_CB j , where q denotes a single carrier symbol block number, and q = 0, 1 , . . ., NBLKS-1 , where NBLKS is a number of blocks. One or more outputs of the interleaver are a permuted single carrier symbol block defined as

follows: d₀ ⁽ _t ^] - , o) , ^IDX^ ^{defmes an arra}y ^{of a} permutation index. The array of permutation index idx() is constructed as follows: idx{i * N_s + i) = idx0(i)* N_s + j , where i = 0, 1, (N_SPB*N_CB)/N_S-1 , and j = 0, 1 , N_S-1, where N_S is a number of symbols in the first group of symbols that are used as inputs to the interleaver device, where NSPB is the number of symbols within the first data symbol block, and where NCB is the number of bonded channels. The device may further include a transceiver configured to transmit and receive wireless signals. The device may further include one or more antennas coupled to the transceiver.

[00113] According to example embodiments of the disclosure, there may be a non- transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions which, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform operations. The operations may include determining one or more data symbol blocks to be sent to a device on a transmission medium, wherein a first data symbol block of the one or more data symbol blocks comprises one or more groups of symbols. The operations may include determining a first group of symbols of the one or more groups of symbols to be used as input into an interleaver device. The operations may include determining an interleaver configuration based on at least one of a number of bonded channels of the transmission medium and a size of a guard interval. The operations may include generating one or more interleaved symbol blocks by interleaving the one or more groups of symbols. The operations may include appending the guard interval to at least one of the one or more interleaved symbol blocks. The operations may include causing to send the one or more interleaved symbol blocks with the appended guard intervals.

[00114] The implementations may include one or more of the following features. Each input to the interleaver is a single carrier symbol block di_n ^(q) of length NSPB * NCB composed of 64 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) symbols or 64 non-uniform constellation (NUC) symbols, wherein NSPB is a number of symbols per data block transmitted over a 2.16 GHz channel. di_n ^(q) is represented as: - where q denotes a single

carrier symbol block number, and q = 0, 1 , . . ., NBLKS-1 , where NBLKS is a number of blocks. One or more outputs of the interleaver are a permuted single carrier symbol block defined as follows: d₀ ⁽ _t ^] where idx() defines an array of a permutation

index. The array of permutation index idx() is constructed as follows: idx(i * N, + j) = idx0(i)* N_s + j , where i = 0, 1, (N_SPB*N_CB)/N_S-1 , and j = 0, 1 , N_S-1, where N_S is a number of symbols in the first group of symbols that are used as inputs to the interleaver device, where NSPB is the number of symbols within the first data symbol block, and where NCB is the number of bonded channels.

[00115] According to example embodiments of the disclosure, there may be a non- transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions which, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform operations. The operations may include determining one or more data symbol blocks to be sent on a transmission medium, wherein a first data symbol block of the one or more data symbol blocks comprises one or more groups of symbols. The operations may include determining a first group of symbols of the one or more groups of symbols to be used as input into an interleaver device. The operations may include determining an interleaver configuration based on at least one of a number of bonded channels of the transmission medium or a size of a guard interval. The operations may include interleaving the first group of symbols using the interleaver configuration to generate one of more interleaved symbol blocks. The operations may include appending the guard interval to at least one of the one or more interleaved symbol blocks. The operations may include causing to send the one or more interleaved symbol blocks with the appended guard intervals.

[00116] The implementations may include one or more of the following features. A first bonded channel of the bonded channels is a 2.16 GHz channel. The one or more symbols are modulated using a 64 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) or a 64 non-uniform constellation (NUC) modulation. The number of bonded channels is equal to 1 , 2, 3, or 4. A size of the first data symbol block is based on a direct Fourier transfer (DFT) size, a guard interval size, and a number of bonded channels. The interleaver device is represented by a two dimensional matrix may include one or more columns and one or more rows, wherein a number of the one or more rows are associated with the number of bonded channels and a number of codewords. A number of the one or more columns is a ratio of the size of the first data symbol block and a product of multiplying the number of the one or more rows by a number of symbols in the first group of symbols. The DFT size is equal to 512 symbols multiplied by the number of bonded channels. The guard interval size is equal to 32 symbols, 64 symbols, or 128 symbols. A number of symbols in the first data symbol block is equal to the guard interval size subtracted from the DFT size.

[00117] In example embodiments of the disclosure, there may be an apparatus. The apparatus may include means for determining one or more data symbol blocks to be sent on a transmission medium, wherein a first data symbol block of the one or more data symbol blocks comprises one or more groups of symbols. The apparatus may include means for determining a first group of symbols of the one or more groups of symbols to be used as input into an interleaver device. The apparatus may include means for determining an interleaver configuration based on at least one of a number of bonded channels of the transmission medium or a size of a guard interval. The apparatus may include means for interleaving the first group of symbols using the interleaver configuration to generate one of more interleaved symbol blocks. The apparatus may include means for appending the guard interval to at least one of the one or more interleaved symbol blocks. The apparatus may include means for causing to send the one or more interleaved symbol blocks with the appended guard intervals.

[00118] The implementations may include one or more of the following features. A first bonded channel of the bonded channels is a 2.16 GHz channel. The one or more symbols are modulated using a 64 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) or a 64 non-uniform constellation (NUC) modulation. The number of bonded channels is equal to 1, 2, 3, or 4. A size of the first data symbol block is based on a direct Fourier transfer (DFT) size, a guard interval size, and a number of bonded channels. The interleaver device is represented by a two dimensional matrix may include one or more columns and one or more rows, wherein a number of the one or more rows are associated with the number of bonded channels and a number of codewords. A number of the one or more columns is a ratio of the size of the first data symbol block and a product of multiplying the number of the one or more rows by a number of symbols in the first group of symbols. The DFT size is equal to 512 symbols multiplied by the number of bonded channels. The guard interval size is equal to 32 symbols, 64 symbols, or 128 symbols. A number of symbols in the first data symbol block is equal to the guard interval size subtracted from the DFT size.

[00119] In example embodiments of the disclosure, there may be an apparatus. The apparatus may include means for determining one or more data symbol blocks to be sent to a device on a transmission medium, wherein a first data symbol block of the one or more data symbol blocks comprises one or more groups of symbols. The apparatus may include means for determining a first group of symbols of the one or more groups of symbols to be used as input into an interleaver device. The apparatus may include means for determining an interleaver configuration based on at least one of a number of bonded channels of the transmission medium and a size of a guard interval. The apparatus may include means for generating one or more interleaved symbol blocks by interleaving the one or more groups of symbols. The apparatus may include means for appending the guard interval to at least one of the one or more interleaved symbol blocks. The apparatus may include means for causing to send the one or more interleaved symbol blocks with the appended guard intervals.

[00120] The implementations may include one or more of the following features. Each input to the interleaver is a single carrier symbol block d_in ^(q) of length NSPB * NCB composed of 64 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) symbols or 64 non-uniform constellation (NUC) symbols, wherein NSPB is a number of symbols per data block transmitted over a 2.16 GHz channel. di_n ^(q) is represented as: - where q denotes a single

carrier symbol block number, and q = 0, 1 , . . ., NBLKS-1 , where NBLKS is a number of blocks. One or more outputs of the interleaver are a permuted single carrier symbol block defined as follows: d£⁽ _t = ( ¾₀₎, ¾₎,..., dty J, where idx() defines an array of a permutation index. The array of permutation index idx() is constructed as follows: idx{i * N_s + j) = idx0{i)* N_s + j , where i = 0, 1, (N_SPB*N_CB)/N_S-1 , and j = 0, 1 , N_S-1, where N_S is a number of symbols in the first group of symbols that are used as inputs to the interleaver device, where NSPB is the number of symbols within the first data symbol block, and where NCB is the number of bonded channels.

[00121] According to example embodiments of the disclosure, there may include a method. The method may include determining one or more data symbol blocks to be sent on a transmission medium, wherein a first data symbol block of the one or more data symbol blocks comprises one or more groups of symbols. The method may include determining a first group of symbols of the one or more groups of symbols to be used as input into an interleaver device. The method may include determining an interleaver configuration based on at least one of a number of bonded channels of the transmission medium or a size of a guard interval. The method may include interleaving the first group of symbols using the interleaver configuration to generate one of more interleaved symbol blocks. The method may include appending the guard interval to at least one of the one or more interleaved symbol blocks. The method may include causing to send the one or more interleaved symbol blocks with the appended guard intervals.

[00122] The implementations may include one or more of the following features. A first bonded channel of the bonded channels is a 2.16 GHz channel. The one or more symbols are modulated using a 64 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) or a 64 non-uniform constellation (NUC) modulation. The number of bonded channels is equal to 1, 2, 3, or 4. A size of the first data symbol block is based on a direct Fourier transfer (DFT) size, a guard interval size, and a number of bonded channels. The interleaver device is represented by a two dimensional matrix may include one or more columns and one or more rows, wherein a number of the one or more rows are associated with the number of bonded channels and a number of codewords. A number of the one or more columns is a ratio of the size of the first data symbol block and a product of multiplying the number of the one or more rows by a number of symbols in the first group of symbols. The DFT size is equal to 512 symbols multiplied by the number of bonded channels. The guard interval size is equal to 32 symbols, 64 symbols, or 128 symbols. A number of symbols in the first data symbol block is equal to the guard interval size subtracted from the DFT size.

[00123] According to example embodiments of the disclosure, there may include a method. The method may include identifying, by one or more processors, a data block with an appended guard interval received on one or more bonded channels, wherein the data block comprises one or more interleaved symbol blocks to be used as inputs to a de-interleaver device. The method may include determining a de-interleaver configuration based on a number of the one or more bonded channels and a size of a guard interval. The method may include de-interleaving the one or more interleaved symbol blocks based on the de-interleaver configuration. The method may include generating outputs of the de-interleaver, wherein the outputs are one or more modulated symbol blocks.

[00124] The implementations may include one or more of the following features. Each bonded channel of the one or more bonded channels is a 2.16 GHz channel. The one or more modulated symbols are modulated using a 64 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) or a 64 non-uniform constellation (NUC) modulation. [00125] Certain aspects of the disclosure are described above with reference to block and flow diagrams of systems, methods, apparatuses, and/or computer program products according to various implementations. It will be understood that one or more blocks of the block diagrams and flow diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and the flow diagrams, respectively, may be implemented by computer-executable program instructions. Likewise, some blocks of the block diagrams and flow diagrams may not necessarily need to be performed in the order presented, or may not necessarily need to be performed at all, according to some implementations.

[00126] These computer-executable program instructions may be loaded onto a special- purpose computer or other particular machine, a processor, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a particular machine, such that the instructions that execute on the computer, processor, or other programmable data processing apparatus create means for implementing one or more functions specified in the flow diagram block or blocks. These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer-readable storage media or memory that may direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable storage media produce an article of manufacture including instruction means that implement one or more functions specified in the flow diagram block or blocks. As an example, certain implementations may provide for a computer program product, comprising a computer- readable storage medium having a computer-readable program code or program instructions implemented therein, said computer-readable program code adapted to be executed to implement one or more functions specified in the flow diagram block or blocks. The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to cause a series of operational elements or steps to be performed on the computer or other programmable apparatus to produce a computer-implemented process such that the instructions that execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide elements or steps for implementing the functions specified in the flow diagram block or blocks.

[00127] Accordingly, blocks of the block diagrams and flow diagrams support combinations of means for performing the specified functions, combinations of elements or steps for performing the specified functions and program instruction means for performing the specified functions. It will also be understood that each block of the block diagrams and flow diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and flow diagrams, may be implemented by special-purpose, hardware-based computer systems that perform the specified functions, elements or steps, or combinations of special-purpose hardware and computer instructions.

[00128] Conditional language, such as, among others, "can," "could," "might," or "may," unless specifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understood within the context as used, is generally intended to convey that certain implementations could include, while other implementations do not include, certain features, elements, and/or operations. Thus, such conditional language is not generally intended to imply that features, elements, and/or operations are in any way required for one or more implementations or that one or more implementations necessarily include logic for deciding, with or without user input or prompting, whether these features, elements, and/or operations are included or are to be performed in any particular implementation.

[00129] Many modifications and other implementations of the disclosure set forth herein will be apparent having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Therefore, it is to be understood that the disclosure is not to be limited to the specific implementations disclosed and that modifications and other implementations are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.

Claims

CLAIMS What is claimed is:

1. A device, the device comprising memory and processing circuitry configured to:

determine one or more data symbol blocks to be sent on a transmission medium, wherein a first data symbol block of the one or more data symbol blocks comprises one or more groups of symbols;

determine a first group of symbols of the one or more groups of symbols to be used as input into an interleaver device;

determine an interleaver configuration based on at least one of a number of bonded channels of the transmission medium or a size of a guard interval;

interleave the first group of symbols using the interleaver configuration to generate one of more interleaved symbol blocks;

append the guard interval to at least one of the one or more interleaved symbol blocks; and

cause to send the one or more interleaved symbol blocks with the appended guard intervals.

2. The device of claim 1, wherein a first bonded channel of the bonded channels is a 2.16 GHz channel.

3. The device of claim 1, wherein the one or more symbols are modulated using a 64 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) or a 64 non-uniform constellation (NUC) modulation.

4. The device of claim 3, wherein the number of bonded channels is equal to 1, 2, 3, or 4.

5. The device of claim 1, wherein a size of the first data symbol block is based on a direct Fourier transfer (DFT) size, a guard interval size, and a number of bonded channels.

6. The device of claim 1, wherein the interleaver device is represented by a two dimensional matrix comprising one or more columns and one or more rows, wherein a number of the one or more rows is associated with the number of bonded channels and a number of codewords.

7. The device of claim 6, wherein a number of the one or more columns is a ratio of the size of the first data symbol block and a product of multiplying the number of the one or more rows by a number of symbols in the first group of symbols.

8. The device of claim 5, wherein the DFT size is equal to 512 symbols multiplied by the number of bonded channels.

9. The device of claim 1, wherein the guard interval size is equal to 32 symbols, 64 symbols, or 128 symbols.

10. The device of claim 5, wherein a number of symbols in the first data symbol block is equal to the guard interval size subtracted from the DFT size.

11. The device of claim 1, further comprising a transceiver configured to transmit and receive wireless signals.

12. The device of any one of claims 1-11, further comprising one or more antennas coupled to the transceiver.

13. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions which when executed by one or more processors result in performing operations comprising: determining one or more data symbol blocks to be sent to a device on a transmission medium, wherein a first data symbol block of the one or more data symbol blocks comprises one or more groups of symbols;

determining a first group of symbols of the one or more groups of symbols to be used as input into an interleaver device;

determining an interleaver configuration based on at least one of a number of bonded channels of the transmission medium and a size of a guard interval;

generating one or more interleaved symbol blocks by interleaving the one or more groups of symbols; appending the guard interval to at least one of the one or more interleaved symbol blocks; and

causing to send the one or more interleaved symbol blocks with the appended guard intervals.

14. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 1 1 , wherein each input to the interleaver is a single carrier symbol block di_n ^(q) of length NSPB * NCB composed of 64 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) symbols or 64 non-uniform constellation (NUC) symbols, wherein NSPB is a number of symbols per data block transmitted over a 2. 16 GHz channel.

15. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 14, wherein di_n ^(q) is represented as: j[ ' = \di^q d[^q ..., d^) ), where q denotes a single carrier symbol block number, and q = 0, 1 , . . . , NBLKS- 1 , where NBLKS is a number of blocks.

16. The non- transitory computer-readable medium of claim 13, wherein one or more outputs of the interleaver are a permuted single carrier symbol block defined as follows: ^di« = (^d o) > ^d i) >---> ^d^(_N _!)). ^WHERE idx() defines an array of a permutation index.

17. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any one of claims 13- 16, wherein the array of permutation index idx() is constructed as follows: idx(i * N_s + j) = idxO(i) * N_s + j , where i = 0, 1 , (NSPB*NCB)/N_S- 1 , and j = 0, 1 , N_S- 1 , where N_S is a number of symbols in the first group of symbols that are used as inputs to the interleaver device, where NSPB is the number of symbols within the first data symbol block, and where NCB is the number of bonded channels.

18. A method comprising:

identifying, by one or more processors, a data block with an appended guard interval received on one or more bonded channels, wherein the data block comprises one or more interleaved symbol blocks to be used as inputs to a de-interleaver device;

determining a de-interleaver configuration based on a number of the one or more bonded channels and a size of a guard interval; de-interleaving the one or more interleaved symbol blocks based on the de-interleaver configuration; and

generating outputs of the de-interleaver, wherein the outputs are one or more modulated symbol blocks.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein each bonded channel of the one or more bonded channels is a 2.16 GHz channel.

20. The method of any one of claims 18-29, wherein the one or more modulated symbols are modulated using a 64 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) or a 64 non-uniform constellation (NUC) modulation.

21. A method comprising:

determining one or more data symbol blocks to be sent on a transmission medium, wherein a first data symbol block of the one or more data symbol blocks comprises one or more groups of symbols;

determining an interleaver configuration based on at least one of a number of bonded channels of the transmission medium or a size of a guard interval;

interleaving the first group of symbols using the interleaver configuration to generate one of more interleaved symbol blocks;

appending the guard interval to at least one of the one or more interleaved symbol blocks; and

22. The method of claim 21, wherein a first bonded channel of the bonded channels is a 2.16 GHz channel.

23. The method of claim 21, wherein the one or more symbols are modulated using a 64 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) or a 64 non-uniform constellation (NUC) modulation.

24. The method of claim 23, wherein the number of bonded channels is equal to 1 , 2, 3, or 4.

25. The method of any one of claims 21-24, wherein a size of the first data symbol block is based on a direct Fourier transfer (DFT) size, a guard interval size, and a number of bonded channels.