WO2018150216A1 - Method and hollow structure for cooling a heat transfer fluid - Google Patents

Method and hollow structure for cooling a heat transfer fluid Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2018150216A1
WO2018150216A1 PCT/IB2017/000292 IB2017000292W WO2018150216A1 WO 2018150216 A1 WO2018150216 A1 WO 2018150216A1 IB 2017000292 W IB2017000292 W IB 2017000292W WO 2018150216 A1 WO2018150216 A1 WO 2018150216A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
hollow structure
fluid
empty space
heat transfer
structure according
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/IB2017/000292
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Pascal Collet
Johann THEVENARD
Original Assignee
Total Sa
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Total Sa filed Critical Total Sa
Priority to PCT/IB2017/000292 priority Critical patent/WO2018150216A1/en
Priority to ARP180100352A priority patent/AR111042A1/en
Publication of WO2018150216A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018150216A1/en
Priority to ZA2019/05375A priority patent/ZA201905375B/en

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
    • F28F13/06—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by affecting the pattern of flow of the heat-exchange media
    • F28F13/12—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by affecting the pattern of flow of the heat-exchange media by creating turbulence, e.g. by stirring, by increasing the force of circulation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C13/00—Details of vessels or of the filling or discharging of vessels
    • F17C13/08—Mounting arrangements for vessels
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/0002—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the fluid to be liquefied
    • F25J1/0022—Hydrocarbons, e.g. natural gas
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0257—Construction and layout of liquefaction equipments, e.g. valves, machines
    • F25J1/0275—Construction and layout of liquefaction equipments, e.g. valves, machines adapted for special use of the liquefaction unit, e.g. portable or transportable devices
    • F25J1/0277—Offshore use, e.g. during shipping
    • F25J1/0278—Unit being stationary, e.g. on floating barge or fixed platform
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0279—Compression of refrigerant or internal recycle fluid, e.g. kind of compressor, accumulator, suction drum etc.
    • F25J1/0296—Removal of the heat of compression, e.g. within an inter- or afterstage-cooler against an ambient heat sink
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D1/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
    • F28D1/02—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid
    • F28D1/0206—Heat exchangers immersed in a large body of liquid
    • F28D1/022—Heat exchangers immersed in a large body of liquid for immersion in a natural body of water, e.g. marine radiators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
    • F28F9/24—Arrangements for promoting turbulent flow of heat-exchange media, e.g. by plates
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C13/00—Details of vessels or of the filling or discharging of vessels
    • F17C13/08—Mounting arrangements for vessels
    • F17C13/082—Mounting arrangements for vessels for large sea-borne storage vessels
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
    • F17C2201/05—Size
    • F17C2201/052—Size large (>1000 m3)
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2221/00—Handled fluid, in particular type of fluid
    • F17C2221/03—Mixtures
    • F17C2221/032—Hydrocarbons
    • F17C2221/033—Methane, e.g. natural gas, CNG, LNG, GNL, GNC, PLNG
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
    • F17C2223/01—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the phase
    • F17C2223/0146—Two-phase
    • F17C2223/0153—Liquefied gas, e.g. LPG, GPL
    • F17C2223/0161—Liquefied gas, e.g. LPG, GPL cryogenic, e.g. LNG, GNL, PLNG
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
    • F17C2223/03—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the pressure level
    • F17C2223/033—Small pressure, e.g. for liquefied gas
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2227/00—Transfer of fluids, i.e. method or means for transferring the fluid; Heat exchange with the fluid
    • F17C2227/03—Heat exchange with the fluid
    • F17C2227/0302—Heat exchange with the fluid by heating
    • F17C2227/0309—Heat exchange with the fluid by heating using another fluid
    • F17C2227/0316—Water heating
    • F17C2227/0318—Water heating using seawater
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2227/00—Transfer of fluids, i.e. method or means for transferring the fluid; Heat exchange with the fluid
    • F17C2227/03—Heat exchange with the fluid
    • F17C2227/0337—Heat exchange with the fluid by cooling
    • F17C2227/0341—Heat exchange with the fluid by cooling using another fluid
    • F17C2227/0348—Water cooling
    • F17C2227/0351—Water cooling using seawater
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2227/00—Transfer of fluids, i.e. method or means for transferring the fluid; Heat exchange with the fluid
    • F17C2227/03—Heat exchange with the fluid
    • F17C2227/0367—Localisation of heat exchange
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2227/00—Transfer of fluids, i.e. method or means for transferring the fluid; Heat exchange with the fluid
    • F17C2227/03—Heat exchange with the fluid
    • F17C2227/0367—Localisation of heat exchange
    • F17C2227/0369—Localisation of heat exchange in or on a vessel
    • F17C2227/0376—Localisation of heat exchange in or on a vessel in wall contact
    • F17C2227/0381—Localisation of heat exchange in or on a vessel in wall contact integrated in the wall
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2270/00—Applications
    • F17C2270/01—Applications for fluid transport or storage
    • F17C2270/0102—Applications for fluid transport or storage on or in the water
    • F17C2270/0118—Offshore
    • F17C2270/0128—Storage in depth
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/30—Energy from the sea, e.g. using wave energy or salinity gradient

Definitions

  • the invention concerns the technical domain of offshore installations and the production and storage of liquefied natural gas (LNG).
  • LNG liquefied natural gas
  • the invention concerns a process for cooling a heat transfer fluid which has been warmed up in a liquefied natural gas production facility.
  • Liquefaction of natural gas is an economical way to transport natural gas as LNG occupies only l/600th of the volume than the same amount of natural gas does in its gaseous state.
  • raw natural gas Prior to liquefaction, raw natural gas has to be subjected to a series of gas pretreatment processes such as acid gas removal and dehydration to remove contaminants.
  • Gas pretreatment, liquefaction and storage are typically undertaken at an onshore LNG production plant which also includes a jetty to allow berthing of LNG carriers and their loading with LNG.
  • An offshore facility can be arranged either on the topside of a floating structure or on the topside of a gravity-based structure.
  • a gravity-based structure is a support structure held in place by gravity and having its base resting on a seabed at a selected location.
  • the topside structure is like the one for steel-jacket structures (i.e., it is either an integrated steel-deck configuration or is of modular construction with a module support frame).
  • GBSs are usually constructed with reinforced concrete and typically consist of a cellular base surrounding several unbraced columns that extend upward from the base to support the topsides superstructure above the water surface.
  • LNG is typically stored in a cryogenic storage tank at the LNG production plant or on an offshore structure either at or slightly above atmospheric pressure at a temperature of around - 163°C.
  • Liquefaction of natural gas is typically performed by thermal exchange between the natural gas and a water body which is as cold as possible.
  • the natural gas liquefies by giving its calories to the water, whereby the water gets warmed up.
  • the inventors have found a simple method to address this problem.
  • the method of the invention takes advantage of the huge empty volumes which are present in floating structures or gravity based structures.
  • the method of the invention is based on circulating the warm water in a turbulent flow in said empty volume.
  • a hollow structure for supporting an offshore installation said hollow structure being adapted to receive a heat transfer fluid flow which has been warmed up in a liquefied natural gas production facility, said hollow structure comprising:
  • a fluid inlet enabling said fluid flow to enter into the empty space
  • a fluid outlet fluidly connected to said fluid inlet and enabling said fluid flow to circulate from the fluid inlet to the fluid outlet through the empty space
  • the method and structure of the invention uses a pre-existing empty space in already built structure and thus avoids the need to build a new surface or structure especially for this purpose. The corresponding costs which may be high on an off-shore installation are thus avoided.
  • the method and structure of the invention allows the cooling of the warm heat transfer fluid to a desired temperature.
  • the cooled heat transfer fluid can be reused or in the case of water, it can be discharged to the environment.
  • a method for cooling a heat transfer fluid which has been warmed up in a liquefied natural gas production facility comprising the step of circulating said heat transfer fluid in a turbulent flow through an empty space of a hollow structure which is floating or submerged in a water body.
  • Figure 1 represents schematically a side view of a floating hollow structure according to the invention supporting an offshore installation.
  • Figure 2 represents schematically a side view of a gravity-based structure according to the invention supporting an offshore installation.
  • Figure 3 represents schematically a cross section view of a hollow structure according to the invention having a plurality of platforms extending from the inner wall of the hollow structure.
  • Figure 4 represents schematically a cross section view of a hollow structure according to the invention having a channel connecting the fluid inlet to the fluid outlet and a plurality of obstacles distributed along the channel.
  • Figure 5 represents schematically a cross section view of a hollow structure according to the invention having a channel connecting the fluid inlet to the fluid outlet and a plurality of steps distributed along the channel.
  • Figure 6 represents schematically a cross section view of a hollow structure according to the invention having a plurality of platforms extending from the inner wall of the hollow structure, wherein the heat transfer fluid (water) is discharged in the environment.
  • Figure 7 represents schematically a cross section view of a hollow structure according to the invention having a plurality of platforms extending from the inner wall of the hollow structure, wherein the heat transfer fluid is recirculated to the topside of the structure, for a subsequent use in the offshore installation.
  • a hollow structure for supporting an offshore installation said hollow structure being adapted to receive a heat transfer fluid flow which has been warmed up in a liquefied natural gas production facility, said hollow structure comprising:
  • turbulator positioned in the empty space and enabling said fluid flow to circulate in a turbulent flow in the empty space.
  • offshore installation refers to any installation which is arranged entirely in or over water, whereby the installation is surrounded by water in all directions.
  • Water includes seawater or lake water.
  • the installation may be any installation used in the oil and gas industry, such as an oil platform, a gas platform, a semi-submersible chip, a tension-leg platform, a floating production storage and offloading unit, a liquefaction platform, a LNG offshore terminal, or a LNG jetty for loading or off-loading.
  • the hollow structure may be any structure which is able to support an offshore installation. It can be in particular a floating structure or a gravity-based structure, which has a base that rests on the bottom of the water.
  • Figure 1 represents a side view of a hollow structure 5 having an empty space 5 and supporting on its platform 4 an offshore installation 3, which is floating on the surface 2 of a water body having a bottom 1.
  • Figure 2 represents a side view of a hollow structure 5 which is a gravity-based structure, having at least one empty space 5 and supporting on its platform 4 an offshore installation 3, which has a base that rests on the bottom 1 of a water body having a surface 2.
  • the shape of the hollow structure is not critical for the purpose of the invention.
  • the hollow structure can have a length and/or a width of up to 500m and a height of up to 50m.
  • the hollow structure is adapted to receive a heat transfer fluid flow which has been warmed up in a liquefied natural gas production facility.
  • the heat transfer fluid may be any liquid which can be used to remove heat from natural gas, thereby reducing the temperature of said natural gas until the natural gas is condensed into a liquid.
  • the heat transfer fluid is water. It may be collected for instance from the sea, a lake or a river.
  • LNG is typically stored in cryogenic storage tanks at the LNG production plant either at or slightly above atmospheric pressure at a temperature of around -163°C.
  • the transfer heat fluid cools down the natural gas, it gets warmed up due to the transfer of the calories from the natural gas to the heat transfer fluid.
  • the production of LNG also leads to the production of a warmed heat transfer fluid.
  • the temperature of warmed water produced by a liquefied natural gas production facility can be from 40°C to 50°C.
  • the hollow structure comprises:
  • the fluid inlet allows the hollow structure to receive the heat transfer fluid and to introduce it into the empty space of the hollow structure.
  • the warmed heat transfer fluid can be transferred from the cryogenic tanks of the liquefied natural gas production facility to the hollow structure by means of a pipe.
  • the pipe can be a submarine pipe or a pipe laid on an elevated supporting trestle structure, said pipe connecting the cryogenic tanks and the fluid inlet of the hollow structure.
  • the fluid outlet of the hollow structure is fluidly connected to said fluid inlet, i.e. there is no obstacle between the fluid inlet and the fluid outlet that would prevent the heat transfer fluid to circulate from the fluid inlet to the fluid outlet through the empty space.
  • the fluid outlet allows discharge of the cooled heat transfer fluid (when it is water) to the environment.
  • the fluid outlet allows recirculation of the cooled heat transfer fluid to the topside of the structure for a subsequent use in the offshore installation.
  • the offshore installation supported by the hollow structure is a LNG offshore terminal.
  • the hollow structure comprises at least one cryogenic LNG storage tank and the empty space of the hollow structure is surrounding said cryogenic LNG storage tank.
  • the hollow structure further comprises a turbulator positioned in the empty space and enabling said fluid flow to circulate in a turbulent flow in the empty space.
  • the heat transfer fluid By circulating in a turbulent flow in the empty space, the heat transfer fluid is progressively cooled due to the transfer of calories from the heat transfer fluid to the air.
  • the function of the turbulator is to reduce the temperature of the heat transfer fluid as it circulates from the fluid inlet to the fluid outlet.
  • the heat transfer fluid is water and is cooled down to the same temperature as the one of the water in or over which the offshore installation is arranged.
  • the temperature of the water is from 10 °C to 30 °C, in particular from 15 °C to 25 °C.
  • the fluid inlet and the fluid outlet are positioned at the same level in the hollow structure.
  • the fluid inlet is positioned at a level higher than the level the fluid outlet in the hollow structure.
  • the heat transfer fluid is able to circulate from the fluid inlet to the fluid outlet by gravity without the use of any pump.
  • the hollow structure further comprises a pump enabling the heat transfer fluid flow to circulate from the fluid inlet to the fluid outlet.
  • the turbulator is any device able enabling the heat transfer fluid flow to circulate in a turbulent flow in the empty space at least in part from the fluid inlet to the fluid outlet.
  • a turbulent flow is a flow regime in fluid dynamics characterized by chaotic changes in pressure and flow velocity. It is in contrast to a laminar flow regime, which occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers, with no disruption between those layers.
  • the heat transfer fluid flow circulates in a turbulent flow all the way from the fluid inlet to the fluid outlet. In another embodiment, the heat transfer fluid flow circulates first in a turbulent flow then in laminar flow from the fluid inlet to the fluid outlet.
  • the heat transfer fluid flow circulates first in a laminar flow then in turbulent flow from the fluid inlet to the fluid outlet.
  • the turbulator is the fluid inlet.
  • the fluid inlet may be provided with a spray nozzle which breaks up the fluid into droplets, thereby dispersing the heat transfer fluid into a finely divided liquid within the empty space.
  • the turbulator comprises chicanes.
  • the turbulator comprises platforms extending from the inner wall of the hollow structure, in particular normally thereto.
  • Figure 3 represents a cross section view of a hollow structure 5 having an empty space 51, a fluid inlet 6, a fluid outlet 7 and plurality of platforms 9 extending from the inner wall of the hollow structure.
  • the arrow represents the route of the heat transfer fluid from the fluid inlet 6 to the fluid outlet 7.
  • the platforms 9 make it possible to have the heat transfer fluid to circulate in a turbulent flow.
  • the turbulator comprises a channel.
  • a channel is a long and hollow body through which a liquid is conveyed from one place to another place.
  • a channel may be a pipe (or a tube) or a half -pipe, i.e. a pipe made by cutting a pipe through its center-line.
  • the channel connects the fluid inlet to the fluid outlet.
  • the channel is placed between the fluid inlet and the fluid outlet but is not connected the fluid inlet or to the fluid outlet.
  • the channel has one or more internal obstacles.
  • Figure 4 represents a cross section view of a hollow structure 5 having an empty space 51, a fluid inlet 6, a fluid outlet 7 and a channel 8 connecting the fluid inlet 6 to the fluid outlet 7 and a plurality of obstacles 9 distributed along the channel 8.
  • the arrow represents the route of the heat transfer fluid from the fluid inlet 6 to the fluid outlet 7.
  • the obstacles 9 make it possible to have the heat transfer fluid to circulate in a turbulent flow.
  • the channel has one or more steps.
  • Figure 5 represents a cross section view of a hollow structure 5 having an empty space 51, a fluid inlet 6, a fluid outlet 7 and a channel 8 connecting the fluid inlet 6 to the fluid outlet 7 and a plurality of steps 9 distributed along the channel 8.
  • the arrow represents the route of the heat transfer fluid from the fluid inlet 6 to the fluid outlet 7.
  • the steps 9 make it possible to have the heat transfer fluid to circulate in a turbulent flow.
  • the channel has one or more turns.
  • the channel may be substantially helicoidally shaped or sigmoidally shaped.
  • the channel comprises a wire turbulator, i.e. an open structure of looped and entangled wires that extends over the entire channel length.
  • the turbulator comprises a twisted ribbon that forces the heat transfer fluid to move in a helicoidal path rather than a straight line.
  • the turbulator comprises a zig-zag folded ribbon.
  • Figure 6 represents a cross section view of a hollow structure supporting on its platform 4 an offshore installation 3, having a cryogenic LNG storage tank 11 resting on ballast 12, an empty space 5, a fluid inlet 6, a fluid outlet 7 and a plurality of platforms 9 extending from the inner wall of the hollow structure.
  • the heat transfer fluid 10 is water. It is discharged to the environment through the outlet 7.
  • Figure 7 represents a cross section view of a hollow structure having a cryogenic LNG storage tank 11 resting on ballast 12, an empty space 5, a fluid inlet 6, a fluid outlet 7 and a plurality of platforms 9 extending from the inner wall of the hollow structure.
  • the fluid outlet 7 is connected to a pipe 13.
  • the cooled heat transfer fluid 10 is recirculated to the topside of the structure through pipe 13 by means of a pump 14 for a subsequent use in the offshore installation 3 supported by the platform 4.
  • a method for cooling a heat transfer fluid which has been warmed up in a liquefied natural gas production facility comprising the step of circulating said heat transfer fluid in a turbulent flow through an empty space of a hollow structure which is floating or submerged in a water body.
  • the hollow structure is as described previously, i.e. it comprises:
  • the temperature of the heat transfer fluid flow at the fluid inlet is from 30 °C to 60 °C, in particular from 35 °C to 55 °C, more particularly from 40 °C to 50 °C.
  • the temperature of the heat transfer fluid flow at the fluid outlet is from 10 °C to 30 °C, in particular from 15 °C to 25 °C, more particularly from 40 °C to 50 °C.
  • the temperature of the heat transfer fluid flow at the fluid outlet is identical to the temperature of water in or over which the offshore installation is arranged.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
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Abstract

The present invention concerns a hollow structure for supporting an offshore installation, said hollow structure being adapted to receive heat transfer fluid flow which has been warmed up in a liquefied natural gas production facility, said hollow structure comprising: - an empty space, - a fluid inlet enabling said fluid flow to enter into the empty space, - a fluid outlet fluidly connected to said fluid inlet and enabling said fluid flow to circulate from the fluid inlet to the fluid outlet through the empty space, - a turbulator positioned in the empty space and enabling said fluid flow to circulate in a turbulent flow in the empty space, and a method for cooling a heat transfer fluid comprising the step of circulating said heat transfer fluid in a turbulent flow through an empty space of a hollow structure which is floating or submerged in a water body.

Description

Method and hollow structure for cooling a heat transfer fluid
TECHNICAL SCOPE OF THE INVENTION
The invention concerns the technical domain of offshore installations and the production and storage of liquefied natural gas (LNG).
More particularly, the invention concerns a process for cooling a heat transfer fluid which has been warmed up in a liquefied natural gas production facility.
PRIOR ART
Liquefaction of natural gas is an economical way to transport natural gas as LNG occupies only l/600th of the volume than the same amount of natural gas does in its gaseous state.
Prior to liquefaction, raw natural gas has to be subjected to a series of gas pretreatment processes such as acid gas removal and dehydration to remove contaminants. Gas pretreatment, liquefaction and storage are typically undertaken at an onshore LNG production plant which also includes a jetty to allow berthing of LNG carriers and their loading with LNG.
Since a typical LNG carrier can be 300 meters long with a draft of 15 to 20 meters, the docking of such LNG carriers requires special conditions of water depth. Sometimes, it may be necessary to construct an insulated pipeline and jetty several kilometers offshore to allow the approach of a LNG carrier.
Alternatively, it has been proposed either to perform the entire production of LNG offshore or to perform the gas pre-treatment onshore and to conduct the liquefaction offshore. An offshore facility can be arranged either on the topside of a floating structure or on the topside of a gravity-based structure.
A gravity-based structure (GBS) is a support structure held in place by gravity and having its base resting on a seabed at a selected location. The topside structure is like the one for steel-jacket structures (i.e., it is either an integrated steel-deck configuration or is of modular construction with a module support frame). GBSs are usually constructed with reinforced concrete and typically consist of a cellular base surrounding several unbraced columns that extend upward from the base to support the topsides superstructure above the water surface. After liquefaction, LNG is typically stored in a cryogenic storage tank at the LNG production plant or on an offshore structure either at or slightly above atmospheric pressure at a temperature of around - 163°C.
Liquefaction of natural gas is typically performed by thermal exchange between the natural gas and a water body which is as cold as possible. The natural gas liquefies by giving its calories to the water, whereby the water gets warmed up.
The discharge of warm water in a natural place, such as a sea, a river or a lake, is generally subjected to environmental constraints. For instance, some countries prohibit discharging water in the place where it was collected if the temperature of water is 2°C higher than the temperature at which it was collected. There is thus a need to find a method for cooling warm water which has been used for LNG liquefaction prior to its release to the environment.
The inventors have found a simple method to address this problem.
The method of the invention takes advantage of the huge empty volumes which are present in floating structures or gravity based structures. The method of the invention is based on circulating the warm water in a turbulent flow in said empty volume.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a hollow structure for supporting an offshore installation, said hollow structure being adapted to receive a heat transfer fluid flow which has been warmed up in a liquefied natural gas production facility, said hollow structure comprising:
- an empty space,
- a fluid inlet enabling said fluid flow to enter into the empty space, - a fluid outlet fluidly connected to said fluid inlet and enabling said fluid flow to circulate from the fluid inlet to the fluid outlet through the empty space,
- a turbulator positioned in the empty space and enabling said fluid flow to circulate in a turbulent flow in the empty space. The method and structure of the invention uses a pre-existing empty space in already built structure and thus avoids the need to build a new surface or structure especially for this purpose. The corresponding costs which may be high on an off-shore installation are thus avoided.
Moreover, the method and structure of the invention allows the cooling of the warm heat transfer fluid to a desired temperature. As a result, the cooled heat transfer fluid can be reused or in the case of water, it can be discharged to the environment.
According to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for cooling a heat transfer fluid which has been warmed up in a liquefied natural gas production facility, wherein said method comprises the step of circulating said heat transfer fluid in a turbulent flow through an empty space of a hollow structure which is floating or submerged in a water body.
FIGURES
Figure 1 represents schematically a side view of a floating hollow structure according to the invention supporting an offshore installation. Figure 2 represents schematically a side view of a gravity-based structure according to the invention supporting an offshore installation.
Figure 3 represents schematically a cross section view of a hollow structure according to the invention having a plurality of platforms extending from the inner wall of the hollow structure. Figure 4 represents schematically a cross section view of a hollow structure according to the invention having a channel connecting the fluid inlet to the fluid outlet and a plurality of obstacles distributed along the channel. Figure 5 represents schematically a cross section view of a hollow structure according to the invention having a channel connecting the fluid inlet to the fluid outlet and a plurality of steps distributed along the channel.
Figure 6 represents schematically a cross section view of a hollow structure according to the invention having a plurality of platforms extending from the inner wall of the hollow structure, wherein the heat transfer fluid (water) is discharged in the environment.
Figure 7 represents schematically a cross section view of a hollow structure according to the invention having a plurality of platforms extending from the inner wall of the hollow structure, wherein the heat transfer fluid is recirculated to the topside of the structure, for a subsequent use in the offshore installation.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a hollow structure for supporting an offshore installation, said hollow structure being adapted to receive a heat transfer fluid flow which has been warmed up in a liquefied natural gas production facility, said hollow structure comprising:
- an empty space,
- a fluid inlet enabling said fluid flow to enter into the empty space,
- a fluid outlet fluidly connected to said fluid inlet and enabling said fluid flow to circulate from the fluid inlet to the fluid outlet through the empty space,
- a turbulator positioned in the empty space and enabling said fluid flow to circulate in a turbulent flow in the empty space.
The expression "offshore installation" refers to any installation which is arranged entirely in or over water, whereby the installation is surrounded by water in all directions. Water includes seawater or lake water.
The installation may be any installation used in the oil and gas industry, such as an oil platform, a gas platform, a semi-submersible chip, a tension-leg platform, a floating production storage and offloading unit, a liquefaction platform, a LNG offshore terminal, or a LNG jetty for loading or off-loading.
The hollow structure may be any structure which is able to support an offshore installation. It can be in particular a floating structure or a gravity-based structure, which has a base that rests on the bottom of the water.
Figure 1 represents a side view of a hollow structure 5 having an empty space 5 and supporting on its platform 4 an offshore installation 3, which is floating on the surface 2 of a water body having a bottom 1.
Figure 2 represents a side view of a hollow structure 5 which is a gravity-based structure, having at least one empty space 5 and supporting on its platform 4 an offshore installation 3, which has a base that rests on the bottom 1 of a water body having a surface 2.
The shape of the hollow structure is not critical for the purpose of the invention. The hollow structure can have a length and/or a width of up to 500m and a height of up to 50m.
According to the invention, the hollow structure is adapted to receive a heat transfer fluid flow which has been warmed up in a liquefied natural gas production facility.
The heat transfer fluid may be any liquid which can be used to remove heat from natural gas, thereby reducing the temperature of said natural gas until the natural gas is condensed into a liquid. Typically, the heat transfer fluid is water. It may be collected for instance from the sea, a lake or a river.
After liquefaction, LNG is typically stored in cryogenic storage tanks at the LNG production plant either at or slightly above atmospheric pressure at a temperature of around -163°C. As the transfer heat fluid cools down the natural gas, it gets warmed up due to the transfer of the calories from the natural gas to the heat transfer fluid. As result, the production of LNG also leads to the production of a warmed heat transfer fluid. For instance, the temperature of warmed water produced by a liquefied natural gas production facility can be from 40°C to 50°C.
According to the invention, the hollow structure comprises:
- an empty space,
- a fluid inlet enabling said the heat transfer fluid flow to enter into the empty space,
- a fluid outlet fluidly connected to said fluid inlet and enabling said heat transfer fluid flow to circulate from the fluid inlet to the fluid outlet through the empty space.
The fluid inlet allows the hollow structure to receive the heat transfer fluid and to introduce it into the empty space of the hollow structure. The warmed heat transfer fluid can be transferred from the cryogenic tanks of the liquefied natural gas production facility to the hollow structure by means of a pipe. The pipe can be a submarine pipe or a pipe laid on an elevated supporting trestle structure, said pipe connecting the cryogenic tanks and the fluid inlet of the hollow structure. The fluid outlet of the hollow structure is fluidly connected to said fluid inlet, i.e. there is no obstacle between the fluid inlet and the fluid outlet that would prevent the heat transfer fluid to circulate from the fluid inlet to the fluid outlet through the empty space.
In one embodiment, the fluid outlet allows discharge of the cooled heat transfer fluid (when it is water) to the environment.
In one embodiment, the fluid outlet allows recirculation of the cooled heat transfer fluid to the topside of the structure for a subsequent use in the offshore installation.
In one embodiment, the offshore installation supported by the hollow structure is a LNG offshore terminal. According to this embodiment, the hollow structure comprises at least one cryogenic LNG storage tank and the empty space of the hollow structure is surrounding said cryogenic LNG storage tank. According to the invention, the hollow structure further comprises a turbulator positioned in the empty space and enabling said fluid flow to circulate in a turbulent flow in the empty space.
By circulating in a turbulent flow in the empty space, the heat transfer fluid is progressively cooled due to the transfer of calories from the heat transfer fluid to the air. The function of the turbulator is to reduce the temperature of the heat transfer fluid as it circulates from the fluid inlet to the fluid outlet.
In one embodiment, the heat transfer fluid is water and is cooled down to the same temperature as the one of the water in or over which the offshore installation is arranged. Typically, the temperature of the water is from 10 °C to 30 °C, in particular from 15 °C to 25 °C.
In one embodiment, the fluid inlet and the fluid outlet are positioned at the same level in the hollow structure.
In another embodiment, the fluid inlet is positioned at a level higher than the level the fluid outlet in the hollow structure.
In one embodiment, the heat transfer fluid is able to circulate from the fluid inlet to the fluid outlet by gravity without the use of any pump.
In another embodiment, the hollow structure further comprises a pump enabling the heat transfer fluid flow to circulate from the fluid inlet to the fluid outlet. The turbulator is any device able enabling the heat transfer fluid flow to circulate in a turbulent flow in the empty space at least in part from the fluid inlet to the fluid outlet.
A turbulent flow is a flow regime in fluid dynamics characterized by chaotic changes in pressure and flow velocity. It is in contrast to a laminar flow regime, which occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers, with no disruption between those layers.
In one embodiment, the heat transfer fluid flow circulates in a turbulent flow all the way from the fluid inlet to the fluid outlet. In another embodiment, the heat transfer fluid flow circulates first in a turbulent flow then in laminar flow from the fluid inlet to the fluid outlet.
In another embodiment, the heat transfer fluid flow circulates first in a laminar flow then in turbulent flow from the fluid inlet to the fluid outlet. In one embodiment, the turbulator is the fluid inlet. For instance, the fluid inlet may be provided with a spray nozzle which breaks up the fluid into droplets, thereby dispersing the heat transfer fluid into a finely divided liquid within the empty space.
In one embodiment, the turbulator comprises chicanes.
In one embodiment, the turbulator comprises platforms extending from the inner wall of the hollow structure, in particular normally thereto.
Figure 3 represents a cross section view of a hollow structure 5 having an empty space 51, a fluid inlet 6, a fluid outlet 7 and plurality of platforms 9 extending from the inner wall of the hollow structure. The arrow represents the route of the heat transfer fluid from the fluid inlet 6 to the fluid outlet 7. The platforms 9 make it possible to have the heat transfer fluid to circulate in a turbulent flow.
In one embodiment, the turbulator comprises a channel.
A channel is a long and hollow body through which a liquid is conveyed from one place to another place. A channel may be a pipe (or a tube) or a half -pipe, i.e. a pipe made by cutting a pipe through its center-line. In one embodiment, the channel connects the fluid inlet to the fluid outlet.
In one embodiment, the channel is placed between the fluid inlet and the fluid outlet but is not connected the fluid inlet or to the fluid outlet.
In one particular embodiment, the channel has one or more internal obstacles.
Figure 4 represents a cross section view of a hollow structure 5 having an empty space 51, a fluid inlet 6, a fluid outlet 7 and a channel 8 connecting the fluid inlet 6 to the fluid outlet 7 and a plurality of obstacles 9 distributed along the channel 8. The arrow represents the route of the heat transfer fluid from the fluid inlet 6 to the fluid outlet 7. The obstacles 9 make it possible to have the heat transfer fluid to circulate in a turbulent flow.
In one particular embodiment, the channel has one or more steps.
Figure 5 represents a cross section view of a hollow structure 5 having an empty space 51, a fluid inlet 6, a fluid outlet 7 and a channel 8 connecting the fluid inlet 6 to the fluid outlet 7 and a plurality of steps 9 distributed along the channel 8. The arrow represents the route of the heat transfer fluid from the fluid inlet 6 to the fluid outlet 7. The steps 9 make it possible to have the heat transfer fluid to circulate in a turbulent flow. In one particular embodiment, the channel has one or more turns. For instance, the channel may be substantially helicoidally shaped or sigmoidally shaped.
In one particular embodiment, the channel comprises a wire turbulator, i.e. an open structure of looped and entangled wires that extends over the entire channel length.
In one embodiment, the turbulator comprises a twisted ribbon that forces the heat transfer fluid to move in a helicoidal path rather than a straight line.
In one embodiment, the turbulator comprises a zig-zag folded ribbon.
Figure 6 represents a cross section view of a hollow structure supporting on its platform 4 an offshore installation 3, having a cryogenic LNG storage tank 11 resting on ballast 12, an empty space 5, a fluid inlet 6, a fluid outlet 7 and a plurality of platforms 9 extending from the inner wall of the hollow structure. The heat transfer fluid 10 is water. It is discharged to the environment through the outlet 7.
Figure 7 represents a cross section view of a hollow structure having a cryogenic LNG storage tank 11 resting on ballast 12, an empty space 5, a fluid inlet 6, a fluid outlet 7 and a plurality of platforms 9 extending from the inner wall of the hollow structure. The fluid outlet 7 is connected to a pipe 13. The cooled heat transfer fluid 10 is recirculated to the topside of the structure through pipe 13 by means of a pump 14 for a subsequent use in the offshore installation 3 supported by the platform 4. According to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for cooling a heat transfer fluid which has been warmed up in a liquefied natural gas production facility, wherein said method comprises the step of circulating said heat transfer fluid in a turbulent flow through an empty space of a hollow structure which is floating or submerged in a water body.
The hollow structure is as described previously, i.e. it comprises:
- an empty space,
- a fluid inlet enabling said the heat transfer fluid flow to enter into the empty space,
- a fluid outlet fluidly connected to said fluid inlet and enabling said heat transfer fluid flow to circulate from the fluid inlet to the fluid outlet through the empty space.
Each embodiment described previously in connection with the hollow structure of the invention also applies to the method of the invention.
In one embodiment, the temperature of the heat transfer fluid flow at the fluid inlet is from 30 °C to 60 °C, in particular from 35 °C to 55 °C, more particularly from 40 °C to 50 °C.
In one embodiment, the temperature of the heat transfer fluid flow at the fluid outlet is from 10 °C to 30 °C, in particular from 15 °C to 25 °C, more particularly from 40 °C to 50 °C.
In one embodiment, the temperature of the heat transfer fluid flow at the fluid outlet is identical to the temperature of water in or over which the offshore installation is arranged.

Claims

1. A hollow structure for supporting an offshore installation, said hollow structure being adapted to receive a heat transfer fluid flow which has been warmed up in a liquefied natural gas production facility, said hollow structure comprising:
- an empty space,
- a fluid inlet enabling said fluid flow to enter into the empty space,
- a fluid outlet fluidly connected to said fluid inlet and enabling said fluid flow to circulate from the fluid inlet to the fluid outlet through the empty space,
- a turbulator positioned in the empty space and enabling said fluid flow to circulate in a turbulent flow in the empty space.
2. The hollow structure according to claim 1, wherein said hollow structure is a gravity-based structure or a floating structure.
3. The hollow structure according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein said structure comprises a cryogenic LNG storage tank and the empty space is surrounding said cryogenic LNG storage tank.
4. The hollow structure according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the fluid inlet and the fluid outlet are positioned at the same level.
5. The hollow structure according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the fluid inlet is positioned at a level higher than the level the fluid outlet.
6. The hollow structure according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the hollow structure further comprises a pump enabling the fluid flow to circulate from the fluid inlet to the fluid outlet.
7. The hollow structure according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the turbulator comprises a channel having one or more internal obstacles.
8. The hollow structure according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the turbulator comprises a channel having one or more steps.
9. The hollow structure according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the turbulator comprises a channel having one or more turns.
10. The hollow structure according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the turbulator comprises a channel having a wire turbulator.
11. The hollow structure according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the turbulator comprises a twisted ribbon.
12. The hollow structure according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the turbulator comprises a zig-zag folded ribbon.
13. A method for cooling a heat transfer fluid which has been warmed up in a liquefied natural gas production facility, wherein said method comprises the step of circulating said heat transfer fluid in a turbulent flow through an empty space of a hollow structure which is floating or submerged in a water body.
14. The method according to claim 13, wherein said hollow structure is as defined in any one of claims 1 to 12.
PCT/IB2017/000292 2017-02-15 2017-02-15 Method and hollow structure for cooling a heat transfer fluid WO2018150216A1 (en)

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PCT/IB2017/000292 WO2018150216A1 (en) 2017-02-15 2017-02-15 Method and hollow structure for cooling a heat transfer fluid
ARP180100352A AR111042A1 (en) 2017-02-15 2018-02-14 HOLLOW METHOD AND STRUCTURE TO COOL A THERMAL TRANSFER FLUID
ZA2019/05375A ZA201905375B (en) 2017-02-15 2019-08-14 Method and hollow structure for cooling a heat transfer fluid

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US20070023163A1 (en) * 2005-03-09 2007-02-01 Kelix Heat Transfer Systems, Llc Coaxial-flow heat transfer structures for use in diverse applications
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WO2014086413A1 (en) * 2012-12-05 2014-06-12 Blue Wave Co S.A. Integrated and improved system for sea transportation of compressed natural gas in vessels, including multiple treatment steps for lowering the temperature of the combined cooling and chilling type

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US6622492B1 (en) * 2002-06-03 2003-09-23 Volker Eyermann Apparatus and process for vaporizing liquefied natural gas (lng)
US20070140795A1 (en) * 2002-12-23 2007-06-21 Philippe Espinasse Liquid storage installation
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