WO2018132419A1

WO2018132419A1 - Trehalose infused coconut waste residue products

Info

Publication number: WO2018132419A1
Application number: PCT/US2018/013087
Authority: WO
Inventors: Steven Kingsley
Original assignee: Empire Technology Development Llc
Priority date: 2017-01-11
Filing date: 2018-01-10
Publication date: 2018-07-19

Abstract

Examples described herein relate to coconut residue pulp compositions, methods of making a coconut residue pulp composition, and products having a coconut residue pulp composition.

Description

TREHALOSE INFUSED COCONUT WASTE RESIDUE PRODUCTS

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

[001] This Patent Application claims priority under 35 U.S.C § 119(e) of United States Provisional Patent Application No. 62/445,007, filed on January 11, 2017, and entitled "TREHALOSE INFUSED COCONUT WASTE RESIDUE PRODUCTS," the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

[002] Biomass, such as fruit, nuts, seeds, or pits, can be eaten or used for producing consumable products, such as plant seeds, or seed oil. Such use may result in waste particles being produced from the shell, husk, seeds, or other undesirable portions of the biomass. Biomass waste particles have been used for producing char or energy production (e.g., burning) or producing filler materials.

[003] In the case of coconuts, typically, the meat and coconut water are used. The skin (e.g., green skin), the husk (e.g., moist white husk), and the shell (e.g., semi-soft shells) of coconuts are typically discarded, used for cordage, used for mulch, used for decoration, or burned. SUMMARY

[004] Techniques are generally described that include compositions, methods, and products. An example coconut residue pulp composition is disclosed. The coconut residue pulp composition includes a pulp including a plurality of coconut waste particles having an average particle size of less than about 50 μm. The coconut residue pulp composition includes a trehalose composition at least partially coating at least some of the plurality of coconut waste particles.

[005] An example method of preparing a trehalose infused coconut residue pulp is disclosed. The method includes processing coconut waste residues to form a coconut waste pulp. The method includes combining the coconut waste pulp with a trehalose solution to form an intermediate pulp mixture having a plurality of at least partially trehalose coated coconut waste pulp particles. The method includes homogenizing the intermediate pulp mixture until the at least partially trehalose coated coconut waste pulp particles exhibit an average particle size of about 50 μm or less, thereby forming a homogenized coconut waste pulp. [006] Additional example methods of preparing a trehalose infused coconut residue pulp are disclosed. Some methods include processing coconut waste residues to form a coconut waste pulp and a coconut waste liquid phase. Various methods may include combining the coconut waste pulp separated from the coconut waste liquid phase with a trehalose solution to form an intermediate pulp mixture having a plurality of at least partially trehalose coated coconut waste pulp particles. Some methods may include homogenizing the intermediate pulp mixture until the at least partially trehalose coated coconut waste pulp particles exhibit an average particle size of about 50 μm or less, thereby forming a trehalose infused coconut residue pulp.

[007] Additional example methods of preparing a trehalose infused coconut residue paste are disclosed. Some methods include processing coconut waste residues to form a coconut waste pulp and a coconut waste liquid phase. Various described methods may include combining the coconut waste liquid phase separated from the coconut waste pulp with a trehalose solution to form the trehalose infused coconut residue paste.

[008] An example product containing a coconut residue pulp composition is disclosed. The product includes a carrier and a coconut residue pulp composition. The coconut residue pulp composition of the example includes a pulp including a plurality of coconut waste particles having an average particle size of less than about SO μm. The coconut residue pulp composition of the example includes a trehalose composition at least partially coating at least some of the plurality of coconut waste particles.

[009] Features from any of the disclosed examples may be used in combination with one another, without limitation. In addition, other features and advantages of the present disclosure will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art through consideration of the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings.

[010] The foregoing summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be in any way limiting. In addition to the illustrative aspects, embodiments, and features described above, further aspects, embodiments, and features will become apparent by reference to the drawings and the following detailed description. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[011] The foregoing and other features of the present disclosure will become more fully apparent from the following description and appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Understanding that these drawings depict only several examples in accordance with the disclosure and are, therefore, not to be considered limiting of its scope, the disclosure will be described with additional specificity and detail through use of the accompanying drawings, in which:

Figure 1 is a schematic illustration of a coconut residue pulp composition, according to at least one example;

Figure 2 is a schematic illustration of a coconut waste particle partially coated with trehalose composition, according to at least one example;

Figure 3A is a schematic illustration of a coconut residue pulp composition, according to at least one example;

Figure 3B is a schematic illustration of a coconut residue pulp composition, according to at least one example;

Figure 3C is a schematic illustration of a coconut residue pulp composition, according to at least one example;

Figure 4 is a flowchart illustrating a method of preparing a trehalose infused coconut residue pulp, according to at least one example; and

Figure 5 is a schematic illustration of a product containing a coconut residue pulp composition, according to at least one example,

all arranged in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[012] In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings, similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless context dictates otherwise. The illustrative examples described in the detailed description, drawings, and claims are not meant to be limiting. Other examples may be utilized, and other changes may be made, without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matter presented herein. It will be readily understood that the aspects of the present disclosure, as generally described herein, and illustrated in the Figures, can be arranged, substituted, combined, separated, and designed in a wide variety of different configurations, all of which are implicitly contemplated herein.

[013] This disclosure is drawn, inter alia, to methods, systems, products, devices, and/or apparatus generally related to a coconut residue pulp composition, comprising a pulp including a plurality of coconut waste particles having an average particle size of less than about SO μm, and a trehalose composition at least partially coating at least some of the plurality of coconut waste particles.

[014] Figure 1 is a schematic illustration of an example coconut residue pulp composition, according to at least one example. Figure 1 shows the coconut residue pulp composition 100, which includes pulp 110 including a plurality of coconut waste particles 112, at least partially coated with a trehalose composition 114.

[015] The pulp 110 may include plant waste particles ground or otherwise sized to one or more specific particle sizes and at least partially coated in the trehalose composition 114. The plant waste particles can include waste particles from coconut, seeds (e.g., fruit pits), nuts, gourds, or other botanical waste products; such as shells, skin, or husks therefrom. The particles of the pulp 110 can include various particle size distributions such as a single average particle size (e.g., single modal distribution), a combination of two different average particle sizes (e.g., bimodal distribution), a trimodal distribution of particle sizes, or any other multi-modal distribution. The average particle size of the particles or pulp 110 may be based upon a measurement of a major axis (e.g. , the largest dimension) of individual pulp particles or a diameter of the pulp particles (when substantially round). The average particle size of a single mode of pulp 110 (e.g., plurality of coconut waste particles 112 coated with the trehalose composition 114 having a common average size) can be less than about 100 μm, such as in a range from about 1 μm to about 100 μm, about S μm to about SO μm, about 10 μm to about 40 μm, about 1 μm to about 20 μm, about 1 μm to about 10 μm, about 10 μm to about 20 μm, about 20 μm to about 30 μm, about 30 μm to about 40 μm, about 40 μm to about SO μm, about S μm to about 45 μm, less than about SO μm, less than about 49 μm, less than about 40 μm, less than about 30 μm, less than about 20 μm, less than about 10 μm, less than about S μm, or about S μιη. Any combinations of the above-noted average particle sizes and ranges thereof may be used as separate modes of a bimodal or greater distribution of average particle sizes of pulp 110. In some examples, the individual particle size of each of the plurality of particles pulp 110 in a single mode may be substantially the same, that is to say, deviating only 10% or less from the average particle size of the single mode. In some examples, the plurality of coconut waste particles in the pulp 110 may be ground or otherwise sized coconut waste particles.

[016] The coconut waste particles 112 of the pulp 110 may include waste residues of the coconut including one or more of the skin (e.g., green skin), the husk (e.g., moist white husk), or the shell (e.g., semi-soft shells) of coconuts. Traditionally, the skin, husk, and shells are variously used for cordage, fuel for burning, production of charcoal, bowls, decorations, and other non-food uses. The skin, husk, and shells of coconuts are predominantly insoluble solids (e.g., about 95 weight% insoluble solids), which can lead to irritation of the bowel and a laxative affect if consumed by humans. Typically, only white meat, coconut water, or coconut milk is used as a foodstuff.

[017] In some examples, the coconut waste particles 112 can be ground or otherwise sized (e.g., sieved, ultrasonicated, etc.) to a selected average particle size. The coconut waste particles 112 can include various particle size distributions such as a single mode, a bimodal distribution, or any other multi-modal distribution. The average particle size of the coconut waste particles 112 may be based upon a measurement of a major axis of individual coconut waste particles or a diameter of the coconut waste particles. The average particle size of a single mode of coconut waste particles 112 can be less than about 100 μm, such as in a range from about 1 μm to about 100 μm, about S μm to about SO μm, about 10 μm to about 40 μm, about 1 μm to about 20 μm, about 1 μm to about 10 μm, about 10 μm to about 20 μm, about 20 μm to about 30 μm, about 30 μm to about 40 μm, about 40 μm to about SO μm, about S μm to about 45 μm, less than about SO μm, less than about 49 μm, less than about 40 μm, less than about 30 μm, less than about 20 μm, less than about 10 μm, less than about S μm, or about S μιη. Any combinations of the above-noted average particle sizes and ranges thereof may be used as separate modes of a bimodal or greater distribution of average particle sizes of coconut waste particles 112. In some examples, the individual particle size of each of the plurality of coconut waste particles 112 in a single mode may be substantially the same, that is to say, deviating only 10% or less from the average particle size of the single mode.

[018] The particle size(s) and/or number of modes may depend upon the application of the coconut residue pulp composition. For example, coconut waste particles 112 incorporated into the coconut residue pulp compositions 100 intended for use in a foodstuff may be less than about 50 μm (e.g., less than 49 μm), while coconut waste particles 112 incorporated into the coconut residue pulp compositions 100 intended for use in a cosmetic may be less than about 10 μm. As explained in more detail below, the coconut waste particles 112 can be sized to a selected average particle size via grinding or other techniques. The size of the coconut waste particles 112 has an effect on the consistency and feel (e.g., mouth feel) of substances containing the same. For example, coconut waste particles 112 having an average particle size of about 50 μm or less or about 10 μm or less may have a particularly smooth feel in a user's mouth when present in a food stuff, such as yogurt or ice cream.

[019] The trehalose composition 114 can exhibit many forms. For example, the trehalose composition 114 can include a solution, a gel (e.g. , hydrogel), a foam, a resin, a dried layer or shell, or any other trehalose-containing medium. The trehalose may be present in the trehalose composition 114 (e.g. , trehalose solution) or the pulp 110 in single molecule form or agglomerations of multiple trehalose molecules, such as those bound by hydrogen bonding therebetween. Particles or agglomerations (e.g., one or more layers) of trehalose may at least partially or completely coat one or more portions of the coconut waste particles 112. Trehalose has the general formula below:

[020] In some examples, the trehalose in the trehalose compositions 114, pulp 110, and coconut residue pulp composition 100, may be present in any of various forms, such as a dehydrated or anhydrous form. As noted above, trehalose molecules may bond to adjacent trehalose molecules via hydrogen bonding, resulting in agglomerations, layers, or coatings of trehalose.

[021] The trehalose composition 114 can include any of various amounts (e.g., concentration) of trehalose, such as at least about 1 weight% ("wt%") of trehalose, or in a range from about 1 wt% to about 100 wt%, about S wt% to about 80 wt%, about 10 wt% to about 60 wt%, about IS wt% to about SO wt%, about SO wt% to about 100 wt%, about 60 wt% to about 99 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 30 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 3 wt% to about 15 wt%, about 10 wt% to about 40 wt%, about 20 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 30 wt% to about 60 wt%, about 40 wt% to about 70 wt%, less than about 50 wt%, or less than about 40 wt% of trehalose. In such examples, the wt% does not take into account the particle weight of the coconut waste particles 112. The remainder of the wt% of the trehalose composition 114 may include one or more of a polymer, solvent, dispersant, cross-linking material (for cross-linking between the trehalose and the coconut waste particles), flavor enhancer, an aroma enhancer, or other non-trehalose component In some examples, the wt% may take into account the weight of the coconut waste particles 112 and/or other materials in the coconut residue pulp composition 100. In such examples, the trehalose content of the coconut residue pulp composition 100 can include any of the values or ranges disclosed above.

[022] In some examples, each of the coconut waste particles 112 can be completely enclosed in a layer of the trehalose composition 114 or a residue thereof (e.g., trehalose alone or cross-linked to the waste particles via another component of the trehalose composition 114). For example, the outer surface of the coconut waste particles 112 can be coated with a layer of the trehalose (from the trehalose composition 114) or the trehalose composition 114 to a range of thicknesses. The thickness of the trehalose or trehalose composition 114 on the outer surface of (or at least partially infused into) the coconut waste particles 112 may be about 0.1 μm or more, such as in a range from about 0.1 μm to about 1 mm, about 1 μm to about S00 μm, about 2 μm to about 300 μm, about S μm to about 100 μm, or less than about 100 μm. The thickness of the coating of the trehalose or trehalose composition 114 may be substantially uniform, may vary from particle to particle, or may vary across the outer surface of a particle. In some examples, it may be desired to coat the entire outer surface of the coconut waste particles with the trehalose composition 114 to ensure one or more of a selected consistency, digestibility (without causing a laxative affect), mouth feel, or agglomeration formation of the plurality coated coconut waste particles. For example, the trehalose coating provided from the trehalose composition 114 can prevent the laxative affect even though the insoluble solids content of the coconut waste particles remains high (e.g. about 95 wt%). In some examples, the outer surface of the coconut waste particles 112 may be only partially coated with the trehalose composition 114.

[023] Figure 2 is a schematic illustration of a coconut waste particle 112 partially coated with trehalose composition 114, according to at least one example. The coconut waste particle 112 can include cellulose 115, hemicellulose 116, and lignin 117. Cellulose 115 includes longitudinally extending bundles or fibers of linear glucose monomer units (e.g., (CeHmOs^). A number of cellulose 115 units may be packed together in bundle. The hemicellulose 116 is akin to the cellulose 115, and can include polysaccharide chains which maybe bound to the cellulose 115. The polysaccharides in hemicellulose 116 can include xylose, mannose, galactose, or other saccharide monomer units. Lignin 117 is a biopolymer which is typically linked to hemicellulose 116 and provides cross-links between bundles of cellulose 115 via hemicellulose 116. Accordingly, lignin 117 links the bulk structure of a plant cell wall.

[024] As depicted in Figure 2, the trehalose composition 114 can be bound to (e.g., mechanically retained in) one or more portions of the coconut waste particle 112. While shown as individual particles, the trehalose composition 114 can also include coherent clusters of trehalose molecules (e.g., via hydrogen bonding therebetween), which may at least partially coat one or more portions (or substantially the entirety of the outer surfaces) of the coconut waste particle 112. In some examples, trehalose may at least partially coat the coconut waste particles in a gel or gel-like coating. The trehalose coating or trehalose composition 114 may add a smooth feel to the coconut waste particles 112.

[025] In some examples, the trehalose composition 114 may be one or more of adsorbed or absorbed (e.g. , either physically or chemically) molecules into or onto the coconut waste particles 112. For example, the trehalose composition 114 may be adsorbed to one or more of the outer surfaces of the cellulose 115, hemicellulose 116, or lignin 117. The cellulose US strands, hemicellulose 116, and lignin 117, can contain voids therebetween that may house, physically bond to (e.g., hydrogen bonding), chemically bond to, or otherwise incorporate a layer or particles of the trehalose composition 114. When ground, coconut waste particles 112 may exhibit a plurality of structural voids in the plant cell walls (e.g., on a macroscale) in addition to those between the voids in the cellulose 115 strands surrounded by hemicellulose 116 and connected by lignin 117 (e.g. , on a microscale). The cellulose 115 strands surrounded by hemicellulose 116 and connected by lignin 117 can contain or mechanically hold the trehalose composition 114 therein, such as by entangling the trehalose composition 114 in and between the structure of the cellulose 115 strands, hemicellulose 116, and lignin 117. In some examples, the trehalose composition 114 can be trehalose alone or trehalose dispersed, suspended, partially dissolved, or otherwise contained in a liquid medium (e.g., a trehalose solution). Depending on the amount of liquid medium, the trehalose content of a trehalose solution may vary. The liquid medium may be at least partially or substantially removed after bonding the trehalose to the coconut waste particles 112, such as by dehydration (e.g., heating), draining, or any other suitable technique for removing a liquid.

[026] The coconut residue pulp composition 100 may include one or more forms. Coconut residue pulp compositions disclosed herein may be a finished product or an intermediate pulp mixture (e.g., prior to further processing such as sizing and/or dehydration). The coconut residue pulp compositions may be mixed with a carrier to form a coconut residue pulp composition-containing product. Figures 3A-3C are schematic illustrations of various forms of coconut residue pulp compositions, according to various examples. Figure 3A is a schematic illustration of coconut residue pulp composition 100 which includes pulp 110 (coconut waste particles 112 coated in trehalose composition 114) dispersed, suspended, or partially dissolved in a liquid medium 120, according to at least one example. The liquid medium 120 can be any dispersant, solvent, or liquid medium capable of suspending, dispersing, or otherwise carrying the pulp 110. For example, the liquid medium 120 can include one or more of water; an alcohol (e.g., glycerol); ethylene glycol (e.g., polyethylene glycol) or any other organic liquid that does not dissolve the trehalose; sucrose, glucose, an artificial sweetener, or any other artificial fJavorant (e.g., in solution) that does not dissolve trehalose; milk, cream, or any other food stuff; a petroleum product (e.g., petroleum jelly); or any other suitable liquid that does not dissolve trehalose. For example, the liquid medium 120 can be a trehalose solution (e.g., trehalose or trehalose composition 114 carried in one or more liquids, such as any of those noted immediately above). The amount of the liquid medium 120 and pulp 110 may vary depending on the selected use and point in manufacturing. In some examples, the pulp 110 can make up at least about 1 vol% of the coconut residue pulp composition 100, such as in a range from about 1 vol% to about 100 vol%, about 5 vol% to about 90 vol%, about 10 vol% to about 80 vol%, about 20 vol% to about 60 vol%, about 30 vol% to about 50 vol%, about 1 vol% to about 33 vol%, about 33 vol% to about 66 vol%, about 66 vol% to about 100 vol%, about 1 vol% to about 20 vol%, about 20 vol% to about 40 vol%, 40 vol% to about 60 vol%, about 60 vol% to about 80 vol%, about 80 vol% to about 90 vol%, less than about 90 vol%, or less than about SO vol% of the coconut residue pulp composition 100. The liquid medium 120 can make up the balance of the vol% of the coconut residue pulp compositionlOO. In some examples, the pulp 110 can constitute a wt% of the coconut residue pulp composition 100, such as any of the above noted values in a wt%.

[027] Figure 3A shows the coconut residue pulp composition 100 having a liquid medium 120 which may include a substantially fluid dispersion or suspension having a viscosity of at least about 1 cP, such as in a range from about 1 cP to about 250,000 cP. For example, the coconut residue pulp composition 100 can include a viscosity in a range from about 600 to about 1700 cP (or about 400 cP to about 1200 cP, or about 200 cP to about 800 cP, when measured at 8 °C and 58 °Brix/58% solids content), which provides a less pseudoplastic/more spoonable consistency at freezer and higher temperatures. The coconut residue pulp composition 100 (e.g. , pulp 110 in a liquid medium 120) may include a smaller vol% or wt% of the pulp 110 than other forms of coconut residue pulp compositions. For example, the liquid medium 120 may make up a larger portion of the pulp composition 100 than the pulp 110. In some examples, the liquid medium 120 may be at least about 20 vol% of the coconut residue pulp composition 100 (e.g. , final or intermediate pulp mixture), such as about 20 vol% to about 99 vol%, about 30 vol% to about 80 vol%, about 40 vol% to about 60 vol%, about 2 vol% to about 40 vol%, about 60 vol% to about 80 vol%, about 80 vol% to about 99 vol%, more than about SO vol%, or more than about 60 vol% of the of the coconut residue pulp composition 100.

[028] The liquid medium 120 may originally supply the trehalose composition 114 to the coconut waste particles 112 to form the pulp 110. For example, the liquid medium 120 may be a trehalose solution having trehalose therein, that is contacted with the coconut waste particles to form the pulp 110. The liquid medium 120 can carry the trehalose composition 114 in liquid form, gel form, etc. The combined liquid medium 120 and trehalose composition 114 can be a trehalose solution (while not requiring the trehalose be dissolve therein) where the trehalose is dispersed or suspended therein. In some examples, the trehalose content of the trehalose solution including the liquid medium 120 and trehalose composition 114 (prior to or after the trehalose bonds to the coconut waste particles 112) may be about 1 weight% ("wt%") of the combined liquid medium 120 and trehalose solution, or in a range from about 1 wt% to about 70 wt%, about S wt% to about 60 wt%, about 10 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 15 wt% to about 40 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 30 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 3 wt% to about 15 wt%, about 10 wt% to about 40 wt%, about 20 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 30 wt% to about 60 wt%, about 40 wt% to about 70 wt%, less than about 50 wt%, or less than about 40 wt% of the trehalose solution (e.g. , combined liquid medium and trehalose composition 114).

[029] The liquid medium 120 can include any of one or more viscosities, such as at least 0.5 cP, or in a range from about 0.5 cP to about 250,000 cP, about 1 cP to about 100,000 cP, about 1.5 cP to about 50,000 cP, or less than about 50,000 cP. In some examples, the liquid medium 120 can be substantially fluid and flow freely. In some examples, the liquid medium 120 can be substantially pasty (e.g., having a paste like consistency), or frozen.

[030] In some examples, the coconut residue pulp composition can be concentrated, have a greater vol% of pulp 110 than coconut residue pulp composition 100, or have an otherwise thicker consistency than a fluid, such as a slurry, concentrate, or paste. Figure 3B is a schematic illustration of coconut residue pulp composition 100' which includes pulp 110 (coconut waste particles 112 coated in trehalose composition 114) dispersed, suspended, or partially dissolved in a liquid medium 120', but having a lesser proportion of the liquid medium 120 than the coconut residue pulp composition 100, according to at least one example. The coconut residue pulp composition 100' may be a more concentrated form of, or concentrated from, coconut residue pulp composition 100. For example, the coconut residue pulp composition 100' may be an at least partially dehydrated or evaporated form of coconut residue pulp composition 100. The coconut residue pulp composition 100' may be a filtered form of coconut residue pulp composition 100, wherein the filter is configured to reject the pulp 110.

[031] In some examples, substantially all of the liquid medium 120 can be removed from the coconut residue pulp composition 100. Figure 3C is a schematic illustration of coconut residue pulp composition 100", according to at least one example. The coconut residue pulp composition 100" includes pulp 110 and relatively little liquid medium (e.g. , less than about S vol%, less than about 2 vol%, or less than about 1 vol%) or substantially no liquid medium (e.g., having none or only a residual amount (e.g., less than 0.S vol% of liquid medium). The coconut residue pulp composition 100" can be in powder, particulate, agglomerate, or block form. In such examples, the coconut residue pulp composition 100" is at least partially or completely dehydrated (or separated pulp 110) form of coconut residue pulp composition 100 or 100'. In some examples, the coconut residue pulp composition 100" includes only the pulp 110.

[032] In some examples, the coconut residue pulp composition 100" may include pulp 110 and one or more additional particles, such as a filler, sugar, starch, binder, or other particulate material. In such examples, the pulp 110 can make up about 1 vol% or more of the coconut residue pulp composition 100" (e.g., powder), such as in a range from about 1 vol% to about 99 vol%, about 5 vol% to about 90 vol%, about 10 vol% to about 80 vol%, about 20 vol% to about 70 vol%, about 30 vol% to about 60 vol%, about 20 vol% to about 40 vol%, 1 vol% to about 33 vol%, about 33 vol% to about 66 vol%, about 66 vol% to about 99 vol%, about 1 vol% to about 20 vol%, about 20 vol% to about 40 vol%, 40 vol% to about 60 vol%, about 60 vol% to about 80 vol%, about 80 vol% to about 99 vol%, less than about 90 vol%, or less than about SO vol% of the coconut residue pulp composition 100". The one or more additional particles can make up the remainder of the vol% the coconut residue pulp composition 100".

[033] In some examples, the one or more additional particles have the same average particle size as the average size of the particles of pulp 110 (noted above). In some examples, the one or more additional particles can have an average particle size that is larger or smaller than the average size of the particles of pulp 110, such as any of the sizes of pulp 110 disclosed herein. In some examples, the coconut residue pulp composition 100" can include a mono-modal average particle size distribution, a bi-modal distribution, or any other multi-modal distribution. In some examples, the particles of pulp 110 may exhibit a first average particle size and the one or more additional particles may exhibit one or more additional particle sizes differing from the first average particle size. In some examples, the particles of pulp 110 may exhibit at least a first and second average particle size and the one or more additional particles may exhibit one or more additional particle sizes differing from the first average particle size. In some examples, the particles of pulp 110 may exhibit at least a first and second average particle size and the one or more additional particles may exhibit one or more of the at least a first and second average particle sizes.

[034] The various components described in Figures 1-3C are merely examples, and other variations, including eliminating components, combining components, and substituting components are all contemplated.

[035] Figure 4 is a flowchart illustrating a method 400 of preparing a trehalose infused coconut residue pulp, according to at least one example. The method 400 may include one or more operations, functions or actions as illustrated by one or more of blocks 410, 420, and/or 430. The operations described in the blocks 410-430 may be performed in response to execution (such as by one or more processors described herein) of computer-executable instructions stored in a computer-readable medium, such as a computer-readable medium of a computing device or some other controller similarly configured.

[036] An example process may begin with block 410, which recites "processing coconut waste residues to form a coconut waste pulp." Block 410 may be followed by block 420, which recites "combining the coconut waste pulp with a trehalose solution to form an intermediate pulp mixture having a plurality of at least partially trehalose coated coconut waste pulp particles." Block 420 may be followed by block 430, which recites "homogenizing the intermediate pulp mixture until the at least partially trehalose coated coconut waste pulp particles exhibit an average particle size of about SO μm or less, thereby forming a homogenized coconut waste pulp."

[037] The blocks included in the described example methods are for illustration purposes. In some examples, the blocks may be performed in a different order. In some other examples, various blocks may be eliminated. In still other examples, various blocks may be divided into additional blocks, supplemented with other blocks, or combined together into fewer blocks. Other variations of these specific blocks are contemplated, including changes in the order of the blocks, changes in the content of the blocks being split or combined into other blocks, etc. In some examples, block 420 "combining the coconut waste pulp with a trehalose solution to form an intermediate pulp mixture having a plurality of at least partially trehalose coated coconut waste pulp particles" may be performed prior to block 410 "processing coconut waste residues to form a coconut waste pulp." In some examples, block 430 may be eliminated, such as where block 410 "processing the coconut waste residues to form a coconut waste pulp" produces a substantially uniform selected average coconut waste particle size of the coconut waste particles.

[038] Block 410 recites, "processing coconut waste residues to form a coconut waste pulp." In some examples, processing the coconut waste residues comprises processing one or more of green skin, white husk, or semi-soft shells of coconuts. In some examples, processing the coconut waste residues may include one or more of chopping the coconut waste residues to rough coconut waste pieces having a rough particle size or grinding the coconut waste residues to a fine particle size smaller than the rough particle size, such as prior to combining the coconut waste pulp with the trehalose solution. In some examples, processing the coconut waste residues may include sizing (e.g., chopping, grinding, etc.) the coconut waste residues to a rough coconut waste pulp (e.g. , having rough coconut waste pieces) having a selected rough average particle size. The selected rough average particle size can be about S cm or less, such as in a range from about 100 μm to about S cm, about 500 μm to about 4 cm, about 1 cm to about 3 cm, less than about 4 cm, less than about 3 cm, or less than about 2 cm. The rough coconut waste pulp may be an appropriate size for use in equipment suitable to further size the rough coconut waste pulp or combine the coconut waste pulp with a trehalose solution. In some examples, processing the coconut waste residues can include sizing (e.g., wet grinding, shredding, etc.) the coconut waste residues to a final average particle size. In such examples, sizing the coconut waste residues to a final average particle size can include sizing the rough coconut waste pulp to a final average particle size, or directly sizing the coconut waste residues to the final average particle size. The final average particle size may include any of the coconut waste pulp particle sizes disclosed herein, such as an average particle size of about SO μm or less (e.g., 40 μm or less, or 10 μm or less). Such sizing can include wet grinding, ultrasonication, chemical treatment, etc.

[039] In some examples, processing coconut waste residues to form a coconut waste pulp can include processing the coconut waste residues to include a selected amount of soluble components. For example, grinding coconut waste particles may result in 95 wt% insoluble solid components and S wt% soluble solid components in the coconut waste residues. If higher soluble solid components content is desired, processing the coconut waste residues with a range of soluble components (e.g., different soluble components and/or amounts thereof) can include a chemical treatment to at least partially break down some the insoluble components. For example, processing the coconut waste residues to include a selected amount of soluble components can include soaking or agitating the coconut waste pulp in an alkali solution (e.g. , including sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, ammonia, etc.) to solubilize at least some of the material therein (e.g., cellulose, hemicellulose, or lignin). After such chemical treatment, the coconut waste residues can be washed to remove the alkali solution or neutralization reaction products thereof. An example of such neutralization reaction is the application of an acid solution (e.g., solution including hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, etc.) in a concentration sufficient to reduce alkalinity to a pH range of about 7 to about 7.S. An example method of neutralization includes the use of hydrochloric acid after the alkali treatment. Neutralization can include the use of hydrochloric acid after alkali treatment with sodium hydroxide, as the product of the reaction is sodium chloride (salt), which is simple to wash out of the resulting slurry, poses no health hazard, and is the relatively economical. In some examples, ultrasonication can be used to at least partially solubilize the coconut waste residues (in addition to sizing the same). During sonication, lignin may be degraded (e.g. , via hemolysis and/or production of radicals which causes depolymerization) to release hemicellulose and cellulose bound therein. In some examples, ultrasonication can be combined with a chemical treatment to at least partially break down or size the coconut waste residues.

[040] In some examples, processing coconut waste residues to form a coconut waste pulp can include, for example, sizing (e.g., chopping, grinding, etc.) the coconut waste residues to a rough coconut waste pulp (e.g., having rough coconut waste pieces) having a selected rough average particle size. The selected rough average particle size can be about S cm or less, such as in a range from about 100 μm to about S cm, about 500 μm to about 4 cm, about 1 cm to about 3 cm, less than about 4 cm, less than about 3 cm, or less than about 2 cm. After such sizing, the coconut waste residues can be so soaked or agitated in an alkali solution (e.g. , including sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, ammonia, etc.) to solubilize at least some of the material therein (e.g., cellulose, hemicellulose, or lignin). In an example, the alkali treated slurry coconut waste residues can be stored in a temperature controlled chamber (e.g. , 40 °C to about 45 °C) for about 3 days to about 7 days. After such chemical treatment, the alkali treated coconut waste residues can be grinded (e.g., wet grinding) to obtain wet ground slurry having an average particle size. The average particle size can be about 10 mm or less, such as in a range from about 100 μm to about 10 mm, about 500 μm to about 10 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 2 mm, less than about 2 mm, less than about 5 mm, or less than about 7 mm.

[041] In some examples, the wet ground slurry can be separated into coconut waste liquid phase and coconut waste pulp. The coconut waste liquid phase can be about 60 to about 85% of the wet ground slurry and the coconut waste pulp can be about 40 to about 15% of the wet ground slurry. The coconut waste liquid phase and coconut waste pulp can be washed to remove the alkali solution or neutralization reaction products thereof.

[042] Some examples of a neutralization reaction that may be employed includes the application of an acid solution (e.g., solution including hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, etc.) in a concentration sufficient to reduce alkalinity to a pH range of about 7 to about 7.5. Additional example methods of neutralization may include the use of hydrochloric acid after the alkali treatment Neutralization may include the use of hydrochloric acid after alkali treatment with sodium hydroxide, as the product of the reaction is sodium chloride (salt), which is simple to wash out of the resulting slurry, poses no health hazard, and is the relatively economical.

[043] In some examples, ultrasonication can be used to at least partially solubilize the coconut waste residues of the coconut waste liquid phase (in addition to sizing the same). During sonication, lignin may be degraded (e.g., via hemolysis and/or production of radicals which causes depolymerization) to release hemicellulose and cellulose bound therein.

[044] Block 420 recites, "combining the coconut waste pulp with a trehalose solution to form an intermediate pulp mixture having a plurality of at least partially trehalose coated coconut waste pulp particles." In some examples, combining the coconut waste pulp with the trehalose solution (e.g., trehalose composition 114 dispersed, suspended or otherwise contained in a liquid medium 120) may include admixing, pouring, aliquoting, immersing, or otherwise integrating a trehalose solution with coconut waste pulp. In some examples, combining the coconut waste pulp with the trehalose solution may include combining any trehalose composition or solution disclosed herein with any coconut waste particles disclosed herein. Combining the coconut waste pulp with a trehalose solution to form an intermediate pulp mixture having a plurality of at least partially trehalose coated coconut waste pulp particles can include heating one or more of the trehalose solution or the coconut waste particles. Combining the coconut waste pulp with a trehalose solution to form an intermediate pulp mixture having a plurality of at least partially trehalose coated coconut waste pulp particles can include agitating one or more of the trehalose solution or the coconut waste particles. Combining the coconut waste pulp with a trehalose solution to form an intermediate pulp mixture having a plurality of at least partially trehalose coated coconut waste pulp particles can include causing the pulp particles to be substantially completely coated with trehalose. Combining the coconut waste pulp with a trehalose solution to form an intermediate pulp mixture having a plurality of at least partially trehalose coated coconut waste pulp particles can include combining the trehalose solution with the coconut waste pulp separated from the coconut waste liquid phase. Combining the coconut waste pulp with a trehalose solution to form an intermediate pulp mixture having a plurality of at least partially trehalose coated coconut waste pulp particles can include combining the trehalose solution with the coconut waste liquid phase separated from the coconut waste pulp.

[045] The trehalose solution can include (prior to or after combining with the coconut waste pulp particles) a selected trehalose concentration. For example, the trehalose solution can include at least about 1 wt% trehalose, such as in a range from about 1 wt% to about 70 wt%, about 5 wt% to about 60 wt%, about 10 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 15 wt% to about 40 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 30 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 3 wt% to about 15 wt%, about 10 wt% to about 40 wt%, about 20 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 30 wt% to about 60 wt%, about 40 wt% to about 70 wt%, less than about 50 wt%, or less than about 40 wt% of the trehalose solution (e.g., combined liquid medium and trehalose composition 114). [046] In some examples, combining the coconut waste pulp with the trehalose solution may include combining a selected amount of the trehalose solution with a selected amount of the coconut waste pulp such that the intermediate pulp mixture has a selected total solids content The total solids content (e.g., amount of coconut waste pulp particles) of the intermediate pulp mixture may be at least about 1 wt%, such as in a range from about 1 wt% to about 99 wt%, about 10 wt% to about 70 wt%, about 20 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 25 wt%, about 25 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 50 wt% to about 75 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 33 wt%, about 33 wt% to about 66 wt%, about 66 wt% to about 99 wt%, or less than about 50 wt%, or less than about 25 wt% of the intermediate pulp mixture. The total solids content (e.g., amount of coconut waste pulp particles) of the intermediate pulp mixture may be at least about 1 vol%, such as any of the values or ranges disclosed above in vol% instead of wt% (e.g., 1 vol% to 99 vol%). The total soluble solids content, including sugars such as trehalose, of the intermediate pulp mixture (or final coconut waste pulp composition) may be at least about 5° Brix, such as in a range from about 5° Brix to about 65° Brix, about 10° Brix to about 50° Brix, about 15° Brix to about 30° Brix, about 5° Brix to about 25° Brix, about 15° Brix to about 25° Brix, about 20° Brix to about 40° Brix, less than about 40° Brix, or less than about 30° Brix. The total undissolved solids content of the intermediate pulp mixture, ignoring any liquid associated with the coconut waste particles (e.g., from the raw pulp) may be at least about 1% of any of the preceding values, such as 1 wt% to about 25 wt%, about 25 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 50 wt% to about 75 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 15 wt%, about 10 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 20 wt% to about 40 wt%, about 40 wt% to about 65 wt%, less than about 50 wt%, or less than about 20 wt% of the preceding values of the total solids content of the intermediate pulp mixture.

[047] The trehalose content of the intermediate pulp mixture can be at least about 1 wt% of the intermediate pulp mixture, or in a range from about 1 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 40 wt%, about 3 wt% to about 30 wt%, about 5 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 30 wt% about 2 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 3 wt% to about 8 wt%, about 5 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 5 wt% to about 25 wt%, about 10 wt% to about 30 wt%, less than about 50 wt%, or less than about 20 wt%, or less than about 10 wt% of the intermediate pulp mixture. The trehalose content of the intermediate pulp mixture can be at least about 1 vol% of the intermediate pulp mixture, such as any of the values or ranges disclosed above in vol% instead of wt%. In some examples, any of the total solids, total soluble solids content, and trehalose content values (including ranges thereof) disclosed herein may be used in combination. In some examples, the remainder of the intermediate pulp mixture may include one or more of solvent(s), dispersant(s), texturizer(s), filler(s), one or more additives (e.g., flavorants, anti-microbials, aroma enhancer(s), colorants, preservatives, etc.), or other components.

[048] The liquid medium content of the intermediate pulp mixture can be at least about 1 wt% of the intermediate pulp mixture, such as in a range from about 1 wt% to about 99 wt%, about 10 wt% to about 70 wt%, about 20 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 25 wt%, about 25 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 50 wt% to about 75 wt%, or less than about 50 wt%, or less than about 25 wt% of the intermediate pulp mixture.

[049] Block 430 recites, "homogenizing the intermediate pulp mixture until the at least partially trehalose coated coconut waste pulp particles exhibit an average particle size of about 50 μm or less, thereby forming a homogenized coconut waste pulp." In some examples, homogenizing the intermediate pulp mixture can include processing the intermediate pulp mixture to cause the at least partially trehalose coated pulp particles therein to exhibit a selected average particle size, such as any of the average particle sizes disclosed herein (e.g., less than about 50 μm, less than about 40 μm, or less than about 10 μm). Homogenizing the intermediate pulp mixture may include ultrasonicating the intermediate pulp mixture, sieving the intermediate pulp mixture, filtering the intermediate pulp mixture, evaporating the intermediate pulp mixture, drying the intermediate pulp mixture, milling the intermediate pulp mixture, high pressure mechanical homogenizing (e.g., wet grinding) the intermediate pulp mixture, or other suitable techniques for sizing plant particles to the selected size. For example, homogenizing the intermediate pulp mixture may include ultrasonicating the intermediate pulp mixture and collecting at least a portion of the intermediate pulp mixture having coconut waste pulp particles to provide the homogenized coconut waste pulp, wherein the at least partially trehalose coated coconut waste pulp particles in the homogenized coconut waste pulp have a selected average particle size (e.g., about 50 μm or less, or about 10 μm or less). In an example, homogenizing the intermediate pulp mixture includes ultrasonicating and filtering the at least partially trehalose coated coconut waste pulp particles through a sieve such that the particles in the homogenized coconut waste pulp have a selected average particle size (e.g. , about 50 μm or less, or about 10 μm or less). Ultrasonicating the intermediate pulp mixture may include subjecting the intermediate pulp mixture to single or multiple frequency ultrasonic agitation (e.g., 16 kHz, 18 kHz, 19 kHz, 20 kHz, or 24 kHz) with an effective single frequency or combination of frequencies, while the intermediate pulp mixture is in a liquid. The duration of the ultrasonication can be at least about 30 seconds, such as about 30 seconds to about 1 hour, about 1 minute to about 30 minutes, about 2 minutes to about 20 minutes, about 3 minutes to about IS minutes, about S minutes to about 10 minutes, about 10 minutes to about IS minutes, or less than about 30 minutes.

[050] In some examples, homogenizing the intermediate pulp mixture until the at least partially trehalose coated coconut waste pulp particles exhibit an average particle size of about SO μm or less may include evaporating the intermediate pulp mixture prepared by combining the trehalose solution with the coconut waste liquid phase separated from the coconut waste pulp to form the trehalose infused coconut residue paste.

[051] In some examples, homogenizing the intermediate pulp mixture until the at least partially trehalose coated coconut waste pulp particles exhibit an average particle size of about SO μm or less may include drying and milling the intermediate pulp mixture prepared by combining the trehalose solution with the coconut waste pulp separated from the coconut waste liquid phase to form the trehalose infused coconut residue pulp.

[052] In some examples, homogenizing the intermediate pulp mixture until the at least partially trehalose coated coconut waste pulp particles exhibit an average particle size of about SO μm or less may include homogenizing the coconut waste particles until the homogenized coconut waste pulp reach an amount or a range of selected trehalose content. The selected trehalose content can be any of the trehalose contents for a pulp composition disclosed herein. For example, the trehalose content of the homogenized and at least partially coated trehalose coated waste pulp particles may be at least about 1 wt% of the homogenized and at least partially coated trehalose coated waste pulp particles, or in a range from about 1 wt% to about SO wt%, about 2 wt% to about 40 wt%, about 3 wt% to about 30 wt%, about 5 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 30 wt% about 2 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 3 wt% to about 8 wt%, about 5 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 5 wt% to about 25 wt%, about 10 wt% to about 30 wt%, less than about SO wt%, or less than about 20 wt%, less than about 10 wt%, or less than about S wt% of the homogenized and at least partially coated trehalose coated waste pulp particles. [053] In some examples, the rough coconut waste particles can be homogenized to the sizes associated with the finished average particle sizes.

[054] In some examples, the method 400 may further include preparing the trehalose solution, such as prior to block 420. Preparing the trehalose solution can include manufacturing any one of the trehalose solutions disclosed herein, including any individual components thereof. For example, preparing the trehalose solution can include dispersing, suspending, or at least partially dissolving trehalose (e.g., trehalose dehydrate) into any of the liquid mediums disclosed herein in any of the relative concentrations (e.g., wt%) disclosed herein. Preparing the trehalose solution (e.g., trehalose composition or a precursor or derivative thereof) may include combining water or another liquid with trehalose, such as via in-line mixing (e.g., for about 1 minute) or mixing in a mixing vessel (e.g. , for about 1 to about 20 minutes). Preparing the trehalose solution can include heating the trehalose solution, such as prior to Block 420. Preparing the trehalose solution can include cooling the trehalose solution, such as prior to Block 420.

[055] In some examples, the method 400 may include at least partially dehydrating the homogenized coconut waste pulp. At least partially dehydrating the homogenized coconut waste pulp may include dehydrating the homogenized coconut waste pulp effective to form a homogenized coconut waste pulp concentrate having a higher trehalose concentration than the homogenized coconut waste pulp. For example, the homogenized coconut waste pulp can be dehydrated (e.g., removing the trehalose solution/liquid medium after at least some of the trehalose therein has been bonded to the coconut waste particles) by one or more of boiling, evaporation, filtration, or any other suitable dehydration technique. The homogenized coconut waste pulp can be dehydrated to exhibit any of the trehalose contents disclosed herein for a coconut residue pulp composition. For example, at least partially dehydrating the homogenized coconut waste pulp can include dehydrating the homogenized coconut waste pulp effective to form a homogenized coconut waste pulp powder. In some examples, at least partially dehydrating the homogenized coconut waste pulp can include dehydrating the homogenized coconut waste pulp effective to form a homogenized coconut waste pulp slurry.

[056] In some examples, the method 400 can further include pasteurizing the homogenized coconut waste pulp.

[057] In some examples, the method 400 can further include combining the homogenized coconut waste pulp into one or more of a beverage, a food, a health supplement, or a cosmetic product In such examples, the method 400 can be used to form an article having the homogenized coconut waste pulp (e.g., at least partially trehalose coated coconut waste particles) therein. Combining the homogenized coconut waste pulp (e.g., having the trehalose at least partially infused or coated thereon) into one or more of a beverage, a food, a health supplement, or a cosmetic product can include admixing, coating, or pouring, the homogenized coconut waste pulp into at least a portion of the beverage, the food, the health supplement, or the cosmetic product. The individual pulp particles in the homogenized coconut waste pulp-containing article may exhibit any of the average particle sizes disclosed herein for pulp or trehalose coated coconut waste pulp particles.

[058] The method 400 may include washing the coconut waste residues prior to processing the coconut waste residues. For example, dirt and debris may be removed from the coconut waste particles via immersion, pressure washing, rinsing, or any other suitable washing technique.

[059] Figure 5 is a schematic illustration of a product 130 containing a coconut residue pulp composition, according to at least one example. The product 130 includes a carrier 118 and a coconut residue pulp composition 100 carried by the carrier 118. The product 130 can include any of the coconut residue pulp compositions 100 disclosed herein. The coconut residue pulp composition 100 can include the pulp 110 that can include any of the coconut waste particles 112 (Figure 1) and trehalose compositions 114 (Figure 1) disclosed herein. For example, the plurality of coconut waste particles in the product 130 can include one or more of the green skin, white husk, or semi-soft shells of coconuts. The pulp 110 can include any amount of trehalose and/or particle size disclosed herein. In some examples, the product 130 can include a carrier 118, a coconut residue pulp composition 100 having pulp 110 particles exhibiting an average particle size of less than about SO μm (e.g., less than about 40 μm, less than about 10 μm, or less than about S μm), and can include a trehalose composition at least partially coating at least some of the plurality of coconut waste particles in the pulp 110. In some examples, the average particle size of the pulp 110 allows the pulp 110 (e.g., trehalose coated coconut waste particles) to fully blend in with carrier 118 components of the same size, such as lipid globules in milk and milk based products, or polyethylene glycol particles of cosmetics. This allows the pulp 110 to contribute to the selected texture or smoothness of the product 130.

[060] The carrier 118 can include a food, a cosmetic product, a health supplement, or any other medium in which the coconut residue pulp composition 100 can be carried and/or delivered for use. The carrier 118 can be in any form, such as a liquid, a solid, a gel, a paste, a slurry, etc. In some examples, the food may include one or more of a bar, a cream, a yogurt, a spread, a paste, a beverage (e.g. , shake, juice, etc.), a food additive or condiment (e.g., a sweetener, garnish, powder, etc.), or any other suitable foodstuff. In some examples, the beverage may include one or more of a fruit juice, water, coconut water, coconut milk, dairy milk, almond milk, one or more flavor extracts, or any other beverage. In some examples, the cosmetic may include one or more of a soap, an exfoliating scrub, a lotion, a powder, a cream, a balm, a salve, lip gloss, an ointment, or lip-stick. In some examples, the health supplement may include one or more of tablets, capsules, chewables, caplets, softgels, powders, nutraceuticals (e.g., powders), or lozenges. In some examples, the product 130 and/or carrier 118, such as a health supplement, may be substantially free of microcrystalline cellulose, methyl cellulose, or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose.

[061] In some examples, the coconut residue pulp composition 100 can be substantially uniformly, or randomly, distributed throughout at least a portion of the carrier 118. The coconut residue pulp composition 100, can be admixed in, coated on, or can be located in at least a portion of the carrier 118. For example, the carrier 118 in the form of a snack bar may include a chocolate shell that includes the coconut residue pulp composition 100 while an inner portion thereof is substantially void of the coconut residue pulp composition 100, or vice versa. In some examples, the coconut residue pulp composition 100 can be substantially uniformly dispersed throughout a yogurt or ice cream. The coconut residue pulp composition 100 can be one or more of at least partially dispersed, suspended, or dissolved in the carrier 118 (e.g., food, cosmetic product, health supplement, etc.). The coconut residue pulp composition 100 can be present in the carrier 118, such that the coconut residue pulp composition 100 or pulp 110 in the product 130 amounts to at least about 0.S wt% of the product 130 (e.g. , ignoring the container 132), such as in a range from about 0.5 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 40 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 30 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 25 about 4 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 10 wt% to about 30 wt%, about 20 wt% to about 40 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 10 wt%, 0.5 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 4 wt%, about 4 wt% to about 6 wt%, about 6 wt% to about 8 wt%, about 8 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 15 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 3 wt% to about 6 wt%, about 6 wt% to about 10 wt%, less than about 20 wt%, less than about 10 wt%, or less than about 5 wt% of the product 130. [062] The coconut residue pulp composition 100 can be present in the carrier 118, such that the trehalose in the product 130 amounts to at least about 0.S wt% of the product 130 (e.g., ignoring the container 132), such as in a range from about 0.S wt% to about 10 wt%, about 1 wt% to about S wt%, about 2 wt% to about 4 wt%, about 4 wt% to about 6 wt%, about 6 wt% to about 8 wt%, about 8 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 15 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 3 wt% to about 6 wt%, about 6 wt% to about 10 wt%, less than about 20 wt%, less than about 10 wt%, or less than about S wt% of the product 130. In some examples, such as when used in a food, it may be desirable to provide coconut residue pulp compositions 100 having an average pulp particle size of less than about SO μm or less than about 10 μm to provide a selected mouth feel, and/or digestibility.

[063] The product 130 can include a container 132, such as packaging (e.g., a wrapper, bottle, tub, tube, bag, etc.).

[064] Uses of the products 130 can include flavor enhancers for food or beverages (e.g., trehalose is a natural sweetener or flavor masking additive); texturizers in food, beverages, health products, cosmetics, etc.; providing nutritional value or fiber in food or nutraceuticals; preventing irritable bowel syndrome due to (indigestible) insoluble fiber in the coconut waste residues used in food and beverages; texturizers in cosmetics; texturizers in health supplements, etc. Several working examples of products are provided below. Working Examples

[065] In working example 1, a coconut milk is provided. The coconut milk includes at least about 64 wt% water, about 12.S wt% coconut residue pulp composition having an average particle size below about 10 μm, about 10 wt% non-fat dry milk, about 2 wt% coconut oil, and about 0.1% egg lecithin emulsifier.

[066] In working example 2, a coconut cream is provided. The coconut cream includes about 48 wt% water, about 25 wt% coconut oil, about 14.S wt% a coconut residue pulp composition having an average particle size below about 10 μm, about 8.S wt% non-fat dry milk, and about 1.5 wt egg lecithin emulsifier.

[067] In working example 3, a coconut juice is provided. The coconut juice includes about 37 wt% coconut water, about 36 wt% water, about 18 wt% coconut residue pulp composition having an average particle size below about 50 μm, about 8.5 wt% sugar, and about 0.5 wt% water soluble coconut flavor extract.

[068] In working example 4, a coconut nectar is provided. The coconut nectar includes about 80 wt% water, about 12.5 wt% sugar, about 6 wt% coconut residue pulp composition having an average particle size below about SO μm, and about l.S wt% water soluble coconut flavor extract

[069] In working example S, a coconut bar is provided. The coconut bar includes about 40 wt% coconut residue pulp composition having an average particle size below about SO μm, about 35 wt% tapioca syrup, about 24 wt% almond flour, and about 1.0 wt% water soluble coconut flavor extract.

[070] In working example 6, lozenges are provided. The lozenges include about 40 wt% propolis extract (3:1), about 35 wt% honey, about 20 wt% coconut residue pulp composition having an average particle size below about SO μm, about 3.7 wt% gum Arabic, about 0.6S wt% anise extract (5:1), about 0.4 wt% licorice extract (5:1), and about 0.2S wt% corn starch.

[071] In working example 7, vitamin C tablets are provided. The vitamin C tables include about S0.S wt% ascorbic acid, about 2S.2S wt% calcium phosphate, about 12.7S wt% vegetable stearin, about 10 wt% coconut residue pulp composition having an average particle size below about SO μm, about 1 wt% silicon dioxide, and about 0.S wt% magnesium stearate.

[072] In working example 8, cinnamon extract tablets are provided. The cinnamon extract tablets include about SO wt% cinnamon extract (4:1), about 27.S wt% coconut residue pulp composition having an average particle size below about SO μm, about 12.S wt% calcium carbonate, about 6.0 wt% maltodextrin, about 2.S wt% stearic acid, about 1.0 wt% silica, and about 0.S wt% polyethylene glycol.

[073] In working example 9, a coconut moisturizing cream is provided. The coconut moisturizing cream includes about 25 wt% ethanol, about 22 wt% water, about 20 wt% coconut residue pulp composition having an average particle size below about 10 μm, about 14.S wt% coconut oil, about 8.S wt% dimethicone, about S wt% glycerine, about 2 wt% cetyl alcohol, about l.S wt% glyceryl stearate, about 1 wt% stearic acid, about 0.S wt% carbomer, about 0.S wt% fragrance.

[074] In working example 10, a coconut lotion is provided. The coconut lotion includes about S0.S wt% water, about S wt% coconut oil, about S wt% coconut residue pulp composition having an average particle size below about 10 μm, about S wt% carbomer, about 3 wt% glycerin, about 2 wt% cetyl alcohol, about l.S wt% glyceryl strearate, about l.S wt% isopropyl myristate, about 0.9 wt% triethanolamine, about 0.8 wt% stearic acid, about 0.S wt% fragrance, about 0.1 wt% methyl paraben, and about 0.0S wt% propyl paraben.

[075] In working example 11, a coconut exfoliating scrub is provided. The coconut exfoliating scrub includes about SS wt% coconut residue pulp composition having an average particle size below about SO μm, about 30 wt% tartaric acid, about 13 wt% hydrogel (e.g., 14.0 wt% gelatine solution), 1.0 wt% fragrance, 0.S wt% colorant, 0.S wt% sodium hydroxymethylglycinate.

[076] The preceding working examples are merely some samples. Other products, such as foods, beverages, cosmetics, health supplements, nutraceuticals, etc. are contemplated.

[077] The present disclosure is not to be limited in terms of the particular examples described in this application, which are intended as illustrations of various aspects. Many modifications and examples can be made without departing from its spirit and scope, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Functionally equivalent methods and apparatuses within the scope of the disclosure, in addition to those enumerated herein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing descriptions. Such modifications and examples are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. The present disclosure is to be limited only by the terms of the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. It is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited to particular methods, reagents, compounds, compositions or biological systems, which can, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular examples only, and is not intended to be limiting.

[078] With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and/or application. The various singular/plural permutations may be expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity.

[079] It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as "open" terms (e.g., the term "including" should be interpreted as "including but not limited to," the term "having" should be interpreted as "having at least," the term "includes" should be interpreted as "includes but is not limited to," etc.).

[080] It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of the introductory phrases "at least one" and "one or more" to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles "a" or "an" limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to examples containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases "one or more" or "at least one" and indefinite articles such as "a" or "an" (e.g., "a" and/or "an" should be interpreted to mean "at least one" or "one or more"); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of "two recitations," without other modifiers, means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations).

[081] Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to "at least one of A, B, and C, etc." is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., "a system having at least one of A, B, and C" would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances where a convention analogous to "at least one of A, B, or C, etc." is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., "a system having at least one of A, B, or C" would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that virtually any disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase "A or B" will be understood to include the possibilities of "A" or "B" or "A and B."

[082] In addition, where features or aspects of the disclosure are described in terms of Markush groups, those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosure is also thereby described in terms of any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group. [083] As will be understood by one skilled in the ait, for any and all purposes, such as in terms of providing a written description, all ranges disclosed herein also encompass any and all possible subranges and combinations of subranges thereof. Any listed range can be easily recognized as sufficiently describing and enabling the same range being broken down into at least equal halves, thirds, quarters, fifths, tenths, etc. As a non-limiting example, each range discussed herein can be readily broken down into a lower third, middle third and upper third, etc. As will also be understood by one skilled in the art all language such as "up to," "at least," "greater than," "less than," and the like include the number recited and refer to ranges which can be subsequently broken down into subranges as discussed above. Finally, as will be understood by one skilled in the art, a range includes each individual member. Thus, for example, a group having 1-3 items refers to groups having 1, 2, or 3 items. Similarly, a group having 1-5 items refers to groups having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 items, and so forth.

[084] While the foregoing detailed description has set forth various examples of the devices and/or processes via the use of block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples, such block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples contain one or more functions and/or operations, it will be understood by those within the art that each function and/or operation within such block diagrams, flowcharts, or examples can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof. In one example, several portions of the subject matter described herein may be implemented via Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), digital signal processors (DSPs), or other integrated formats. However, those skilled in the art will recognize that some aspects of the examples disclosed herein, in whole or in part, can be equivalently implemented in integrated circuits, as one or more computer programs running on one or more computers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more computer systems), as one or more programs running on one or more processors (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more microprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof, and that designing the circuitry and/or writing the code for the software and/ or firmware would be well within the skill of one of skill in the art in light of this disclosure. For example, if a user determines that speed and accuracy are paramount, the user may opt for a mainly hardware and/or firmware vehicle; if flexibility is paramount, the user may opt for a mainly software implementation; or, yet again alternatively, the user may opt for some combination of hardware, software, and/or firmware.

[085] In addition, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the mechanisms of the subject matter described herein are capable of being distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, and that an illustrative example of the subject matter described herein applies regardless of the particular type of signal bearing medium used to actually carry out the distribution. Examples of a signal bearing medium include, but are not limited to, the following: a recordable type medium such as a floppy disk, a hard disk drive, a Compact Disc (CD), a Digital Video Disc (DVD), a digital tape, a computer memory, etc.; and a transmission type medium such as a digital and/or an analog communication medium (e.g., a fiber optic cable, a waveguide, a wired communications link, a wireless communication link, etc.).

[086] Those skilled in the art will recognize that it is common within the art to describe devices and/or processes in the fashion set forth herein, and thereafter use engineering practices to integrate such described devices and/or processes into data processing systems. That is, at least a portion of the devices and/or processes described herein can be integrated into a data processing system via a reasonable amount of experimentation. Those having skill in the art will recognize that a typical data processing system generally includes one or more of a system unit housing, a video display device, a memory such as volatile and non-volatile memory, processors such as microprocessors and digital signal processors, computational entities such as operating systems, drivers, graphical user interfaces, and applications programs, one or more interaction devices, such as a touch pad or screen, and/or control systems including feedback loops and control motors (e.g., feedback for sensing position and/or velocity; control motors for moving and/or adjusting components and/or quantities). A typical data processing system may be implemented utilizing any suitable commercially available components, such as those typically found in data computing/communication and/or network computing/communication systems.

[087] The herein described subject matter sometimes illustrates different components contained within, or connected with, different other components. It is to be understood that such depicted architectures are merely examples, and that in fact many other architectures can be implemented which achieve the same functionality. In a conceptual sense, any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality is effectively "associated" such that the desired functionality is achieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve a particular functionality can be seen as "associated with" each other such that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective of architectures or intermedial components. Likewise, any two components so associated can also be viewed as being "operably connected", or "operably coupled", to each other to achieve the desired functionality, and any two components capable of being so associated can also be viewed as being "operably couplable", to each other to achieve the desired functionality. Specific examples of operably couplable include but are not limited to physically mateable and/or physically interacting components and/or wirelessly interactable and/or wirelessly interacting components and/or logically interacting and/or logically interactable components.

[088] While various aspects and examples have been disclosed herein, other aspects and examples will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The various aspects and examples disclosed herein are for purposes of illustration and are not intended to be limiting, with the true scope and spirit being indicated by the following claims.

Claims

1. A coconut residue pulp composition, comprising:

a pulp including a plurality of coconut waste particles having an average particle size of less than about SO μm; and

a trehalose composition at least partially coating at least some of the plurality of coconut waste particles.

2. The coconut residue pulp composition of claim 1, wherein the trehalose composition comprises a trehalose solution.

3. The coconut residue pulp composition of claim 2, wherein the trehalose solution comprises a trehalose content of about 10 weight% to about 40 weight%.

4. The coconut residue pulp composition of claim 1, wherein the average particle size of the plurality of coconut waste particles is less than about 10 μm.

5. The coconut residue pulp composition of claim 1, wherein the coconut residue pulp composition is in an at least partially dehydrated form.

6. The coconut residue pulp composition of claim S, wherein the at least partially dehydrated form is a concentrate.

7. The coconut residue pulp composition of claim S, wherein the at least partially dehydrated form is a powder or a paste.

8. The coconut residue pulp composition of claim 1, wherein the trehalose composition exhibits a trehalose content of about 2 weight% to about 20 weight%.

9. The coconut residue pulp composition of claim 1, wherein the trehalose composition comprises trehalose that is bound to one or more of cellulose, hemi-cellulose, or lignin of the coconut waste particles.

10. A method of preparing a trehalose infused coconut residue pulp, the method comprising:

processing coconut waste residues to form a coconut waste pulp;

combining the coconut waste pulp with a trehalose solution to form an intermediate pulp mixture having a plurality of at least partially trehalose coated coconut waste pulp particles; and

homogenizing the intermediate pulp mixture until the at least partially trehalose coated coconut waste pulp particles exhibit an average particle size of about SO μm or less, thereby forming a homogenized coconut waste pulp.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein processing the coconut waste residues comprises processing one or more of green skin, white husk, or semi-soft shells of coconuts.

12. The method of claim 10, wherein processing the coconut waste residues comprises one or more of chopping the coconut waste residues to a rough particle size or grinding the coconut waste residues to a fine particle size smaller than the rough particle size, prior to combining the coconut waste pulp with the trehalose solution.

13. The method of claim 10, wherein processing the coconut waste residues comprises chopping the coconut waste residues to an average particle size of less than about 5 cm to form rough coconut waste pieces.

14. The method of claim 10, wherein processing the coconut waste residues comprises treating the coconut waste residues with an alkali to form rough coconut waste pieces with an average particle size of less than about S cm.

15. The method of claim 10, wherein processing the coconut waste residues comprises chopping the coconut waste residues and treating the coconut waste residues with an alkali to form rough coconut waste pieces with an average particle size of less than about S cm.

16. The method of claim 10, wherein processing the coconut waste residues comprises chopping the coconut waste residues and treating the coconut waste residues with an alkali to form rough coconut waste pieces with an average particle size of less than about S cm.

17. The method of claim 10, wherein processing the coconut waste residues comprises wet grinding the coconut waste residues to form a wet ground slurry such that at least some of the coconut waste pulp particles have a particle size of about 10 mm or less.

18. The method of claim 16, wherein processing the coconut waste residues further comprises separating the wet ground slurry into coconut waste liquid phase and coconut waste pulp.

19. The method of claim 10, wherein processing the coconut waste residues comprises wet grinding the coconut waste residues such that at least some of the coconut waste pulp particles have a particle size of about SO μm or less.

20. The method of claim 10, further comprising washing the coconut waste residues prior to processing the coconut waste residues.

21. The method of claim 10, further comprising preparing the trehalose solution.

22. The method of claim 21 , wherein preparing the trehalose solution comprises combining water with trehalose.

23. The method of claim 21 wherein combining water with trehalose comprises one or more of dissolving or dispersing trehalose in the water.

24. The method of claim 21, wherein the trehalose solution comprises a trehalose content of about 10 weight% to about 40 weight%.

25. The method of claim 10, wherein combining the coconut waste pulp with the trehalose solution comprises admixing the trehalose solution with the coconut waste pulp such that the intermediate pulp mixture has a total solids content of about SO weight% or less and a total trehalose content of about 20 weight% or less.

26. The method of claim 10, wherein combining the coconut waste pulp with the trehalose solution comprises admixing the trehalose solution with the coconut waste pulp such that the intermediate pulp mixture has a total solids content of about 25 weight% or less and a total trehalose content of about 10 weight% or less.

27. The method of claim 10, wherein combining the coconut waste pulp with the trehalose solution comprises admixing the trehalose solution with the coconut waste liquid phase.

28. The method of claim 10, wherein homogenizing comprises one or more of ultrasonicating or high pressure mechanical homogenizing the intermediate pulp mixture.

29. The method of claim 10, wherein homogenizing the intermediate pulp mixture comprises:

ultrasonicating the intermediate pulp mixture; and

collecting at least a portion of the intermediate pulp mixture having coconut waste pulp particles to provide the homogenized coconut waste pulp, wherein the at least partially trehalose coated coconut waste pulp particles in the homogenized coconut waste pulp have an average particle size of about SO μm or less.

30. The method of claim 10, wherein homogenizing the intermediate pulp mixture comprises ultrasonicating and filtering the at least partially trehalose coated coconut waste pulp particles through a sieve such that the homogenized coconut waste pulp have an average particle size of about 10 μm or less.

31. The method of claim 10, further comprising at least partially dehydrating the homogenized coconut waste pulp.

32. The method of claim 31, wherein at least partially dehydrating the homogenized coconut waste pulp comprises dehydrating the homogenized coconut waste pulp effective to form a homogenized coconut waste pulp concentrate having a higher trehalose concentration than the homogenized coconut waste pulp.

33. The method of claim 31, wherein at least partially dehydrating the homogenized coconut waste pulp comprises dehydrating the homogenized coconut waste pulp effective to form a homogenized coconut waste pulp powder.

34. The method of claim 10, wherein the homogenized coconut waste pulp exhibits a trehalose content of about 2 weight% to about 20 weight%.

35. The method of claim 10, further comprising pasteurizing the homogenized coconut waste pulp.

36. The method of claim 10, further comprising combining the homogenized coconut waste pulp into one or more of a beverage, a food, a health supplement, or a cosmetic product.

37. A product containing a coconut residue pulp composition, the product comprising:

a carrier; and

a coconut residue pulp composition, the coconut residue pulp composition comprising:

a pulp including a plurality of coconut waste particles having an average particle size of less than about 50 μm; and

38. The product of claim 37, wherein the coconut waste particles comprise green skin, white husk, or semi-soft shells of coconuts.

39. The product of claim 37, wherein:

the carrier comprises a food; and

the coconut residue pulp composition is at least partially dispersed, suspended, or dissolved in the food.

40. The product of claim 399, wherein the coconut residue pulp composition is present in the carrier in an amount such that a total trehalose content of the product is about 0.5 weight% to about 10 weight%.

41. The product of claim 399, wherein the coconut residue pulp composition is present in the carrier in an amount such that a total trehalose content of the product is about 1 weight% to about S weight%.

42. The product of claim 399, wherein the food comprises one of a bar, a cream, yogurt, or a spread.

43. The product of claim 37, wherein the carrier comprises a beverage, and wherein the coconut residue pulp composition is at least partially dispersed, suspended, or dissolved in the beverage.

44. The product of claim 43, wherein the coconut residue pulp composition is present in the carrier in an amount such that a total trehalose content of the product is about

0.5 weight% to about 10 weight%.

45. The product of claim 43, wherein the coconut residue pulp composition is present in the carrier in an amount such that a total trehalose content of the product is about 1 weight% to about 5 weight%.

46. The product of claim 43, wherein the beverage comprises one or more of a fruit juice, water, coconut water, coconut milk, dairy milk, almond milk, or one or more flavor extracts.

47. The product of claim 37, wherein the carrier comprises a health supplement, and wherein the coconut residue pulp composition is at least partially dispersed, suspended, or dissolved in the health supplement.

48. The product of claim 47, wherein the coconut residue pulp composition is present in the carrier in an amount such that a total trehalose content of the product is about 0.5 weight% to about 10 weight%.

49. The product of claim 47, wherein the coconut residue pulp composition is present in the carrier in an amount such that a total trehalose content of the product is about

1 weight% to about 5 weight%.

50. The product of claim 47, wherein the health supplement comprises one or more of tablets, capsules, chewables, caplets, softgels, powders, or lozenges.

51. The product of claim 50, wherein the health supplement is substantially free of one or more of microcrystalline cellulose, methyl cellulose, or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose.

52. The product of claim 37, wherein:

the carrier comprises a cosmetic product; and

the coconut residue pulp composition is at least partially dispersed, suspended, or dissolved in the cosmetic product.

53. The product of claim 52, wherein the coconut residue pulp composition is present in the carrier in an amount such that a total trehalose content of the product is about 0.5 weight% to about 10 weight%.

54. The product of claim 52, wherein the coconut residue pulp composition is present in the carrier in an amount such that a total trehalose content of the product is about 1 weight% to about 5 weight%.

55. The product of claim 52, wherein the cosmetic product comprises a soap, an exfoliating scrub, a lotion, a powder, a cream, a balm, a salve, lip gloss, or lip-stick.