WO2018124919A1 - Dispositif de mesure non invasive du flux de micro-circulation sanguine - Google Patents

Dispositif de mesure non invasive du flux de micro-circulation sanguine Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2018124919A1
WO2018124919A1 PCT/RU2017/000064 RU2017000064W WO2018124919A1 WO 2018124919 A1 WO2018124919 A1 WO 2018124919A1 RU 2017000064 W RU2017000064 W RU 2017000064W WO 2018124919 A1 WO2018124919 A1 WO 2018124919A1
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signal
unit
photodetector
biological tissue
analog
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PCT/RU2017/000064
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English (en)
Russian (ru)
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Денис Григорьевич ЛАПИТАН
Дмитрий Алексеевич РОГАТКИН
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Общество С Ограниченной Ответственностью "Центр Исследований И Разработок Эос-Медика" (Ооо "Циир Эос-Медика")
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Publication of WO2018124919A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018124919A1/fr

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/02—Detecting, measuring or recording pulse, heart rate, blood pressure or blood flow; Combined pulse/heart-rate/blood pressure determination; Evaluating a cardiovascular condition not otherwise provided for, e.g. using combinations of techniques provided for in this group with electrocardiography or electroauscultation; Heart catheters for measuring blood pressure
    • A61B5/026—Measuring blood flow
    • A61B5/0261—Measuring blood flow using optical means, e.g. infrared light
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/02—Detecting, measuring or recording pulse, heart rate, blood pressure or blood flow; Combined pulse/heart-rate/blood pressure determination; Evaluating a cardiovascular condition not otherwise provided for, e.g. using combinations of techniques provided for in this group with electrocardiography or electroauscultation; Heart catheters for measuring blood pressure
    • A61B5/026—Measuring blood flow
    • A61B5/0265—Measuring blood flow using electromagnetic means, e.g. electromagnetic flowmeter

Definitions

  • the invention relates to medicine and medical equipment, namely, to optical non-invasive devices for measuring blood flow in the microvasculature.
  • the dynamic parameters of blood circulation in small blood vessels of organs are important physiological parameters in assessing the functional state human tissues and organs, are important for identifying various dysfunctions, diseases, pathological disorders in tissues and organs and so on.
  • Their assessment in medicine is important both in the normal (normal) state of the subject, and when using various functional load tests for the blood microcirculation system - tests with local heating, cooling, with physical exercises, i.e. in the movement of the subject, etc. (Krupatkin A.I., Sidorov V.V.
  • a known method and device for video capillaroscopy (Gurfinkel Yu.l. Computer capillaroscopy as a channel of local visualization, noninvasive diagnostics, and screening of substances in circulating blood // Optical Technologies in Biophysics and Medicine-II, VV Tuchin — Editor. Proc . SPIE. 2000. V. 4241. P. 467-472), containing a video camera with a micro lens, which allows you to get an enlarged image of the capillaries of the nail bed, and a system for the fixed fixation of the finger under the micro lens. This is a direct, therefore very accurate method for assessing the parameters of blood microcirculation.
  • a video image of the movement of blood cells along the capillary loops of the nail bed is received, and it is transmitted to computer and calculate the flow and speed of blood flow through the capillaries.
  • this method and device have many drawbacks: the method estimates the blood flow only in the capillaries without taking into account other parts of the microvasculature (arterioles, venules, etc.); the flow is estimated only in the nail bed, while other organs and tissues are not very accessible to this method; during testing, the subject’s finger is fixed motionless under the micro-lens, which excludes the possibility of carrying out functional stress tests in motion.
  • Devices for IR thermometry consist of an IR video camera calibrated by the intensity of the received radiation at the temperature (C 0 ) of the examined surface of the biological tissue under the assumption that the spectral emissivity (degree of blackness) of the studied surface is equal to the spectral emissivity of an absolutely black body.
  • C 0 the temperature of the examined surface of the biological tissue
  • the spectral emissivity degree of blackness
  • the device has significant drawbacks: the method is not a direct method for measuring the dynamic parameters of microcirculation, but only indirectly, through the surface temperature, allows you to evaluate the parameters of microhemodynamics, therefore, has low accuracy.
  • the temperature of the investigated surface may depend on the temperature of the external environment, evaporation of moisture from the surface of the tissue, and not only on microhemodynamics.
  • the studied area of living biological tissue is continuously illuminated, a photodetector located on the surface registers the backscattered or transmitted through the secondary tissue, attenuated, including due to absorption of light by blood, electric signal with the photodetector is amplified, filtered in the frequency range of pulse waves (from fractions to units of Hz), and the filtered signal is displayed on the monitor screen in the form of a graph.
  • This signal due to the absorption of light by blood is a pulsogram on which pulse waves appear in the blood microcirculation system.
  • the method can be considered direct and quite accurate in assessing the parameters of pulse waves (wave amplitude, pulse frequency, etc.).
  • the method has a significant drawback in that it only evaluates pulse fluctuations in the microcirculation system and does not allow to evaluate the perfusion parameter (blood flow) in the tissue.
  • LDF laser Doppler flowmetry
  • the LDF does not evaluate the Doppler frequency shift itself or the blood flow velocity, but a certain integral parameter - an index or microcirculation index (in Russian terminology), often called, especially in English, the index of tissue perfusion with blood, just perfusion or blood flow. These are synonymous names for the same parameter. We will use the term perfusion indicator for it below.
  • This integral parameter - perfusion index V SF - today it is the most informative in medicine for the functional diagnosis of the blood microcirculation system and contains, as a component, various frequency components of the physiological fluctuations of the blood flow - pulse waves, respiratory waves and so on (Laser Doppler flowmetry of blood microcirculation: Manual for doctors / Ed. A.I. Krupatkina, V.V. Sidorova. - M .: Medicine, 2005.p. 90-92).
  • devices are known for evaluating and monitoring blood flow and determining perfusion index using the Doppler effect (US4596254 A, publ. 24.06.1986, US 4476875 A, publ. 16.10.1984). The principle of operation of these devices is very similar.
  • All of them contain a monochromatic radiation source - a laser for illumination of the biological tissue under study, a fiber-optic system for delivering radiation to and from the biological tissue under investigation, a photodetector detecting radiation and the beating of the components of this radiation backscattered from the biological tissue (heterodyne detection principle), as well as an electrical amplification circuit the signal from the photodetector, its filtering and an analog or digital calculation unit according to the registered photo current from the photodetector of the V B F diffusion system based on equation (1).
  • a monochromatic radiation source - a laser for illumination of the biological tissue under study
  • a fiber-optic system for delivering radiation to and from the biological tissue under investigation
  • a photodetector detecting radiation and the beating of the components of this radiation backscattered from the biological tissue (heterodyne detection principle)
  • an electrical amplification circuit the signal from the photodetector, its filtering and an analog or digital calculation unit according to the registered photo current from the photo
  • the devices use optical fibers (optical fiber bundles) to transport laser radiation to biological tissue and backscattered radiation from biological tissue to the photodetector.
  • optical fiber optical fiber bundles
  • the optical fiber is very sensitive to the slightest movements, bends, therefore in existing LDF devices with optical fibers there is an acute problem of the influence of motion artifacts on the detected signal (TP Newson, A Obied, RS Wolton, et al. Laser Doppler velocimetry: the problem of fiber movement artifacts // J. Biomed. Eng. 9, 1987: 169-172).
  • the photodetector of an LDF device must be sensitive enough to detect weak in intensity backscattered radiation with a Doppler frequency shift collected by a thin optical fiber with a small aperture, so often external light affects the readings of the device and reduces the accuracy of diagnostics.
  • an LDF device with a differential measurement scheme disclosed in US4476875 A, publ. 10.16.1984 ..
  • a feature of this device and its circuit is that two photodetectors and two identical electronic signal processing units from the photodetector are used to register radiation backscattered from biological tissue. Accordingly, two optical fibers are used to deliver radiation to photodetectors, which collect radiation from separate adjacent volumes of illuminated biological tissue.
  • the useful output signal is determined in the device by the difference of the signals of these two channels. Since the interference caused by external lighting is in-phase in both channels, they are effectively suppressed in the differential amplifier by subtracting the signals.
  • the closest analogue of the claimed invention is an LDF device for measuring blood microcirculation (US 6173197, publ. 09.01.2001, WO9820794 A1 publ. 05.22.1998), containing an optical head containing a monochromatic radiation source in the form of a low-intensity laser radiation source with a wavelength in red or near infrared wavelength range, the output of which is connected to a separate optical fiber delivering laser radiation to the examined biological tissue, and a photodetector, the input of which is also connected to its separate optical fiber, delivering radiation backscattered from biological tissue to the photodetector.
  • a monochromatic radiation source in the form of a low-intensity laser radiation source with a wavelength in red or near infrared wavelength range
  • a photodetector the input of which is also connected to its separate optical fiber, delivering radiation backscattered from biological tissue to the photodetector.
  • the illuminating and receiving fibers form an optical fiber bundle, which, when the device is operated, is placed at the surface of the biological tissue under test with its distal end to illuminate a portion of the surface of the biological tissue and collect radiation backscattered from it into the aperture of the receiving optical fiber.
  • the yield the photodetector is connected simultaneously with the inputs of the band-pass filter and the low-pass filter, the outputs of these two filters are connected to the input of the multiplexer, and the output of the multiplexer is connected to
  • a 16-channel device which instead of one photodetector and one band-pass filter with subsequent Fourier analysis of the frequency spectrum of the signal uses 16 photodetectors and 16 band-pass filters, each for its own frequency range within the general range of 20 Hz - 30 kHz, which eliminates the need to use Fourier analysis of the frequency spectrum of the signal, but requires an additional block of fast RAM for storing intermediate results.
  • optical fibers in the device which are large sources of errors and do not allow functional diagnostics of the blood microcirculation system in the patient’s movement.
  • the need to use a laser radiation source which increases the cost of the device design and makes it necessary to classify this device as a high-risk device containing a laser hazard source - a laser radiation source - in accordance with the international standard IEC 60825-1: 2007.
  • the technical problem solved by the claimed invention consists in the impossibility to carry out functional diagnostics of the blood microcirculation system in the patient’s movement, to reduce the influence of external illumination on the measurement results and to eliminate the oscillations of the optical fiber.
  • the technical result of the present invention is to improve the accuracy, noise immunity and safety of an optical non-invasive device for non-invasive measurement of the blood microcirculation flow, used for functional diagnostics of the blood microcirculation system in the patient’s movement, including.
  • the device for non-invasive measurement of the flow of microcirculation of blood in the tissue includes a radiation source for illumination of the studied biological tissue, a photodetector for recording radiation backscattered from the studied biological tissue, an electronic filtering unit of the signal detected by the photodetector, containing an analog-to-digital converter and digitized signal averaging unit for averaging the useful signal with the background illumination signal and signal averaging the background illumination according to the measured values of the signals, respectively, the background illumination subtracting unit comprising a random access memory for storing the calculated average values of the background illumination signal and the common signal, respectively, and a difference unit for subtracting the averaged background illumination signal from the averaged common signal, an indicator determining and indicating unit perfusion of the investigated biological tissue, configured to calculate the perfusion rate of the studied biological tissue based on the normalized first component of the useful signal of the first moment of the spectral power density of the useful signal and display the specified value, the control and synchronization unit, configured to generate rectangular
  • control and synchronization unit is configured to generate rectangular control pulses with an operating frequency of at least 320 Hz.
  • the device may further comprise a direct current amplifier located between the photodetector and the analog-to-digital converter.
  • the radiation source and photodetector are installed in the optical head, made in the form of a microchip with the possibility of mounting on the patient's body.
  • the use in the invention for recording and analysis of other components of radiation backscattered from biological tissue, other than the Doppler component, allows you to not use lasers, since for the formation of these components rather narrow-band LED sources of radiation, which reduces the danger in the use of the inventive device.
  • a background light subtraction unit with a difference block made with the possibility of subtracting the averaged background light signal from the averaged common signal and a control unit made with the ability to control and synchronize the operation of the elements of the device allows minimizing the influence of external light on the measurement results of the perfusion index.
  • the design of the radiation source in the form of at least three IR diodes emitting in the wavelength range of 800-820 nm, located at an equal distance from each other radially around the photodetector and mounted flush with the working surface of the photodetector allows you to exclude from the device delivery of radiation to the patient’s test surface in the form of an optical fiber, which introduces large errors in the measurement results and does not allow functional diagnostics of the blood microcirculation system in the patient’s movement.
  • the inventive device is compact and may be applicable when using functional load tests.
  • FIG. 1 shows a graph of the power spectral density of the photocurrent: amplitude-modulated component of the spectrum P am (w) (1) component of the beat amplitude-modulated and Doppler spectral components P a m, d (w) ( 2), the Doppler component spectrum ⁇ ⁇ ( ⁇ ) (3), the total spectrum of the photocurrent power density ⁇ ( ⁇ ) (4).
  • FIG. 2 schematically shows the design of the proposed device.
  • FIG. 3 shows the location of the emitters and the photodetector in the optical head.
  • FIG. 4 schematically shows the location of the optical head of the claimed device on the human body.
  • FIG. 5 is a timing chart of the path of control pulses and moments of digitization of a signal in an analog-to-digital converter unit.
  • perfusion indicator in this application, we mean a value proportional to the coefficient of proportionality of the product of the number of red blood cells and the average speed of their movement through the vessels, that is, the parameter of blood flow (perfusion of blood tissues).
  • perfusion perfusion index
  • microcirculation index blood flow in this document are synonyms.
  • cellular tissue refers to tissues surrounding and lining blood vessels — the epithelium, muscles, epidermis and dermis of the skin, and the like.
  • biological tissue and biological tissue are synonymous.
  • this amplitude-modulated component of the backscattered radiation also carries similar information about blood microcirculation with respect to the perfusion index, if the perfusion index V B F is calculated according to formula (1), substituting in it the normalized spectral power density of the beat current Doppler component and a component that does not have a Doppler frequency shift, the power spectral density of a variable component (AC) of the photocurrent from recording the amplitude-modulated component of inverse scattered radiation, which must also be normalized to the constant component (DC) cumulatively detected photocurrent.
  • AC variable component
  • the total spectral power density of the photocurrent P (w) (curve 4 in Fig. 1), as shown by studies [1-4], is in the general case a complex sum of components that are formed from the registration of various components of backscattered radiation - backscattered radiation at the initial frequency of the probe (illuminating) radiation, which is formed from stationary inhomogeneities inside the cell biological tissue without Doppler frequency shift and without amplitude modulation, backscattered radiation from moving shaped elements Blood Doppler frequency shift (together forming the heartbeat and formation the Doppler components Pd (w) are shown in FIG. 1, curve 3), of backscattered radiation with amplitude modulation at different frequencies (the amplitude-modulated component of the spectrum P at (and>) is shown in Fig.
  • the photodetector registers back-scattered optical radiation in the frequency range of amplitude modulation, beats, and other signal fluctuations from 0 to (approximately) 160 Hz, then the power spectral density the resulting photocurrent can be used to calculate the perfusion index by the formula (1) as in the case of the LDF method.
  • the results will be similar.
  • the proposed device that implements the above method for measuring the flow of blood microcirculation is shown schematically in FIG. 2.
  • the device consists of a radiation source (2) for illuminating the biological tissue under study and a photodetector (3) for detecting radiation backscattered from the biological tissue under study, for example, a silicon photodiode.
  • the radiation source is made in the form of at least three light emitting diodes emitting narrow-band radiation in the near infrared range of the spectrum in the wavelength range of 800-820 nm (the region of the isobestic hemoglobin point), for example, at least three infrared diodes (IR diodes) ( 2).
  • the radiation source and photodetector are located in the optical head (1).
  • the device also includes
  • an electronic filtering unit (4) containing an analog-to-digital converter (5) and an averaging unit for the digitized signal (6), a background illumination subtracting unit (7) containing random access memory (8) and a difference unit (9), a determination and indication unit perfusion index (10) and control and synchronization unit (1 1).
  • the analog-to-digital converter (5), the averaging unit of the digitized signal (6) and random access memory (8) are configured to synchronize operation by pulses of the control and synchronization unit (1 1), for which, in addition to the main information input, they have an additional synchronization input (management).
  • the IR diodes (2) are located at an equal distance from each other radially around the photodetector (3) to ensure uniform illumination of the volume of biological tissue around the photodetector and are installed flush with the working surface of the photodetector (3).
  • the optical head itself (1) in which both the radiation source and the photodetector are located, is made in the form of a microchip with the possibility of mounting on the human body using a strap or adhesive plaster (the mounting method is not the subject of the invention) so that the working surface of the photodetector ( 3) and radiation sources in the form of IR diodes (2) will touch the examined surface of the body (biological tissue) (12) as shown in FIG. four.
  • the proposed device operates as follows.
  • the control and synchronization unit (11) generates rectangular control pulses with an operating frequency of Fpa6, for example, 320 Hz and a duty cycle of 50%.
  • the radiation sources in the form of IR diodes (2) at the moment of arrival of the pulse from the control and synchronization unit (11) are turned on for the duration of this pulse and illuminate the tested biological tissue (12) - the skin or mucous membranes of the organs - with their optical radiation, which is scattered and is absorbed into the tissue, and its backscattered components exit the tissue back to the surface and are recorded by a photodetector (3).
  • the measured values are averaged, and I and UR are determined by the N measured values (each in its own cycle - at the moment of the action of the pulses and at the moment of their absence) with finding, respectively, the average values ⁇ ⁇ and U FCP by the formulas
  • the useful signal U nie will contain constant (DC) and variable (AC) components of the signal in the frequency range 0-320 Hz, which, according to the well-known Nyquist theorem, allows us to analyze the frequency spectrum of the signal in the range from 0 to F pa 6 2 Hz, that is, in this particular case in the frequency range from 0 to 160 Hz.
  • a direct current amplifier can be located between the photodetector and the analog-to-digital converter (5).
  • the proposed device does not contain optical fibers and laser radiation sources, it compensates for the effect on the detected signal of external background illumination, the device can be miniature in the part of the optical head, which can be fixed motionless on the human body, move synchronously with the body without creating mutual displacements of the body relative to the head, does not interfere with movement, and so on, that is, suitable for full functional diagnostics in the movement of the subject.
  • the head can be made with wireless communication with the rest of the device, for example, it can be connected with it via Bluetooth (such solutions are generally known today), which will further give the subject freedom of movement and open the way to portable individual systems for daily monitoring of perfusion rate. Therefore, it can be stated that in this proposed device all the stated objectives of the invention are achieved.

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  • Measuring Pulse, Heart Rate, Blood Pressure Or Blood Flow (AREA)
  • Measurement Of The Respiration, Hearing Ability, Form, And Blood Characteristics Of Living Organisms (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention se rapporte au domaine de la médecine et des techniques médicales, et concerne notamment des dispositifs non invasifs optiques pour mesurer le flux sanguin dans le système vasculaire de micro-circulation. Le dispositif comprend une source de rayonnement pour éclairer un tissu biologique examiné, un photo-récepteur pour enregistrer le rayonnement rétro-réfléchi du tissu biologique examiné, une unité électronique de filtration du signal enregistré par le photo-récepteur comprenant un convertisseur analogique-numérique et une unité de moyennage du signal numérisé pour moyenner le signal utile avec un signal d'éclairage de fond et moyenner le signal d'éclairage de fond selon les valeurs mesurées de signaux, respectivement, une unité de calcul d'éclairage de fond comprenant un dispositif de mémoire ROM pour stocker des valeurs moyennes calculées respectivement du signal d'éclairage de fond et du signal global et une unité différentielle pour calculer le signal moyenné d'éclairage de fond à partir du signal global moyenné, une unité de féinition et d'indication d'indicateur de perfusion du tissu biologique étudié permettant de calculer un indicateur de perfusion du tissu biologique étudié sur la base d'une composante constante normalisée du signal utile et de représenter ladite valeur, une unité de commande et de synchronisation permettant de générer des impulsions rectangulaires de commande avec un rapport cyclique de 50% et dont les sorties sont connectées à une source de rayonnement et à des entrées de synchronisation respectivement du convertisseur analogique-numérique, de l'unité de moyennage du signal numérisé et du dispositif de mémoire ROM. La source de rayonnement se présente sous forme d'au moins trois diodes IR émettant dans une plage de longueur d'onde de 800-820 nm, et disposées à égale distance les unes des autres radialement autour du photorécepteur et de manière affleurante avec la surface de travail du phototécepteur. La sortie du photorécepteur est connectée à l'entrée informatique principale du convertisseur analogique-numérique de l'unité électronique de filtration, la sortie du convertisseur analogique-numérique est connectée à l'entrée informatique principale de l'unité de moyennage du signal numérisé, la sortie de l'unité de moyennage du signal numérisé est connectée à l'entrée informatique principale du dispositif de mémoire ROM dont la sortie est connectée à l'entrée de l'unité différentielle, et la sortie de l'unité différentielle est connectée à l'entrée de l'unité de détermination et d'indication de l'indicateur de perfusion.
PCT/RU2017/000064 2016-12-26 2017-02-09 Dispositif de mesure non invasive du flux de micro-circulation sanguine WO2018124919A1 (fr)

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