WO2018098656A1 - 基于激光测振仪的机床切削振动实时监测装置及测振方法 - Google Patents

基于激光测振仪的机床切削振动实时监测装置及测振方法 Download PDF

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WO2018098656A1
WO2018098656A1 PCT/CN2016/107889 CN2016107889W WO2018098656A1 WO 2018098656 A1 WO2018098656 A1 WO 2018098656A1 CN 2016107889 W CN2016107889 W CN 2016107889W WO 2018098656 A1 WO2018098656 A1 WO 2018098656A1
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optical path
vibration
machine tool
laser
real
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李鹤
李晖
于浩
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Northeastern University China
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Northeastern University China
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01H—MEASUREMENT OF MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS OR ULTRASONIC, SONIC OR INFRASONIC WAVES
    • G01H9/00—Measuring mechanical vibrations or ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves by using radiation-sensitive means, e.g. optical means

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  • the invention belongs to the technical field of vibration testing, and particularly relates to a real-time monitoring device for detecting vibration of a machine tool based on a laser vibrometer and a vibration measuring method.
  • Machine tool cutting vibration testing is an important part of the machine tool development process. It is of great significance for understanding the weak links of the machine tool, structural optimization design, fault diagnosis and cutting stability prediction. Because the laser vibrometer has the advantages of non-contact non-destructive testing, and the vibration measurement distance is adjustable, it can also achieve vibration testing in high-speed rotation, high-frequency, high-temperature environment, etc., so many machine tool enterprises hope to apply it to machine tool development and production process. In particular, it is used in real-time vibration monitoring of key components such as machine tool spindles and tool tips.
  • the present invention provides a real-time detecting device for detecting cutting vibration of a machine tool based on a laser vibrometer, and a detecting method thereof, the device comprising a laser vibrometer, a data collecting instrument and an industrial computer; The instrument is connected to the industrial computer through the data acquisition instrument.
  • the real-time detecting device for the cutting vibration of the machine tool based on the laser vibrometer is used in the laser vibrometer
  • the measuring point to be tested is provided with an optical path protector, the optical path protector comprising a plurality of optical path protection tubes and an optical path converter for connecting the converted optical path protection tubes; the optical path protection tubes can be spliced to each other and can be combined with the laser for vibration measurement
  • the instrument is matched so that the laser beam emitted by the laser vibrometer can be projected to any position of the machine structure, thereby obtaining the vibration response at any position when the machine is cutting vibration.
  • the optical path converter includes a bent outer casing and a mirror disposed in the outer casing for changing a laser light path, and the outer casing of the optical path converter can be spliced with the optical path protection cylinder.
  • the optical path protection cylinder is composed of a plurality of straight sleeves and can be expanded and contracted.
  • the optical path converter comprises several curved outer casings with different turning angles.
  • the optical path protector further includes a photometric head, the rear end of the photometric head is provided with a hollow optical channel, and the rear end can be connected with the optical path protection tube, the front end Set to have a conversion angle Degree of commutation mirror.
  • the optical path protection tube is provided with a scale, the scale has a ruler, and the ruler can be disposed at two ends of the optical path protection tube, one end of the scale is fixedly disposed on the ruler seat, and the other end can slide relative to the ruler seat, and the optical path can be conveniently measured.
  • the size of the protective cylinder is provided with a scale, the scale has a ruler, and the ruler can be disposed at two ends of the optical path protection tube, one end of the scale is fixedly disposed on the ruler seat, and the other end can slide relative to the ruler seat, and the optical path can be conveniently measured.
  • the size of the protective cylinder is provided with a scale, the scale has a ruler, and the ruler can be disposed at two ends of the optical path protection tube, one end of the scale is fixedly disposed on the ruler seat, and the other end can slide relative to the ruler seat, and the optical path can be conveniently measured.
  • the size of the protective cylinder is provided with a scale, the scale has a ruler, and the ruler can be disposed
  • the optical path protector further includes a rotating base, one end of the rotating base can be connected to the optical path protection tube, and the other end can be connected to the optical path converter, and the rotating seat is provided with a rotating angle disk and a pointer.
  • a bevel gear train capable of adjusting the angle of the rotating base is provided in the rotating base, and the bevel gear train is driven by a stepping motor. It is also possible to adjust the angle of the swivel seat by means of a worm gear, wherein the worm is driven by a manual knob.
  • the optical path protector also includes a horizontal angle disc that can be placed on the machine tool.
  • the machine tool cutting vibration real-time detecting device further comprises a vibrometer protection box, wherein the vibrometer protection box is provided with a strong magnet, which can be arranged on the machine tool through a strong magnet.
  • Step 1 Adjust the machine to be tested to the normal working state, and install the laser vibrometer through the vibrometer protection box on the upper end of the machine headstock;
  • Step 2 Install the optical path protector at the lower end of the spindle box of the machine tool
  • Step 3 Adjust the position and angle of the optical measuring head, the optical path protection tube and the reversing mirror respectively, to ensure that the laser beam emitted by the laser vibrometer can be projected to a certain measuring point of the machine to be tested and record their respective Corresponding rotation angle disc, position or angle corresponding to the horizontal angle disc pointer and the position of the scale on the optical path protection cylinder, so that the next measurement position can be quickly adjusted to the next measurement position;
  • Step 4 Perform a idling vibration test of the machine tool to evaluate whether the connection form of the optical path protector meets the requirements of real-time vibration measurement. If yes, proceed to step 5, if not, repeat step 4 until it meets the requirements;
  • Step 5 Carry out a formal experiment, input different parameters such as speed, feed rate, cutting thickness and depth of cut in the CNC machine system. Under complicated cutting conditions, obtain a certain measuring point of the machine tool through the laser vibrometer. The position of the vibration response, and the time domain waveform of the vibration signal is recorded in real time by the data acquisition instrument, and then the spectrum of the vibration response is obtained by the spectrum analysis method.
  • the evaluation method for evaluating whether the connection form of the optical path protector satisfies the requirements of real-time vibration measurement described in step 4 is as follows:
  • Step 4-1 Firstly, the laser beam emitted by the laser vibrometer is projected onto the tool nose point of the machine tool, and the rotation speed is respectively set to the low, medium and high three-speed idle speed gear position, and the machine tool is started to idle;
  • Step 4-2 Under any idle speed position, test the vibration response of a certain measuring point position, test each speed position three times, and record its time domain waveform through the data acquisition instrument, and then obtain the spectrum analysis method. The spectrum of its vibration response;
  • Step 4-3 Compare the fundamental frequency, 2 times frequency and 3 times frequency amplitude of the vibration spectrum obtained by the three tests respectively. If the fundamental frequency A 0 , A' 0 , A'' 0 , 2 times the frequency A obtained by the three tests 2 , A' 2 , A'' 2 and 3 octave amplitudes A 3 , A' 3 , A" 3 satisfy the following formula, which proves that the test repeatability index value S is better, and the optical path protector used is connected. The form can meet the requirements of real-time vibration measurement. If the following formula is not satisfied, the connection form of the optical path protector (for example, the support member and the viscoelastic vibration-damping material) needs to be adjusted until it meets the requirements.
  • the connection form of the optical path protector for example, the support member and the viscoelastic vibration-damping material
  • a 0 , A′ 0 , A′′ 0 are the fundamental frequency amplitudes of the vibration response spectrum obtained by the first, second and third tests, respectively;
  • Step 4-4 Obtain the test repeatability index value S at the low, medium, and high three-speed idle speeds respectively. If it can satisfy the formula (1), proceed to the next step. If not, continue to adjust the optical path protector. Connection form until it meets the requirements;
  • Figure 1 is a schematic view showing the structure of an embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 2 is a schematic structural view of the optical path converter of Figure 1;
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic structural view of the optical path protection cylinder of FIG. 1;
  • Figure 4 is a schematic structural view of the horizontal angle disk of Figure 1;
  • Figure 5 is a schematic structural view of the photometric head of Figure 1;
  • 1-machine tool 2-tool, 3-laser vibrometer, 4-light path protection tube, 5-ray path adapter, 6-horizon angle plate, 7-shell, 8-mirror, 9-scale, 10 - Photometric head, 11-commutation mirror, 12-foot seat.
  • a real-time detecting device for detecting cutting vibration of a machine tool based on a laser vibrometer, and a detecting method thereof, the device comprising the laser vibrometer 3, a plurality of force sensors, vibration exciters, data acquisition devices, and industrial computers; the laser vibrometer 3 and the force sensors are connected to an industrial computer through a data acquisition device, and the vibration exciter and the force sensor can be disposed on the machine tool 1
  • the machine tool cutting vibration real-time detecting device of the laser vibrometer 3 of the present invention is provided with optical path protection between the laser vibrometer 3 and the tool 2 to be tested.
  • the optical path protector includes a plurality of optical path protection cylinders 4 and an optical path converter 5 for connecting the converted optical path protection cylinders 4; the optical path protection cylinders 4 can be spliced to each other and can be combined with the laser vibrometer 3
  • the optical path converter 5 comprises a curved outer casing 7 and a mirror 8 arranged in the outer casing 7 for changing the laser beam path, and the outer casing 7 of the optical path converter can be spliced with the optical path protection cylinder 4.
  • the optical path protection cylinder 4 is composed of a plurality of straight sleeves and is expandable and contractible.
  • the optical path converter comprises several curved outer casings with different turning angles.
  • the optical path protector further includes a photometric head 10, the rear end of the photometric head 10 is provided with a hollow optical channel, and the rear end can be associated with the optical path protection cylinder 4 Connected, the front end is provided with a diverting mirror 11 capable of converting an angle.
  • a scale 9 is disposed on the optical path protection cylinder 4, and the scale 9 is provided with a ruler 12, and the ruler 12 can be disposed at two ends of the optical path protection cylinder 4. One end of the scale 9 is fixedly disposed on the ruler 12, and the other end can be opposite to the ruler The seat 12 slides, and the length of the optical path protection cylinder 4 can be conveniently measured.
  • the optical path protector further includes a rotating base, one end of the rotating base can be connected to the optical path protection cylinder 4, and the other end can be connected to the optical path converter, and the rotating seat is provided with a rotating angle disk and a pointer.
  • a bevel gear train capable of adjusting the angle of the rotating base is provided in the rotating base, and the bevel gear train is driven by a stepping motor. It is also possible to adjust the angle of the swivel seat by means of a worm gear, wherein the worm is driven by a manual knob.
  • the optical path protector further comprises a horizontal angle disk 6 that can be placed on the machine tool 1.
  • the method for detecting a real-time detecting device for cutting vibration of a machine tool based on the laser vibrometer comprises the following steps:
  • Step 1 Adjust the machine tool 1 to be tested to the normal working state, and install the laser vibrometer 3 through the vibrometer protection box on the upper end of the spindle box of the machine tool 1;
  • Step 2 Install the optical path protector at the lower end position of the spindle head of the machine tool 1;
  • Step 3 Adjust the position and angle of the optical measuring head 10, the optical path protection cylinder 4 and the reversing mirror 11 respectively, and ensure that the laser beam emitted by the laser vibrometer 3 can be projected to a certain measuring point position of the machine tool to be tested. And recording their respective corresponding rotation angle discs, the position or angle corresponding to the pointer of the horizontal angle disc 6 and the position of the scale 9 on the optical path protection cylinder 4, so as to be able to quickly adjust to the last measurement position in the next test;
  • Step 4 Perform a idling vibration test of the machine tool 1 to evaluate whether the connection form of the optical path protector satisfies the requirements of real-time vibration measurement. If yes, proceed to step 5, if not, repeat step 4 until it meets the requirements;
  • Step 5 Carry out a formal experiment, input different parameters such as speed, feed rate, cutting thickness and depth of cut in the CNC machine system. Under complicated cutting conditions, obtain a certain measuring point of the machine tool through the laser vibrometer. The vibration response of the position, and the time domain waveform of the vibration signal is recorded in real time by the data acquisition instrument, and then the vibration is obtained by the spectrum analysis method. The spectrum of the dynamic response.
  • the evaluation method for evaluating whether the connection form of the optical path protector satisfies the requirements of real-time vibration measurement described in step 4 is as follows:
  • Step 4-1 Firstly, the laser beam emitted by the laser vibrometer is projected onto the tool nose point of the machine tool, and the rotation speed is respectively set to the low, medium and high three-speed idle speed gear position, and the machine tool 1 is started to idle;
  • Step 4-2 Under any idle speed position, test the vibration response of a certain measuring point position, test each speed position three times, and record its time domain waveform through the data acquisition instrument, and then obtain the spectrum analysis method. The spectrum of its vibration response;
  • Step 4-3 Compare the fundamental frequency, 2 times frequency and 3 times frequency amplitude of the vibration spectrum obtained by the three tests respectively. If the fundamental frequency A 0 , A' 0 , A'' 0 , 2 times the frequency A obtained by the three tests 2 , A' 2 , A'' 2 and 3 octave amplitudes A 3 , A' 3 , A" 3 satisfy the following formula, which proves that the test repeatability index value S is better, and the optical path protector used is connected. The form can meet the requirements of real-time vibration measurement. If the following formula is not satisfied, the connection form of the optical path protector (for example, the support member and the viscoelastic vibration-damping material) needs to be adjusted until it meets the requirements.
  • the connection form of the optical path protector for example, the support member and the viscoelastic vibration-damping material
  • a 0 , A′ 0 , A′′ 0 are the fundamental frequency amplitudes of the vibration response spectrum obtained by the first, second and third tests, respectively;
  • a 2 , A' 2 , A'' 2 are the 2 times amplitude of the vibration response spectrum obtained by the first, second and third tests;
  • a 3 , A' 3 , A′ 3 are the first and the first 3 times the amplitude of the vibration response spectrum obtained by the second and third tests;
  • Step 4-4 Obtain the test repeatability index value S at the low, medium, and high three-speed idle speeds respectively. If it can satisfy the formula (1), proceed to the next step. If not, continue to adjust the optical path protector. Connection form until it meets the requirements;

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  • Measurement Of Mechanical Vibrations Or Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)

Abstract

一种基于激光测振仪（3）的机床（1）切削振动实时监测装置及测振方法，装置包括激光测振仪（3）、数据采集仪及工业计算机；激光测振仪（3）通过数据采集仪连接至工业计算机，为了隔绝切削液等异物对激光测振仪（3）的影响，装置在激光测振仪（3）与待测测点设置有光路保护器，光路保护器包括若干个光路保护筒（4）和用于连接转折的光路保护筒（4）的光路转换器（5）；光路保护筒（4）能够相互拼接，且能够与激光测振仪（3）相配合，使得激光测振仪（3）发出的激光光束可以投射到机床（1）结构的任意位置，进而获得机床（1）切削振动时任意位置的振动响应情况。

Description

基于激光测振仪的机床切削振动实时监测装置及测振方法 技术领域：
本发明属于振动测试技术领域，具体涉及一种基于激光测振仪的机床切削振动实时监测装置及测振方法。
背景技术：
机床切削振动测试是机床研发过程中的一个重要环节，其对于了解机床的薄弱环节、结构优化设计、故障诊断、切削稳定性预测等都具有极其重要的意义。由于激光测振仪具有非接触无损测试的优点，且测振距离可调，还可以实现高速旋转、高频、高温等环境的振动测试，所以许多机床企业希望将其应用于机床研发、生产过程中，特别是应用于机床主轴、刀尖等关键部件的实时振动监测领域。但由于传统的单点激光测振仪外形尺寸较大，不方便移动，无法满足结构尺寸大、表面形状复杂的机床切削振动实时测试的需求，而且切削液、金属屑及设备本身均会对激光光路造成很大的干扰，行业内尚无一种合适的解决方案。虽然国内知名机床企业正在努力构建自己的性能测试能力，包括测试标准、测试流程、测试仪器和各种零部件实验台等，但一大部分性能测试都只停留在机床性能的出厂检测层面，真正为提高机床性能而进行的研究性测试技术，特别是在线测试技术还远远没有引起足够的重视。
发明内容：
为解决现有技术存在的问题，本发明提出一种基于激光测振仪的机床切削振动实时检测装置及检测方法，其装置包括激光测振仪、数据采集仪及工业计算机；所述激光测振仪通过数据采集仪连接至工业计算机，为了隔绝切削液等异物对激光测振仪的影响，本发明的一种基于激光测振仪的机床切削振动实时检测装置，该装置在激光测振仪与待测测点设置有光路保护器，所述光路保护器包括若干个光路保护筒和用于连接转折的光路保护筒的光路转换器；所述光路保护筒能够相互拼接，且能够与激光测振仪相配合，使得激光测振仪发出的激光光束可以投射到机床结构的任意位置，进而获得机床切削振动时任意位置的振动响应情况。
所述光路转换器包括折弯形的外壳及设置在外壳内的，用于改变激光光路的反光镜，光路转换器的外壳能够与光路保护筒相拼接。
由于机床的结构复杂，为了提高光路保护器的灵活性，所述光路保护筒为若干个直筒套装构成，且能够伸缩。
由于不同情况下的光路走向不同，为了更加灵活的设置光路保护器，所述光路转换器包括若干种带有不同的转折角度的拐形外壳。
为了更加灵活准确的测定机床刀具的工作状态，所述光路保护器还包括测光头，所述测光头的后端设置有中空的光通道，且后端能够与光路保护筒相连接，前端设置有能够转换角 度的换向镜。
在光路保护筒上设置有标尺，标尺带有尺座，尺座能够设置在光路保护筒的两端，标尺的一端固定设置在尺座上，另一端能够相对尺座滑动，能够方便的测量光路保护筒的尺寸。
所述光路保护器还包括旋转座，所述旋转座的一端能够与光路保护筒相连接，另外一端能够连接与光路转换器相连接，在旋转座上设置有旋转角度盘与指针。
作为旋转座的进一步改进，所述旋转座内设置有能够调整旋转座的角度的锥齿轮系，所述锥齿轮系通过步进电机带动。也可以通过蜗轮蜗杆调整旋转座的角度，其中蜗杆通过手动旋钮带动。
所述光路保护器还包括能够设置在机床上的水平角度盘。
所述机床切削振动实时检测装置还包括测振仪保护盒，所述测振仪保护盒上设置有强磁体，能够通过强磁体设置在机床上。
步骤1：将待测机床调整到正常工作状态，并将激光测振仪通过测振仪保护盒安装在机床主轴箱的上端；
步骤2：将光路保护器安装在机床的主轴箱下端位置；
步骤3：分别调整测光头、光路保护筒以及换向镜的位置和角度，确保可以将激光测振仪发出的激光光束投射到关注的待测机床的某个测点位置，并记录他们各自对应的旋转角度盘、水平角度盘指针对应的位置或角度以及光路保护筒上的标尺的位置，以方便下次测试时可以快速调整到上次测量位置；
步骤4：进行机床空转振动实验，以评价光路保护器的连接形式是否满足实时测振的要求，如果满足，则进行步骤5，如果不满足，则反复进行步骤4，直到其满足要求；
步骤5：开展正式实验，在数控机床系统中输入不同的转速、进给速度、切削厚度、切削深度等参数，在复杂的切削工况下，通过激光测振仪获取关注的机床某个测点位置的振动响应，并通过数据采集仪实时记录其振动信号的时域波形，进而通过频谱分析方法获得其振动响应的频谱。
步骤4中所述的评价光路保护器的连接形式是否满足实时测振的要求的评价方法把扩如下步骤：
步骤4-1：首先将激光测振仪发出的激光光束投射到机床主轴刀尖测点上，并将转速分别设置低、中、高三挡空转速度档位，同时启动机床进行空转；
步骤4-2：在任意空转速度档位下，测试关注的某个测点位置的振动响应，每个速度档位测试三次，并通过数据采集仪记录其时域波形，进而通过频谱分析方法获得其振动响应的频谱；
步骤4-3：比较三次测试分别获得的振动频谱的基频、2倍频以及3倍频幅值，如果三次测试获得的基频A0、A'0、A''0，2倍频A2、A'2、A''2以及3倍频幅值A3、A'3、A”3满足以下公式，则证明测试可重复性指标值S较好，所采用的光路保护器的连接形式可以满足实时测振的要求，如果不满足以下公式，则需要调整光路保护器的连接形式(例如增减支撑部件和粘弹性减振材料)，直到其满足要求，
S＝(A2+A'2+A''2)/(A0+A'0+A''0)+(A3+A'3+A”3)/(A0+A'0+A''0)≤1％,
式中，S为测试可重复性指标值，A0、A'0、A''0分别为第一次、第二次和第三次测试获得的振动响应频谱的基频幅值；A2、A'2、A″2为第一次、第二次和第三次测试获得的振动响应频谱的2倍频幅值；A3、A'3、A”3为第一次、第二次和第三次测试获得的振动响应频谱的3倍频幅值；
步骤4-4：分别在低、中、高三挡空转速度获得测试可重复性指标值S，如果其可以满足公式(1)，则进行下一个步骤，如果不满足，则继续调整光路保护器的连接形式，直到其满足要求；
附图说明：
图1是本发明的一个实施例的结构示意图；
图2是图1的光路转换器的结构示意图；
图3是图1的光路保护筒的结构示意图；
图4是图1的水平角度盘的结构示意图；
图5是图1的测光头的结构示意图；
其中：1-机床，2-刀具，3-激光测振仪，4-光路保护筒，5-光路转接器，6-水平角度盘，7-外壳，8-反光镜，9-标尺，10-测光头，11-换向镜，12-尺座。
具体实施方式：
下面结合附图及实施例对本发明做进一步详细说明，如图1～图4所示，一种基于激光测振仪的机床切削振动实时检测装置及检测方法，其装置包括激光测振仪3、若干个力传感器、激振器、数据采集仪及工业计算机；所述激光测振仪3与力传感器均通过数据采集仪连接至工业计算机，所述激振器与力传感器均能够设置在机床1上，为了隔绝切削液等异物对激光测振仪3的影响，本发明的激光测振仪3的机床切削振动实时检测装置在激光测振仪3与待测的刀具2之间设置有光路保护器，所述光路保护器包括若干个光路保护筒4和用于连接转折的光路保护筒4的光路转换器5；所述光路保护筒4能够相互拼接，且能够与激光测振仪3 相配合，所述光路转换器5包括拐形的外壳7及设置在外壳7内的，用于改变激光光路的反光镜8，光路转换器的外壳7能够与光路保护筒4相拼接。
由于机床的结构复杂，为了提高光路保护器的灵活性，所述光路保护筒4为若干个直筒套装构成，且能够伸缩。
由于不同情况下的光路走向不同，为了更加灵活的设置光路保护器，所述光路转换器包括若干种带有不同的转折角度的拐形外壳。
为了更加灵活准确的测定机床刀具的工作状态，所述光路保护器还包括测光头10，所述测光头10的后端设置有中空的光通道，且后端能够与光路保护筒4相连接，前端设置有能够转换角度的换向镜11。
在光路保护筒4上设置有标尺9，标尺9带有尺座12，尺座12能够设置在光路保护筒4的两端，标尺9的一端固定设置在尺座12上，另一端能够相对尺座12滑动，能够方便的测量光路保护筒4的长度。
所述光路保护器还包括旋转座，所述旋转座的一端能够与光路保护筒4相连接，另外一端能够连接与光路转换器相连接，在旋转座上设置有旋转角度盘与指针。
作为旋转座的进一步改进，所述旋转座内设置有能够调整旋转座的角度的锥齿轮系，所述锥齿轮系通过步进电机带动。也可以通过蜗轮蜗杆调整旋转座的角度，其中蜗杆通过手动旋钮带动。
所述光路保护器还包括能够设置在机床1上的水平角度盘6。
采用所述基于激光测振仪的机床切削振动实时检测装置的检测方法，包括如下步骤：
步骤1：将待测机床1调整到正常工作状态，并将激光测振仪3通过测振仪保护盒安装在机床1主轴箱的上端；
步骤2：将光路保护器安装在机床1的主轴箱下端位置；
步骤3：分别调整测光头10、光路保护筒4以及换向镜11的位置和角度，确保可以将激光测振仪3发出的激光光束投射到关注的待测机床的某个测点位置，并记录他们各自对应的旋转角度盘、水平角度盘6指针对应的位置或角度以及光路保护筒4上的标尺9的位置，以方便下次测试时可以快速调整到上次测量位置；
步骤4：进行机床1空转振动实验，以评价光路保护器的连接形式是否满足实时测振的要求，如果满足，则进行步骤5，如果不满足，则反复进行步骤4，直到其满足要求；
步骤5：开展正式实验，在数控机床系统中输入不同的转速、进给速度、切削厚度、切削深度等参数，在复杂的切削工况下，通过激光测振仪获取关注的机床某个测点位置的振动响应，并通过数据采集仪实时记录其振动信号的时域波形，进而通过频谱分析方法获得其振 动响应的频谱。
步骤4中所述的评价光路保护器的连接形式是否满足实时测振的要求的评价方法把扩如下步骤：
步骤4-1：首先将激光测振仪发出的激光光束投射到机床主轴刀尖测点上，并将转速分别设置低、中、高三挡空转速度档位，同时启动机床1进行空转；
步骤4-2：在任意空转速度档位下，测试关注的某个测点位置的振动响应，每个速度档位测试三次，并通过数据采集仪记录其时域波形，进而通过频谱分析方法获得其振动响应的频谱；
步骤4-3：比较三次测试分别获得的振动频谱的基频、2倍频以及3倍频幅值，如果三次测试获得的基频A0、A'0、A''0，2倍频A2、A'2、A''2以及3倍频幅值A3、A'3、A”3满足以下公式，则证明测试可重复性指标值S较好，所采用的光路保护器的连接形式可以满足实时测振的要求，如果不满足以下公式，则需要调整光路保护器的连接形式(例如增减支撑部件和粘弹性减振材料)，直到其满足要求，
S＝(A2+A'2+A''2)/(A0+A'0+A''0)+(A3+A'3+A”3)/(A0+A'0+A''0)≤1％,
式中，S为测试可重复性指标值，A0、A'0、A''0分别为第一次、第二次和第三次测试获得的振动响应频谱的基频幅值；A2、A'2、A''2为第一次、第二次和第三次测试获得的振动响应频谱的2倍频幅值；A3、A'3、A”3为第一次、第二次和第三次测试获得的振动响应频谱的3倍频幅值；
步骤4-4：分别在低、中、高三挡空转速度获得测试可重复性指标值S，如果其可以满足公式(1)，则进行下一个步骤，如果不满足，则继续调整光路保护器的连接形式，直到其满足要求；

Claims (11)

  1. 一种基于激光测振仪的机床切削振动实时检测装置，其特征在于：包括激光测振仪、数据采集仪及工业计算机；所述激光测振仪通过数据采集仪连接至工业计算机，为了隔绝切削液等异物对激光测振仪的影响，本发明的一种基于激光测振仪的机床切削振动实时检测装置，该装置在激光测振仪与待测测点设置有光路保护器，所述光路保护器包括若干个光路保护筒和用于连接转折的光路保护筒的光路转换器；所述光路保护筒能够相互拼接，且能够与激光测振仪相配合，使得激光测振仪发出的激光光束可以投射到机床结构的任意位置，进而获得机床切削振动时任意位置的振动响应情况。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的基于激光测振仪的机床切削振动实时检测装置，其特征在于：所述光路转换器包括折弯形的外壳及设置在外壳内的，用于改变激光光路的反光镜，光路转换器的外壳能够与光路保护筒相拼接。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的基于激光测振仪的机床切削振动实时检测装置，其特征在于：为了提高光路保护器的灵活性，所述光路保护筒为若干个直筒套装构成，且能够伸缩。
  4. 根据权利要求2所述的基于激光测振仪的机床切削振动实时检测装置，其特征在于：所述光路转换器包括若干种带有不同的转折角度的拐形外壳。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的基于激光测振仪的机床切削振动实时检测装置，其特征在于：所述光路保护器还包括测光头，所述测光头的后端设置有中空的光通道，且后端能够与光路保护筒相连接，前端设置有能够转换角度的换向镜。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的基于激光测振仪的机床切削振动实时检测装置，其特征在于：在光路保护筒上设置有标尺，标尺带有尺座，尺座能够设置在光路保护筒的两端，标尺的一端固定设置在尺座上，另一端能够相对尺座滑动，能够方便的测量光路保护筒的尺寸。
  7. 根据权利要求6所述的基于激光测振仪的机床切削振动实时检测装置，其特征在于：所述光路保护器还包括旋转座，所述旋转座的一端能够与光路保护筒相连接，另外一端能够连接与光路转换器相连接，在旋转座上设置有旋转角度盘与指针。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的基于激光测振仪的机床切削振动实时检测装置，其特征在于：所述旋转座内设置有能够调整旋转座的角度的锥齿轮系，所述锥齿轮系通过步进电机带动。也可以通过蜗轮蜗杆调整旋转座的角度，其中蜗杆通过手动旋钮带动。
  9. 根据权利要求1所述的基于激光测振仪的机床切削振动实时检测装置，其特征在于：所述光路保护器还包括能够设置在机床上的水平角度盘。
  10. 根据权利要求1所述的基于激光测振仪的机床切削振动实时检测装置，其特征在于：所述机床切削振动实时检测装置还包括测振仪保护盒，所述测振仪保护盒上设置有强磁体，能够通过强磁体设置在机床上。
  11. 一种利用权利要求1所述的基于激光测振仪的机床切削振动实时检测装置的测振方法，其特征在于：包括如下步骤：
    步骤1：将待测机床调整到正常工作状态，并将激光测振仪通过测振仪保护盒安装在机床主轴箱的上端；
    步骤2：将光路保护器安装在机床的主轴箱下端位置；
    步骤3：分别调整测光头、光路保护筒以及换向镜的位置和角度，确保可以将激光测振仪发出的激光光束投射到关注的待测机床的某个测点位置，并记录他们各自对应的旋转角度盘、水平角度盘指针对应的位置或角度以及光路保护筒上的标尺的位置，以方便下次测试时可以快速调整到上次测量位置；
    步骤4：进行机床空转振动实验，以评价光路保护器的连接形式是否满足实时测振的要求，如果满足，则进行步骤5，如果不满足，则反复进行步骤4，直到其满足要求；
    步骤5：开展正式实验，在数控机床系统中输入不同的转速、进给速度、切削厚度、切削深度等参数，在复杂的切削工况下，通过激光测振仪获取关注的机床某个测点位置的振动响应，并通过数据采集仪实时记录其振动信号的时域波形，进而通过频谱分析方法获得其振动响应的频谱。
    步骤4中所述的评价光路保护器的连接形式是否满足实时测振的要求的评价方法把扩如下步骤：
    步骤4-1：首先将激光测振仪发出的激光光束投射到机床主轴刀尖测点上，并将转速分别设置低、中、高三挡空转速度档位，同时启动机床进行空转；
    步骤4-2：在任意空转速度档位下，测试关注的某个测点位置的振动响应，每个速度档位测试三次，并通过数据采集仪记录其时域波形，进而通过频谱分析方法获得其振动响应的频谱；
    步骤4-3：比较三次测试分别获得的振动频谱的基频、2倍频以及3倍频幅值，如果三次测试获得的基频A0、A'0、A″0，2倍频A2、A'2、A″2以及3倍频幅值A3、A′3、A″3满足以下公式，则证明测试可重复性指标值S较好，所采用的光路保护器的连接形式可以满足实时测振的要求，如果不满足以下公式，则需要调整光路保护器的连接形式(例如增减支撑部件和粘弹性减振材料)，直到其满足要求，
    S＝(A2+A'2+A″2)/(A0+A'0+A″0)+(A3+A′3+A″3)/(A0+A'0+A″0)≤1％,
    式中，S为测试可重复性指标值，A0、A'0、A″0分别为第一次、第二次和第三次测试获得的振动响应频谱的基频幅值；A2、A'2、A″2为第一次、第二次和第三次测试获得的振动响应频谱的 2倍频幅值；A3、A′3、A″3为第一次、第二次和第三次测试获得的振动响应频谱的3倍频幅值；
    步骤4-4：分别在低、中、高三挡空转速度获得测试可重复性指标值S，如果其可以满足公式(1)，则进行下一个步骤，如果不满足，则继续调整光路保护器的连接形式，直到其满足要求；
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