WO2018098644A1 - 一种以亲水耐压缩气凝胶作为正渗透汲取物汲取净水的方法 - Google Patents

一种以亲水耐压缩气凝胶作为正渗透汲取物汲取净水的方法 Download PDF

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WO2018098644A1
WO2018098644A1 PCT/CN2016/107814 CN2016107814W WO2018098644A1 WO 2018098644 A1 WO2018098644 A1 WO 2018098644A1 CN 2016107814 W CN2016107814 W CN 2016107814W WO 2018098644 A1 WO2018098644 A1 WO 2018098644A1
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water
hydrophilic
aerogel
freeze
sodium alginate
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French (fr)
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张捍民
于明川
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Dalian University of Technology
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Dalian University of Technology
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Priority to US16/069,613 priority patent/US10576421B2/en
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/002—Forward osmosis or direct osmosis
    • B01D61/005—Osmotic agents; Draw solutions
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
    • B01J20/20—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising free carbon; comprising carbon obtained by carbonising processes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
    • B01J20/20—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising free carbon; comprising carbon obtained by carbonising processes
    • B01J20/205—Carbon nanostructures, e.g. nanotubes, nanohorns, nanocones, nanoballs
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/22—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising organic material
    • B01J20/24—Naturally occurring macromolecular compounds, e.g. humic acids or their derivatives
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/28—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J20/28014—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their form
    • B01J20/28047—Gels
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
    • B01J20/3085—Chemical treatments not covered by groups B01J20/3007 - B01J20/3078
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/001—Processes for the treatment of water whereby the filtration technique is of importance
    • C02F1/002—Processes for the treatment of water whereby the filtration technique is of importance using small portable filters for producing potable water, e.g. personal travel or emergency equipment, survival kits, combat gear
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
    • C02F1/283—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption using coal, charred products, or inorganic mixtures containing them
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
    • C02F1/286—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption using natural organic sorbents or derivatives thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
    • C02F1/445—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis by forward osmosis

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to environmental engineering technology
  • the research relates to the use of hydrophilic and compression-resistant aerogel as a positive osmotic extract to extract purified water, and particularly relates to the innovation of extracting materials in portable water-repellent devices used in military and emergency rescue fields.
  • Positive osmosis is a physical phenomenon in which water passes through a selective semipermeable membrane spontaneously from a region with a high water chemical position (low osmotic pressure side) to a region with a low water chemical position (high osmotic pressure side).
  • Phenomena can be used to extract drinking water from sewage or seawater.
  • the membrane filtration technologies such as microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis which have been widely used
  • the forward osmosis technology has high desalination ability, does not require external driving force, and requires low mechanical strength of the membrane material. Low consumption, small trend of membrane fouling and low system requirements for influent water quality.
  • the technology has been studied theoretically and practically at various angles and deep levels. It has been successfully tried in seawater desalination, power generation, sewage treatment, drug slow release, food concentration and so on.
  • Water extraction package developed by HTI It is one of the commercial applications of forward osmosis technology. It is mainly used for direct access to drinking water from dirty water in the absence of drinking water such as military and disaster relief.
  • the structure is specifically: a sealed bag made of a positive osmosis membrane, in which an edible extract (sugar or beverage powder) is placed.
  • an edible extract sucgar or beverage powder
  • the membrane pack When the membrane pack is immersed in dirty water, the water diffuses into the membrane pack under osmotic pressure, and the diluted draw solution is a drinkable aqueous solution. This process does not require additional energy.
  • the water obtained is free from biological and external organic matter and can be directly consumed. It is suitable for use in field rescue and military fields.
  • Aerogels are a class of functional materials with high porosity, low density and large specific surface area, which have different physical and chemical properties depending on their composition. Gao The two-dimensional graphene and one-dimensional carbon nanotubes are combined, and the hydrophobic aerogel is prepared by physical blending, freeze-drying and chemical reduction. After repeated compression for 1000 times, the original size is still maintained. °C and It maintains good elasticity at 300 °C and is called 'super sponge'.
  • the invention prepares the hydrophilic and compressed aerogel as the positive permeation extract, can completely avoid the reverse permeation of the extraction liquid, and the regeneration of the extracted water does not need any complicated physical or chemical means, and only relies on manpower for simple compression. It can complete the process of extracting water from the sewage multiple times, and it is easy to operate, and the water production has no audience limit. It is especially suitable for military and emergency rescue fields.
  • the invention provides a preparation method of a hydrophilic and reversible compressed aerogel, and is applied to positive infiltration as a extract to complete purified water extraction.
  • the aerogel solid structure can completely avoid reverse osmosis of the extract; high hydrophilicity, can maintain a high positive permeate water flux; can be repeatedly compressed under the action of low external force, ensuring convenient and fast as a positive osmosis extract Low-cost sewage purification and self-regeneration.
  • a method for extracting purified water by using a hydrophilic and resistant compressed aerogel as a positive permeate extract the steps are as follows:
  • Step 1 Prepare a mixed solution of sodium alginate and GO, and stir it evenly until the mass ratio of sodium alginate to GO is 100. :1 ⁇ 8:1, the concentration of GO is 0.2 ⁇ 2.5 mg/mL.
  • Step 2 adding CaCl 2 aqueous solution to the mixed solution of step 1, controlling the molar ratio of CaCl 2 to sodium alginate (C 6 H 7 O 6 Na ) n repeating sugar unit is 3 ⁇ 1:1, and standing at room temperature for 24 ⁇ 48 h, the formed hydrogel was taken out, placed in deionized water, allowed to stand at room temperature, and deionized water was replaced every 3 hours, until the conductivity of the deionized water after replacement did not increase significantly (providing unreacted raw materials) And inorganic salts have been basically removed).
  • Step 3 Pre-freeze the hydrogel obtained in step 2 at -25 °C ⁇ -15 °C for 2 ⁇ 4 h
  • the frozen hydrogel was taken out for freeze-drying, the lyophilization time was 24 to 48 h, and the lyophilization temperature was -60 to -90 °C to obtain a hydrophilic recompressible aerogel.
  • Hydrophilic recompressible aerogel as a portable osmosis device - hydration bag
  • the extract replacing the current sugar extract.
  • the hydration bag is placed in contaminated water, and the water molecules are extracted from the polluted water through the forward osmosis membrane using the aerogel hydrophilicity and hydrophobic ability. After that, open The hydration bag water outlet, through the human compression hydration bag, allows the water-saturated aerogel to release water molecules, so that you can get clean water that can be directly consumed.
  • the aerogel is used as the forward osmosis extract for the first time, which can completely avoid reverse osmosis and maintain high water flux, and greatly simplifies the process of reclaiming and producing water.
  • Graphene oxide GO And sodium alginate as a raw material, through gelation, replacement, lyophilization, etc., to prepare aerogel with strong water absorption and repeated compression ability.
  • GO As an important intermediate in the preparation of graphene by chemical method, the structure contains a large number of hydrophilic groups (carboxyl groups, hydroxyl groups), which has better hydrophilicity and easy modification than graphene, and also provides a large number of reaction sites.
  • alginic acid has a wide range of raw materials, low cost, strong hydrophilicity, and easy gel formation. Alginic acid and GO crosslinks each other to further improve the structural stability and hydrophilicity of the formed aerogel.
  • Sodium alginate - Graphene oxide aerogel preparation 200 ml of 2 wt% aqueous sodium alginate was added to a 500 mL beaker, stirred, and 50 mg of GO was added for 2 h. After the solution was uniformly mixed, 29 mL of 0.24 mol/L CaCl 2 aqueous solution was added, uniformly mixed, poured into a mold, and allowed to stand at room temperature for 24 h. Thereafter, the hydrogel was taken out, placed in deionized water, allowed to stand at room temperature, and deionized water was replaced every 3 hours, until the conductivity of the deionized water after the replacement did not increase significantly.
  • the replaced hydrogel was placed in a refrigerator at -25 °C for pre-freezing for 2 h (depending on the volume of the hydrogel, based on the overall solidification), followed by freeze-drying, lyophilization time of 48 h, lyophilization temperature is -90 °C. After the lyophilization is completed, a hydrophilic aerogel can be repeatedly compressed.
  • Seawater desalination application 6 g dry aerogel as a positive osmosis extract, placed in a hydration bag, will The hydration bag is immersed in seawater raw material. After standing still, the water is saturated, remove, open the hydration bag, and squeeze the hydration bag. , the clean water flows out of the water outlet.
  • Preparation of sodium alginate - graphene oxide aerogel 400 ml of 2 wt% aqueous sodium alginate was added to a 1000 mL beaker, stirred, and 100 mg of GO was added for 4 h. After the solution was uniformly mixed, 58 mL of 0.24 mol/L CaCl 2 aqueous solution was added, uniformly mixed, poured into a mold, and allowed to stand at room temperature for 48 h. Thereafter, the hydrogel was taken out, placed in deionized water, allowed to stand at room temperature, and deionized water was replaced every 3 hours, until the conductivity of the deionized water after the replacement did not increase significantly.
  • the replaced hydrogel was placed in a refrigerator at -25 °C for pre-freezing for 4 h (depending on the volume of the hydrogel, based on the overall solidification), followed by freeze-drying, lyophilization time of 48 h, lyophilization temperature is -90 °C. After the lyophilization is completed, a hydrophilic aerogel can be repeatedly compressed.
  • Rainwater regeneration application 12 g dry aerogel is used as a positive osmosis extract in a hydration bag. Take the actual collection of rainwater as the raw material solution and immerse the hydration bag in the raw material solution. After standing still, the water is saturated, take it out, open the hydration bag, and squeeze it gently. Hydration bag, the clean water flows out of the water outlet.
  • Sodium alginate - Graphene oxide aerogel preparation 2000 ml 2 wt% aqueous sodium alginate solution was added to a 5000 mL beaker, stirred, 500 mg GO was added, and ultrasonication was carried out for 4 h. After the solution was uniformly mixed, 290 mL of 0.24 mol/L CaCl 2 aqueous solution was added, uniformly mixed, poured into a mold, and allowed to stand at room temperature for 48 h. Thereafter, the hydrogel was taken out, placed in deionized water, allowed to stand at room temperature, and deionized water was replaced every 3 hours, until the conductivity of the deionized water after the replacement did not increase significantly.
  • the replaced hydrogel was placed in a refrigerator at -25 °C for pre-freezing for 4 h (depending on the volume of the hydrogel, based on the overall solidification), followed by freeze-drying, lyophilization time of 48 h, lyophilization temperature is -90 °C. After the lyophilization is completed, a hydrophilic aerogel can be repeatedly compressed.
  • Sewage purification application in a dual chamber forward osmosis unit Among them, one side is the raw material liquid chamber, the domestic sewage is introduced, and the other side is the extraction liquid chamber, the aerogel is placed as the extract, and the piston plate is placed close to the aerogel.
  • the sewage is introduced into the raw material liquid chamber, and the aerogel is saturated, and the aerogel is repeatedly compressed by the piston plate of the liquid extraction chamber, and the purified water is obtained through the outlet of the liquid extraction chamber. Aerogel repeated absorption, compression release After 1000 times, effective drowning-water release can still be carried out in the forward osmosis unit, and the water production rate is high and stable, without large attenuation.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Nanotechnology (AREA)
  • Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)

Abstract

一种以亲水耐压缩气凝胶作为正渗透汲取物汲取净水的方法，包括如下步骤：1）配制海藻酸钠与氧化石墨烯（GO）的混合溶液，超声搅拌均匀，其中海藻酸钠与GO的质量比为100:1~8:1，GO的浓度为0.2~2.5mg/mL；2）向步骤1）的混合溶液加入CaCl 2水溶液，控制CaCl 2与海藻酸钠中糖单元的摩尔比为3~1:1；室温静置24~48h，将形成的水凝胶取出置于去离子水中，室温静置，每隔3h更换一次去离子水，反复直至置换后去离子水电导率不再增加为止；3）将步骤2）得到的水凝胶置于-25℃~-15℃中预冷冻2~4h，取出冷冻后水凝胶进行冷冻干燥，冻干时间为24~48h，冻干温度为-60~-90℃，得到亲水耐压缩气凝胶；4）将步骤3）得到的亲水耐压缩气凝胶作为正渗透中的汲取物，用于污水或苦咸水提取净水过程。适用于军事和应急救灾等领域所用便携式净水装置中。

Description

一种以亲水耐压缩气凝胶作为正渗透汲取物汲取净水的方法
技术领域
本发明属于 环境工程 技术 领域，涉及到以亲水耐压缩气凝胶作为正渗透汲取物汲取净水的研究，特别涉及到应用于军事和应急救灾等领域的便携式汲水装置中汲取物的革新。
背景技术
正渗透是一种物理现象，即水透过选择性半透膜自发地从水化学位高的区域（低渗透压侧）向水化学位低的区域（高渗透压侧）传递的过程，该现象可用于从污水或海水中提取饮用水。与已经得到广泛应用的微滤、超滤、纳滤和反渗透等膜过滤技术相比，正渗透技术具有脱盐能力高，不需要外加驱动力，对膜材料机械强度要求较低，汲水能耗低，膜污染趋势小和系统对进水水质要求低等优点。鉴于正渗透所具有的显著优势，该技术已经得到多角度、深层次的理论研究和实践探索，在海水脱盐、发电、污水处理、药物缓释、食品浓缩等方面都有较为成功的尝试。
HTI 公司开发的水提取包（ hydration bag ）是正渗透技术商业化应用之一，主要用于军事及救灾应急等饮用水缺乏情况下，从脏水中直接获得饮用水。结构具体为：由正渗透膜做成一个密封的包，里面放有可食用的汲取物（糖类或饮料粉未）。当把这种膜包浸入脏水中时，水在渗透压作用下扩散进入膜包，稀释的汲取溶液就是可饮用的水溶液。这一过程不需要外加能源，得到的水没有生物和外在有机物的污染，可直接饮用，适用于野外救生和军事领域。
虽然正渗透技术已经备受关注，但汲取液反向渗透及再生过程复杂耗能等关键问题仍制约其广泛应用和发展。目前，无机盐类、天然大分子类、合成大分子化合物类、水凝胶类、聚合电解质和磁性纳米颗粒等已经被广泛研究的汲取液均无法解决汲取液反向渗透和再生过程复杂耗能的问题。温敏、电敏等刺激响应型水凝胶作为汲取液，尽管可以完全避免反向渗透，但其再生过程仍存在耗时长、耗能高等问题。 hydration bag 以葡萄糖、果糖、浓缩果汁等可食用溶质作为汲取物质，但产水含糖，受众面有限，且该汲取物为一次性利用，需要频繁更换。
气凝胶是一类高孔隙率、低密度、大比表面积的功能材料，根据其组成成分不同而具有不同的理化性质。 Gao 等将二维的石墨烯和一维的碳纳米管结合，经物理共混、冷冻干燥和化学还原等步骤制得疏水气凝胶，反复压缩 1000 次后仍基本保持原有尺寸，在 -196 ℃和 300 ℃下均能保持良好的弹性，被称为'超级海绵'。
本发明制备亲水性好、耐压缩气凝胶作为正渗透汲取物，可以完全避免汲取液反向渗透，且汲取物释水再生无需借助任何复杂的物理或化学手段，仅依靠人力进行简单压缩即可完成从污水中多次提取净水过程，操作简便，产水无受众范围限制，特别适合用于军事和应急救灾等领域所用 hydration bag 的汲取液革新。
发明内容
本发明提供一种亲水性好、可反复压缩气凝胶制备方法，并应用于正渗透作为汲取物完成净水提取。气凝胶固体结构，能够完全避免汲取物反向渗透；高亲水性，能够保持较高的正渗透水通量；低外力作用下可反复压缩，保障作为正渗透汲取物可以方便、快捷、低耗完成污水提纯和自身再生。
本发明的技术方案：
一种以亲水耐压缩气凝胶作为正渗透汲取物汲取净水的方法，步骤如下：
步骤 1 ：配制海藻酸钠与 GO 的混合溶液，超声搅拌至均匀，其中，海藻酸钠与 GO 的质量比为 100 :1~8:1 ， GO 的浓度为 0.2~2.5 mg/mL 。
步骤 2 ：向步骤 1 的混合溶液加入 CaCl2 水溶液，控制 CaCl2 与海藻酸钠 （ C6H7O6Na ) n 中重复糖单元的摩尔比为 3~1:1 ，室温静置 24~48 h ，将形成的水凝胶取出，置于去离子水中，室温静置，每隔 3h 更换一次去离子水，反复直至置换后的去离子水电导率没有明显增加为止（证明未反应的原料和无机盐已经基本除去）。
步骤 3 ：将步骤 2 得到的水凝胶置于 -25 ℃ ~-15 ℃中预冷冻 2~4 h ，取出冷冻后水凝胶进行冷冻干燥，冻干时间为 24~48 h ，冻干温度为 -60~-90 ℃，得到亲水性可反复压缩气凝胶。
将亲水性可反复压缩气凝胶作为便携式正渗透装置 - hydration bag 的汲取物，替代现用糖类汲取物。将该 hydration bag 置于被污染的水中，利用气凝胶亲水性和汲水能力，通过正渗透膜从被污染水中汲取水分子。之后，打开 hydration bag 出水口，通过人力压缩 hydration bag 使汲水饱和的气凝胶释放水分子，即可获得可以直接饮用的净水。
本发明方法中首次以气凝胶作为正渗透汲取物，既能够完全避免反向渗透，又能够保持较高水通量，同时还极大简化了汲取物再生和产水工艺条件。以 氧化石墨烯（ GO ）和海藻酸钠作为原料，经过凝胶、置换、冻干等过程，制备出具有强吸水性和重复压缩能力的气凝胶。 GO 作为化学法制备石墨烯过程中的重要中间体，结构中含有大量亲水基团（羧基、羟基），比石墨烯具有更好的亲水性和易修饰性，同时也可提供大量反应位点与胺基、羟基和羧基发生交联反应。而海藻酸作为天然大分子化合物，原料来源广泛，成本较低，自身具有较强的亲水性，且易于形成凝胶。在制备凝胶时，海藻酸与 GO 相互交联，进一步提高所形成气凝胶结构稳定性和亲水性。
具体实施方式
以下结合技术方案和附图详细叙述本发明的具体实施方式。
实施例 1
海藻酸钠 - 氧化石墨烯气凝胶制备：取 200 ml 2 wt% 海藻酸钠水溶液加入 500 mL 烧杯中，搅拌，加入 50 mg GO ，超声 2 h 。待溶液混合均匀，加入 29 mL 0.24 mol/L CaCl2 水溶液，均匀混合后，倒入模具中，室温静置 24 h 。之后，将水凝胶取出，置于去离子水中，室温静置，每隔 3h 更换一次去离子水，反复直至置换后的去离子水电导率没有明显增加为止。将置换完毕的水凝胶放入 -25 ℃的冰箱中进行预冷冻处理，时间为 2 h （依据水凝胶体积而定，以整体凝固为准），之后进行冷冻干燥，冻干时间为 48 h ，冻干温度为 -90 ℃。待冻干结束，得到亲水性可反复压缩气凝胶。
海水脱盐应用：将 6 g 干气凝胶作为正渗透汲取物，置于 hydration bag 中， 将 hydration bag 浸入海水原料液中。静置待汲水饱和，取出，打开 hydration bag 出水口塞子，轻轻挤压 hydration bag ，从出水口流出净水。
盖好出水口塞子，重复浸泡，再打开出水口塞子，轻轻挤压，重复以上步骤，可多次获取净水。
实施例 2
海藻酸钠 - 氧化石墨烯气凝胶制备：取 400 ml 2 wt% 海藻酸钠水溶液加入 1000 mL 烧杯中，搅拌，加入 100 mg GO ，超声 4 h 。待溶液混合均匀，加入 58 mL 0.24 mol/L CaCl2 水溶液，均匀混合后，倒入模具中，室温静置 48 h 。之后，将水凝胶取出，置于去离子水中，室温静置，每隔 3h 更换一次去离子水，反复直至置换后的去离子水电导率没有明显增加为止。将置换完毕的水凝胶放入 -25 ℃的冰箱中进行预冷冻处理，时间为 4 h （依据水凝胶体积而定，以整体凝固为准），之后进行冷冻干燥，冻干时间为 48 h ，冻干温度为 -90 ℃。待冻干结束，得到亲水性可反复压缩气凝胶。
雨水再生应用：将 12 g 干气凝胶作为正渗透汲取物，置于 hydration bag 中， 取实际收集雨水作为原料液，将 hydration bag 浸入原料液中。静置待汲水饱和，取出，打开 hydration bag 出水口塞子，轻轻挤压 hydration bag ，从出水口流出净水。
盖好出水口塞子，重复浸泡，再打开出水口塞子，轻轻挤压，重复以上步骤，可多次获取净水。
实施例 3
海藻酸钠 - 氧化石墨烯气凝胶制备：取 2000 ml 2 wt% 海藻酸钠水溶液加入 5000 mL 烧杯中，搅拌，加入 500 mg GO ，超声 4 h 。待溶液混合均匀，加入 290mL 0.24 mol/L CaCl2 水溶液，均匀混合后，倒入模具中，室温静置 48 h 。之后，将水凝胶取出，置于去离子水中，室温静置，每隔 3h 更换一次去离子水，反复直至置换后的去离子水电导率没有明显增加为止。将置换完毕的水凝胶放入 -25 ℃的冰箱中进行预冷冻处理，时间为 4 h （依据水凝胶体积而定，以整体凝固为准），之后进行冷冻干燥，冻干时间为 48 h ，冻干温度为 -90 ℃。待冻干结束，得到亲水性可反复压缩气凝胶。
污水提纯应用：在双室正渗透 装置 中，一侧为原料液室，引入生活污水，另一侧为汲取液室，安置气凝胶作为汲取物，且紧贴气凝胶安置活塞板。将污水引入原料液室，待气凝胶汲取饱和，通过汲取液室活塞板对气凝胶进行反复压缩，通过汲取液室出口获取净水。气凝胶反复吸收、压缩释放 1000 次后，仍可在正渗透装置中进行有效的汲水 - 释水，产水率较高且保持稳定，没有较大衰减。

Claims (2)

  1. 1. 一种以亲水耐压缩气凝胶作为正渗透汲取物汲取净水的方法，其特征在于，步骤如下：
    步骤 1 ：配制海藻酸钠与 GO 的混合溶液，超声搅拌至均匀，其中，海藻酸钠与 GO 的质量比为 100 :1~8:1 ， GO 的浓度为 0.2~2.5 mg/mL ；
    步骤 2 ：向步骤 1 的混合溶液加入 CaCl2 水溶液，控制 CaCl2 与海藻酸钠中糖单元的摩尔比为 3~1:1 ；室温静置 24~48 h ，将形成的水凝胶取出置于去离子水中，室温静置，每隔 3h 更换一次去离子水，反复直至置换后的去离子水电导率不再增加为止；
    步骤 3 ：将步骤 2 得到的水凝胶置于 -25 ℃ ~-15 ℃中预冷冻 2~4 h ，取出冷冻后水凝胶进行冷冻干燥，冻干时间为 24~48 h ，冻干温度为 -60~-90 ℃，得到 亲水耐压缩气凝胶 ；
    步骤 4 ：将步骤 3 得到 亲水耐压缩气凝胶 作为正渗透技术中的汲取物，用于污水或苦咸水提取净水过程 。
  2. 根据权利要求 1 所述的 方法，其特征在于， 将亲水耐压缩气凝胶 作为 作为便携式正渗透装置 - hydration bag 的汲取物，替代糖类汲取物 。
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