WO2018076831A1 - 一种不等臂干涉环和量子密钥分配系统 - Google Patents

一种不等臂干涉环和量子密钥分配系统 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2018076831A1
WO2018076831A1 PCT/CN2017/094207 CN2017094207W WO2018076831A1 WO 2018076831 A1 WO2018076831 A1 WO 2018076831A1 CN 2017094207 W CN2017094207 W CN 2017094207W WO 2018076831 A1 WO2018076831 A1 WO 2018076831A1
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Prior art keywords
port
beam splitter
interference ring
polarization
unequal
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PCT/CN2017/094207
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
陈华
周保琢
张至怡
郭继文
陈粤海
宋勇
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四川航天机电工程研究所
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Publication of WO2018076831A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018076831A1/zh

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
    • H04B10/70—Photonic quantum communication
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/08—Key distribution or management, e.g. generation, sharing or updating, of cryptographic keys or passwords
    • H04L9/0816—Key establishment, i.e. cryptographic processes or cryptographic protocols whereby a shared secret becomes available to two or more parties, for subsequent use
    • H04L9/0852—Quantum cryptography
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L2209/00—Additional information or applications relating to cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communication H04L9/00
    • H04L2209/08—Randomization, e.g. dummy operations or using noise
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L2209/00—Additional information or applications relating to cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communication H04L9/00
    • H04L2209/80—Wireless

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the field of quantum information technology, and particularly relates to an unequal arm interference ring and a quantum key distribution system.
  • Quantum key distribution can guarantee unconditional and secure information transmission, which is the focus of research in the frontier technology field.
  • Its encoding method mainly includes phase encoding and polarization encoding.
  • the polarization of the quantum optical signal changes randomly due to the effect of the fiber birefringence.
  • the relative phase of light is very stable during fiber transmission. Therefore, the phase encoding method is the main encoding method of the optical fiber quantum key distribution system.
  • the most important phase encoding scheme is the symmetric "Mach-Zehnder interference ring" scheme proposed by the US patent (U5307410).
  • the light pulse passes through the unequal arm interference loop at the transmitting end and is divided into two pulses.
  • the two pulses are further divided into four pulses after passing through the unequal arm interference loop, each pulse occupies 1/4 of the total optical energy (regardless of attenuation).
  • two pulses arrive at the receiver's 3dB beam splitter and overlap to form interference. One of them passes through the "short arm" of the transmitting side interference ring and the "long arm” of the receiving side interference ring.
  • the other one It passes through the "long arm” of the transmitting side interference ring and the "short arm” of the receiving side interference ring. Therefore, the utilization of the total energy of the light energy involved in the interference is only 1/2, and the final quantum security key rate is approximately proportional to the energy utilization rate.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide an unequal arm interference ring and a quantum key distribution system for solving the deficiencies of the prior art, so as to solve the problem that the existing unequal arm interference ring cannot improve the light energy utilization rate without increasing the complexity of the solution. problem.
  • An unequal arm interference ring including a beam splitter, a delay line and a phase modulator, the beam splitter having a first port, a second port, a third port and a fourth port, wherein the first port and the second port are located One side of the beam splitter, the third port and the fourth port are located on the other side of the beam splitter, the first port serves as the input end of the unequal arm interference ring, and the third port serves as the output end of the unequal arm interference ring; a line is connected between the second port and the fourth port to form an optical loop for increasing the delay of the optical pulse transmitted in the optical loop; and a phase modulator for phase modulating the optical pulse to achieve quantum
  • the phase code specified by the key distribution protocol is connected at the input or connected to the optical loop.
  • a polarization compensator is further included, and the polarization compensator is connected in the optical loop for maintaining polarization of the two optical pulses that interfere on the beam splitter.
  • an attenuator is further included, the attenuator being connected in the optical circuit for adjusting the ratio of the average optical energy between two adjacent optical pulses of the unequal arm interference output.
  • the beam splitter is a variable beam splitter.
  • an unequal arm interference ring comprising a polarization maintaining beam splitter, a polarization beam splitter, a polarization maintaining delay line, a polarization maintaining phase modulator and a circulator, the polarization maintaining beam splitter having a first port, a second port, a first a three port and a fourth port, wherein the first port and the second port are located on one side of the polarization maintaining beam splitter, the third port and the fourth port bit
  • the polarization beam splitter comprises a fifth port, a sixth port and a seventh port
  • the circulator comprises an eighth port, a ninth port and a tenth port
  • the eighth port serves as an unequal arm
  • the input end of the interference ring, the tenth port serves as an output end of the unequal arm interference ring
  • the fifth port is connected to the ninth port to form a first optical path
  • the sixth port is connected to the third port to form a second optical path
  • the seventh port is connected to
  • the delay line is connected between the second port and the fourth port to form an optical circuit
  • the polarization maintaining phase modulator is connected in the first optical path or the optical circuit, or is connected to the input end, the second optical path and/or
  • a converter for realizing mutual conversion between horizontal polarization and vertical polarization is connected to the third optical path, and the second optical path, the third optical path, and the optical circuit are both polarization-maintaining optical paths.
  • the converter is a polarization compensator or a Faraday rotator.
  • an attenuator is further included, and the attenuator is connected in the optical circuit.
  • a quantum key distribution system comprising a transmitting end, a quantum channel and a receiving end, wherein the transmitting end comprises a laser, a first interference ring and a strong attenuator, and the input end of the first interference ring is connected to the laser, and the output end is connected to the strong attenuator
  • the input end of the strong attenuator is connected to the quantum channel;
  • the receiving end comprises a second interference ring and a single photon detector, the input end of the second interference ring is connected to the quantum channel, the output end is connected to the single photon detector, and the second interference ring is connected Is any of the above unequal arm interference rings.
  • the first interference ring is any one of the above-described unequal arm interference rings.
  • the single photon detector uses a gated mode single photon detector.
  • the energy of the two coherent pulse beams split by the unequal arm interference ring at the transmitting end is different.
  • the first pulse and the second pulse split at the transmitting end account for 2/3 and 1/3 of the total energy, respectively.
  • the first pulse is divided into two beams of the same optical energy by the 3dB beam splitter at the receiving end, both of which account for 1/3 of the total light energy.
  • the second pulse just reaches the beam splitter, and the two form a superimposed interference.
  • the interference pulse is for the total light energy
  • the utilization rate is 2/3, which means that the quantum security key rate can be increased by 4/3 times the original (1/2). Since the unequal arm interference ring of the present invention has only one output end, the present invention is applicable to a single-detection phase encoding quantum key distribution scheme, which not only avoids the security hole caused by the difference of the dual detector, but also has The advantages of low cost and miniaturization.
  • the light energy utilization rate of the single output port of the unequal arm interference ring of the present invention can be further increased from 2/3 to about 3/4 (a slight decrease in consideration of device attenuation).
  • the utilization rate is still lower than that proposed by a researcher such as Gobby C
  • the quantum key distribution system using the unequal-arm interference ring of the present invention does not require the two coherent pulse polarization states emitted from the emitter to be perpendicular to each other. There is no need for complex intermediate quantum channel polarization variation compensation and relative phase drift compensation.
  • the present invention improves the quantum security key rate of a single probe end without increasing the complexity of the scheme, and has high practical value.
  • Embodiment 1 is a schematic structural view of Embodiment 1 of an unequal arm interference ring according to the present invention
  • Embodiment 2 is a schematic structural view of Embodiment 2 of an unequal arm interference ring according to the present invention
  • Embodiment 3 is a schematic structural view of Embodiment 3 of an unequal arm interference ring according to the present invention.
  • Embodiment 4 is a schematic structural view of Embodiment 4 of an unequal arm interference ring according to the present invention.
  • Embodiment 5 is a schematic structural view of Embodiment 5 of an unequal arm interference ring according to the present invention.
  • Embodiment 6 is a schematic structural view of Embodiment 6 of an unequal arm interference ring according to the present invention.
  • Figure 7 is a schematic diagram of the framework of the quantum key distribution system of the present invention.
  • An unequal arm interference ring as shown in Figure 1, includes a 2x2 beam splitter 4, a delay line 7 and a phase modulator 2.
  • the first port 3 serves as an input end of the unequal arm interference ring
  • the third port 5 serves as an output end of the unequal arm interference ring
  • the delay line 7 is connected between the second port 8 and the fourth port 6 to form an optical circuit.
  • the phaser 2 is connected to the first port 3.
  • the first optical pulse first enters the unequal arm interference ring from the input optical path 1, is phase modulated by the phase modulator 2, then enters the beam splitter 4 via the first port 3, and is split into beamsplitters 4 through the beam splitter 4
  • Two light pulses one of the light pulses is directly outputted along the third port 5, and the other light pulse enters the optical circuit via the fourth port 6, and is delayed by the delay line 7 and returned from the second port 8 to the beam splitter 4;
  • the second light pulse entering the unequal arm interference ring arrives at the beam splitter 4 for the first time, and the two light pulses form interference in the beam splitter 4 and finally output through the third port 5.
  • the two light pulses entering the unequal arm interference ring are coherent pulses, then by setting the average number of photons between them and scanning the relative phase between them, it is theoretically possible to observe 100 at the third port 5. % interference fringe visibility. If the pulse enters the fourth port 6 after the interference, the 7-time splitting action of the beam splitter 4 can reduce the light energy of the pulse to less than 1%.
  • An unequal arm interference ring as shown in FIG. 2, includes a 2x2 beam splitter 4, a delay line 7 and a phase modulator 2.
  • the first port 3 serves as an input end of the unequal arm interference ring
  • the third port 5 serves as an output end of the unequal arm interference ring
  • the delay line 7 is connected between the second port 8 and the fourth port 6 to form an optical circuit.
  • the phaser 2 is connected to the optical circuit.
  • the first optical pulse first enters the beam splitter 4 through the first port 3, and is split into two optical pulses when passing through the beam splitter 4; one of the optical pulses is directly outputted along the third port 5, and the other optical pulse passes through
  • the four port 6 enters the optical loop, is phase modulated by the phase modulator 2, is delayed by the delay line 7 and then returns from the second port 8 to the beam splitter 4; at this time, the second is entered into the unequal arm interference ring.
  • the light pulse arrives at the beam splitter 4 for the first time, and the two light pulses form an interference in the beam splitter 4 and finally output through the third port 5.
  • An unequal arm interference ring as shown in FIG. 3, includes a 2x2 beam splitter 4, a delay line 7, a phase modulator 2 and an attenuator 9.
  • the first port 3 serves as an input end of the unequal arm interference ring
  • the third port 5 serves as an output end of the unequal arm interference ring
  • the delay line 7 is connected between the second port 8 and the fourth port 6 to form an optical circuit. Both the phaser 2 and the attenuator 9 are connected in the optical circuit.
  • the first optical pulse first enters the beam splitter 4 via the first port 3, and is split into two optical pulses when passing through the beam splitter 4; one of the optical pulses is directly outputted along the third port 5, and the other optical pulse passes through
  • the four ports 6 enter the optical loop, phase modulation is applied through the phase modulator 2, delayed by the delay line 7, and then attenuated by the attenuator 9 and returned from the second port 8 to the beam splitter 4;
  • the second light pulse of the arm interference ring reaches the beam splitter 4 for the first time, the two light pulses form an interference in the beam splitter 4, and finally output through the third port 5.
  • the splitting ratio of the beam splitter 4 and the attenuation value of the attenuator 9 By setting the splitting ratio of the beam splitter 4 and the attenuation value of the attenuator 9, the average number of photons between the first optical pulse outputted from the third port 5 and the second optical pulse immediately after the output can be made. Ratio is equal to the expected ratio.
  • the attenuation of the attenuator 9 should be very strong for attenuating the average number of photons of the third pulse output by the third port 5 to negligible.
  • An unequal arm interference ring includes a 2x2 polarization maintaining beam splitter 41, a polarization maintaining delay line 71, a circulator 20, a polarization beam splitter 30 and a polarization maintaining phase modulator 21 . among them,
  • the polarization beam splitter 10 includes a fifth port, a sixth port, and a seventh port, and the circulator 20 includes an eighth port 201, a ninth port 202, and a tenth port 203, and the eighth port 201 serves as an input end of the unequal arm interference ring. 11.
  • the tenth port 203 is an output end of the unequal arm interference ring, the fifth port is connected to the ninth port 202 to form a first optical path, the sixth port is connected to the third port 51 to form a second optical path, and the seventh port is connected to the first port 31.
  • a third optical path is formed; a delay line 71 is connected between the second port 81 and the fourth port 61 to form an optical circuit, and the polarization maintaining phase modulator 21 is connected to the input terminal 11.
  • the first light pulse first enters the unequal arm interference ring from the input terminal 11, is phase modulated as it passes through the polarization maintaining phase modulator 21, and then passes through the circulator 20 to the polarization beam splitter 10.
  • the polarization beam splitter 10 splits it into two components, horizontal and vertical, and applies a unitary transformation or a Faraday rotation to the polarization state of at least one of the two components, so that the horizontal and vertical two The components have the same polarization state when they reach the polarization maintaining beam splitter 41.
  • the horizontal component is output through the sixth port, enters the polarization maintaining beam splitter 41 via the third port 51, and is split into two optical pulses by the polarization maintaining beam splitter 41.
  • One of the light pulses is sequentially output through the first port 31, the polarization beam splitter 10, and the circulator 20 through the tenth port 203; the other light pulse sequentially passes through the second port 81 and the polarization maintaining delay line 71 through the fourth port 61.
  • the horizontal component of the second optical pulse which enters the unequal arm interference ring arrives at the polarization maintaining beam splitter 41 for the first time, and the two optical pulses are formed in the polarization maintaining beam splitter 41.
  • the interference finally passes through the first port 31, the polarization beam splitter 10, and the circulator 20, and is output through the tenth port 203.
  • the vertical component is output through the seventh port and enters the polarization maintaining beam splitter 41 via the first port 31, and is split into two light pulses by the polarization maintaining beam splitter 41.
  • One of the light pulses is sequentially output through the third port 51, the polarization beam splitter 10, and the circulator 20 through the tenth port 203; the other light pulse sequentially passes through the fourth port 61 and the polarization maintaining delay line 71 through the second port 81.
  • the vertical component of the second light pulse entering the unequal arm interference ring arrives at the polarization maintaining beam splitter 41 for the first time, and the two optical pulses are guaranteed.
  • the partial beam splitter 41 forms an interference and finally passes through the third port 51, the polarization beam splitter 10, and the circulator 20, and is output through the tenth port 203.
  • An unequal arm interference ring includes a 2x2 polarization maintaining beam splitter 41, a polarization maintaining delay line 71, a circulator 20, a polarization beam splitter 30 and a polarization maintaining phase modulator 21 .
  • the polarizing beam splitter 10 includes a fifth port, a sixth port, and a seventh port.
  • the circulator 20 includes an eighth port 201, a ninth port 202, and a tenth port 203.
  • the eighth port 201 functions as an unequal arm interference ring.
  • the tenth port 203 is used as an output end of the unequal arm interference ring, the fifth port is connected to the ninth port 202 to form a first optical path, the sixth port is connected to the third port 51 to form a second optical path, and the seventh port is connected to the first port.
  • 31 forms a third optical path; a delay line 71 is connected between the second port 81 and the fourth port 61 to form an optical circuit, and the polarization maintaining phase modulator 21 is connected in the optical circuit.
  • the first light pulse first enters the unequal arm interference ring from the eighth port 201 and then passes through the circulator 20 to the polarization beam splitter 10.
  • the polarization beam splitter 10 splits it into two components, horizontal and vertical, and applies a unitary transformation or a Faraday rotation to the polarization state of at least one of the two components, so that the horizontal and vertical two The components have the same polarization state when they reach the polarization maintaining beam splitter 41.
  • the horizontal component is output through the sixth port, enters the polarization maintaining beam splitter 41 via the third port 51, and is split into two optical pulses by the polarization maintaining beam splitter 41.
  • One of the light pulses sequentially passes through the first port 31, the polarization beam splitter 10, and the circulator 20, and is output through the tenth port 203; the other light pulse sequentially passes through the second port 81, the polarization maintaining delay line 71, and the polarization maintaining phase modulator.
  • the fourth port 61 returns to the polarization maintaining beam splitter 41.
  • the horizontal component of the second optical pulse which enters the unequal arm interference ring arrives at the polarization maintaining beam splitter 41 for the first time, and the two optical pulses are at The polarization maintaining beam splitter 41 forms an interference and finally passes through the first port 31, the polarization beam splitter 10, and the circulator 20, and then outputs through the tenth port 203.
  • the vertical component is output through the seventh port and enters the polarization maintaining beam splitter 41 via the first port 31, and is guaranteed to be biased.
  • the beam splitter 41 is split into two light pulses. One of the light pulses sequentially passes through the third port 51, the polarization beam splitter 10, and the circulator 20, and is output through the tenth port 203; the other light pulse sequentially passes through the fourth port 61, the polarization maintaining phase shifter 21, and the polarization maintaining delay line. After 71, the second port 81 returns to the polarization maintaining beam splitter 41.
  • the vertical component of the second light pulse entering the unequal arm interference ring reaches the polarization maintaining beam splitter 41 for the first time, and the two optical pulses Interference is formed in the polarization maintaining beam splitter 41, and finally passes through the third port 51, the polarization beam splitter 10, and the circulator 20, and is output through the tenth port 203.
  • An unequal arm interference ring includes a 2x2 polarization maintaining beam splitter 41, a polarization maintaining delay line 71, a circulator 20, a polarization beam splitter 30, and a polarization maintaining phase modulator 21 And an attenuator 91.
  • the polarizing beam splitter 10 includes a fifth port, a sixth port, and a seventh port.
  • the circulator 20 includes an eighth port 201, a ninth port 202, and a tenth port 203.
  • the eighth port 201 functions as an unequal arm interference ring.
  • the tenth port 203 is used as an output end of the unequal arm interference ring, the fifth port is connected to the ninth port 202 to form a first optical path, the sixth port is connected to the third port 51 to form a second optical path, and the seventh port is connected to the first port.
  • 31 forms a third optical path; a delay line 71 is connected between the second port 81 and the fourth port 61 to form an optical circuit, and both the polarization maintaining phase modulator 21 and the attenuator 91 are connected in the optical circuit.
  • the first light pulse first enters the unequal arm interference ring from the eighth port 201 and then passes through the circulator 20 to the polarization beam splitter 10.
  • the polarization beam splitter 10 splits it into two components, horizontal and vertical, and applies a unitary transformation or a Faraday rotation to the polarization state of at least one of the two components, so that the horizontal and vertical two The components have the same polarization state when they reach the polarization maintaining beam splitter 41.
  • the horizontal component is output through the sixth port, enters the polarization maintaining beam splitter 41 via the third port 51, and is split into two optical pulses by the polarization maintaining beam splitter 41.
  • One of the light pulses passes through the first port 31, the polarization beam splitter 10, and the circulator 20, and then outputs through the tenth port 203; the other light pulse sequentially passes through the second port 81, the attenuator 91, the polarization maintaining delay line 71, and the protection.
  • the phase shifter 21 After the phase shifter 21 returns to the polarization maintaining beam splitter via the fourth port 61 41.
  • the horizontal component of the second optical pulse that enters the unequal arm interference ring arrives at the polarization maintaining beam splitter 41 for the first time, and the two optical pulses form interference in the polarization maintaining beam splitter 41, and finally pass through the first port. 31.
  • the polarization beam splitter 10 and the circulator 20 are output through the tenth port 203.
  • the vertical component is output through the seventh port and enters the polarization maintaining beam splitter 41 via the first port 31, and is split into two light pulses by the polarization maintaining beam splitter 41.
  • One of the light pulses sequentially passes through the third port 51, the polarization beam splitter 10, and the circulator 20, and is output through the tenth port 203; the other light pulse sequentially passes through the fourth port 61, the polarization maintaining phase modulator 21, and the polarization maintaining delay line.
  • 71 and the attenuator 91 are returned to the polarization maintaining beam splitter 41 via the second port 81.
  • the vertical component of the second light pulse entering the unequal arm interference ring reaches the polarization maintaining beam splitter 41 for the first time.
  • the two light pulses form an interference in the polarization maintaining beam splitter 41, and finally pass through the third port 51, the polarization beam splitter 10, and the circulator 20, and are output through the tenth port 203.
  • a quantum key distribution system includes a transmitting end, a quantum channel 104, and a receiving end; the transmitting end includes a laser 101, a first interference ring 102, and a strong attenuator 103, and the input of the first interference ring 102
  • the terminal is connected to the laser 101, the output end is connected to the input end of the strong attenuator 103, the output end of the strong attenuator 103 is connected to the quantum channel 104;
  • the receiving end comprises the second interference ring 105 and the single photon detector 106, and the input of the second interference ring 105
  • the quantum channel 104 is connected to the end, the output end is connected to the single photon detector 106, the first interference ring 102 is the unequal arm interference ring of the sixth embodiment, and the second interference ring 105 is the unequal arm interference ring of the fifth embodiment.
  • Both the transmitting end and the receiving end perform a single-detection phase encoding quantum key distribution protocol, that is, both the transmitting end and the receiving end adjust the relative phase of the interference pulse by using the phase modulation function of the unequal-arm interferometer, and the adjusted phase is equally probabilistically Select one randomly from ⁇ 0, ⁇ /2, ⁇ , 3 ⁇ /2 ⁇ .
  • the single photon detector 106 is in a gated mode and is only used to receive interference pulses.

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Abstract

本发明提供一种基于单个分束器的不等臂干涉环，一种基于偏振分束器和保偏分束器的不等臂干涉环，以及一种发送端和接收端至少一端采用上述不等臂干涉环构成的量子密钥分配系统。该不等臂干涉环和干涉方法大幅提高了单个探测端的量子安全密钥率；该量子密钥分配系统不会增加系统的偏振控制和相位补偿的复杂度。总之，本发明在不增加方案复杂度的前提下提高了单探测端的量子安全密钥率，具有较高的实用价值。

Description

一种不等臂干涉环和量子密钥分配系统 技术领域
本发明属于量子信息技术领域，具体涉及一种不等臂干涉环和量子密钥分配系统。
背景技术
量子密钥分配可以保证无条件安全的信息传输，因而是前沿技术领域研究的重点。它的编码方式主要有相位编码和偏振编码两种。在光纤传输中，由于受到光纤双折射效应的影响，量子光信号的偏振会发生随机变化。与偏振相比，光的相对相位在光纤传输过程则表现得非常稳定。因此，相位编码方式是光纤量子密钥分配系统的主要编码方式。
在单向传输中，最主要的相位编码方案是美国专利(U5307410)提出的对称“不等臂马赫-曾德(Mach-Zehnder)干涉环”方案。在该方案中，光脉冲通过发送端的不等臂干涉环会被分为前后两个脉冲。在接收端，这两个脉冲经过不等臂干涉环后进一步分为四个脉冲，每个脉冲占总光能量的1/4(不考虑衰减)。这四个脉冲中，有两个脉冲同时到达接收方的3dB分束器后重叠形成干涉，其中一个先后经过发送方干涉环的“短臂”和接收方干涉环的“长臂”，另外一个先后经过发送方干涉环的“长臂”和接收方干涉环的“短臂”。因此，参与干涉的光能量对总光能量的利用率仅为1/2，而最终的量子安全密钥率与该能量利用率近乎成正比。
为了克服这一问题，Gobby C等人巧妙地利用偏振分束器将总光能量利用率提高到100％(不考虑器件衰减)[Gobby C,Yuan Z L,ShieldsAJ.Quantum key distribution over 122km ofstandard telecom fiber[J].Applied Physics Letters,2004,84(19):3762-3764.]。但由于该方案发送端的不等臂干涉环输出的两个脉冲偏振态 相互垂直，光纤线路的双折射效应不仅会影响总光能量利用率的大小，还会改变两个干涉脉冲的相对相位。因此，该方案不仅需要补偿光纤线路的双折射效应以最大化总光能量利用率，还需要进行额外的相位补偿以稳定相对相位，方案复杂，不利于实施。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于针对现有技术的不足，提供一种不等臂干涉环和量子密钥分配系统，以解决现有不等臂干涉环无法既提高光能量利用率又不增加方案复杂度的问题。
提供一种不等臂干涉环，包括分束器、延迟线及调相器，分束器具有第一端口、第二端口、第三端口及第四端口，其中第一端口和第二端口位于分束器的一侧，第三端口和第四端口位于分束器的另一侧，第一端口作为不等臂干涉环的输入端，第三端口作为不等臂干涉环的输出端；延迟线连接在第二端口和第四端口之间从而形成光回路，该延迟线用于增加在光回路中传输的光脉冲的延迟；调相器，用于对光脉冲进行相位调制，以实现量子密钥分配协议规定的相位编码，连接在输入端或者连接在光回路中。
进一步地，还包括偏振补偿器，偏振补偿器连接在光回路中，用于保持在分束器上发生干涉的两个光脉冲的偏振一致。
进一步地，还包括衰减器，衰减器连接在光回路中，用于调节不等臂干涉输出的紧邻的两个光脉冲之间的平均光能量之比。
进一步地，分束器为可变分束器。
提供一种不等臂干涉环，包括保偏分束器、偏振分束器、保偏延迟线、保偏调相器及环形器，保偏分束器具有第一端口、第二端口、第三端口及第四端口，其中第一端口和第二端口位于保偏分束器的一侧，第三端口和第四端口位 于保偏分束器的另一侧，偏振分束器包括第五端口、第六端口及第七端口，环形器包括第八端口、第九端口及第十端口，第八端口作为不等臂干涉环的输入端，第十端口作为不等臂干涉环的输出端，第五端口连接第九端口形成第一光路，第六端口连接第三端口形成第二光路，第七端口连接第一端口形成第三光路；延迟线连接在第二端口和第四端口之间从而形成光回路，保偏调相器连接在第一光路或光回路中，或者与输入端连接，第二光路和/或第三光路中连接有用于实现水平偏振和竖直偏振互相转换的转换器，第二光路、第三光路及光回路均为保偏光路。
进一步地，转换器为偏振补偿器或法拉第旋转器。
进一步地，还包括衰减器，衰减器连接在光回路中。
提供一种量子密钥分配系统，包括发送端、量子信道及接收端，发送端包括激光器、第一干涉环和强衰减器，且第一干涉环的输入端连接激光器，输出端连接强衰减器的输入端，强衰减器的输出端连接量子信道；接收端包括第二干涉环和单光子探测器，第二干涉环的输入端连接量子信道，输出端连接单光子探测器，第二干涉环为上述任一个不等臂干涉环。
进一步地，第一干涉环为上述任一个不等臂干涉环。
进一步地，单光子探测器采用门控模式单光子探测器。
与美国专利(U5307410)公布的现有主流技术相比，本发明的量子密钥分配系统中，发射端不等臂干涉环分束出来的两个相干脉冲光能量不同。当使用3dB分束器且不考虑衰减时，发射端分束出来的第一个脉冲和第二个脉冲分别占总能量的2/3和1/3。第一当个脉冲在接收端被3dB分束器分为光能量相同的两束，该两束均占总光能量的1/3。其中一束通过光回路回到分束器时，第二个脉冲正好也到达该分束器，两者形成叠加干涉。因此，干涉脉冲对总光能量的 利用率为2/3，这意味着量子安全密钥率可提升至原来(1/2)的4/3倍。由于本发明的不等臂干涉环仅有一个输出端，因此，本发明适用于单探测端相位编码量子密钥分配方案，该方案不仅可以规避由于双探测器的差异引起的安全漏洞，还具有低成本和小型化的优势。
通过选择合适的分束比，本发明的不等臂干涉环单个输出端口的光能量利用率还可从2/3进一步提高至3/4左右(考虑器件衰减时会略有降低)。虽然该利用率仍低于Gobby C等研究者提出的方案，但应用本发明的不等臂干涉环的量子密钥分配系统不需要令发射端出射的两个相干脉冲偏振态互相垂直，因此，无需复杂的中间量子信道的偏振变化补偿以及相对相位漂移补偿。总之，本发明在不增加方案复杂度的前提下提高了单探测端的量子安全密钥率，具有较高的实用价值。
附图说明
此处所说明的附图用来提供对本申请的进一步理解，构成本申请的一部分，在这些附图中使用相同的参考标号来表示相同或相似的部分，本申请的示意性实施例及其说明用于解释本申请，并不构成对本申请的不当限定。在附图中：
图1为本发明不等臂干涉环实施例1的结构示意图；
图2为本发明不等臂干涉环实施例2的结构示意图；
图3为本发明不等臂干涉环实施例3的结构示意图；
图4为本发明不等臂干涉环实施例4的结构示意图；
图5为本发明不等臂干涉环实施例5的结构示意图；
图6为本发明不等臂干涉环实施例6的结构示意图；
图7为本发明量子密钥分配系统的框架示意图。
具体实施方式
为使本申请的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚，以下结合附图及具体实施例，对本申请作进一步地详细说明。为简单起见，以下描述中省略了本领域技术人员公知的某些技术特征。
实施例1：
一种不等臂干涉环，如图1所示，它包括一个2x2分束器4，一个延迟线7和一个调相器2。第一端口3作为不等臂干涉环的输入端，第三端口5作为不等臂干涉环的输出端，延迟线7连接在第二端口8和第四端口6之间从而形成光回路，调相器2连接第一端口3。
第一个光脉冲先从输入光路1进入不等臂干涉环，通过调相器2时被施加相位调制，随后经第一端口3进入分束器4，经过分束器4时被分束为两个光脉冲；其中一个光脉冲沿第三端口5直接输出，另外一个光脉冲经第四端口6进入光回路，通过延迟线7延迟后从第二端口8回到分束器4；这时，后进入不等臂干涉环的第二个光脉冲正好首次到达分束器4，两个光脉冲在分束器4形成干涉，最后通过第三端口5输出。如果先后进入不等臂干涉环的两个光脉冲为相干态脉冲，那么通过设定它们之间的平均光子数比例并且扫描它们之间的相对相位，理论上能在第三端口5观察到100％的干涉条纹可见度。如果干涉后，脉冲进入第四端口6，则分束器4的7次分束作用即可将该脉冲的光能量降低至原来的1％以下。
实施例2：
一种不等臂干涉环，如图2所示，包括一个2x2分束器4，一个延迟线7和一个调相器2。第一端口3作为不等臂干涉环的输入端，第三端口5作为不等臂干涉环的输出端，延迟线7连接在第二端口8和第四端口6之间从而形成光回路，调相器2连接光回路中。
第一个光脉冲先经第一端口3进入分束器4，经过分束器4时被分束为两个光脉冲；其中一个光脉冲沿第三端口5直接输出，另外一个光脉冲经第四端口6进入光回路，通过调相器2时被施加相位调制，通过延迟线7延迟后从第二端口8回到分束器4；这时，后进入不等臂干涉环的第二个光脉冲正好首次到达分束器4，两个光脉冲在分束器4形成干涉，最后通过第三端口5输出。
实施例3：
一种不等臂干涉环，如图3所示，包括一个2x2分束器4，一个延迟线7、一个调相器2和一个衰减器9。第一端口3作为不等臂干涉环的输入端，第三端口5作为不等臂干涉环的输出端，延迟线7连接在第二端口8和第四端口6之间从而形成光回路，调相器2和衰减器9均连接在光回路中。
第一个光脉冲先经第一端口3进入分束器4，经过分束器4时被分束为两个光脉冲；其中一个光脉冲沿第三端口5直接输出，另外一个光脉冲经第四端口6进入光回路，通过调相器2时被施加相位调制，通过延迟线7延迟，再经过衰减器9衰减后从第二端口8回到分束器4；这时，后进入不等臂干涉环的第二个光脉冲正好首次到达分束器4，两个光脉冲在分束器4形成干涉，最后通过第三端口5输出。通过设定分束器4的分束比和衰减器9的衰减值，可以令从第三端口5输出的第一个光脉冲和紧接着输出的第二个光脉冲之间的平均光子数之比等于期望的比例。当该实施例应用于量子密钥分配系统的发送端时，衰减器9的衰减应非常强，用于将第三端口5输出的第三个脉冲的平均光子数衰减至可忽略。
实施例4：
一种不等臂干涉环，如图4所示，包括一个2x2保偏分束器41、一个保偏延迟线71、一个环形器20、一个偏振分束器30和一个保偏调相器21。其中， 偏振分束器10包括第五端口、第六端口及第七端口，环形器20包括第八端口201、第九端口202及第十端口203，第八端口201作为不等臂干涉环的输入端11，第十端口203作为不等臂干涉环的输出端，第五端口连接第九端口202形成第一光路，第六端口连接第三端口51形成第二光路，第七端口连接第一端口31形成第三光路；延迟线71连接在第二端口81和第四端口61之间从而形成光回路，保偏调相器21与输入端11连接。
第一个光脉冲先从输入端11进入不等臂干涉环，当它通过保偏调相器21时被施加相位调制，而后通过环形器20到达偏振分束器10。根据光脉冲的偏振特性，偏振分束器10将其分束为水平和竖直两个分量，对这两个分量中至少一个的偏振态施加幺正变换或者法拉第旋转，使得水平和竖直两个分量在到达保偏分束器41时的偏振态相同。
水平分量通过第六端口输出后经第三端口51进入保偏分束器41，被保偏分束器41分束为两个光脉冲。其中一个光脉冲依次通过第一端口31、偏振分束器10、环形器20后经第十端口203输出；另外一个光脉冲依次通过第二端口81和保偏延迟线71后经第四端口61回到保偏分束器41，此时，后进入不等臂干涉环的第二个光脉冲的水平分量正好首次到达保偏分束器41，两个光脉冲在保偏分束器41形成干涉，最后通过第一端口31、偏振分束器10、环形器20后经第十端口203输出。
竖直分量通过第七端口输出后经第一端口31进入保偏分束器41，被保偏分束器41分束为两个光脉冲。其中一个光脉冲依次通过第三端口51、偏振分束器10、环形器20后经第十端口203输出；另外一个光脉冲依次通过第四端口61和保偏延迟线71后经第二端口81回到保偏分束器41，此时，后进入不等臂干涉环的第二个光脉冲的竖直分量正好首次到达保偏分束器41，两个光脉冲在保 偏分束器41形成干涉，最后通过第三端口51、偏振分束器10、环形器20后经第十端口203输出。
实施例5：
一种不等臂干涉环，如图5所示，包括一个2x2保偏分束器41、一个保偏延迟线71、一个环形器20、一个偏振分束器30和一个保偏调相器21。其中，偏振分束器10包括第五端口、第六端口及第七端口，环形器20包括第八端口201、第九端口202及第十端口203，第八端口201作为不等臂干涉环的输入端，第十端口203作为不等臂干涉环的输出端，第五端口连接第九端口202形成第一光路，第六端口连接第三端口51形成第二光路，第七端口连接第一端口31形成第三光路；延迟线71连接在第二端口81和第四端口61之间从而形成光回路，保偏调相器21连接在光回路中。
第一个光脉冲先从第八端口201进入不等臂干涉环，而后通过环形器20到达偏振分束器10。根据光脉冲的偏振特性，偏振分束器10将其分束为水平和竖直两个分量，对这两个分量中至少一个的偏振态施加幺正变换或者法拉第旋转，使得水平和竖直两个分量在到达保偏分束器41时的偏振态相同。
水平分量通过第六端口输出后经第三端口51进入保偏分束器41，被保偏分束器41分束为两个光脉冲。其中一个光脉冲依次通过第一端口31、偏振分束器10、环形器20后经第十端口203输出；另外一个光脉冲依次通过第二端口81、保偏延迟线71和保偏调相器21后经第四端口61回到保偏分束器41，此时，后进入不等臂干涉环的第二个光脉冲的水平分量正好首次到达保偏分束器41，两个光脉冲在保偏分束器41形成干涉，最后通过第一端口31、偏振分束器10、环形器20后经第十端口203输出。
竖直分量通过第七端口输出后经第一端口31进入保偏分束器41，被保偏分 束器41分束为两个光脉冲。其中一个光脉冲依次通过第三端口51、偏振分束器10、环形器20后经第十端口203输出；另外一个光脉冲依次通过第四端口61、保偏调相器21和保偏延迟线71后经第二端口81回到保偏分束器41，此时，后进入不等臂干涉环的第二个光脉冲的竖直分量正好首次到达保偏分束器41，两个光脉冲在保偏分束器41形成干涉，最后通过第三端口51、偏振分束器10、环形器20后经第十端口203输出。
实施例6：
一种不等臂干涉环，如图6所示，包括一个2x2保偏分束器41、一个保偏延迟线71、一个环形器20、一个偏振分束器30、一个保偏调相器21和一个衰减器91。其中，偏振分束器10包括第五端口、第六端口及第七端口，环形器20包括第八端口201、第九端口202及第十端口203，第八端口201作为不等臂干涉环的输入端，第十端口203作为不等臂干涉环的输出端，第五端口连接第九端口202形成第一光路，第六端口连接第三端口51形成第二光路，第七端口连接第一端口31形成第三光路；延迟线71连接在第二端口81和第四端口61之间从而形成光回路，保偏调相器21和衰减器91均连接在光回路中。
第一个光脉冲先从第八端口201进入不等臂干涉环，而后通过环形器20到达偏振分束器10。根据光脉冲的偏振特性，偏振分束器10将其分束为水平和竖直两个分量，对这两个分量中至少一个的偏振态施加幺正变换或者法拉第旋转，使得水平和竖直两个分量在到达保偏分束器41时的偏振态相同。
水平分量通过第六端口输出后经第三端口51进入保偏分束器41，被保偏分束器41分束为两个光脉冲。其中一个光脉冲依次通过第一端口31、偏振分束器10、环形器20后经第十端口203输出；另外一个光脉冲依次通过第二端口81、衰减器91、保偏延迟线71和保偏调相器21后经第四端口61回到保偏分束器 41，此时，后进入不等臂干涉环的第二个光脉冲的水平分量正好首次到达保偏分束器41，两个光脉冲在保偏分束器41形成干涉，最后通过第一端口31、偏振分束器10、环形器20后经第十端口203输出。
竖直分量通过第七端口输出后经第一端口31进入保偏分束器41，被保偏分束器41分束为两个光脉冲。其中一个光脉冲依次通过第三端口51、偏振分束器10、环形器20后经第十端口203输出；另外一个光脉冲依次通过第四端口61、保偏调相器21、保偏延迟线71和衰减器91后经第二端口81回到保偏分束器41，此时，后进入不等臂干涉环的第二个光脉冲的竖直分量正好首次到达保偏分束器41，两个光脉冲在保偏分束器41形成干涉，最后通过第三端口51、偏振分束器10、环形器20后经第十端口203输出。
实施例7：
一种量子密钥分配系统，如图7所示，包括发送端、量子信道104及接收端；发送端包括激光器101、第一干涉环102和强衰减器103，且第一干涉环102的输入端连接激光器101，输出端连接强衰减器103的输入端，强衰减器103的输出端连接量子信道104；接收端包括第二干涉环105和单光子探测器106，第二干涉环105的输入端连接量子信道104，输出端连接单光子探测器106，第一干涉环102采用本实施例6的不等臂干涉环，第二干涉环105采用本实施例5的不等臂干涉环。
发送端和接收端双方执行单探测端相位编码量子密钥分配协议，即发送端和接收端双方利用不等臂干涉仪的调相功能对干涉脉冲的相对相位进行调节，调节的相位等概率地随机地从{0、π/2、π、3π/2}中选择一个。单光子探测器106采用门控模式，仅用于接收干涉脉冲。
以上所述实施例仅表示本发明的几种实施方式，其描述较为具体和详细， 但并不能理解为对本发明范围的限制。应当指出的是，对于本领域的普通技术人员来说，在不脱离本发明构思的前提下，还可以做出若干变形和改进，这些都属于本发明保护范围。因此本发明的保护范围应该以所述权利要求为准。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种不等臂干涉环，包括分束器、延迟线及调相器，所述分束器具有第一端口、第二端口、第三端口及第四端口，其中第一端口和第二端口位于分束器的一侧，第三端口和第四端口位于分束器的另一侧，其特征在于：所述第一端口作为不等臂干涉环的输入端，所述第三端口作为不等臂干涉环的输出端，所述延迟线连接在第二端口和第四端口之间从而形成光回路，所述调相器连接输入端或者连接在光回路中。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的不等臂干涉环，其特征在于：还包括偏振补偿器，偏振补偿器连接在所述光回路中。
  3. 根据权利要求1或2所述的不等臂干涉环，其特征在于：还包括衰减器，衰减器连接在所述光回路中。
  4. 根据权利要求1或2所述的不等臂干涉环，其特征在于：所述分束器为可变分束器。
  5. 一种不等臂干涉环，包括保偏分束器、偏振分束器、保偏延迟线、保偏调相器及环形器，所述保偏分束器具有第一端口、第二端口、第三端口及第四端口，其中第一端口和第二端口位于所述保偏分束器的一侧，第三端口和第四端口位于所述保偏分束器的另一侧，所述偏振分束器包括第五端口、第六端口及第七端口，所述环形器包括第八端口、第九端口及第十端口，其特征在于：所述第八端口作为所述不等臂干涉环的输入端，所述第十端口作为所述不等臂干涉环的输出端，所述第五端口连接第九端口形成第一光路，所述第六端口连接所述第三端口形成第二光路，所述第七端口连接所述第一端口形成第三光路；所述延迟线连接在所述第二端口和第四端口之间从而形成光回路，所述保偏调相器连接在第一光路或光回路中，或者与输入端连接，所述第二光路和/或第三光路中连接有用于实现水平偏振和竖直偏振互相转换的转换器，所述第二光路、 第三光路及光回路均为保偏光路。
  6. 根据权利要求5所述的不等臂干涉环，其特征在于：所述转换器为偏振补偿器或法拉第旋转器。
  7. 根据权利要求5或6所述的不等臂干涉环，其特征在于：还包括衰减器，衰减器连接在所述光回路中。
  8. 一种量子密钥分配系统，包括发送端、量子信道及接收端，所述发送端包括第一干涉环，所述接收端包括第二干涉环和单光子探测器，其特征在于：所述第二干涉环为权利要求1-4或权利要求5-7所述的任一不等臂干涉环。
  9. 根据权利要求8所述的量子密钥分配系统，其特征在于：所述第一干涉环为权利要求1-4或权利要求5-7所述的任一不等臂干涉环。
  10. 根据权利要求8所述的量子密钥分配系统，其特征在于：所述单光子探测器为门控模式单光子探测器。
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