WO2018048930A1 - Inhibiteurs de la lysyl oxydase-like 2 et utilisations desdits inhibiteurs - Google Patents

Inhibiteurs de la lysyl oxydase-like 2 et utilisations desdits inhibiteurs Download PDF

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WO2018048930A1
WO2018048930A1 PCT/US2017/050315 US2017050315W WO2018048930A1 WO 2018048930 A1 WO2018048930 A1 WO 2018048930A1 US 2017050315 W US2017050315 W US 2017050315W WO 2018048930 A1 WO2018048930 A1 WO 2018048930A1
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compound
substituted
unsubstituted
methanamine
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Martin W. Rowbottom
John Howard Hutchinson
David Lonergan
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Pharmakea, Inc.
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
    • A61K31/34—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having five-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. isosorbide
    • A61K31/343—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having five-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. isosorbide condensed with a carbocyclic ring, e.g. coumaran, bufuralol, befunolol, clobenfurol, amiodarone
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/38—Heterocyclic compounds having sulfur as a ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/381—Heterocyclic compounds having sulfur as a ring hetero atom having five-membered rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/38—Heterocyclic compounds having sulfur as a ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/382—Heterocyclic compounds having sulfur as a ring hetero atom having six-membered rings, e.g. thioxanthenes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
    • A61K31/403—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. carbazole
    • A61K31/404—Indoles, e.g. pindolol
    • A61K31/4045—Indole-alkylamines; Amides thereof, e.g. serotonin, melatonin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
    • A61K31/415—1,2-Diazoles
    • A61K31/4155—1,2-Diazoles non condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
    • A61K31/4164—1,3-Diazoles
    • A61K31/4184—1,3-Diazoles condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. benzimidazoles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/4353—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
    • A61K31/437—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems the heterocyclic ring system containing a five-membered ring having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. indolizine, beta-carboline
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/4427—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems
    • A61K31/4436—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a heterocyclic ring having sulfur as a ring hetero atom
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/4427—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems
    • A61K31/4439—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a five-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. omeprazole
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/47—Quinolines; Isoquinolines
    • A61K31/4709—Non-condensed quinolines and containing further heterocyclic rings

Definitions

  • LOXL2 lysyl oxidase-like 2
  • Lysyl oxidase like-2 (LOXL2) is an amine oxidase enzyme that catalyzes crosslinking of extracellular matrix proteins. LOXL2 is also involved in intracellular processes such as mediating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of cells. LOXL2 signaling is implicated in, for example, fibrotic diseases and cancer.
  • the compound is a substituted or unsubstituted bicyclic heteroarylmethylamine, substituted or unsubstituted bicyclic heteroarylethylamine, substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic 5-membered heteroarylmethylamine, substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic 5- membered heteroarylethylamine, substituted or unsubstituted pyrazinylmethylamine, substituted or unsubstituted pyridazinylmethylamine, substituted or unsubstituted triazinylmethylamine, 2- substitutedpyrimidin-4-ylmethylamine, substituted or unsubstituted isoquinolinonylmethylamine, substituted or unsubstituted thiochromonylmethylamine, substituted or unsubstituted
  • the LOXL2 inhibitors described herein have the structure of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • LOXL2 lysyl oxidase like-2
  • LOXL2 lysyl oxidase like-2
  • the compound is a substituted or unsubstituted isoquinolinonylmethylamine, a substituted or unsubstituted bicyclic heteroarylmethylamine, a substituted or unsubstituted bicyclic heteroarylethylamine, a substituted or unsubstituted pyrazinylmethylamine, a substituted or unsubstituted pyridazinylmethylamine, a substituted or unsubstituted triazinylmethylamine, a 2-substitutedpyrimidin-4-ylmethylamine, a substituted or unsubstituted
  • the contacting occurs in vitro or in vivo.
  • the contacting occurs in vivo and is used in the treatment of a disease or condition in a mammal that would benefit from the inhibition or reduction of lysyl oxidase like-2 (LOXL2) activity.
  • the disease or condition is fibrosis or cancer.
  • the fibrosis comprises lung fibrosis, liver fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, cardiac fibrosis, peritoneal fibrosis, ocular fibrosis or cutaneous fibrosis.
  • the fibrosis is myelofibrosis.
  • the compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof is a lysyl oxidase like-2 (LOXL2) inhibitor.
  • the compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof is administered to the mammal by intravenous administration, subcutaneous administration, oral administration, inhalation, nasal administration, dermal administration, or ophthalmic administration.
  • described herein is a method of treating a disease or condition in a mammal that would benefit from the inhibition or reduction of lysyl oxidase like-2 (LOXL2) activity comprising administering a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof, to the mammal in need thereof.
  • LXL2 lysyl oxidase like-2
  • a method of treating a disease or condition in a mammal that would benefit from the inhibition or reduction of lysyl oxidase like-2 (LOXL2) activity comprising administering a compound that is a substituted or unsubstituted bicyclic heteroarylmethylamine, substituted or unsubstituted bicyclic heteroarylethylamine, substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic 5-membered heteroarylmethylamine, substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic 5-membered heteroarylethylamine, substituted or unsubstituted
  • pyrazinylmethylamine substituted or unsubstituted pyridazinylmethylamine, substituted or unsubstituted triazinylmethylamine, 2-substitutedpyrimidin-4-ylmethylamine, substituted or unsubstituted isoquinolinonylmethylamine, substituted or unsubstituted
  • the disease or condition is fibrosis or cancer.
  • the fibrosis comprises lung fibrosis, liver fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, cardiac fibrosis, peritoneal fibrosis, ocular fibrosis or cutaneous fibrosis.
  • the fibrosis is myelofibrosis.
  • the compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof is a lysyl oxidase like-2 (LOXL2) inhibitor.
  • the compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof is administered to the mammal by intravenous administration, subcutaneous administration, oral administration, inhalation, nasal administration, rectal administration, dermal administration, or ophthalmic administration.
  • the compound has the structure of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof:
  • each R 1 is independently H, D, or F;
  • L is absent or -C(R e ) 2 -;
  • each R e is independently selected from H, D, F, -CH 3 , and -OH;
  • ring A is isoquinolinonyl
  • ring A is a bicyclic heteroaryl
  • ring A is pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, or pyrimidin-2,4-diyl;
  • ring A is a monocyclic 5-membered heteroaryl
  • ring A is thiochromonyl, coumarinyl, or naphthalene- 1,4-dionyl
  • R 2 is absent or - ⁇ ⁇ - ⁇
  • L 1 is X ⁇ Y 1 -, -Y ⁇ X 1 -, or Y 1 ;
  • R is H, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-Cefiuoroalkyl, or Ci-C 6 deuteroalkyl;
  • Y 1 is absent, Ci-C 6 alkylene, C 2 -C 6 alkenylene or C 2 -C 6 alkynylene;
  • B is absent or an unsubstituted or substituted monocyclic carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted bicyclic carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted monocyclic heterocycle, or unsubstituted or substituted bicyclic heterocycle, wherein if B is substituted then B is substituted with 1, 2, or 3 R ;
  • n 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • Cefluoroalkyl Ci-C 6 deuteroalkyl, Ci-C 6 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 - Ciocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -Cioheterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;
  • each R 4 is independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, Ci- Cefluoroalkyl, Ci-C 6 deuteroalkyl, Ci-C 6 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 - Ciocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -Cioheterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;
  • each R 5 is independently selected from H, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, Ci- Cefluoroalkyl, Ci-C 6 deuteroalkyl, Ci-C 6 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 - Ciocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -Cioheterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, -Ci-C 4 alkylene-(substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl), -Ci-C 4 alkylene-(substituted or unsubstituted C 2 - C 8 heterocycloalkyl), -Ci-C 4 alkylene-(substituted or unsubstituted aryl), and -Ci- C 4 alky
  • L 2 is -X 2 -Y 2 -, -Y 2 -X 2 -, or -Y 2 -;
  • R 3 is H, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 fluoroalkyl, or Ci-C 6 deuteroalkyl;
  • Y 2 is absent, Ci-C 6 alkylene, C 2 -C 6 alkenylene or C 2 -C 6 alkynylene;
  • Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted or unsubstituted C 2 - C 6 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ci- C 6 fluoroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C 6 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, -Ci-C 4 alkylene-(substituted or unsubstituted C 3 - C 8 cycloalkyl), substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 8 heterocycloalkyl, -Ci-C 4 alkylene- (substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 8 heterocycloalkyl), substituted or unsubstituted aryl, -Ci-C 4 alkylene-(substituted or unsubstituted or unsubstituted aryl, -
  • R d groups attached to the same carbon atom are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form either a substituted or unsubstituted carbocycle or substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle.
  • the compound is administered to the mammal by intravenous administration, subcutaneous administration, oral administration, inhalation, nasal administration, dermal administration, or ophthalmic administration.
  • described herein is a method of treating or preventing any one of the diseases or conditions described herein comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof, to a mammal in need thereof.
  • described herein is a method for the treatment or prevention of fibrosis in a mammal comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof, to the mammal in need thereof.
  • the fibrosis is amenable to treatment with a LOXL2 inhibitor.
  • the fibrosis is lung fibrosis.
  • the method further comprises administering a second therapeutic agent to the mammal in addition to the compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof.
  • the effective amount of the compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is: (a) systemically administered to the mammal; and/or (b) administered orally to the mammal; and/or (c) intravenously administered to the mammal; and/or (d) administered by inhalation; and/or (e) administered by nasal administration; and/or (f) administered by injection to the mammal; and/or (g) administered topically to the mammal; and/or (h) administered by ophthalmic administration; and/or (i) administered rectally to the mammal; and/or (j) adminstered non-systemically or locally to the mammal.
  • any of the aforementioned aspects are further embodiments comprising single administrations of the effective amount of the compound, including further embodiments in which the compound is administered once a day to the mammal or the compound is administered to the mammal multiple times over the span of one day.
  • the compound is administered on a continuous dosing schedule.
  • the compound is administered on a continuous daily dosing schedule.
  • any of the aforementioned aspects involving the treatment of a disease or condition are further embodiments comprising administering at least one additional agent in addition to the administration of a compound of Formula (I) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • each agent is administered in any order, including simultaneously.
  • the mammal is a human.
  • compounds provided herein are administered to a human.
  • compounds provided herein are orally administered.
  • Articles of manufacture which include packaging material, a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, within the packaging material, and a label that indicates that the compound or composition, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically active metabolite, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, is used for inhibiting the activity of LOXL2, or for the treatment, prevention or amelioration of one or more symptoms of a disease or condition that would benefit from inhibition or reduction of the LOXL2 activity, are provided.
  • Lysyl oxidase like-2 (LOXL2) is a member of the lysyl oxidase (LOX) family, which comprises Cu 2+ and lysine tyrosylquinone (LTQ)-dependent amine oxidases.
  • the family comprises five genes: lox (LOX), /ox/7 (lysyl oxidase like-1, LOXL1), loxl2 (LOXL2), loxl3 (lysyl oxidase like-3, LOXL3), and loxl4 (lysyl oxidase like-4, LOXL4).
  • the LOX family is known for catalyzing the oxidative deamination of the ⁇ -amino group of lysines and
  • LOXL2 has been demonstrated to have intracellular functions aside from its role in remodeling of the extracellular matrix.
  • LOXL2 positively regulates the epithelial-to- mesenchymal transition (EMT) transducer, Snail 1, by promoting Snail 1 stability and functional activity.
  • EMT epithelial-to- mesenchymal transition
  • Snail 1 epithelial-to- mesenchymal transition
  • FAK focal adhesion kinase
  • LOXL2 The modulation of cell adhesion and cell polarity has been reported to be mediated by intracellular LOXL2.
  • LOXL2 has been more recently described to be associated with chromatin and reported to be involved in histone H3 deamination, a function that is dependent on the LOXL2 catalytic domain.
  • the methods disclosed herein are methods for inhibiting intracellular LOXL2. In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein are methods for inhibiting extracellular (secreted) LOXL2. In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein are methods for inhibiting extracellular and intracellular LOXL2.
  • LOXL2 has been shown to be involved in fibrotic processes. Fibrotic processes include an excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components, such as collagen, which alters the physical, biochemical and biomechanical matrix properties leading to defective organ function and organ failure. Tissue fibrosis is also associated with cancer progression by direct promotion of cellular transformation and metastasis. Tumors are typically stiffer than normal tissue and tumor rigidity influences tumor metastasis.
  • LOXL2 enzyme activity has been implicated in the increased stiffness of tumors. Elevated LOXL2 is also associated with fibrotic lesions from livers of patients suffering from Wilson disease and primary biliary cirrhosis. Additionally, the administration of a LOXL2- specific monoclonal antibody AB0023 was efficacious in reducing disease in a model of fibrosis. AB0023 was shown to inhibit the production of growth factors and of crosslinked collagenous matrix and TGF-beta signaling.
  • disclosed herein are methods of treating fibrosis with a compound disclosed herein.
  • Fibrosis refers to the accumulation of extracellular matrix
  • a method of reducing fibrosis in a tissue comprising contacting a fibrotic cell or tissue with a compound disclosed herein, in an amount sufficient to decrease or inhibit the fibrosis.
  • the fibrosis includes a fibrotic condition.
  • the fibrosis comprises lung fibrosis, liver fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, cardiac fibrosis, peritoneal fibrosis, ocular fibrosis or cutaneous fibrosis.
  • the fibrosis comprises lung fibrosis.
  • the fibrosis comprises liver fibrosis.
  • the fibrosis comprises kidney fibrosis.
  • the fibrosis comprises cardiac fibrosis. In some embodiments, the fibrosis comprises peritoneal fibrosis. In some embodiments, the fibrosis comprises ocular fibrosis. In some embodiments, the fibrosis comprises cutaneous fibrosis.
  • reducing fibrosis, or treatment of a fibrotic condition includes reducing or inhibiting one or more of: formation or deposition of extracellular matrix proteins; the number of pro-fibrotic cell types (e.g., fibroblast or immune cell numbers); cellular collagen or hydroxyproline content within a fibrotic lesion; expression or activity of a fibrogenic protein; or reducing fibrosis associated with an inflammatory response.
  • the fibrotic condition is a fibrotic condition of the lung.
  • the fibrotic condition is a fibrotic condition of the liver.
  • the fibrotic condition is a fibrotic condition of the heart.
  • the fibrotic condition is a fibrotic condition of the kidney
  • the fibrotic condition is a fibrotic condition of the skin.
  • the fibrotic condition is a fibrotic condition of the eye.
  • the fibrotic condition is a fibrotic condition of the ear.
  • the fibrotic condition is a fibrotic condition of the
  • the fibrotic condition is a fibrotic condition of the bone marrow.
  • the fibrotic condition is idiopathic.
  • the fibrotic condition is associated with (e.g., is secondary to) a disease (e.g., an infectious disease, an inflammatory disease, an autoimmune disease, a malignant or cancerous disease, and/or a connective tissue disease); a toxin; an insult (e.g., an environmental hazard (e.g., asbestos, coal dust, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), cigarette smoking, a wound); a medical treatment (e.g., surgical incision, chemotherapy or radiation), or a combination thereof.
  • a disease e.g., an infectious disease, an inflammatory disease, an autoimmune disease, a malignant or cancerous disease, and/or a connective tissue disease
  • a toxin e.g., an environmental hazard (e.g., asbestos, coal dust, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), cigarette smoking, a wound)
  • a medical treatment e.g., surgical incision, chemotherapy or radiation
  • a method for the treatment or prevention of fibrosis in a mammal comprising administering a LOXL2 inhibitor described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the mammal in need thereof.
  • disclosed herein is a method of improving lung function in a mammal comprising administering a LOXL2 inhibitor described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the mammal in need thereof.
  • the mammal has been diagnosed as having lung fibrosis.
  • a method of treating idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in a mammal comprising administering a LOXL2 inhibitor described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the mammal in need thereof.
  • disclosed herein is a method of controlling an abnormal accumulation or activation of cells, fibronectin, collagen or increased fibroblast recruitment in a tissue of a mammal comprising administering a LOXL2 inhibitor described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the mammal in need thereof.
  • the abnormal accumulation or activation of cells, fibronectin, collagen or increased fibroblast recruitment in the tissue results in fibrosis.
  • a method for the treatment or prevention of scleroderma in a mammal comprising administering a LOXL2 inhibitor described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the mammal in need thereof.
  • a method for reducing undesired or abnormal dermal thickening in a mammal comprising administering to mammal in need thereof a LOXL2 inhibitor described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the dermal thickening is associated with scleroderma.
  • described herein is a method of controlling an abnormal accumulation or activation of cells, fibronectin, collagen or increased fibroblast recruitment in tissues of a mammal comprising administering to mammal in need thereof a LOXL2 inhibitor described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the abnormal accumulation or activation of cells, fibronectin, collagen or increased fibroblast recruitment in the dermal tissues results in fibrosis.
  • described herein is a method of reducing hydroxyproline content in tissues of a mammal with fibrosis comprising administering to mammal in need thereof a LOXL2 inhibitor described herein, or a
  • LOXL2 has been shown to be involved in signaling related to cancer cell growth, adhesion, motility and invasion. Specifically, LOXL2 induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of cells to promote tumor invasion. LOXL2 is also upregulated in hypoxic tumor environments which leads to enhanced invasion of tumor cells. LOXL2 has also been shown to promote angiogenesis in hypoxic tumor environments.
  • EMT epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
  • Increased LOXL2 expression is associated with poor prognosis in patients with colon tumors, esophageal tumors, oral squamous cell carcinomas, laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas, and head and neck squamous cell carcinomas.
  • LOXL2 has been proposed to participate in cancers of the breast, colon, stomach, head and neck, lung, and melanoma.
  • disclosed herein are methods of treating cancer with a compound disclosed herein.
  • cancer refers to an abnormal growth of cells that tend to proliferate in an uncontrolled way and, in some cases, to metastasize (spread).
  • Types of cancer include, but are not limited to, solid tumors (such as those of the bladder, bowel, brain, breast, endometrium, heart, kidney, lung, liver, uterus, lymphatic tissue (lymphoma), ovary, pancreas or other endocrine organ (thyroid), prostate, or skin (melanoma or basal cell cancer)) or
  • hematological tumors such as the leukemias and lymphomas
  • compounds described herein including pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, active metabolites and pharmaceutically acceptable solvates thereof, are LOXL2 inhibitors.
  • a compound that inhibits or reduces lysyl oxidase like-2 (LOXL2) activity wherein the compound is a substituted or unsubstituted bicyclic heteroarylmethylamine, substituted or unsubstituted bicyclic heteroarylethylamine, substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic 5-membered heteroarylmethylamine, substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic 5-membered heteroarylethylamine, substituted or unsubstituted
  • pyrazinylmethylamine substituted or unsubstituted pyridazinylmethylamine, substituted or unsubstituted triazinylmethylamine, 2-substitutedpyrimidin-4-ylmethylamine, substituted or unsubstituted isoquinolinonylmethylamine, substituted or unsubstituted
  • thiochromonylmethylamine substituted or unsubstituted coumarinylmethylamine, substituted or unsubstituted naphthalene- 1,4-dionylmethylamine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof.
  • each R 1 is independently H, D, or F; L is absent or -C(R e ) 2 -;
  • each R e is independently selected from H, D, F, -CH 3 , and -OH;
  • ring A is isoquinolinonyl
  • ring A is a bicyclic heteroaryl
  • ring A is pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, or pyrimidin-2,4-diyl;
  • ring A is a monocyclic 5-membered heteroaryl
  • ring A is thiochromonyl, coumarinyl, or naphthalene- 1,4-dionyl
  • R 2 is absent or - ⁇ ⁇ - ⁇
  • L 1 is X ⁇ Y 1 -, -Y ⁇ X 1 -, or Y 1 ;
  • R is H, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 fluoroalkyl, or Ci-C 6 deuteroalkyl;
  • Y 1 is absent, Ci-C 6 alkylene, C 2 -C 6 alkenylene or C 2 -C 6 alkynylene;
  • B is absent or an unsubstituted or substituted monocyclic carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted bicyclic carbocycle, unsubstituted or substituted monocyclic heterocycle, or unsubstituted or substituted bicyclic heterocycle, wherein if B is substituted then B is substituted with 1, 2, or 3 R ;
  • n 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • each R 4 is independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, Ci- Cefluoroalkyl, Ci-C 6 deuteroalkyl, Ci-C 6 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 - Ciocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -Ci 0 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;
  • each R 5 is independently selected from H, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, Ci- Cefluoroalkyl, Ci-C 6 deuteroalkyl, Ci-C 6 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 - Ciocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -Ci 0 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, -Ci-C 4 alkylene-(substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl), -Ci-C 4 alkylene-(substituted or unsubstituted C 2 - C 8 heterocycloalkyl), -Ci-C 4 alkylene-(substituted or unsubstituted aryl), and -Ci-C 4 alkylene
  • L 2 is -X 2 -Y 2 -, -Y 2 -X 2 -, or -Y 2 -;
  • R 3 is H, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 fluoroalkyl, or Ci-C 6 deuteroalkyl;
  • Y 2 is absent, Ci-C 6 alkylene, C 2 -C 6 alkenylene or C 2 -C 6 alkynylene;
  • Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted or unsubstituted C 2 - C 6 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ci- C 6 fluoroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C 6 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, -Ci-C 4 alkylene-(substituted or unsubstituted C 3 - C 8 cycloalkyl), substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 8 heterocycloalkyl, -Ci-C 4 alkylene- (substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 8 heterocycloalkyl), substituted or unsubstituted aryl, -Ci-C 4 alkylene-(substituted or unsubstituted or unsubstituted aryl, -
  • ring D is a substituted or unsubstituted N-containing heterocycle, wherein if ring D is substituted then ring D is substituted with 1, 2, or 3 R d ;
  • R d groups attached to the same carbon atom are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form either a substituted or unsubstituted carbocycle or substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle.
  • each R 1 is independently H, D, or F. In some other embodiments, each R 1 is independently H, or F. In other embodiments, each R 1 is H. In some embodiments, each R 1 is D. In some embodiments, each R 1 is F.
  • each R 1 is H.
  • L is absent or -CH(R e )-; R e is H, D, F, -CH 3 , or -OH. In some embodiments, L is absent or -CH 2 -. In some embodiments, L is absent.
  • ring A is a bicyclic heteroaryl that is a 8-, 9- or 10-membered bicyclic heteroaryl. In some embodiments, ring A is a bicyclic heteroaryl that is a 8-, 9- or 10- membered bicyclic heteroaryl with at least one nitrogen atom in the ring.
  • ring A is indolizinyl, azaindolizinyl, indolyl, azaindolyl, indazolyl, azaindazolyl, benzimidazolyl, azabenzimidazolyl, benzotriazolyl, azabenzotriazolyl, benzoxazolyl, azabenzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, azabenzisoxazolyl, benzofuranyl,
  • azabenzofuranyl benzothienyl, azabenzothienyl, benzothiazolyl, azabenzothiazolyl, purinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, naphthyridinyl, or pteridinyl.
  • the compound of Formula (I) has the structure of Formula (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof:
  • Z is CR a or N
  • X is R a , O, or S.
  • the compound of Formula (II) has the structure of Formula (Ha), Formula (lib), Formula (He), Formula (lid), Formula (He), Formula (Ilf), Formula (Ilg), Formula (Ilh), Formula (Hi), Formula (Ilj), or Formula (Ilk), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof:
  • the compound of Formula (II) has the structure of Formula (Ha), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (II) has the structure of Formula (lib), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (II) has the structure of Formula (lie), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (II) has the structure of Formula (lid), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (II) has the structure of Formula (He), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof.
  • the compound of Formula (II) has the structure of Formula (Ilf), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (II) has the structure of Formula (Ilg), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (II) has the structure of Formula (Ilh), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (II) has the structure of Formula (Hi), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (II) has the structure of Formula (Ilj), or a
  • the compound of Formula (II) has the structure of Formula (Ilk), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof.
  • the compound of Formula (I) has the structure of Formula (Ilia), Formula (Illb), Formula (IIIc), Formula (Hid), or Formula (Hie) , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof:
  • the compound of Formula (I) has the following structure of Formula (Ilia), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof.
  • the compound of Formula (I) has the following structure of Formula (Illb), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof.
  • the compound of Formula (I) has the following structure of Formula (IIIc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof.
  • the compound of Formula (I) has the following structure of Formula (Hid), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof.
  • the compound of Formula (I) has the following structure of Formula (Hie), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof.
  • ring A is monocyclic 5-membered heteroaryl.
  • ring A is monocyclic 5-membered heteroaryl that is imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, furyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrrolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, or furazanyl.
  • the compound of Formula (I) has the structure of Formula (IVa), Formula (IVb), Formula (IVc), Formula (IVd), Formula (IVe), or Formula (IVf), or a
  • the compound of Formula (I) has the structure of Formula (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof.
  • the compound of Formula (I) has the structure of Formula (IVb), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof.
  • the compound of Formula (I) has the structure of Formula (IVc), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof.
  • the compound of Formula (I) has the structure of Formula (IVd), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof.
  • the compound of Formula (I) has the structure of Formula (IVe), or or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof.
  • the compound of Formula (I) has the structure of Formula (IVf), or a
  • ring A is pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, or pyrimidin-2,4-diyl.
  • the compound of Formula (I) has the structure of Formula (Va), Formula (Vb), Formula (Vc), or Formula (Vd), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof:
  • the compound of Formula (I) has the structure of Formula (Va), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) has the structure of Formula (Vb), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) has the structure of Formula (Vc), or or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) has the structure of Formula (Vd), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof.
  • ring A is isoquinolinonyl, thiochromonyl, coumarinyl, naphthalene- 1,4-dionyl. In some embodiments, ring A is isoquinolinonyl. In some embodiments, ring A is thiochromonyl. In some embodiments, ring A is coumarinyl. In some embodiments, ring A is naphthalene- 1,4-dionyl.
  • the compound of Formula (I) has the structure of Formula (Via), Formula (VIb), or Formula (Vic), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof:
  • the compound of Formula (I) has the structure of Formula (Via), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) has the structure of Formula (VIb), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) has the structure of Formula (Vic), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof.
  • each R a is independently selected from the group consisting of H, D, F, CI, Br, -CN, -OCH 3 , -OCF 3 , -CH 3 , -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , -CF 3 , cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic C 2 -C 6 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic heteroaryl.
  • each R a is independently selected from the group consisting of H, D, F, CI, Br, -CN, -OCH 3 , -OCF 3 , -CH 3 , -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , and -CF 3 .
  • L 1 is absent, Ci-C 6 alkylene, C 2 -C 6 alkenylene, C 2 -C 6 alkynylene,
  • L 1 is absent, -CH 2 -, or -0-.
  • B is absent, monocyclic C 3 -C 6 carbocycle, bicyclic C 6 -
  • Ci 2 carbocycle monocyclic Ci-C 5 heterocycle, or bicyclic C 5 -Ci 0 heterocycle.
  • B is absent, or monocyclic C 3 -C 6 carbocycle.
  • B is absent, phenyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl.
  • B is absent or phenyl.
  • B is a bicyclic C 9 -Ci 0 carbocycle.
  • B is naphthyl, indanyl, indenyl, or tetrahyodronaphthyl.
  • B is a monocyclic heterocycle containing 1-4 N atoms and 0 or 1 O or S atom, monocyclic heterocycle containing 0-4 N atoms and 1 O or S atoms, bicyclic heterocycle containing 1-4 N atoms and 0 or 1 O or S atoms, or bicyclic heterocycle containing 0-4 N atoms and 1 O or S atoms.
  • B is pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolidinonyl, tetrahydrofuranyl,
  • thiomorpholinyl piperazinyl, aziridinyl, azetidinyl, oxetanyl, thietanyl, homopiperidinyl, oxepanyl, thiepanyl, oxazepinyl, diazepinyl, thiazepinyl, 1,2,3, 6-tetrahydropyridinyl, indolinyl, indolinonyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolinyl, 1,2,3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, 3,4-dihydro-2(lH)- quinolinonyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridinyl,
  • B is pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolidinonyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, indolinyl, indolinonyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolinyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, 3,4-dihydro- 2(lH)-quinolinonyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyndinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyndazinyl, indolyl, indazolyl, or benzimi dazolyl.
  • L 2 is -X 2 -Y 2 -, -Y 2 -X 2 -, or Y 2 ;
  • R 3 is H, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 fluoroalkyl, or Ci-C 6 deuteroalkyl;
  • Y 2 is absent, Ci-C 6 alkylene, C 2 -C 6 alkenylene, or C 2 -C 6 alkynylene;
  • Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted or unsubstituted C 2 - C 6 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C 6 fluoroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C 6 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, -Ci-C 4 alkylene-(substituted or unsubstituted C 3 - C 8 cycloalkyl), substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 8 heterocycloalkyl, -Ci- C 4 alkylene-(substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 8 heterocycloalkyl), substituted or unsubstituted aryl, -Ci-C 4 alkylene-(substituted or unsubstituted aryl, -Ci-C 4 alky
  • C is absent, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C 6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C 6 fluoroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C 6 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, -Ci-C 4 alkylene-(substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl), substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 8 heterocycloalkyl, -Ci-C 4 alkylene-(substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 8 heterocycloalkyl), substituted or unsubstituted aryl, -Ci-C 4 alkylene-(substituted aryl, -
  • compounds of Formula (I) include, but are not limited to, those described in Tables 1 to 5.
  • the R 2 substituents listed in Table 1 are attached at C-4 of the 2- (aminomethyl)indole, 2-(aminomethyl)-l-benzofuran, 2-(aminomethyl)-l-benzothiophene, 2- (aminomethyl)-lH-benzimidazole, 2-(aminomethyl)-l,3-benzoxazole, and 2-(aminomethyl)-l,3- benzothiazole.
  • the R 2 substituents listed in Table 1 are attached at C-5 of the 2-(aminomethyl)indole, 2-(aminomethyl)-l-benzofuran, 2-(aminomethyl)-l-benzothiophene, 2-(aminom ethyl)- lH-benzimidazole, 2-(aminomethyl)-l,3-benzoxazole, and 2-(aminomethyl)- 1,3-benzothiazole.
  • the R 2 substituents listed in Table 1 are attached at C-6 of the 2-(aminomethyl)indole, 2-(aminomethyl)-l-benzofuran, 2-(aminom ethyl)- 1- benzothiophene, 2-(aminom ethyl)- lH-benzimidazole, 2-(aminomethyl)-l,3-benzoxazole, and 2- (aminomethyl)- 1,3 -benzothiazole.
  • the R 2 substituents listed in Table 1 are attached at C-7 of the 2-(aminomethyl)indole, 2-(aminomethyl)-l-benzofuran, 2-(aminomethyl)-
  • the R 2 substituents listed in Table 2 are attached at C-4 of the 2- (aminoethyl)indole, 2-(aminoethyl)-l-benzofuran, 2-(aminoethyl)-l-benzothiophene, 2- (aminoethyl)-lH-benzimidazole, 2-(aminoethyl)-l,3-benzoxazole, and 2-(aminoethyl)-l,3- benzothiazole.
  • the R 2 substituents listed in Table 2 are attached at C-5 of the 2-(aminoethyl)indole, 2-(aminoethyl)-l-benzofuran, 2-(aminoethyl)-l-benzothiophene, 2- (aminoethyl)-lH-benzimidazole, 2-(aminoethyl)-l,3-benzoxazole, and 2-(aminoethyl)-l,3- benzothiazole.
  • the R 2 substituents listed in Table 2 are attached at C-6 of the 2-(aminoethyl)indole, 2-(aminoethyl)-l-benzofuran, 2-(aminoethyl)-l-benzothiophene, 2- (aminoethyl)-lH-benzimidazole, 2-(aminoethyl)-l,3-benzoxazole, and 2-(aminoethyl)-l,3- benzothiazole.
  • the R 2 substituents listed in Table 2 are attached at C-7 of the 2-(aminoethyl)indole, 2-(aminoethyl)-l-benzofuran, 2-(aminoethyl)-l-benzothiophene, 2- (aminoethyl)-lH-benzimidazole, 2-(aminoethyl)-l,3-benzoxazole, and 2-(aminoethyl)-l,3- benzothiazole.
  • Compounds in Table 2 are named:
  • the R 2 substituents listed in Table 4 are attached at C-5 of the 3-(aminomethyl)isoquinolin-l(2H)-one. In some embodiments, the R 2 substituents listed in Table 4 are attached at C-6 of the 3-(aminomethyl)isoquinolin-l(2H)-one. In some embodiments, the R 2 substituents listed in Table 4 are attached at C-7 of the 3-(aminomethyl)isoquinolin-l(2H)- one. In some embodiments, the R 2 substituents listed in Table 4 are attached at C-8 of the 3 -(aminomethyl)isoquinolin- 1 (2H)-one.
  • compounds described herein are in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
  • active metabolites of these compounds having the same type of activity are included in the scope of the present disclosure.
  • the compounds described herein can exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like.
  • the solvated forms of the compounds presented herein are also considered to be disclosed herein.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable,” as used herein, refers a material, such as a carrier or diluent, which does not abrogate the biological activity or properties of the compound, and is relatively nontoxic, i.e., the material is administered to an individual without causing undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the components of the composition in which it is contained.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to a form of a therapeutically active agent that consists of a cationic form of the therapeutically active agent in combination with a suitable anion, or in alternative embodiments, an anionic form of the therapeutically active agent in combination with a suitable cation.
  • Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts Properties, Selection and Use. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Wiley-VCH 2002. S.M. Berge, L.D. Bighley, D.C. Monkhouse, J. Pharm. Sci. 1977, 66, 1-19. P. H. Stahl and C. G. Wermuth, editors, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection and Use,
  • salts typically are more soluble and more rapidly soluble in stomach and intestinal juices than non-ionic species and so are useful in solid dosage forms. Furthermore, because their solubility often is a function of pH, selective dissolution in one or another part of the digestive tract is possible and this capability can be manipulated as one aspect of delayed and sustained release behaviours. Also, because the salt- forming molecule can be in equilibrium with a neutral form, passage through biological membranes can be adjusted.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts are obtained by reacting a compound described herein with an acid.
  • the compound described herein i.e., free base form
  • an organic acid or an inorganic acid include, but are not limited to, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, and metaphosphoric acid.
  • Organic acids include, but are not limited to, l-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid; 2,2-dichloroacetic acid; 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid; 2- oxoglutaric acid; 4-acetamidobenzoic acid; 4-aminosalicylic acid; acetic acid; adipic acid;
  • naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid nicotinic acid; oleic acid; oxalic acid; palmitic acid; pamoic acid; phosphoric acid; proprionic acid; pyroglutamic acid (- L); salicylic acid; sebacic acid; stearic acid; succinic acid; sulfuric acid; tartaric acid (+ L); thiocyanic acid; toluenesulfonic acid (p); and undecylenic acid.
  • a compound described herein is prepared as a chloride salt, sulfate salt, bromide salt, mesylate salt, maleate salt, citrate salt or phosphate salt. In some embodiments, a compound described herein is prepared as a hydrochloride salt.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts are obtained by reacting a compound described herein with a base.
  • the compound described herein is acidic and is reacted with a base.
  • an acidic proton of the compound described herein is replaced by a metal ion, e.g., lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, or an aluminum ion.
  • compounds described herein coordinate with an organic base, such as, but not limited to, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, tromethamine, meglumine, N-methylglucamine, dicyclohexylamine,
  • compounds described herein form salts with amino acids such as, but not limited to, arginine, lysine, and the like.
  • Acceptable inorganic bases used to form salts with compounds that include an acidic proton include, but are not limited to, aluminum hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, and the like.
  • the compounds provided herein are prepared as a sodium salt, calcium salt, potassium salt, magnesium salt, meglumine salt, N-methylglucamine salt or ammonium salt.
  • the compounds provided herein are prepared as a sodium salt.
  • solvates contain either stoichiometric or non- stoichiometric amounts of a solvent, and are formed during the process of crystallization with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like. Hydrates are formed when the solvent is water, or alcoholates are formed when the solvent is alcohol. Solvates of compounds described herein are conveniently prepared or formed during the processes described herein. In addition, the compounds provided herein optionally exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms.
  • N-oxides if appropriate
  • crystalline forms also known as polymorphs
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds described herein as well as active metabolites of these compounds having the same type of activity.
  • sites on the organic radicals (e.g., alkyl groups, aromatic rings) of compounds described herein are susceptible to various metabolic reactions. Incorporation of appropriate substituents on the organic radicals will reduce, minimize or eliminate this metabolic pathway.
  • the appropriate substituent to decrease or eliminate the susceptibility of the aromatic ring to metabolic reactions is, by way of example only, a halogen, deuterium, an alkyl group, a haloalkyl group, or a deuteroalkyl group.
  • the compounds described herein are labeled isotopically (e.g., with a radioisotope) or by other means, including, but not limited to, the use of chromophores or fluorescent moieties, bioluminescent labels, or chemiluminescent labels.
  • Compounds described herein include isotopically-labeled compounds, which are identical to those recited in the various formulae and structures presented herein, but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature.
  • isotopes that can be incorporated into the present compounds include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine and chlorine, such as, for example, 2 H (also referred to as deuterium, and abbreviated as "D"), 3 ⁇ 4 13 C, 14 C, 15 N, 18 0, 17 0, 35 S, 18 F, 36 C1.
  • isotopically-labeled compounds described herein for example those into which radioactive isotopes such as 3 H and 14 C are incorporated, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution assays.
  • substitution with isotopes such as deuterium affords certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, such as, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements.
  • the compounds described herein possess one or more stereocenters and each stereocenter exists independently in either the R or S configuration.
  • the compounds presented herein include all diastereomeric, enantiomeric, atropisomers, and epimeric forms as well as the appropriate mixtures thereof.
  • the compounds and methods provided herein include all cis, trans, syn, anti,
  • E
  • Z
  • isomers as well as the appropriate mixtures thereof.
  • stereoisomers are obtained, if desired, by methods such as, stereoselective synthesis and/or the separation of stereoisomers by chiral chromatographic columns.
  • compounds described herein are prepared as their individual stereoisomers by reacting a racemic mixture of the compound with an optically active resolving agent to form a pair of diastereoisomeric compounds/salts, separating the diastereomers and recovering the optically pure enantiomers.
  • resolution of enantiomers is carried out using covalent diastereomeric derivatives of the compounds described herein.
  • diastereomers are separated by separation/resolution techniques based upon differences in solubility.
  • separation of steroisomers is performed by chromatography or by the forming diastereomeric salts and separation by recrystallization, or chromatography, or any combination thereof.
  • stereoisomers are obtained by stereoselective synthesis.
  • prodrugs refers to an agent that is converted into the parent drug in vivo. Prodrugs are often useful because, in some situations, they are easier to administer than the parent drug. They are, for instance, bioavailable by oral administration whereas the parent is not.
  • the prodrug may be a substrate for a transporter. Further or alternatively, the prodrug also has improved solubility in pharmaceutical compositions over the parent drug. In some embodiments, the design of a prodrug increases the effective water solubility.
  • An example, without limitation, of a prodrug is a compound described herein, which is administered as an ester (the "prodrug") but then is metabolically hydrolyzed to provide the active entity.
  • a further example of a prodrug is a short peptide (polyaminoacid) bonded to an acid group where the peptide is metabolized to reveal the active moiety.
  • a prodrug upon in vivo administration, is chemically converted to the biologically, pharmaceutically or therapeutically active form of the compound.
  • a prodrug is enzymatically metabolized by one or more steps or processes to the biologically, pharmaceutically or therapeutically active form of the compound.
  • Prodrugs of the compounds described herein include, but are not limited to, esters, ethers, carbonates, thiocarbonates, N-acyl derivatives, N-acyloxyalkyl derivatives, quaternary derivatives of tertiary amines, N-Mannich bases, Schiff bases, amino acid conjugates, phosphate esters, and sulfonate esters. See for example Design of Prodrugs, Bundgaard, A. Ed., Elseview, 1985 and Method in Enzymology, Widder, K. et al, Ed.; Academic, 1985, vol. 42, p. 309-396; Bundgaard, H.
  • a hydroxyl group in the compounds disclosed herein is used to form a prodrug, wherein the hydroxyl group is incorporated into an acyloxyalkyl ester, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl ester, alkyl ester, aryl ester, phosphate ester, sugar ester, ether, and the like.
  • a hydroxyl group in the compounds disclosed herein is a prodrug wherein the hydroxyl is then metabolized in vivo to provide a carboxylic acid group.
  • a carboxyl group is used to provide an ester or amide (i.e., the prodrug), which is then metabolized in vivo to provide a carboxylic acid group.
  • compounds described herein are prepared as alkyl ester prodrugs.
  • Prodrug forms of the herein described compounds, wherein the prodrug is metabolized in vivo to produce a compound described herein as set forth herein are included within the scope of the claims.
  • one of the herein-described compounds is a prodrug for another derivative or active compound.
  • the compounds described herein are metabolized upon administration to an organism in need to produce a metabolite that is then used to produce a desired effect, including a desired therapeutic effect.
  • a "metabolite” of a compound disclosed herein is a derivative of that compound that is formed when the compound is metabolized.
  • active metabolite refers to a biologically active derivative of a compound that is formed when the compound is metabolized.
  • metabolism refers to the sum of the processes (including, but not limited to, hydrolysis reactions and reactions catalyzed by enzymes) by which a particular substance is changed by an organism. Thus, enzymes may produce specific structural alterations to a compound.
  • cytochrome P450 catalyzes a variety of oxidative and reductive reactions while uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferases catalyze the transfer of an activated glucuronic-acid molecule to aromatic alcohols, aliphatic alcohols, carboxylic acids, amines and free sulphydryl groups.
  • Metabolites of the compounds disclosed herein are optionally identified either by administration of compounds to a host and analysis of tissue samples from the host, or by incubation of compounds with hepatic cells in vitro and analysis of the resulting compounds.
  • Heterocycles described herein may be prepared using well known synthetic routes (see J. A. Joule and K. Mills, Heterocyclic Chemistry (5th Ed.), Wiley-Blackwell Publishing (2010), and references cited therein; also A. R. Katritzky et a/, Handbook of Heterocyclic Chemistry (3rd Ed.), Elsevier Publishing (2010), and references cited therein) and these may be further functionalized to provide the corresponding substituted heterocycles using a variety of methods.
  • 2-(aminomethyl)indoles having the general structure ⁇ -6 are prepared via the Reissert synthesis as shown in Scheme 1.
  • substituted ort zo-nitrotoluenes ⁇ are treated with diethyl oxalate in the presence of a base such as NaOEt or KOEt and in a suitable solvent such as EtOH to provide 1-2.
  • a base such as NaOEt or KOEt
  • a suitable solvent such as EtOH
  • subsequent treatment of 1-2 with H 2 in the presence of Platinum and HO Ac provides 2-(ethoxycarbonyl)indole 1-3.
  • 1-2 is converted to 1-3 via treatment with zinc and HO Ac.
  • hydrolysis of the ester of 1-3 using, for example, aqueous LiOH in THF provides carboxylic acid derivative i -4.
  • treatment of acid 1-4 with H 4 CI under standard peptide- coupling conditions provides carboxamide 1-5.
  • treatment of acid 1-4 with thionyl chloride, followed by H 4 OH in a suitable solvent such as DCM, THF, or MeOH affords carboxamide 1-5.
  • treatment of carboxamide derivative 1-5 with a suitable reducing agent for example BH 3 -DMS or L1AIH 4 in THF, provides 2- (aminomethyl)indole 1-6.
  • 2-(aminomethyl)indoles having the general structure 2 ⁇ 4 are prepared via the Fischer indole synthesis as shown in Scheme 2.
  • substituted phenyl hydrazines 2 are treated with ethyl pyruvate in a suitable solvent such as EtOH or 1,4-dioxane with or without heating to provide hydrazones
  • 2-(ethoxycarbonyl)indole 2 ⁇ 3 is converted to 2-(aminomethyl)indole using methods described in Scheme 1.
  • substituted salicylaldehydes 3;! (X O) or thiosalicylaldehydes
  • heating 4 ⁇ 2 with a substituted alkylboronic acid or ester in the presence of a palladium catalyst such as Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 or Pd(OAc) 2 , and in the presence of a ligand such as tri-tert-butylphosphine tetrafluorob orate, and in the presence of a base such as Na 2 C0 3 , and in a suitable solvent such as DME-H 2 0 or l,4-dioxane-H 2 0 provides 4 ⁇ 3 (Z alkyl).
  • a palladium catalyst such as Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 or Pd(OAc) 2
  • a ligand such as tri-tert-butylphosphine tetrafluorob orate
  • a base such as Na 2 C0 3
  • a suitable solvent such as DME-H 2 0 or l,4-dioxane-H 2 0
  • heating 4 ⁇ 2 with a substituted cycloalkylboronic acid or ester in the presence of a palladium catalyst such as Pd(OAc) 2 and in the presence of a base such as K 3 P0 4 , and in the presence of a ligand such as tricyclohexylphosphine, and in a suitable solvent such as toluene-H 2 0 or l,4-dioxane-H 2 0 provides 4 ⁇ 3 (Z cycloalkyl).
  • a palladium catalyst such as Pd(OAc) 2
  • a base such as K 3 P0 4
  • a ligand such as tricyclohexylphosphine
  • heating 4 ⁇ 2 with a substituted alkenylboronic acid or ester in the presence of a palladium catalyst such as Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 or Pd(OAc) 2 and in the presence of a base such as Na 2 C0 3 or CsF, and in a suitable solvent such as DME-H 2 0 or l,4-dioxane-H 2 0 provides 4 ⁇ 3 (Z alkenyl).
  • subsequent treatment of 4 ⁇ 3 with TFA or HC1 in a solvent such as DCM or Et 2 0 provides amine 4 ⁇ 4.
  • heating 4 ⁇ 2 with a substituted arylboronic acid or ester in the presence of a palladium catalyst such as Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 or Pd(dppf)Cl 2 and in the presence of a base such as Na 2 C0 3 , and in a suitable solvent such as MeCN-H 2 0 or l,4-dioxane-H 2 0 provides 4 ⁇ 5.
  • a palladium catalyst such as Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 or Pd(dppf)Cl 2
  • a base such as Na 2 C0 3
  • a suitable solvent such as MeCN-H 2 0 or l,4-dioxane-H 2 0
  • subsequent treatment of 4 ⁇ 5 with TFA or HC1 in a solvent such as DCM or Et 2 0 provides amine 4 ⁇ 6.
  • heating 4 ⁇ 2 with TMS-acetylene in the presence of a palladium catalyst such as Pd(dppf)Cl 2 or Pd(PPh 3 ) 2 Cl 2 , and in the presence of a copper catalyst such as Cul, and in the presence of a base such as TEA, and in a suitable solvent such as MeCN or DMF provides 4 7.
  • a palladium catalyst such as Pd(dppf)Cl 2 or Pd(PPh 3 ) 2 Cl 2
  • a copper catalyst such as Cul
  • a base such as TEA
  • a suitable solvent such as MeCN or DMF
  • subsequent treatment of 4 7 with K 2 C0 3 in a solvent such as MeOH provides 4J$.
  • treatment of 4J$ with a substituted azide in the presence of a copper catalyst such as CuS0 4 , and in the presence of sodium ascorbate and benzoic acid, and in a suitable solvent such tert-butanol- H 2 0 provides triazole-derivative 4 ⁇ 9.
  • subsequent treatment of 4 ⁇ 9 with TFA or HC1 in a solvent such as DCM or Et 2 0 provides amine 4-10.
  • 2-(aminomethyl)-l,3-benzimidazoles having the general structure 5 ⁇ are prepared as shown in Scheme 5.
  • heating a substituted o-phenylenediamine 5-1 with glycine in the presence of aqueous HC1 provides (2-aminomethyl)-l,3-benzimidazole 5-2.
  • subsequent treatment of 6 ⁇ 2 with NaN 3 in the presence of 15-crown-5 and Nal, and in a polar solvent such as DMF or MeCN provides the azide-derivative 6 ⁇ 3.
  • treatment of 6 ⁇ 3 with hydrogen in the presence of palladium on carbon, and in a suitable solvent such as MeOH or EtOH provides the methylamine-derivative 6 ⁇ 4.
  • 6 ⁇ 3 is converted to 6 ⁇ 4 by treatment with PPh 3 in THF followed by aqueous or aqueous HC1 work-up.
  • methyl amine-derivatives 6 ⁇ 4 are prepared directly from 6 ⁇ 2 via heating with aqueous ammonia in the presence of TB AI and in a suitable solvent such as THF.
  • heating a substituted o-iodoaminopyridine 7-1 with pyruvic acid in the presence of Pd(OAc) 2 and l,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, and in a suitable solvent such as DMF provides azaindole-2-carboxylic acid 7 ⁇ 2.
  • heating 1 with pyruvic acid in the presence of Pd [P(tert-Bu) 3 ] 2 , K 3 P0 4 , and MgS0 4 , and in a suitable solvent such as DMA provides 7 ⁇ 2.
  • heating 1 ⁇ 2 in EtOH in the presence of concentrated HC1 or H 2 S0 4 provides ethyl ester-derivative 7 ⁇ 3.
  • heating 1 ⁇ 5 in the presence of ammonia in MeOH or EtOH provides carboxamide 7-4.
  • the carboxylic acid 7 ⁇ 2 is directly converted to carboxamide 7-4 via treatment with H 4 C1 in the presence of EDCI, HOBt, and N-methylmorpholine, and in a suitable solvent such as DMF.
  • treatment of 7 ⁇ 4 with a reducing agent such as LiAlH 4 in THF provides 2-(aminomethyl)azaindole 7-5.
  • 2-(aminomethyl)-4H-thiochromen-4-ones having the general structure 8 7 are prepared as shown in Scheme 8.
  • treatment of a substituted thiophenol 8 with dimethylacetylene dicarboxylate in the presence of a base such as K 2 C0 3 , and in a suitable solvent such as water or DMF provides 8 ⁇ 2.
  • a base such as K 2 C0 3
  • a suitable solvent such as water or DMF
  • heating 8 ⁇ 2 with a strong acid, such as concentrated H 2 S0 4 or HC1 provides 8 ⁇ 3.
  • activation of the acid of 8 ⁇ 3 via treatment with, for example, ethyl chloroformate and a base such as TEA or DIEA in a suitable solvent such as THF yields an activated ester that may be reduced with, for example, NaBH 4 in water to provide alcohol 84.
  • treatment of 8 ⁇ 5 with NaN 3 in a polar solvent such as DMF at an appropriate temperature provides methyl azide derivative 8 ⁇ 6.
  • methyl azide 8 ⁇ 6 is converted to the methyl amine 8 7 via treatment with PPh 3 in a suitable solvent such as Et 2 0 or THF, followed by hydrolysis with water or aq. HC1.
  • heating a substituted 1,3-diene 9-1 with /?-benzoquinone 9-2 in a suitable solvent such as toluene or xylene (Diels-Alder cycloaddition), followed by heating with an oxidizing reagent such as Mn0 2 provides naphthalene-l,4-dione 9 ⁇ 3.
  • a suitable solvent such as toluene or xylene (Diels-Alder cycloaddition)
  • an oxidizing reagent such as Mn0 2
  • treatment of 9-1 with 9 ⁇ 2 in the presence of BF 3 -OEt 2 and in a suitable solvent such as Et 2 0 or THF followed by treatment with an oxidizing agent such as Mn0 2 provides ⁇ 3.
  • treatment of 9 ⁇ 3 with N-Boc-glycine 9 ⁇ 4 in the presence of AgN0 3 and ammonium persulfate, and in a suitable solvent such as MeCN-H 2 0 with heating provides 9 ⁇ 5 (see G. Naturale et al, Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2012, 29, 5774-5788).
  • subsequent treatment of 9 ⁇ with TFA or HCl in a solvent such as DCM or Et 2 0 will provide amine 9-6.
  • 3-(aminomethyl)isoquinolin-l(2H)-ones having the general structure 10-10 are prepared as shown in Scheme 10.
  • treatment of a substituted methyl 2-formylbenzoate 10-1 with dimethoxyphosphorylacetate-derivative 10-2 in the presence of a base such as DBU and in a suitable solvent such as DCM (Wittig-Horner condensation), followed by treatment with an acid such as HC1 in a suitable solvent such as Et 2 0 or 1,4-dioxane provides isoquinoline-l-(2H)-one 10-3.
  • 10-3 is obtained directly from a substituted methyl 2- iodobenzoate 10-4 via heating with methyl 2-acetamidoacrylate 10-5 in the presence of
  • treatment of 10-8 with NaN 3 in a polar solvent such as DMF provides methyl azide derivative 10-9.
  • methyl azide 10-9 is converted to the methyl amine 10-10 via hydrogenation in the presence of palladium on carbon or Pd(OH)2 on carbon, and in a suitable solvent such as MeOH or EtOAc.
  • aminomethyl-containing heterocycles having the general structure 11-5 are prepared as shown in Scheme 11.
  • the strong base is KO l Bu.
  • the polar solvent is DMF.
  • R 2 is aryl or heteroaryl, a suitable milder base is employed.
  • the milder base is K 2 C0 3 .
  • the base is K 2 C0 3 or TEA.
  • the polar solvent is DMF.
  • compound 11-3 is converted to nitrile-derivative 11-4 via heating with Zn(CN) 2 in the presence of a palladium catalyst such as Pd 2 (dba) 3 , zinc metal, a ligand such as XantPhos, and in a suitable solvent such as N,N-dimethylacetamide.
  • the strong base is KO l Bu.
  • the polar solvent is DMF.
  • R 2 is aryl or heteroaryl, a suitable milder base is employed.
  • the milder base is K 2 C0 3 .
  • the base is K 2 C0 3 or TEA.
  • the polar solvent is DMF.
  • compound 12-3 is converted to nitrile-derivative 12-4 via heating with Zn(CN) 2 in the presence of a palladium catalyst such as Pd 2 (dba) 3 , zinc metal, a ligand such as XantPhos, and in a suitable solvent such as N,N-dimethylacetamide.
  • subsequent reduction of 12-4 with hydrogen in the presence of palladium on carbon or Pt0 2 and in a suitable solvent such as MeOH or EtOAc, provides methylamine 12-5.
  • aminomethyl-containing heterocycles having the general structure 13-6 are prepared as shown in Scheme 13.
  • treatment of pyridine 13-1 with a substituted alkylamine or substituted aniline (R 2 H 2 ) in the presence of a base such as DIEA or K 2 C0 3 , and in a suitable solvent such as THF or DMF with or without heating provides 13-2.
  • a suitable reducing agent such as iron and HO Ac
  • heating 13-3 with CH(OEt) 3 in a suitable solvent such as MeOH provides imidazolopyridine 13-4.
  • imidazolopyridine 13-4 is converted to nitrile-derivative 13-5 via heating with Zn(CN) 2 in the presence of a palladium catalyst such as Pd 2 (dba) 3 , zinc metal, a ligand such as XantPhos, and in a suitable solvent such as N,N-dimethylacetamide.
  • a palladium catalyst such as Pd 2 (dba) 3
  • zinc metal such as XantPhos
  • a suitable solvent such as N,N-dimethylacetamide.
  • subsequent reduction of the nitrile of 13-5 with hydrogen in the presence of palladium on carbon or Pt0 2 , HQ, and in a suitable solvent such as MeOH or EtOAc provides methylamine 13-6.
  • 13-6 is obtained from 13-4 via the following procedures.
  • heating 13-4 with carbon monoxide in the presence of a palladium catalyst such as Pd(dppf)Cl 2 , an amine such as TEA, and in a suitable solvent such as MeOH-MeCN provides ester-derivative 13-7.
  • ester 13-7 is converted to the alcohol 13-8 via treatment with a suitable reducing agent such as NaBH 4 /CaCl 2 in a suitable solvent such as THF-MeOH.
  • alcohol 13-8 is converted to azide 13-9 via treatment with DPPA in the presence of DBU and in a solvent such as DMF.
  • subsequent treatment of 13-9 with PPh 3 in a suitable solvent such as Et 2 0 or THF, followed by hydrolysis with water or aq. HC1, provides amine 13-6.
  • substituted ester-containing heterocycles 14-1 upon treatment with a suitable reducing agent such as LiAlH 4 in a suitable solvent such as THF, provided alcohol 14-2.
  • alcohol 14-2 is converted to aldehyde 14-3 via treatment with a suitable oxidizing agent in a suitable solvent.
  • the oxidizing agent is Mn0 2 , or alternatively oxalyl chloride, DMSO, and TEA (Swern oxidation).
  • the solvent is DCM or THF.
  • aldehyde 14-3 is obtained directly from ester 14-1 via treatment, at low temperature, with diisobutylaluminum hydride in a suitable solvent such as DCM-hexanes.
  • a suitable solvent such as DCM-hexanes.
  • treatment of aldehyde 14-3 with nitromethane in the presence of a base such as NaOH or H 4 OAc (Henry reaction) provides nitroalkene 14-4.
  • treatment of 14-4 with a suitable reducing agent such as LiAlH 4 in THF provides 14-5.
  • heating substituted 2-hydroxyanilines 16-1 with acid 16-2 in the presence of polyphosphoric acid provides 16-3.
  • treatment of substituted anilines 17-1 with either potassium thiocyanate or ammonium thiocyanate in the presence of benzyltrimethylammonium bromide, and in a suitable solvent such as MeCN provides 2-amino-l,3-benzothiazoles 17-2.
  • treatment of 17-1 with potassium thiocyanate in the presence of bromine and HO Ac provides 17-2.
  • treatment of 17-2 with /er/-butylnitrite and CuCl 2 in a suitable solvent such as MeCN (Sandmeyer reaction) provides 2-chloro-l,3- benzothiazoles 17-3.
  • heating 17-3 with potassium vinyltrifluoroborate in the presence of a palladium catalyst such as Pd(dppf)Cl 2 .DCM and a base such as TEA in a solvent such as 'PrOH provides 17-4 (see B. Choi et al, Synlett 2015, 26, 350-351).
  • heating 17-4 with potassium phthalimide in a polar solvent such as DMF provides 17-5.
  • subsequent treatment of 17-5 with hydrazine in a suitable solvent such as EtOH provides 17-6.
  • Ci-C x includes C 1 -C 2 , C 1 -C3 . . . Ci-C x .
  • a group designated as "C 1 -C 4 " indicates that there are one to four carbon atoms in the moiety, i.e., groups containing 1 carbon atom, 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms or 4 carbon atoms.
  • C 1 -C4 alkyl indicates that there are one to four carbon atoms in the alkyl group, i.e., the alkyl group is selected from among methyl, ethyl, propyl, z ' so-propyl, /7-butyl, z ' so-butyl, sec-butyl, and /-butyl.
  • an "alkyl” group refers to an aliphatic hydrocarbon group.
  • the alkyl group is branched or straight chain.
  • the "alkyl” group has 1 to 10 carbon atoms, i.e., a Ci- Cioalkyl.
  • a numerical range such as “1 to 10” refers to each integer in the given range; e.g., " 1 to 10 carbon atoms” means that the alkyl group consist of 1 carbon atom, 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, etc., up to and including 10 carbon atoms, although the present definition also covers the occurrence of the term "alkyl” where no numerical range is designated.
  • an alkyl is a Ci-C 6 alkyl.
  • the alkyl is methyl, ethyl, propyl, z ' so-propyl, zz-butyl, z ' so-butyl, sec-butyl, or /-butyl.
  • Typical alkyl groups include, but are in no way limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tertiary butyl, pentyl, neopentyl, or hexyl.
  • alkyl ene group refers to a divalent alkyl radical. Any of the above mentioned monovalent alkyl groups may be an alkylene by abstraction of a second hydrogen atom from the alkyl. In some embodiments, an alkelene is a Ci-C 6 alkylene. In other words,
  • an alkylene is a Cioalkyl ene.
  • Typical alkylene groups include, but are not limited to, -CH 2 -, -CH(CH 3 )-, -C(CH 3 ) 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH(CH 3 )-, -CH 2 C(CH 3 ) 2 -, - CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, and the like.
  • Deuteroalkyl refers to an alkyl group where 1 or more hydrogen atoms of an alkyl are replaced with deuterium.
  • alkenyl refers to a type of alkyl group in which at least one carbon-carbon double bond is present.
  • R is H or an alkyl.
  • alkynyl refers to a type of alkyl group in which at least one carbon-carbon triple bond is present.
  • an alkynyl group has the formula -C ⁇ C-R, wherein R refers to the remaining portions of the alkynyl group.
  • R is H or an alkyl.
  • Non-limiting examples of an alkynyl group include -C ⁇ CH, -C ⁇ CCH 3 -C ⁇ CCH 2 CH 3 , - CH 2 C ⁇ CH.
  • alkoxy refers to a (alkyl)O- group, where alkyl is as defined herein.
  • alkylamine refers to the -N(alkyl) x H y group, where x is 0 and y is 2, or where x is 1 and y is 1, or where x is 2 and y is 0.
  • aromatic refers to a planar ring having a delocalized ⁇ -electron system containing 4n+2 ⁇ electrons, where n is an integer.
  • aromatic includes both carbocyclic aryl ("aryl”, e.g., phenyl) and heterocyclic aryl (or “heteroaryl” or “heteroaromatic”) groups (e.g., pyridine).
  • aryl e.g., phenyl
  • heterocyclic aryl or “heteroaryl” or “heteroaromatic” groups
  • pyridine e.g., pyridine
  • the term includes monocyclic or fused-ring polycyclic (i.e., rings which share adjacent pairs of carbon atoms) groups.
  • carbocyclic or “carbocycle” refers to a ring or ring system where the atoms forming the backbone of the ring are all carbon atoms. The term thus distinguishes carbocyclic from “heterocyclic” rings or “heterocycles” in which the ring backbone contains at least one atom which is different from carbon. In some embodiments, at least one of the two rings of a bicyclic carbocycle is aromatic. In some embodiments, both rings of a bicyclic carbocycle are aromatic.
  • aryl refers to an aromatic ring wherein each of the atoms forming the ring is a carbon atom. In one aspect, aryl is phenyl or naphthyl. In some
  • an aryl is a phenyl. In some embodiments, an aryl is a C 6 -Ci 0 aryl. Depending on the structure, an aryl group is a monoradical or a diradical (i.e., an arylene group).
  • cycloalkyl refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic aliphatic, non-aromatic radical, wherein each of the atoms forming the ring (i.e., skeletal atoms) is a carbon atom.
  • cycloalkyls are spirocyclic or bridged compounds.
  • cycloalkyls are optionally fused with an aromatic ring, and the point of attachment is at a carbon that is not an aromatic ring carbon atom.
  • Cycloalkyl groups include groups having from 3 to 10 ring atoms.
  • cycloalkyl groups are selected from among cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, spiro[2.2]pentyl, norbornyl and bicycle[l . l . l]pentyl.
  • a cycloalkyl is a C 3 - C 6 cycloalkyl.
  • halo or, alternatively, "halogen” or “halide” means fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo. In some embodiments, halo is fluoro, chloro, or bromo.
  • fluoroalkyl refers to an alkyl in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by a fluorine atom.
  • a fluoralkyl is a Ci-Cefluoroalkyl.
  • heteroalkyl refers to an alkyl group in which one or more skeletal atoms of the alkyl are selected from an atom other than carbon, e.g., oxygen, nitrogen (e.g., - H-, - N(alkyl)-), sulfur, or combinations thereof.
  • a heteroalkyl is attached to the rest of the molecule at a carbon atom of the heteroalkyl.
  • a heteroalkyl is a Ci-C 6 heteroalkyl.
  • heterocycle refers to heteroaromatic rings (also known as heteroaryls) and heterocycloalkyl rings (also known as heteroalicyclic groups) containing one to four heteroatoms in the ring(s), where each heteroatom in the ring(s) is selected from O, S and N, wherein each heterocyclic group has from 3 to 10 atoms in its ring system, and with the proviso that any ring does not contain two adjacent O or S atoms.
  • Non-aromatic heterocyclic groups also known as heterocycloalkyls
  • aromatic heterocyclic groups include rings having 5 to 10 atoms in its ring system.
  • heterocyclic groups include benzo-fused ring systems.
  • non-aromatic heterocyclic groups are pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, oxazolidinonyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl,
  • aromatic heterocyclic groups are pyridinyl, imidazolyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, pyrazinyl, tetrazolyl, furyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrrolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, indolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, cinnolinyl, indazolyl, indolizinyl, phthalazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, isoindolyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, furazanyl, benzofurazanyl, benzothiophenyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, quinazolinyl, quinox
  • the foregoing groups are either C-attached (or C-linked) or TV-attached where such is possible.
  • a group derived from pyrrole includes both pyrrol-l-yl (TV-attached) or pyrrol-3-yl (C-attached).
  • a group derived from imidazole includes imidazol-l-yl or imidazol-3-yl (both TV- attached) or imidazol-2-yl, imidazol-4-yl or imidazol-5-yl (all C-attached).
  • the heterocyclic groups include benzo-fused ring systems.
  • at least one of the two rings of a bicyclic heterocycle is aromatic.
  • both rings of a bicyclic heterocycle are aromatic.
  • heteroaryl or, alternatively, “heteroaromatic” refers to an aryl group that includes one or more ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
  • heteroaryl groups include monocyclic heteroaryls and bicyclcic heteroaryls.
  • Monocyclic heteroaryls include pyridinyl, imidazolyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, pyrazinyl, tetrazolyl, furyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrrolyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, and furazanyl.
  • Monocyclic heteroaryls include indolizine, indole, benzofuran, benzothiophene, indazole, benzimidazole, purine, quinolizine, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, phthalazine, quinazoline, quinoxaline, 1,8-naphthyridine, and pteridine.
  • a heteroaryl contains 0-4 N atoms in the ring.
  • a heteroaryl contains 1-4 N atoms in the ring.
  • a heteroaryl contains 0-4 N atoms, 0-1 O atoms, and 0-1 S atoms in the ring.
  • a heteroaryl contains 0-4 N atoms, and 1 O or S atom in the ring. In some embodiments, a heteroaryl contains 1-4 N atoms, 0-1 O atoms, and 0-1 S atoms in the ring. In some
  • heteroaryl is a Ci-C 9 heteroaryl.
  • monocyclic heteroaryl is a Ci-C5heteroaryl.
  • monocyclic heteroaryl is a 5-membered or 6-membered heteroaryl.
  • bicyclic heteroaryl is a Ce-Cgheteroaryl.
  • heterocycloalkyl or “heteroalicyclic” group refers to a cycloalkyl group that includes at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
  • a heterocycloalkyl is fused with an aryl or heteroaryl.
  • the heterocycloalkyl is oxazolidinonyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, piperazinyl, piperidin-2-onyl, pyrrolidine-2,5-dithionyl, pyrrolidine-2,5-dionyl, pyrrolidinonyl,
  • heteroalicyclic also includes all ring forms of the carbohydrates, including but not limited to the monosaccharides, the disaccharides and the oligosaccharides.
  • a heterocycloalkyl is a C 2 -
  • a heterocycloalkyl is a C4-Cioheterocycloalkyl.
  • a heterocycloalkyl contains 0-2 N atoms in the ring.
  • a heterocycloalkyl contains 0-2 N atoms, 0-2 O atoms and 0-1 S atoms in the ring.
  • bond refers to a chemical bond between two atoms, or two moieties when the atoms joined by the bond are considered to be part of larger substructure.
  • bond when a group described herein is a bond, the referenced group is absent thereby allowing a bond to be formed between the remaining identified groups.
  • moiety refers to a specific segment or functional group of a molecule.
  • Chemical moieties are often recognized chemical entities embedded in or appended to a molecule.
  • optional substituents are independently selected from halogen, -CN, -NH 2 , -OH, -NH(CH 3 ), -N(CH 3 ) 2 , -CH 3 , - CH 2 CH 3 , -CF 3 , -OCH 3 , and -OCF 3 .
  • substituted groups are substituted with one or two of the preceding groups.
  • module means to interact with a target either directly or indirectly so as to alter the activity of the target, including, by way of example only, to enhance the activity of the target, to inhibit the activity of the target, to limit the activity of the target, or to extend the activity of the target.
  • modulator refers to a molecule that interacts with a target either directly or indirectly.
  • the interactions include, but are not limited to, the interactions of an agonist, partial agonist, an inverse agonist, antagonist, degrader, or combinations thereof.
  • a modulator is an antagonist.
  • a modulator is a degrader.
  • administer refers to the methods that may be used to enable delivery of compounds or compositions to the desired site of biological action. These methods include, but are not limited to oral routes, intraduodenal routes, parenteral injection (including intravenous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intravascular or infusion), topical and rectal administration. Those of skill in the art are familiar with administration techniques that can be employed with the compounds and methods described herein. In some embodiments, the compounds and compositions described herein are administered orally.
  • co-administration are meant to encompass administration of the selected therapeutic agents to a single patient, and are intended to include treatment regimens in which the agents are administered by the same or different route of administration or at the same or different time.
  • an “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount,” as used herein, refer to a sufficient amount of an agent or a compound being administered, which will relieve to some extent one or more of the symptoms of the disease or condition being treated. The result includes reduction and/or alleviation of the signs, symptoms, or causes of a disease, or any other desired alteration of a biological system.
  • an “effective amount” for therapeutic uses is the amount of the composition comprising a compound as disclosed herein required to provide a clinically significant decrease in disease symptoms.
  • An appropriate “effective” amount in any individual case is optionally determined using techniques, such as a dose escalation study.
  • the terms “enhance” or “enhancing,” as used herein, means to increase or prolong either in potency or duration a desired effect.
  • the term “enhancing” refers to the ability to increase or prolong, either in potency or duration, the effect of other therapeutic agents on a system.
  • An “enhancing-effective amount,” as used herein, refers to an amount adequate to enhance the effect of another therapeutic agent in a desired system.
  • pharmaceutical combination means a product that results from the mixing or combining of more than one active ingredient and includes both fixed and non-fixed combinations of the active ingredients.
  • fixed combination means that the active ingredients, e.g., a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a co-agent, are both administered to a patient simultaneously in the form of a single entity or dosage.
  • non-fixed combination means that the active ingredients, e.g., a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a co-agent, are administered to a patient as separate entities either simultaneously, concurrently or sequentially with no specific intervening time limits, wherein such administration provides effective levels of the two compounds in the body of the patient.
  • active ingredients e.g., a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a co-agent
  • cocktail therapy e.g., the administration of three or more active ingredients.
  • the term "subject” or “patient” encompasses mammals.
  • mammals include, but are not limited to, any member of the Mammalian class: humans, non-human primates such as chimpanzees, and other apes and monkey species; farm animals such as cattle, horses, sheep, goats, swine; domestic animals such as rabbits, dogs, and cats; and laboratory animals including rodents, such as rats, mice and guinea pigs, and the like.
  • the mammal is a human.
  • treat include alleviating, abating or ameliorating at least one symptom of a disease or condition, preventing additional symptoms, inhibiting the disease or condition, e.g., arresting the development of the disease or condition, relieving the disease or condition, causing regression of the disease or condition, relieving a condition caused by the disease or condition, or stopping the symptoms of the disease or condition either prophylactically and/or therapeutically.
  • the compounds described herein are formulated into
  • compositions are formulated in a conventional manner using one or more pharmaceutically acceptable inactive ingredients that facilitate processing of the active compounds into preparations that are used pharmaceutically. Proper formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen.
  • a summary of pharmaceutical compositions described herein is found, for example, in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Nineteenth Ed (Easton, Pa. : Mack Publishing Company, 1995); Hoover, John E., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pennsylvania 1975;
  • the compounds described herein are administered either alone or in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients or diluents, in a
  • Administration of the compounds and compositions described herein can be effected by any method that enables delivery of the compounds to the site of action. These methods include, though are not limited to delivery via enteral routes (including oral, gastric or duodenal feeding tube, rectal suppository and rectal enema), parenteral routes (injection or infusion, including intraarterial, intracardiac, intradermal, intraduodenal, intramedullary, intramuscular, intraosseous, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, intravascular, intravenous, intravitreal, epidural and subcutaneous), inhalational, transdermal, transmucosal, sublingual, buccal and topical (including epicutaneous, dermal, enema, eye drops, ear drops, intranasal, vaginal) administration, although the most suitable route may depend upon for example the condition and disorder of the recipient.
  • enteral routes including oral, gastric or duodenal feeding tube, rectal suppository and rectal enema
  • compounds described herein can be administered locally to the area in need of treatment, by for example, local infusion during surgery, topical application such as creams or ointments, injection, catheter, or implant.
  • topical application such as creams or ointments, injection, catheter, or implant.
  • the administration can also be by direct injection at the site of a diseased tissue or organ.
  • compositions suitable for oral administration are presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient; as a powder or granules; as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid or a non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion.
  • the active ingredient is presented as a bolus, electuary or paste.
  • compositions which can be used orally include tablets, push-fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol. Tablets may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with binders, inert diluents, or lubricating, surface active or dispersing agents. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
  • the tablets are coated or scored and are formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein. All formulations for oral administration should be in dosages suitable for such administration.
  • the push-fit capsules can contain the active ingredients in admixture with filler such as lactose, binders such as starches, and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and, optionally, stabilizers.
  • the active compounds may be dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols. In some embodiments, stabilizers are added. Dragee cores are provided with suitable coatings.
  • concentrated sugar solutions may be used, which may optionally contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions, and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures.
  • Dyestuffs or pigments may be added to the tablets or Dragee coatings for identification or to characterize different combinations of active compound doses.
  • compositions are formulated for parenteral administration by injection, e.g., by bolus injection or continuous infusion.
  • Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dose containers, with an added preservative.
  • the compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents.
  • compositions may be presented in unit-dose or multi- dose containers, for example sealed ampoules and vials, and may be stored in powder form or in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example, saline or sterile pyrogen-free water, immediately prior to use.
  • sterile liquid carrier for example, saline or sterile pyrogen-free water
  • Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets of the kind previously described.
  • compositions for parenteral administration include aqueous and nonaqueous (oily) sterile injection solutions of the active compounds which may contain
  • aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents.
  • Suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles include fatty oils such as sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters, such as ethyl oleate or triglycerides, or liposomes.
  • Aqueous injection suspensions may contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, or dextran.
  • the suspension may also contain suitable stabilizers or agents which increase the solubility of the compounds to allow for the preparation of highly concentrated solutions.
  • compositions may also be formulated as a depot preparation. Such long acting formulations may be administered by implantation (for example subcutaneously or intramuscularly) or by intramuscular injection.
  • the compounds may be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (for example, an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives, for example, as a sparingly soluble salt.
  • compositions may take the form of tablets, lozenges, pastilles, or gels formulated in conventional manner.
  • Such compositions may comprise the active ingredient in a flavored basis such as sucrose and acacia or tragacanth.
  • compositions may also be formulated in rectal compositions such as suppositories or retention enemas, e.g., containing conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, or other glycerides.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions may be administered topically, that is by non-systemic administration. This includes the application of a compound of the present invention externally to the epidermis or the buccal cavity and the instillation of such a compound into the ear, eye and nose, such that the compound does not significantly enter the blood stream.
  • systemic administration refers to oral, intravenous, intraperitoneal and intramuscular administration.
  • compositions suitable for topical administration include liquid or semi- liquid preparations suitable for penetration through the skin to the site of inflammation such as gels, liniments, lotions, creams, ointments or pastes, and drops suitable for administration to the eye, ear or nose.
  • the active ingredient may comprise, for topical administration, from 0.001% to 10%) w/w, for instance from 1%> to 2% by weight of the formulation.
  • compositions for administration by inhalation are conveniently delivered from an insufflator, nebulizer pressurized packs or other convenient means of delivering an aerosol spray.
  • Pressurized packs may comprise a suitable propellant such as dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas.
  • the dosage unit may be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount.
  • pharmaceutical preparations may take the form of a dry powder composition, for example a powder mix of the compound and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch.
  • the powder composition may be presented in unit dosage form, in for example, capsules, cartridges, gelatin or blister packs from which the powder may be administered with the aid of an inhalator or insufflator.
  • compositions described herein may include other agents conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulation in question, for example those suitable for oral administration may include flavoring agents.
  • the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof are used in the preparation of medicaments for the treatment of diseases or conditions in a mammal that would benefit from inhibition or reduction of LOXL2 activity.
  • Methods for treating any of the diseases or conditions described herein in a mammal in need of such treatment involves administration of pharmaceutical compositions that include at least one compound described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, active metabolite, prodrug, or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, in therapeutically effective amounts to said mammal.
  • the compositions containing the compound(s) described herein are administered for prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatments. In certain therapeutically
  • compositions are administered to a patient already suffering from a disease or condition, in an amount sufficient to cure or at least partially arrest at least one of the symptoms of the disease or condition.
  • Amounts effective for this use depend on the severity and course of the disease or condition, previous therapy, the patient's health status, weight, and response to the drugs, and the judgment of the treating physician.
  • Therapeutically effective amounts are optionally determined by methods including, but not limited to, a dose escalation and/or dose ranging clinical trial.
  • compositions containing the compounds described herein are administered to a patient susceptible to or otherwise at risk of a particular disease, disorder or condition. Such an amount is defined to be a "prophylactically effective amount or dose.”
  • prophylactically effective amount or dose the precise amounts also depend on the patient's state of health, weight, and the like. When used in patients, effective amounts for this use will depend on the severity and course of the disease, disorder or condition, previous therapy, the patient's health status and response to the drugs, and the judgment of the treating physician.
  • prophylactic treatments include administering to a mammal, who previously experienced at least one symptom of the disease being treated and is currently in remission, a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in order to prevent a return of the symptoms of the disease or condition.
  • the administration of the compounds are administered chronically, that is, for an extended period of time, including throughout the duration of the patient's life in order to ameliorate or otherwise control or limit the symptoms of the patient's disease or condition.
  • the dose of drug being administered is temporarily reduced or temporarily suspended for a certain length of time (i.e., a "drug holiday").
  • the length of the drug holiday is between 2 days and 1 year, including by way of example only, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, 10 days, 12 days, 15 days, 20 days, 28 days, or more than 28 days.
  • the dose reduction during a drug holiday is, by way of example only, by 10%-100%, including by way of example only 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, and 100%.
  • a maintenance dose is administered if necessary. Subsequently, in specific embodiments, the dosage or the frequency of administration, or both, is reduced, as a function of the symptoms, to a level at which the improved disease, disorder or condition is retained. In certain embodiments, however, the patient requires intermittent treatment on a long-term basis upon any recurrence of symptoms.
  • the amount of a given agent that corresponds to such an amount varies depending upon factors such as the particular compound, disease condition and its severity, the identity (e.g., weight, sex) of the subject or host in need of treatment, but nevertheless is determined according to the particular circumstances surrounding the case, including, e.g., the specific agent being administered, the route of administration, the condition being treated, and the subject or host being treated.
  • doses employed for adult human treatment are typically in the range of 0.01 mg-5000 mg per day. In one aspect, doses employed for adult human treatment are from about 1 mg to about 1000 mg per day. In one embodiment, the desired dose is conveniently presented in a single dose or in divided doses administered simultaneously or at appropriate intervals, for example as two, three, four or more sub-doses per day.
  • the daily dosages appropriate for the compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof are from about 0.01 to about 50 mg/kg per body weight.
  • the daily dosage or the amount of active in the dosage form are lower or higher than the ranges indicated herein, based on a number of variables in regard to an individual treatment regime.
  • the daily and unit dosages are altered depending on a number of variables including, but not limited to, the activity of the compound used, the disease or condition to be treated, the mode of administration, the requirements of the individual subject, the severity of the disease or condition being treated, and the judgment of the practitioner.
  • Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of such therapeutic regimens are determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, including, but not limited to, the determination of the LD 50 and the ED 50 .
  • the dose ratio between the toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index and it is expressed as the ratio between LD 50 and ED 50 .
  • the data obtained from cell culture assays and animal studies are used in formulating the therapeutically effective daily dosage range and/or the therapeutically effective unit dosage amount for use in mammals, including humans.
  • the daily dosage amount of the compounds described herein lies within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED 50 with minimal toxicity.
  • the daily dosage range and/or the unit dosage amount varies within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized.
  • the effective amount of the compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is: (a) systemically administered to the mammal; and/or (b) administered orally to the mammal; and/or (c) intravenously administered to the mammal; and/or (d) administered by injection to the mammal; and/or (e) administered topically to the mammal; and/or (f) administered non- systemically or locally to the mammal.
  • any of the aforementioned aspects are further embodiments comprising single administrations of the effective amount of the compound, including further embodiments in which (i) the compound is administered once a day; or (ii) the compound is administered to the mammal multiple times over the span of one day.
  • any of the aforementioned aspects are further embodiments comprising multiple administrations of the effective amount of the compound, including further embodiments in which (i) the compound is administered continuously or intermittently: as in a single dose; (ii) the time between multiple administrations is every 6 hours; (iii) the compound is administered to the mammal every 8 hours; (iv) the compound is administered to the mammal every 12 hours; (v) the compound is administered to the mammal every 24 hours.
  • the compound is administered continuously or intermittently: as in a single dose; (ii) the time between multiple administrations is every 6 hours; (iii) the compound is administered to the mammal every 8 hours; (iv) the compound is administered to the mammal every 12 hours; (v) the compound is administered to the mammal every 24 hours.
  • the method comprises a drug holiday, wherein the administration of the compound is temporarily suspended or the dose of the compound being administered is temporarily reduced; at the end of the drug holiday, dosing of the compound is resumed.
  • the length of the drug holiday varies from 2 days to 1 year.
  • the pharmaceutical composition further comprises one or more anti-cancer agents.
  • the therapeutic effectiveness of one of the compounds described herein is enhanced by administration of an adjuvant (i.e., by itself the adjuvant has minimal therapeutic benefit, but in combination with another therapeutic agent, the overall therapeutic benefit to the patient is enhanced).
  • an adjuvant i.e., by itself the adjuvant has minimal therapeutic benefit, but in combination with another therapeutic agent, the overall therapeutic benefit to the patient is enhanced.
  • the benefit experienced by a patient is increased by administering one of the compounds described herein with another agent (which also includes a therapeutic regimen) that also has therapeutic benefit.
  • a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is co-administered with a second therapeutic agent, wherein the compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and the second therapeutic agent modulate different aspects of the disease, disorder or condition being treated, thereby providing a greater overall benefit than administration of either therapeutic agent alone.
  • the overall benefit experienced by the patient may be additive of the two therapeutic agents or the patient may experience a synergistic benefit.
  • different therapeutically-effective dosages of the compounds disclosed herein will be utilized in formulating pharmaceutical composition and/or in treatment regimens when the compounds disclosed herein are administered in combination with one or more additional agent, such as an additional therapeutically effective drug, an adjuvant or the like.
  • additional agent such as an additional therapeutically effective drug, an adjuvant or the like.
  • Therapeutically-effective dosages of drugs and other agents for use in combination treatment regimens is optionally determined by means similar to those set forth hereinabove for the actives themselves.
  • the methods of prevention/treatment described herein encompasses the use of metronomic dosing, i.e., providing more frequent, lower doses in order to minimize toxic side effects.
  • a combination treatment regimen i.e., providing more frequent, lower doses in order to minimize toxic side effects.
  • treatment regimens in which administration of a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is initiated prior to, during, or after treatment with a second agent described herein, and continues until any time during treatment with the second agent or after termination of treatment with the second agent. It also includes treatments in which a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and the second agent being used in combination are administered simultaneously or at different times and/or at decreasing or increasing intervals during the treatment period. Combination treatment further includes periodic treatments that start and stop at various times to assist with the clinical management of the patient.
  • the dosage regimen to treat, prevent, or ameliorate the condition(s) for which relief is sought is modified in accordance with a variety of factors (e.g., the disease, disorder or condition from which the subject suffers; the age, weight, sex, diet, and medical condition of the subject).
  • the dosage regimen actually employed varies and, in some embodiments, deviates from the dosage regimens set forth herein.
  • dosages of the co-administered compounds vary depending on the type of co-drug employed, on the specific drug employed, on the disease or condition being treated and so forth.
  • the compound provided herein when co-administered with one or more other therapeutic agents, is administered either simultaneously with the one or more other therapeutic agents, or sequentially.
  • the multiple therapeutic agents are administered in any order or even simultaneously. If administration is simultaneous, the multiple therapeutic agents are, by way of example only, provided in a single, unified form, or in multiple forms (e.g., as a single pill or as two separate pills).
  • the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as well as combination therapies, are administered before, during or after the occurrence of a disease or condition, and the timing of administering the composition containing a compound varies.
  • the compounds described herein are used as a prophylactic and are administered continuously to subjects with a propensity to develop conditions or diseases in order to prevent the occurrence of the disease or condition.
  • the compounds and compositions are administered to a subject during or as soon as possible after the onset of the symptoms.
  • a compound described herein is administered as soon as is practicable after the onset of a disease or condition is detected or suspected, and for a length of time necessary for the treatment of the disease.
  • the length required for treatment varies, and the treatment length is adjusted to suit the specific needs of each subject.
  • a compound described herein or a formulation containing the compound is administered for at least 2 weeks, about 1 month to about 5 years.
  • a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in combination with chemotherapy, hormone blocking therapy, radiation therapy, monoclonal antibodies, or combinations thereof.
  • Chemotherapy includes the use of anti-cancer agents.
  • the compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered or formulated in combination with one or more anti -cancer agents.
  • Step 3 (6-Bromobenzo[Z>]thiophen-2-yl)methanamine hydrochloride (Compound 1-34)
  • Step 3 tert-Butyl ((6-(5-(phenylcarbamoyl)pyridin-3-yl)benzo[Z>]thiophen-2- yl)methyl)carbamate (4)
  • Step 4 5-(2-(Aminomethyl)benzo[6]thiophen-6-yl)-N-phenylnicotinamide hydrochloride (Compound 1-36)
  • Step 3 tert-Butyl 2-(((ieri-butoxycarbonyl)amino)methyl)-lH-pyrrolo[3,2-6]pyridine-l- carboxylate (4)
  • reaction mixture was quenched with water (15 mL) and filtered through a pad of celite.
  • the filtrate was extracted with EtOAc (2 x 20 mL).
  • the combined organic extracts were washed with brine (15 mL), dried (Na 2 S0 4 ), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • reaction mixture was diluted with water (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2 ⁇ 30 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (20 mL), dried (Na 2 S0 4 ), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified (silica gel; eluting with 5% EtOAc in hexanes) to afford compound 2 (100 mg, 11%) as yellow solid.
  • Step 1 terf-Butyl ((l-(benzyloxy)-7-((trimethylsilyl)ethynyl)isoquinolin-3- yl)methyl)carbamate (2)
  • reaction mixture was warmed to RT and stirred for 16 h.
  • the reaction mixture was diluted with water (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2 x 60 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (30 mL), dried (Na 2 S0 4 ), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified (silica gel; eluting with 20% EtOAc in hexanes) to afford compound 2 (2.7 g, 84%) as an off-white solid.
  • reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of celite, and the filtrate was diluted with water (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2 x 20 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (15 mL), dried (Na 2 S0 4 ), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified (silica gel; eluting with 25% EtOAc in hexanes) to afford compound 2 (40 mg, 40%) as an off-white solid.
  • Step 1 tert-Butyl ((l-(benzyloxy)-7-(4-bromo-lH-pyrazol-l-yl)isoquinolin-3- yl)methyl)carbamate (2)
  • Step 2 3-(Aminomethyl)-7-(4-bromo-lH-pyrazol-l-yl)isoquinolin-l(2H)-one hydrochloride (Compound 4-9)
  • Step 4 tert-Butyl ((6-(3-(phenylcarbamoyl)phenoxy)pyridazin-4-yl)methyl)carbamate (6)
  • Step 5 3-((5-(Aminomethyl)pyridazin-3-yl)oxy)-N-phenylbenzamide hydrochloride (Compound 5-1)
  • Step 1 3-((5-Chloropyrazolo[l,5- ]pyrimidin-7-yl)oxy)-N-phenylbenzamide (3)
  • Step 2 3-((5-cyanopyrazolo[l,5- ]pyrimidin-7-yl)oxy)-N-phenylbenzamidenzamide (4)
  • Step 3 tert-Butyl ((7-(3-(phenylcarbamoyl)phenoxy)pyrazolo[l,5- ]pyrimidin-5- yl)methyl)carbamate (5)
  • Step 3 3-((7-Cyanoimidazo[l,2- ]pyrimidin-5-yl)oxy)-N-phenylbenzamide (5)
  • Step 4 3-((7-(Aminomethyl)imidazo[l,2- ]pyrimidin-5-yl)oxy)-N-phenylbenzamide (6)
  • Step 6 3-((7-(Aminomethyl)imidazo[l,2- ]pyrimidin-5-yl)oxy)-N-phenylbenzamide hydrochloride (Compound 5-4)
  • Step 2 3-(((5-Amino-2-bromopyridin-4-yl)amino)methyl)-N-phenylbenzamide (4)
  • Step 4 Methyl l-(3-(phenylcarbamoyl)benzyl)-lH-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine-6-carboxylate (6)
  • Step 6 3-((6-(Azidomethyl)-lH-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-l-yl)methyl)-N-phenylbenzamide (8)
  • Step 7 3-((6-(Aminomethyl)-lH-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-l-yl)methyl)-N-phenylbenzamide hydrochloride (Compound 5-6)

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne des composés qui sont des inhibiteurs de la LOXL2, des procédés de production de ces composés, des compositions pharmaceutiques et des médicaments comprenant lesdits composés, ainsi que des procédés d'utilisation de ces composés pour traiter des états pathologiques, des maladies ou des troubles associés à l'activité de la LOXL2.
PCT/US2017/050315 2016-09-07 2017-09-06 Inhibiteurs de la lysyl oxydase-like 2 et utilisations desdits inhibiteurs WO2018048930A1 (fr)

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CN111808056A (zh) * 2019-04-10 2020-10-23 中国科学院分子细胞科学卓越创新中心 多巴胺d2受体选择性激动剂及其在疾病治疗中的应用

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US10588900B2 (en) 2016-02-09 2020-03-17 Pharmakea, Inc. Quinolinone lysyl oxidase-like 2 inhibitors and uses thereof
US11058676B2 (en) 2016-02-09 2021-07-13 Pharmakea, Inc. Quinolinone lysyl oxidase-like 2 inhibitors and uses thereof
WO2020024017A1 (fr) 2018-08-03 2020-02-06 Pharmaxis Ltd. Inhibiteurs de lysyl oxydases dérivés d'halogénoallylamine sulfone et utilisations associées
CN111808056A (zh) * 2019-04-10 2020-10-23 中国科学院分子细胞科学卓越创新中心 多巴胺d2受体选择性激动剂及其在疾病治疗中的应用

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