WO2018048775A2

WO2018048775A2 - Apparatus, system and method of ranging measurement

Info

Publication number: WO2018048775A2
Application number: PCT/US2017/050026
Authority: WO
Inventors: Carlos H. Aldana; Carlos Cordeiro; Michael Genossar; Solomon B. Trainin
Original assignee: Intel IP Corporation
Priority date: 2016-09-06
Filing date: 2017-09-05
Publication date: 2018-03-15
Also published as: WO2018048775A3

Abstract

Some demonstrative embodiments may include apparatus system and method of ranging measurement. For example, an apparatus may include circuitry and logic configured to cause a first wireless communication station to transmit a first ranging measurement message to a second wireless communication station according to a ranging protocol, the first ranging measurement message comprising a Training (TRN) field; determine a Time of Departure (ToD) of the TRN field; determine a Time of Arrival (ToA) of a beginning portion of an acknowledgement (ACK) message from the second wireless communication station; and transmit a second ranging measurement message to the second wireless communication station according to the ranging protocol, the second ranging measurement message comprising the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message.

Description

APPARATUS, SYSTEM AND METHOD OF RANGING MEASUREMENT

CROSS REFERENCE

[001] This Application claims the benefit of and priority from US Provisional Patent Application No. 62/383,705 entitled "APPARATUS, SYSTEM AND METHOD OF RANGING MEASUREMENT", filed September 6, 2016, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[002] Embodiments described herein generally relate to a ranging measurement.

BACKGROUND

[003] Outdoor navigation is widely deployed thanks to the development of various global- navigation- satellite- systems (GNSS), e.g., Global Positioning System (GPS), GALILEO, and the like. [004] Recently, there has been a lot of focus on indoor navigation. This field differs from the outdoor navigation, since the indoor environment does not enable the reception of signals from GNSS satellites. As a result, a lot of effort is being directed towards solving the indoor navigation problem.

[005] A Fine Timing Measurement (FTM) Protocol, e.g., in accordance with an IEEE 802.11 Specification, may include measuring a Round Trip Time (RTT) from a wireless station (STA) to a plurality of other STAs, for example, to perform trilateration and/or calculate the location of the STA. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[006] For simplicity and clarity of illustration, elements shown in the figures have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements may be exaggerated relative to other elements for clarity of presentation. Furthermore, reference numerals may be repeated among the figures to indicate corresponding or analogous elements. The figures are listed below.

[007] Fig. 1 is a schematic block diagram illustration of a system, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

[008] Fig. 2 is a schematic illustration of an Enhanced Directional Multi-Gigabit (EDMG) Physical Layer Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) format, which may be implemented in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

[009] Fig. 3 is a schematic illustration of messages of a Fine Timing Measurement (FTM) procedure, which may be implemented in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

[0010] Fig. 4 is a schematic illustration of timestamp definitions based on a beginning portion of first and second messages to illustrate a technical aspect, which may be addressed in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

[0011] Fig. 5 is a schematic illustration of timestamp definitions based on an end portion of a first message and a beginning portion of a second message, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments. [0012] Fig. 6 is a schematic illustration of a training (TRN) field, which may be implemented in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

[0013] Fig. 7 is a schematic illustration of a TRN field, which may be implemented in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

[0014] Fig. 8 is a schematic illustration of an exchange of messages according to a beam tracking procedure, which may be implemented in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

[0015] Fig. 9 is a schematic illustration of an exchange of messages according to a beam tracking procedure, which may be implemented in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments. [0016] Fig. 10 is a schematic illustration of a Time of Departure (ToD) error field, which may be implemented in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

[0017] Fig. 11 is a schematic illustration of a Time of Arrival (ToA) error field, which may be implemented in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments. [0018] Fig. 12, is a schematic flow-chart illustration of a method of a ranging measurement, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

[0019] Fig. 13, is a schematic flow-chart illustration of a method of a ranging measurement, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

[0020] Fig. 14 is a schematic illustration of a product of manufacture, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0021] In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of some embodiments. However, it will be understood by persons of ordinary skill in the art that some embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, units and/or circuits have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the discussion.

[0022] Discussions herein utilizing terms such as, for example, "processing", "computing", "calculating", "determining", "establishing", "analyzing", "checking", or the like, may refer to operation(s) and/or process(es) of a computer, a computing platform, a computing system, or other electronic computing device, that manipulate and/or transform data represented as physical (e.g., electronic) quantities within the computer's registers and/or memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computer's registers and/or memories or other information storage medium that may store instructions to perform operations and/or processes. [0023] The terms "plurality" and "a plurality", as used herein, include, for example, "multiple" or "two or more". For example, "a plurality of items" includes two or more items.

[0024] References to "one embodiment", "an embodiment", "demonstrative embodiment", "various embodiments" etc, indicate that the embodiment(s) so described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but not every embodiment necessarily includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Further, repeated use of the phrase "in one embodiment" does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, although it may.

[0025] As used herein, unless otherwise specified the use of the ordinal adjectives "first", "second", "third" etc., to describe a common object, merely indicate that different instances of like objects are being referred to, and are not intended to imply that the objects so described must be in a given sequence, either temporally, spatially, in ranking, or in any other manner.

[0026] Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with various devices and systems, for example, a User Equipment (UE), a Mobile Device (MD), a wireless station (STA), a Personal Computer (PC), a desktop computer, a mobile computer, a laptop computer, a notebook computer, a tablet computer, a server computer, a handheld computer, a handheld device, a wearable device, a sensor device, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) device, a handheld PDA device, an on-board device, an off-board device, a hybrid device, a vehicular device, a non-vehicular device, a mobile or portable device, a consumer device, a non-mobile or non-portable device, a wireless communication station, a wireless communication device, a wireless Access Point (AP), a wired or wireless router, a wired or wireless modem, a video device, an audio device, an audio-video (A/V) device, a wired or wireless network, a wireless area network, a Wireless Video Area Network (WVAN), a Local Area Network (LAN), a Wireless LAN (WLAN), a Personal Area Network (PAN), a Wireless PAN (WPAN), and the like.

[0027] Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with devices and/or networks operating in accordance with existing IEEE 802.11 standards (including IEEE 802.11-2016 {IEEE 802.11-2016, IEEE Standard for Information technology--Telecommunications and information exchange between systems Local and metropolitan area networks— Specific requirements Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications, December 7, 2016); IEEE 802.1 lax (IEEE 802.1 lax, High Efficiency WLAN (HEW)); IEEE 802.1 lay (P802.11ay Standard for Information Technology--Telecommunications and Information Exchange Between Systems Local and Metropolitan Area Networks— Specific Requirements Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications— Amendment: Enhanced Throughput for Operation in License-Exempt Bands Above 45 GHz); and/or IEEE 802.1 laz (IEEE 802.1 laz, Next Generation Positioning)) and/or future versions and/or derivatives thereof, devices and/or networks operating in accordance with existing WFA Peer-to-Peer (P2P) specifications (including WiFi P2P technical specification, version 1.5, August 4, 2014) and/or future versions and/or derivatives thereof, devices and/or networks operating in accordance with existing Wireless-Gigabit-Alliance (WGA) specifications (including Wireless Gigabit Alliance, Inc WiGig MAC and PHY Specification Version 1.1, April 2011, Final specification) and/or future versions and/or derivatives thereof, devices and/or networks operating in accordance with existing cellular specifications and/or protocols, e.g., 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) and/or future versions and/or derivatives thereof, units and/or devices which are part of the above networks, and the like.

[0028] Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with one way and/or two-way radio communication systems, cellular radio-telephone communication systems, a mobile phone, a cellular telephone, a wireless telephone, a Personal Communication Systems (PCS) device, a PDA device which incorporates a wireless communication device, a mobile or portable Global Positioning System (GPS) device, a device which incorporates a GPS receiver or transceiver or chip, a device which incorporates an RFID element or chip, a Multiple Input Multiple Output (MEVIO) transceiver or device, a Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) transceiver or device, a Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) transceiver or device, a device having one or more internal antennas and/or external antennas, Digital Video Broadcast (DVB) devices or systems, multi- standard radio devices or systems, a wired or wireless handheld device, e.g., a Smartphone, a Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) device, or the like.

[0029] Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with one or more types of wireless communication signals and/or systems, for example, Radio Frequency (RF), Infra Red (IR), Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM), Orthogonal FDM (OFDM), Orthogonal Frequency- Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), FDM Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM), Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO), Extended TDMA (E-TDMA), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), extended GPRS, Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Wideband CDMA (WCDMA), CDMA 2000, single-carrier CDMA, multi-carrier CDMA, Multi-Carrier Modulation (MDM), Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT), Bluetooth®, Global Positioning System (GPS), Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, ZigBee™, Ultra-Wideband (UWB), Global System for Mobile communication (GSM), 2G, 2.5G, 3G, 3.5G, 4G, Fifth Generation (5G) mobile networks, 3GPP, Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE advanced, Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), or the like. Other embodiments may be used in various other devices, systems and/or networks. [0030] The term "wireless device", as used herein, includes, for example, a device capable of wireless communication, a communication device capable of wireless communication, a communication station capable of wireless communication, a portable or non-portable device capable of wireless communication, or the like. In some demonstrative embodiments, a wireless device may be or may include a peripheral that is integrated with a computer, or a peripheral that is attached to a computer. In some demonstrative embodiments, the term "wireless device" may optionally include a wireless service.

[0031] The term "communicating" as used herein with respect to a communication signal includes transmitting the communication signal and/or receiving the communication signal. For example, a communication unit, which is capable of communicating a communication signal, may include a transmitter to transmit the communication signal to at least one other communication unit, and/or a communication receiver to receive the communication signal from at least one other communication unit. The verb communicating may be used to refer to the action of transmitting or the action of receiving. In one example, the phrase "communicating a signal" may refer to the action of transmitting the signal by a first device, and may not necessarily include the action of receiving the signal by a second device. In another example, the phrase "communicating a signal" may refer to the action of receiving the signal by a first device, and may not necessarily include the action of transmitting the signal by a second device. [0032] As used herein, the term "circuitry" may refer to, be part of, or include, an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), an integrated circuit, an electronic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group), and/or memory (shared, dedicated, or group), that execute one or more software or firmware programs, a combinational logic circuit, and/or other suitable hardware components that provide the described functionality. In some embodiments, the circuitry may be implemented in, or functions associated with the circuitry may be implemented by, one or more software or firmware modules. In some embodiments, circuitry may include logic, at least partially operable in hardware.

[0033] The term "logic" may refer, for example, to computing logic embedded in circuitry of a computing apparatus and/or computing logic stored in a memory of a computing apparatus. For example, the logic may be accessible by a processor of the computing apparatus to execute the computing logic to perform computing functions and/or operations. In one example, logic may be embedded in various types of memory and/or firmware, e.g., silicon blocks of various chips and/or processors. Logic may be included in, and/or implemented as part of, various circuitry, e.g. radio circuitry, receiver circuitry, control circuitry, transmitter circuitry, transceiver circuitry, processor circuitry, and/or the like. In one example, logic may be embedded in volatile memory and/or non- volatile memory, including random access memory, read only memory, programmable memory, magnetic memory, flash memory, persistent memory, and/or the like. Logic may be executed by one or more processors using memory, e.g., registers, buffers, stacks, and the like, coupled to the one or more processors, e.g., as necessary to execute the logic. [0034] Some demonstrative embodiments may be used in conjunction with a WLAN, e.g., a WiFi network. Other embodiments may be used in conjunction with any other suitable wireless communication network, for example, a wireless area network, a "piconet", a WPAN, a WVAN and the like.

[0035] Some demonstrative embodiments may be used in conjunction with a wireless communication network communicating over a 2.4GHz band, a 5GHZ band, and/or a frequency band of above 45GHz, e.g., a frequency band of 60GHz. However, other embodiments may be implemented utilizing any other suitable wireless communication frequency bands, for example, an Extremely High Frequency (EHF) band (the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency band), e.g., a frequency band within the frequency band of between 20Ghz and 300GHZ, a frequency band above 45GHZ, a Sub 1 GHZ (S 1G) band, a WLAN frequency band, a WPAN frequency band, a frequency band according to the WGA specification, and the like. [0036] The term "antenna", as used herein, may include any suitable configuration, structure and/or arrangement of one or more antenna elements, components, units, assemblies and/or arrays. In some embodiments, the antenna may implement transmit and receive functionalities using separate transmit and receive antenna elements. In some embodiments, the antenna may implement transmit and receive functionalities using common and/or integrated transmit/receive elements. The antenna may include, for example, a phased array antenna, a single element antenna, a set of switched beam antennas, and/or the like.

[0037] The phrases "directional multi-gigabit (DMG)" and "directional band" (DBand), as used herein, may relate to a frequency band wherein the Channel starting frequency is above 45 GHz. In one example, DMG communications may involve one or more directional links to communicate at a rate of multiple gigabits per second, for example, at least 1 Gigabit per second, e.g., at least 7 Gigabit per second, at least 30 Gigabit per second, or any other rate.

[0038] Some demonstrative embodiments may be implemented by a DMG STA (also referred to as a "mmWave STA (mSTA)"), which may include for example, a STA having a radio transmitter, which is capable of operating on a channel that is within the DMG band. The DMG STA may perform other additional or alternative functionality. Other embodiments may be implemented by any other apparatus, device and/or station.

[0039] Reference is now made to Fig. 1, which schematically illustrates a block diagram of a system 100, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

[0040] As shown in Fig. 1, in some demonstrative embodiments system 100 may include a wireless communication network including one or more wireless communication devices, e.g., wireless communication devices 102 and/or 140.

[0041] For example, devices 102 and/or 140 may include, for example, a UE, an MD, a STA, an AP, a PC, a desktop computer, a mobile computer, a laptop computer, an Ultrabook™ computer, a notebook computer, a tablet computer, a server computer, a handheld computer, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a sensor device, a handheld device, a wearable device, a PDA device, a handheld PDA device, an on-board device, an off -board device, a hybrid device (e.g., combining cellular phone functionalities with PDA device functionalities), a consumer device, a vehicular device, a non-vehicular device, a mobile or portable device, a non-mobile or nonportable device, a mobile phone, a cellular telephone, a PCS device, a PDA device which incorporates a wireless communication device, a mobile or portable GPS device, a DVB device, a relatively small computing device, a non-desktop computer, a "Carry Small Live Large" (CSLL) device, an Ultra Mobile Device (UMD), an Ultra Mobile PC (UMPC), a Mobile Internet Device (MID), an "Origami" device or computing device, a device that supports Dynamically Composable Computing (DCC), a context-aware device, a video device, an audio device, an A/V device, a Set- Top-Box (STB), a Blu-ray disc (BD) player, a BD recorder, a Digital Video Disc (DVD) player, a High Definition (HD) DVD player, a DVD recorder, a HD DVD recorder, a Personal Video Recorder (PVR), a broadcast HD receiver, a video source, an audio source, a video sink, an audio sink, a stereo tuner, a broadcast radio receiver, a flat panel display, a Personal Media Player (PMP), a digital video camera (DVC), a digital audio player, a speaker, an audio receiver, an audio amplifier, a gaming device, a data source, a data sink, a Digital Still camera (DSC), a media player, a Smartphone, a television, a music player, or the like. [0042] In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may include, for example, one or more of a processor 191, an input unit 192, an output unit 193, a memory unit 194, and/or a storage unit 195; and/or device 140 may include, for example, one or more of a processor 181, an input unit 182, an output unit 183, a memory unit 184, and/or a storage unit 185. Devices 102 and/or 140 may optionally include other suitable hardware components and/or software components. In some demonstrative embodiments, some or all of the components of one or more of devices 102 and/or 140 may be enclosed in a common housing or packaging, and may be interconnected or operably associated using one or more wired or wireless links. In other embodiments, components of one or more of devices 102 and/or 140 may be distributed among multiple or separate devices. [0043] In some demonstrative embodiments, processor 191 and/or processor 181 may include, for example, a Central Processing Unit (CPU), a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), one or more processor cores, a single-core processor, a dual-core processor, a multiple-core processor, a microprocessor, a host processor, a controller, a plurality of processors or controllers, a chip, a microchip, one or more circuits, circuitry, a logic unit, an Integrated Circuit (IC), an Application- Specific IC (ASIC), or any other suitable multi-purpose or specific processor or controller. Processor 191 may execute instructions, for example, of an Operating System (OS) of device 102 and/or of one or more suitable applications. Processor 181 may execute instructions, for example, of an Operating System (OS) of device 140 and/or of one or more suitable applications. [0044] In some demonstrative embodiments, input unit 192 and/or input unit 182 may include, for example, a keyboard, a keypad, a mouse, a touch-screen, a touch-pad, a track-ball, a stylus, a microphone, or other suitable pointing device or input device. Output unit 193 and/or output unit 183 may include, for example, a monitor, a screen, a touch-screen, a flat panel display, a Light Emitting Diode (LED) display unit, a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) display unit, a plasma display unit, one or more audio speakers or earphones, or other suitable output devices.

[0045] In some demonstrative embodiments, memory unit 194 and/or memory unit 184 includes, for example, a Random Access Memory (RAM), a Read Only Memory (ROM), a Dynamic RAM (DRAM), a Synchronous DRAM (SD-RAM), a flash memory, a volatile memory, a non-volatile memory, a cache memory, a buffer, a short term memory unit, a long term memory unit, or other suitable memory units. Storage unit 195 and/or storage unit 185 may include, for example, a hard disk drive, a floppy disk drive, a Compact Disk (CD) drive, a CD- ROM drive, a DVD drive, or other suitable removable or non-removable storage units. Memory unit 194 and/or storage unit 195, for example, may store data processed by device 102. Memory unit 184 and/or storage unit 185, for example, may store data processed by device 140.

[0046] In some demonstrative embodiments, wireless communication devices 102 and/or 140 may be capable of communicating content, data, information and/or signals via a wireless medium (WM) 103. In some demonstrative embodiments, wireless medium 103 may include, for example, a radio channel, a cellular channel, an RF channel, a WiFi channel, an IR channel, a Bluetooth (BT) channel, a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Channel, and the like.

[0047] In some demonstrative embodiments, wireless communication medium 103 may include a wireless communication channel over a 2.4 Gigahertz (GHz) frequency band, or a 5GHz frequency band. [0048] In some demonstrative embodiments, WM 103 may include one or more directional bands and/or channels. For example, WM 103 may include one or more millimeter-wave (mmWave) wireless communication bands and/or channels.

[0049] In some demonstrative embodiments, WM 103 may include one or more DMG channels. For example, WM 103 may include one or more channels in a channel bandwidth over 45 GHz.

[0050] In other embodiments, WM 103 may include any other type of channel over any other frequency band. [0051] In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 may include one or more radios including circuitry and/or logic to perform wireless communication between devices 102, 140 and/or one or more other wireless communication devices. For example, device 102 may include at least one radio 114, and/or device 140 may include at least one radio 144. [0052] In some demonstrative embodiments, radio 114 and/or radio 144 may include one or more wireless receivers (Rx) including circuitry and/or logic to receive wireless communication signals, RF signals, frames, blocks, transmission streams, packets, messages, data items, and/or data. For example, radio 114 may include at least one receiver 116, and/or radio 144 may include at least one receiver 146. [0053] In some demonstrative embodiments, radio 114 and/or radio 144 may include one or more wireless transmitters (Tx) including circuitry and/or logic to transmit wireless communication signals, RF signals, frames, blocks, transmission streams, packets, messages, data items, and/or data. For example, radio 114 may include at least one transmitter 118, and/or radio 144 may include at least one transmitter 148. [0054] In some demonstrative embodiments, radio 114 and/or radio 144, transmitters 118 and/or 148, and/or receivers 116 and/or 146 may include circuitry; logic; Radio Frequency (RF) elements, circuitry and/or logic; baseband elements, circuitry and/or logic; modulation elements, circuitry and/or logic; demodulation elements, circuitry and/or logic; amplifiers; analog to digital and/or digital to analog converters; filters; and/or the like. For example, radio 114 and/or radio 144 may include or may be implemented as part of a wireless Network Interface Card (NIC), and the like.

[0055] In some demonstrative embodiments, radios 114 and/or 144 may be configured to communicate over an mmWave band, a DMG band, an EDMG band, a 2.4GHz band, a 5GHz band, a S 1G band, and/or any other band. [0056] In some demonstrative embodiments, radios 114 and/or 144 may include, or may be associated with, one or more antennas 107 and/or 147, respectively.

[0057] In one example, device 102 may include a single antenna 107. In another example, device 102 may include two or more antennas 107.

[0058] In one example, device 140 may include a single antenna 147. In another example, device 140 may include two or more antennas 147. [0059] Antennas 107 and/or 147 may include any type of antennas suitable for transmitting and/or receiving wireless communication signals, blocks, frames, transmission streams, packets, messages and/or data. For example, antennas 107 and/or 147 may include any suitable configuration, structure and/or arrangement of one or more antenna elements, components, units, assemblies and/or arrays. Antennas 107 and/or 147 may include, for example, antennas suitable for directional communication, e.g., using beamforming techniques. For example, antennas 107 and/or 147 may include a phased array antenna, a multiple element antenna, a set of switched beam antennas, and/or the like. In some embodiments, antennas 107 and/or 147 may implement transmit and receive functionalities using separate transmit and receive antenna elements. In some embodiments, antennas 107 and/or 147 may implement transmit and receive functionalities using common and/or integrated transmit/receive elements.

[0060] In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may include a controller 124, and/or device 140 may include a controller 154. Controller 124 may be configured to perform and/or to trigger, cause, instruct and/or control device 102 to perform, one or more communications, to generate and/or communicate one or more messages and/or transmissions, and/or to perform one or more functionalities, operations and/or procedures between devices 102, 140 and/or one or more other devices; and/or controller 154 may be configured to perform, and/or to trigger, cause, instruct and/or control device 140 to perform, one or more communications, to generate and/or communicate one or more messages and/or transmissions, and/or to perform one or more functionalities, operations and/or procedures between devices 102, 140 and/or one or more other devices, e.g., as described below.

[0061] In some demonstrative embodiments, controllers 124 and/or 154 may include, or may be implemented, partially or entirely, by circuitry and/or logic, e.g., one or more processors including circuitry and/or logic, memory circuitry and/or logic, Media-Access Control (MAC) circuitry and/or logic, Physical Layer (PHY) circuitry and/or logic, baseband (BB) circuitry and/or logic, a BB processor, a BB memory, Application Processor (AP) circuitry and/or logic, an AP processor, an AP memory, and/or any other circuitry and/or logic, configured to perform the functionality of controllers 124 and/or 154, respectively. Additionally or alternatively, one or more functionalities of controllers 124 and/or 154 may be implemented by logic, which may be executed by a machine and/or one or more processors, e.g., as described below.

[0062] In one example, controller 124 may include circuitry and/or logic, for example, one or more processors including circuitry and/or logic, to cause, trigger and/or control a wireless device, e.g., device 102, and/or a wireless station, e.g., a wireless STA implemented by device 102, to perform one or more operations, communications and/or functionalities, e.g., as described herein.

[0063] In one example, controller 154 may include circuitry and/or logic, for example, one or more processors including circuitry and/or logic, to cause, trigger and/or control a wireless device, e.g., device 140, and/or a wireless station, e.g., a wireless STA implemented by device 140, to perform one or more operations, communications and/or functionalities, e.g., as described herein.

[0064] In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may include a message processor 128 configured to generate, process and/or access one or messages communicated by device 102. [0065] In one example, message processor 128 may be configured to generate one or more messages to be transmitted by device 102, and/or message processor 128 may be configured to access and/or to process one or more messages received by device 102, e.g., as described below.

[0066] In some demonstrative embodiments, device 140 may include a message processor 158 configured to generate, process and/or access one or messages communicated by device 140. [0067] In one example, message processor 158 may be configured to generate one or more messages to be transmitted by device 140, and/or message processor 158 may be configured to access and/or to process one or more messages received by device 140, e.g., as described below.

[0068] In some demonstrative embodiments, message processors 128 and/or 158 may include, or may be implemented, partially or entirely, by circuitry and/or logic, e.g., one or more processors including circuitry and/or logic, memory circuitry and/or logic, Media-Access Control (MAC) circuitry and/or logic, Physical Layer (PHY) circuitry and/or logic, BB circuitry and/or logic, a BB processor, a BB memory, AP circuitry and/or logic, an AP processor, an AP memory, and/or any other circuitry and/or logic, configured to perform the functionality of message processors 128 and/or 158, respectively. Additionally or alternatively, one or more functionalities of message processors 128 and/or 158 may be implemented by logic, which may be executed by a machine and/or one or more processors, e.g., as described below.

[0069] In some demonstrative embodiments, at least part of the functionality of message processor 128 may be implemented as part of radio 114, and/or at least part of the functionality of message processor 158 may be implemented as part of radio 144. [0070] In some demonstrative embodiments, at least part of the functionality of message processor 128 may be implemented as part of controller 124, and/or at least part of the functionality of message processor 158 may be implemented as part of controller 154.

[0071] In other embodiments, the functionality of message processor 128 may be implemented as part of any other element of device 102, and/or the functionality of message processor 158 may be implemented as part of any other element of device 140.

[0072] In some demonstrative embodiments, at least part of the functionality of controller 124 and/or message processor 128 may be implemented by an integrated circuit, for example, a chip, e.g., a System on Chip (SoC). In one example, the chip or SoC may be configured to perform one or more functionalities of radio 114. For example, the chip or SoC may include one or more elements of controller 124, one or more elements of message processor 128, and/or one or more elements of radio 114. In one example, controller 124, message processor 128, and radio 114 may be implemented as part of the chip or SoC.

[0073] In other embodiments, controller 124, message processor 128 and/or radio 114 may be implemented by one or more additional or alternative elements of device 102.

[0074] In some demonstrative embodiments, at least part of the functionality of controller 154 and/or message processor 158 may be implemented by an integrated circuit, for example, a chip, e.g., a System on Chip (SoC). In one example, the chip or SoC may be configured to perform one or more functionalities of radio 144. For example, the chip or SoC may include one or more elements of controller 154, one or more elements of message processor 158, and/or one or more elements of radio 144. In one example, controller 154, message processor 158, and radio 144 may be implemented as part of the chip or SoC.

[0075] In other embodiments, controller 154, message processor 158 and/or radio 144 may be implemented by one or more additional or alternative elements of device 140. [0076] In some demonstrative embodiments, wireless communication devices 102 and/or 140 may form, or may communicate as part of, a wireless local area network (WLAN).

[0077] In some demonstrative embodiments, wireless communication devices 102 and/or 140 may form, or may communicate as part of, a WiFi network.

[0078] In other embodiments, wireless communication devices 102 and/or 140 may form, and/or communicate as part of, any other additional or alternative network. [0079] In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 may include, operate as, and/or perform the functionality of one or more STAs. For example, device 102 may include at least one STA, and/or device 140 may include at least one STA.

[0080] In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 may include, operate as, and/or perform the functionality of one or more WLAN STAs.

[0081] In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 may include, operate as, and/or perform the functionality of one or more Wi-Fi STAs.

[0082] In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 may include, operate as, and/or perform the functionality of one or more BT devices. [0083] In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 may include, operate as, and/or perform the functionality of one or more Neighbor Awareness Networking (NAN) STAs.

[0084] In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 may include, operate as, and/or perform the functionality of a DMG STA. [0085] In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 may include, operate as, and/or perform the functionality of an Enhanced Directional Multi-Gigabit (EDMG) STA.

[0086] In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 may include, operate as, and/or perform the functionality of any other additional or alternative device and/or station.

[0087] In some demonstrative embodiments, one of wireless communication devices 102 and/or 140, e.g., device 102, may include, operate as, and/or perform the functionality of a non- AP STA, and/or one of wireless communication devices 102 and/or 140, e.g., device 140, may include, operate as, and/or perform the functionality of an AP STA. In other embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may operate as and/or perform the functionality of any other STA.

[0088] For example, the AP may include a router, a PC, a server, a Hot-Spot and/or the like.

[0089] In one example, a station (STA) may include a logical entity that is a singly addressable instance of a medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) interface to the wireless medium (WM). The STA may perform any other additional or alternative functionality. [0090] In one example, an AP may include an entity that contains a station (STA), e.g., one STA, and provides access to distribution services, via the wireless medium (WM) for associated STAs. The AP may perform any other additional or alternative functionality.

[0091] In one example, a non-access-point (non-AP) station (STA) may include a STA that is not contained within an AP. The non-AP STA may perform any other additional or alternative functionality.

[0092] In one example, an EDMG STA may include a DMG STA whose radio transmitter is capable of transmitting and receiving EDMG physical layer (PHY) protocol data units (PPDUs). The EDMG STA may perform any other additional or alternative functionality. [0093] In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more Specifications, for example, including, one or more IEEE 802.11 Specifications, e.g., an IEEE 802. Had Specification, an IEEE 802. Hay Specification, and/or any other specification and/or protocol. For example, an amendment to a DMG operation in the 60 GHz band, e.g., according to an IEEE 802. Had Standard, may be defined, for example, by an IEEE 802.1 lay project.

[0094] In some demonstrative embodiments devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to communicate over a Next Generation 60 GHz (NG60) network, an Enhanced DMG (EDMG) network, and/or any other network. For example, devices 102 and/or 140 may perform Multiple- Input-Multiple-Output (MEVIO) communication, for example, for communicating over the NG60 and/or EDMG networks, e.g., over an NG60 or an EDMG frequency band.

[0095] In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more Specifications, for example, including, one or more IEEE 802.11 Specifications, e.g., an IEEE 802. Had Specification, an IEEE 802.11REVmc Specification, an IEEE 802.11ay Specification, an IEEE 802.11az Specification, and/or any other specification and/or protocol.

[0096] Some demonstrative embodiments may be implemented, for example, as part of a new standard in an mmWave band, e.g., a 60GHz frequency band or any other directional band, for example, as an evolution of an IEEE 802.1 lad Specification.

[0097] In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured according to one or more standards, for example, in accordance with an IEEE 802. Hay Standard, which may be, for example, configured to enhance the efficiency and/or performance of an IEEE 802.1 lad Specification, which may be configured to provide Wi-Fi connectivity in a 60 GHz band.

[0098] Some demonstrative embodiments may enable, for example, to significantly increase the data transmission rates defined in the IEEE 802. Had Specification, for example, from 7 Gigabit per second (Gbps), e.g., up to 30 Gbps or more, or to any other data rate, which may, for example, satisfy growing demand in network capacity for new coming applications.

[0099] In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 may include, operate as, perform a role of, and/or perform the functionality of, one or more EDMG STAs. For example, device 102 may include, operate as, perform a role of, and/or perform the functionality of, at least one EDMG STA, and/or device 140 may include, operate as, perform a role of, and/or perform the functionality of, at least one EDMG STA.

[00100] In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may implement a communication scheme, which may include Physical layer (PHY) and/or Media Access Control (MAC) layer schemes, for example, to support one or more applications, and/or increased transmission data rates, e.g., data rates of at least 20 Gbps, for example, up to 30 Gbps or more, or any other data rate.

[00101] In some demonstrative embodiments, the PHY and/or MAC layer schemes may be configured to support frequency channel bonding over a mmWave band, e.g., over a 60 GHz band, SU MIMO techniques, and/or MU MIMO techniques. [00102] In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to implement one or more mechanisms, which may be configured to enable SU and/or MU communication of Downlink (DL) and/or Uplink frames (UL) using a MIMO scheme.

[00103] Some wireless communication specifications, for example, the IEEE 802.11ad-2012 Specification, may be configured to support a SU system, in which a STA may transmit frames to a single STA at a time. Such Specifications may not be able, for example, to support a STA transmitting to multiple STAs simultaneously, for example, using a MU-MEVIO scheme, e.g., a DL MU-MIMO, or any other MU scheme.

[00104] In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 may be configured to implement one or more MU communication mechanisms. For example, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to implement one or more MU mechanisms, which may be configured to enable MU communication of DL frames using a MIMO scheme, for example, between a device, e.g., device 102, and a plurality of devices, e.g., including device 140 and/or one or more other devices. For example, device 102 may be configured to transmit a MIMO transmission to one or more devices, e.g., including device 140. In one example, device 102 may transmit a MU- MEVIO transmission to a plurality of devices, e.g., including device 140. [00105] In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to communicate over an NG60 network, an EDMG network, and/or any other network and/or any other frequency band. For example, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to communicate DL MIMO transmissions and/or UL MIMO transmissions, for example, for communicating over the NG60 and/or EDMG networks. [00106] In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to communicate over a channel bandwidth, e.g., of at least 2.16GHz, in a frequency band above 45GHz.

[00107] In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to implement one or more mechanisms, which may, for example, enable to extend a single-channel BW scheme, e.g., a scheme in accordance with the IEEE 802. Had Specification or any other scheme, for increased station throughput, higher data rates and/or increased capabilities, e.g., as described below.

[00108] In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to implement one or more channel bonding mechanisms, which may, for example, support communication over bonded channels.

[00109] In some demonstrative embodiments, the channel bonding mechanisms may include, for example, a mechanism and/or an operation whereby two or more channels can be combined, e.g., for a higher bandwidth of packet transmission, for example, to enable achieving higher data rates, e.g., when compared to transmissions over a single channel. Some demonstrative embodiments are described herein with respect to communication over a bonded channel, however other embodiments may be implemented with respect to communications over a channel, e.g., a "wide" channel, including or formed by two or more channels, e.g., two or more 2.16GHz channels, for example, an aggregated channel including an aggregation of two or more channels. [00110] In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 may be configured to implement one or more channel bonding mechanisms, which may, for example, support an increased channel bandwidth, for example, a channel BW of 4.32 GHz, a channel BW of 6.48 GHz, a channel BW of 8.64GHz, and/or any other additional or alternative channel BW.

[00111] In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 may be configured to communicate one or more transmissions over one or ore channel BWs, for example, including a channel BW of 2.16GHz, a channel BW of 4.32GHz, a channel BW of 6.48GHz, a channel BW of 8.64GHz and/or any other channel BW.

[00112] In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to communicate one or more packets, for example, including one or more Physical Layer (PHY) Protocol Data Units (PPDUs), for example, EDMG PPDUs and/or non-EDMG PPDUs, e.g., DMG PPDUs , as described below .

[00113] Reference is made to Fig. 2, which schematically illustrates an EDMG PPDU format 200, which may be implemented in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments. In one example, devices 102 (Fig. 1) and/or 140 (Fig. 1) may be configured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process one or more EDMG PPDUs having the structure and/or format of EDMG PPDU 200.

[00114] In one example, devices 102 (Fig. 1) and/or 140 (Fig. 1) may communicate EDMG PPDU 200, for example, as part of a transmission over a channel, e.g., an EDMG channel, having a channel bandwidth including one or more 2.16GHz channels, for example, including a channel BW of 2.16GHz, a channel BW of 4.32GHz, a channel BW of 6.48GHz, a channel BW of 8.64GHz, and/or any other channel BW, e.g., as described below.

[00115] In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in Fig. 2, EDMG PPDU 200 may include a non-EDMG portion 210 ("legacy portion"), e.g., as described below.

[00116] In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in Fig. 2, non-EDMG portion 210 may include a non-EDMG (legacy) Short Training Field (STF) (L-STF) 202, a non-EDMG (Legacy) Channel Estimation Field (CEF) (L-CEF) 204, and/or a non-EDMG header (L-header) 206.

[00117] In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in Fig. 2, EDMG PPDU 200, may include an EDMG portion 220, for example, following non-EDMG portion 210, e.g., as described below.

[00118] In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in Fig. 2, EDMG portion 220 may include a first EDMG header, e.g., an EDMG-Header-A 208, an EDMG-STF 212, an EDMG- CEF 214, a second EDMG header, e.g., an EDMG-Header-B 216, a Data field 218, and/or one or more beamforming training fields, e.g., a TRN field 224.

[00119] In some demonstrative embodiments, EDMG portion 220 may include some or all of the fields shown in Fig. 2 and/or one or more other additional or alternative fields. [00120] Referring back to Fig. 1, in some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process one or more transmissions, e.g., including one or more non-EDMG PPDUs, e.g., DMG PPDUs, and/or EDMG PPDUs, e.g., as described below.

[00121] In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process a non-EDMG PPDU, e.g., a DMG PPDU, which may be configured according to a non-EDMG PPDU format, e.g., a DMG PPDU format, which may be, for example, received and/or decoded by both DMG STAs and EDMG STAs.

[00122] In some demonstrative embodiments, the non-EDMG PPDU format may include, for example, a non-EDMG preamble, for a example, a DMG preamble, e.g., non-EDMG portion 210 (Fig. 2), which may be followed by a data field, and a TRN field. For example, the non-EDMG portion may include a non-EDMG STF, for example, a DMG STF, e.g., L-STF 202 (Fig. 2), a non-EDMG CEF, for example, a DMG CEF, e.g., L-CEF 204, and/or a non-EDMG header, for example, a DMG header, e.g., L-header 206 (Fig. 2). For example, the TRN field may include a DMG TRN field, e.g., in accordance with an IEEE 802. Had Specification. [00123] In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process an EDMG PPDU, which may be configured according to an EDMG PPDU format. For example, the EDMG PPDU may include one or more fields of EDMG portion 220 (Fig. 2), e.g., following the non-EDMG portion 210 (Fig. 2).

[00124] In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to perform a positioning ("ranging") measurement, e.g., as described below.

[00125] In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to perform the ranging measurement based on an exchange of DMG PPDUs and/or EDMG PPDUs, for example, based on the PPDU format of Fig. 2, e.g., as described below. In other embodiments, any other additional or alternative type or format of PPDU may be implemented. [00126] In some demonstrative embodiments, device 140 may include an AP and/or a responder to perform the positioning measurement with device 102, e.g. as described below. [00127] In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may include one or more applications configured to provide and/or to use one or more location based services, e.g., a social application, a navigation application, a location based advertising application, and/or the like. For example, device 102 may include an application 125 to be executed by device 102. [00128] In some demonstrative embodiments, application 125 may use range information between devices 102 and 140, for example, to determine an estimated location of device 102, e.g., with respect to a coordinate system, e.g., a World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84), and/or a local coordination.

[00129] In one example, device 102 may include a Smartphone and device 140 may include an AP, which is located in a shop, e.g., in a shopping mall. According to this example, application 125 may use the range information to determine a relative location of device 102 with respect to device 140, for example, to receive sale offers from the shop.

[00130] In another example, device 102 may include a mobile device and device 140 may include a responder station, which is located in a parking zone, e.g., of a shopping mall. According to this example, application 125 may use the range information to determine a location of device 102 in the parking zone, for example, to enable a user of device 102 to find a parking area in the parking zone.

[00131] In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may include a location estimator 115 configured to estimate a location of device 102, e.g., as described below. [00132] In some demonstrative embodiments, at least part of the functionality of location estimator 115 may be implemented as part of controller 124.

[00133] In other embodiments, the functionality of location estimator 115 may be implemented as part of any other element of device 102.

[00134] In some demonstrative embodiments, location estimator 115 may be configured to estimate the location of device 102, for example, based on time based range measurements, for example, with device 140 and/or one or more other devices.

[00135] In some demonstrative embodiments, the time based range measurements may be performed using WLAN communications, e.g., WiFi. For example, using WiFi to perform the time based range measurements may enable, for example, increasing an indoor location accuracy of the location estimation of device 102, e.g., in an indoor environment. [00136] In some demonstrative embodiments, the time based range measurements may include a round trip time (RTT) measurement (also referred to as Time of Flight (ToF) procedure).

[00137] In some demonstrative embodiments, an RTT value may be defined as the overall time a signal propagates from a first station, e.g., device 102, to a second station, e.g., device 140, and back to the first station.

[00138] In some demonstrative embodiments, a ToF value may be defined as the overall time a signal propagates from a first station, e.g., device 102, to a second station, e.g., device 140.

[00139] In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, a distance between the first and second stations may be determined based on the RTT value, for example, by dividing the RTT value by two and multiplying the result by the speed of light, or by multiplying the ToF value by the speed of light.

[00140] In some demonstrative embodiments, the ToF measurement procedure may include a Fine Timing Measurement (FTM) procedure, e.g., as described below. In other embodiments, any other additional or alternative ranging measurement protocol or procedure may be implemented.

[00141] In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 may be configured to perform one or more FTM measurements, ToF measurements, positioning measurements and/or communications, ranging measurements and/or communications, proximity measurements and/or communications, location estimation measurements and/or communications.

[00142] In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to perform any other additional or alternative positioning measurements and/or communications, ranging measurements and/or communications, proximity measurements and/or communications, location estimation measurements and/or communications, for example, and/or according to any other additional or alternative procedure and/or protocol, e.g., an Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) procedure.

[00143] Some demonstrative embodiments are described below with respect to FTM measurements according to an FTM procedure including an exchange of FTM messages according to an FTM protocol. However, other embodiments may be implemented with respect to any other additional or alternative positioning measurements and/or communications, ranging measurements and/or communications, proximity measurements and/or communications, location estimation measurements and/or communications, e.g., according to any other additional or alternative ranging measurement protocol.

[00144] In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to perform one or more FTM measurements, for example, using WLAN communications, e.g., WiFi. For example, using WiFi to perform time based range measurements, e.g., FTM measurements, may enable, for example, increasing an indoor location accuracy of the mobile devices, e.g., in an indoor environment.

[00145] In some demonstrative embodiments, according to a ranging protocol, e.g., an FTM protocol, for example, in compliance with an IEEE 802.11 Specification, a first STA, e.g., a responder STA, may capture and send, for example, to a second station, e.g., an initiator STA, both a Time of Departure (TOD) of an FTM frame and a Time of Arrival (TOA) of an Acknowledgement (Ack) of the FTM frame, and the second STA, e.g., the initiator STA, may use the TOD and TOA to compute ranging information, e.g., as described below.

[00146] In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured to perform a role of, and/or one or more functionalities of, of an initiator device, and/or device 140 may be configured to perform a role of, and/or one or more functionalities of, of a responder device. For example, device 140 may include an AP or a non-AP STA, and/or device 102 may include a non-AP STA, for example, a mobile device, e.g., a Smartphone, which may perform the FTM protocol with the AP, for example, to determine a location of the mobile device. [00147] In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may include a positioning component 117, and/or device 140 may include a positioning component 157, which may be configured to perform one or more positioning measurements, operations and/or communications, e.g., as described below.

[00148] In some demonstrative embodiments, positioning components 117 and/or 157 may be configured to perform one or more operations and/or communications of a ranging protocol, e.g., as described below.

[00149] In some demonstrative embodiments, positioning components 117 and/or 157 may be configured to perform one or more operations and/or communications of FTM measurements. In other embodiments, positioning components 117 and/or 157 may be configured to perform one or more operations and/or communications of any other positioning measurement and/or protocol. [00150] In some demonstrative embodiments, positioning components 117 and/or 157 may include, or may be implemented, using suitable circuitry and/or logic, e.g., controller circuitry and/or logic, processor circuitry and/or logic, memory circuitry and/or logic, and/or any other circuitry and/or logic, which may be configured to perform at least part of the functionality of positioning components 117 and/or 157. Additionally or alternatively, one or more functionalities of positioning components 117 and/or 157 may be implemented by logic, which may be executed by a machine and/or one or more processors, e.g., as described below.

[00151] In some demonstrative embodiments, positioning component 117 may be configured to perform one or more operations of, and/or at least part of the functionality of, message processor 128 and/or controller 124, for example, to trigger communication of one or more FTM messages and/or positioning messages, e.g., as described below.

[00152] In some demonstrative embodiments, positioning component 157 may be configured to perform one or more operations of, and/or at least part of the functionality of, message processor 158 and/or controller 154, for example, to trigger communication of one or more ranging measurement messages, e.g., FTM messages and/or other positioning messages, e.g., as described below.

[00153] In some demonstrative embodiments, positioning components 117 and/or 157 may be configured to trigger the ranging measurements, for example, periodically and/or or upon a request from an application executed by a device, for example, to determine an accurate location of the device.

[00154] In some demonstrative embodiments, positioning components 117 and/or 157 may be configured to perform one or more measurements according to an FTM protocol, e.g., as described below.

[00155] In some demonstrative embodiments, positioning components 117 and/or 157 may be configured to perform one or more proximity, ranging, and/or location estimation measurements, e.g., in an indoor location, based on the FTM measurements. For example, the FTM measurements may provide a relatively accurate estimation of location, range and/or proximity, e.g., in an indoor location.

[00156] Some demonstrative embodiments are described herein with respect to a positioning component, e.g., positioning components 117 and/or 157, configured to perform measurements according to an FTM protocol and/or procedure. However, in other embodiments, the FTM component may be configured to perform any other additional or alternative type of Time of Flight (ToF) measurements, ranging measurements, positioning measurements, proximity measurements, and/or location estimation measurements, e.g., according to any additional or alternative protocol and/or procedure.

[00157] In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to utilize a ranging protocol, e.g., an FTM Protocol. For example, device 102 may be configured to use the ranging protocol to measure the RTT from a STA implemented by device 102 to a plurality of other STAs, e.g., including device 140, for example, including one or more AP STAs and/or non-AP STAs.

[00158] In some demonstrative embodiments, the ranging protocol may be implemented as part of a Specification or protocol, for example, an IEEE 802.11 Specification, for example, by a task group dealing with WiFi positioning, e.g., a future IEEE 802.11az - Next Generation positioning.

[00159] In some demonstrative embodiments, the ranging protocol may be configured to enable providing, for example, at least improved capacity, support of high density environments, improved scalability, improved accuracy, and/or one or more additional or alternative advantages, and/or benefits.

[00160] In some demonstrative embodiments, location estimator 115 may be configured to determine a location of device 102, for example, using a plurality of ranges from a plurality of other STAs, e.g., by performing trilateration. [00161] In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to perform operations and/or communications of a ranging protocol, e.g., an FTM protocol, which may include one or more exchanges of ranging measurement messages, e.g., as described below.

[00162] In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to perform operations and/or communications of a ranging measurement protocol, which may include transmission of a first ranging message form a first device, e.g., a responder device, to a second device, e.g., an initiator device; transmission of an acknowledgement (ACK) message from the second device to the first device, e.g., from the initiator device to the responder device; and transmission of second ranging measurement message from the first device to the second device, e.g., from the responder device to the initiator device, as described below. [00163] In some demonstrative embodiments, the second ranging measurement message may include one or more measurements corresponding to the first ranging measurement message and/or the ACK message, e.g., as described below.

[00164] In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to implement a ranging protocol, e.g., an FTM protocol, for example, in compliance with an IEEE 802.11 Specification, according to which a first STA, e.g., a responder STA, may capture and send, for example, to a second station, e.g., an initiator STA, both a Time of Departure (ToD) of an FTM frame and a Time of Arrival (ToA) of an Acknowledgement (Ack) of the FTM frame, and the second STA, e.g., the initiator STA, may use the ToD and ToA to compute ranging information, e.g., as described below.

[00165] Fig. 3 is a schematic illustration of messages of an FTM procedure 300, which may be implemented in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments. For example, one or more messages of the FTM procedure 300 may be implemented, for example, in compliance with an IEEE 802.11 Specification. For example, one or more of the operations of the FTM procedure of Fig. 3 may be implemented, for example, to allow an initiator (initiating) STA (I-STA or iSTA) 302 to perform an FTM, for example, in an associated mode or in an unassociated mode, with a responder (Responding) STA (R-STA or rSTA) 340. In one example, device 102 (Fig. 1) may be configured to perform a role of, one or more operations, and/or one or more functionalities of, the initiator STA 302, and/or device 140 (Fig. 1) may be configured to perform a role of, one or more operations, and/or one or more functionalities of, the responder STA 340.

[00166] For example, the FTM procedure of Fig. 3 may include a negotiation and measurement exchange sequence for a single burst instance, e.g., with an As Soon As Possible (ASAP) field equal to one (ASAP=1) and three FTM frames per burst (FTMs per burst=3).

[00167] As shown in Fig. 3, initiator STA 302 may transmit to responder STA 340 an FTM request message 331 to request to perform the FTM procedure 300 with responder STA 340.

[00168] As shown in Fig. 3, responder STA 340 may transmit an FTM request acknowledgement (ACK) 332 to initiator STA 302, to acknowledge receipt of the FTM request message 331, and to confirm the request to perform the FTM procedure.

[00169] As shown in Fig. 3, FTM procedure 300 may include an FTM measurement period, during which STAs 302 and 340 may communicate FTM measurement frames, e.g., as described below. [00170] As shown in Fig. 3, STAs 302 and/or 340 may communicate the FTM measurement frames between STAs 302 and 340 during the FTM measurement period, for example, to determine a Time of Flight (ToF) value between STAs 302 and 340.

[00171] As shown in Fig. 3, responder STA 340 may determine a time value, denoted tl_l, based on a time at which an FTM message 334 is transmitted to initiator STA 302. The time value tl 1 may be based on a Time of Departure (ToD) of message 334.

[00172] As shown in Fig. 3, initiator STA 302 may receive message 334 and may determine a time value, denoted t2_l, e.g., based on a Time of Arrival (ToA) of message 334.

[00173] As shown in Fig. 3, initiator STA 302 may determine a time value, denoted t3_l, based on a time at which a message 336 is transmitted to responder STA 340. Message 336 may include, for example, an acknowledgement message transmitted in response to FTM message 334. The time value t3_l may be based on a ToD of the message 336.

[00174] As shown in Fig. 3, responder STA 340 may receive message 336 and may determine a time value, denoted t4_l, e.g., based on a ToA of message 336. [00175] As shown in Fig. 3, responder STA 340 may transmit an FTM message 338 to initiator STA 302. Message 338 may include, for example, information corresponding to the time value tl 1 and/or the time value t4_l. For example, message 338 may include a timestamp, e.g., a ToD timestamp, including the time value tl 1, and a timestamp, e.g., a ToA timestamp, including the time value t4_l. [00176] As shown in Fig. 3, initiator STA 302 may receive message 338.

[00177] As shown in Fig. 3, initiator STA 302 may transmit a message 339 to responder STA 340. Message 339 may include, for example, an acknowledgement message transmitted in response to message 338.

[00178] As shown in Fig. 3, responder STA 340 may transmit an FTM message 342 to initiator STA 302. Message 342 may include, for example, information corresponding to the time value tl_2 and/or the time value t4_2, e.g., corresponding to the messages 338 and 339. For example, message 342 may include a timestamp, e.g., a ToD timestamp, including the time value tl_2 corresponding to the message 338, and a timestamp, e.g., a ToA timestamp, including the time value t4_2 corresponding to message 339. [00179] As shown in Fig. 3, initiator STA 302 may receive message 342. [00180] As shown in Fig. 3, initiator STA 302 may transmit a message 343 to responder STA 340. Message 339 may include, for example, an acknowledgement message transmitted in response to message 342.

[00181] Initiator STA 302 may determine a ToF between initiator STA 302 and responder STA 340, for example, based on message 338 and/or message 342. For example, initiator STA 302 may determine the ToF based on an average, or any other function, applied to the time values tl_l, t2_l, t3_l and t4_l. For example, initiator STA 302 may determine the ToF, e.g., as follows:

ToF= [(t4_l-tl_l)-(t3_l-t2_l)]/2 (1)

[00182] Device 302 may determine the distance (range) between STAs 302 and 340 based on the calculated ToF.

[00183] For example, initiator STA 302 may determine the distance, denoted rk, e.g., as follows: rk =ToF*C (2) wherein C denotes the radio wave propagation speed.

[00184] Referring back to Fig. 1, in some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to perform operations and/or communications of a ranging protocol, e.g., an FTM protocol, which may include one or more exchanges of ranging measurement messages, for example, according to the FTM protocol of Fig. 3 and/or any other ranging measurement protocol.

[00185] In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to perform operations and/or communications of a ranging protocol, e.g., an FTM protocol, which may be configured with respect to communications over a directional frequency band, for example, a DMG band, for example, according to a DMG protocol and/or an EDMG protocol, e.g., as described below.

[00186] In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to perform operations and/or communications of a ranging protocol, e.g., an FTM protocol, , e.g., as described above with reference to Fig. 3, while utilizing communication of one or more DMG PPDUs and/or EDMG PPDUs, e.g., as described below. [00187] In some demonstrative embodiments, an FTM Request frame format, which may be utilized to begin negotiation by the initiating STA, e.g., message 331 (Fig. 3), may be configured according to a DMG protocol and/or an EDMG protocol, e.g. as described below.

[00188] In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more FTM Parameters used in negotiation, e.g., during the negotiation phase of FTM procedure 300 (Fig. 3), may be configured according to a DMG protocol and/or an EDMG protocol, e.g. as described below.

[00189] In some demonstrative embodiments, an FTM frame format may be configured for a DMG protocol and/or an EDMG protocol, e.g. as described below.

[00190] In one example, an initial FTM frame may include an agreed upon set of parameters, and/or a non-initial FTM frame may not include agreed upon set of parameters.

[00191] In some demonstrative embodiments, an increased, e.g., even huge, packet bandwidth, supported by a DMG band or an EDMG band, may be utilized, for example to allow, for example, to achieve improved, or even very precise, Time of Arrival (TOA) and/or Time of Flight (TOF) estimation. [00192] In some demonstrative embodiments, utilizing channel bonding techniques over the DMG band may be utilized to provide further improvement for ranging.

[00193] In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to communicate one or more messages of a ranging protocol, e.g., the FTM protocol of Fig. 3, over a DMG band or an EDMG band, e.g., as described below. [00194] In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to communicate one or more messages of a ranging protocol, e.g., one or more messages of the FTM protocol of Fig. 3, over a frequency band above 45GHz, e.g., as described below.

[00195] In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to communicate one or more messages of a ranging protocol, e.g., one or more messages of the FTM protocol of Fig. 3, over a channel bandwidth of at least 2.16GHz.

[00196] In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to communicate one or more messages of a ranging protocol, e.g., one or more messages of the FTM protocol of Fig. 3, over a channel bandwidth of 4.32GHz, 6.48GHz, or 8.64GHz, and/or any other channel BW. [00197] In some demonstrative embodiments, in some use cases, implementations and/or scenarios, it may not be advantageous to define one or more of the timestamps of the ranging measurement, e.g., of the FTM protocol of Fig. 3, to be captured at the beginning of the packets or frames, e.g., as described below.

[00198] Reference is made to Fig. 4, which schematically illustrates timestamp definitions based on a beginning portion of first and second messages to illustrate a technical aspect, which may be addressed in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

[00199] For example, according to the example of Fig. 4, a ToD 410 of an FTM message 402 may be defined to include a timestamp (Tl) that represents, for example, the time, with respect to a time base, at which a beginning portion, e.g., the start of the preamble, of the FTM message 402 is transmitted. [00200] For example, according to the example of Fig. 4, a ToA 412 of the FTM message 402 may be defined to include a timestamp (T2) that represents, for example, the time, with respect to a time base, at which a beginning portion, e.g., the start of the preamble, of the FTM message 402 is received.

[00201] For example, according to the example of Fig. 4, a ToD 420 of an ACK message 404 may be defined to include a timestamp (T3) that represents, for example, the time, with respect to a time base, at which a beginning portion, e.g., the start of the preamble, of the ACK message 404 is transmitted.

[00202] For example, according to the example of Fig. 4, a ToA 422 of the ACK message 404 may be defined to include a timestamp (T4) that represents, for example, the time, with respect to a time base, at which a beginning portion, e.g., the start of the preamble, of the ACK message 404 is received.

[00203] According to these definitions, for example, a ToD field in an FTM message, e.g., an FTM message subsequent to FTM message 402, may be defined to include a timestamp that represents, for example, the time, with respect to a time base, at which a beginning portion, e.g., the start of the preamble, of the last transmitted FTM message, e.g., FTM message 402, appeared at the transmit antenna connector.

[00204] According to these definitions, for example, a ToA field in an FTM message, e.g., the FTM message subsequent to FTM message 402, may be defined to include a timestamp that represents, for example, the time, with respect to a time base, at which a beginning portion, e.g., the start of the preamble, of the ACK frame to the last transmitted FTM frame, e.g., ACK message 404, arrived at the receive antenna connector. [00205] For example, a ToF estimation based on the FTM protocol of Fig. 3 using the timestamp definitions of Fig. 4 may be determined, e.g., as follows:

TOFJiat = RTT/2=0.5*((T4-T1)-(T3-T2)) (3)

[00206] This estimation may assume, for example, no calibration error, no quantization error in timestamp collection, and/or that the only source of error is clock drift. The quantization error may be reduced to less than Tc/2, for example, by employing super resolution algorithms.

[00207] In some demonstrative embodiments, it may be advantageous to minimize the size of the frames as much as possible, for example, in order to reduce or minimize the effect of clock drift on the ranging error. [00208] In some demonstrative embodiments, the ToF estimation of Equation 3 may be rewritten as follows, for example, based on a clock offset, denoted D, between two STAs, e.g., the initiator STA and the responder STA:

T2=Tl+D+TOF

T3= T2 + TXTIME(FTM)+SIFS (4) T4=T3-D+TOF

RTT=(T4-Tl)(l+ppml)-(T3-T2)(l+ppm2)

=(2*TOF+TXTIME(FTM)+SIFS)(l+ppml)-(TXTIME(FTM)+SIFS)(l+ppm2)

TOF_hat=(TOF)(l+ppml)+0.5*(TXTIME(FTM)+SIFS)(ppml-ppm2) wherein TXTIME(FTM) denotes a transmit time of the FTM message, ppml denotes parts per million (ppm) error of the responder STA, and pp2 denotes ppm error of the initiator STA.

[00209] In some demonstrative embodiments, there may be, for example, two error terms, which may affect an error in a range based on the ToF estimation, e.g., a range dependent error and/or a non-range dependent error.

[00210] For example, for a 50 meter (m) range, a range dependent error may be ppml *TOF<=20e-6*50/3e8 = 3.3ps = 1mm; and/or a non range dependent error may be 0.5 *( TXTIME( FTM ) + SIFS )*(ppml-ppm2).

[00211] For example, a Short Inter Frame Space (SIFS) may be bounded by 3 microseconds (us), and since a propagation time may be, for example, Aairpropagationtime= 100ns, the SIFS may be upper bounded by 3+0.1 *(5-0.1)=3.49us. [00212] In one example, the FTM message 402 may be, for example, as large as -200 bytes. Accordingly, TXTIME(FTM)~6.6us, e.g., using Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) of MCS 1.

[00213] For example, if timestamps are captured without locking clocks, e.g., with a 40 ppm error, a smallest error may be 0.5*(6.6e-6+3e-6)*(40e-6)=192ps=~6cm.

[00214] For example, in case of a 4ppm residual error, a smallest error may be 0.5*(6.6e- 6+3e-6)*(4e-6)=19.2ps=~6mm.

[00215] In some cases, the duration TXTIME(FTM) of the FTM message may be longer, for example, when transmitting an FTM message over a DMG band. [00216] In one example, TXTIME(FTM) >= 10.6us for a Single Carrier (SC) Beam Refinement Protocol (BRP) frame, for example, when a number of Training (TRN) blocks N TRN = 1.

[00217] For example, in case of a BRP FTM frame with a single TRN block, and with 4ppm residual error, a smallest error may be 0.5*(7.74e-6+2.84e-6+3e-6)*(4e-6)=271.6ps=8mm. [00218] For example, according to the above calculation, if timestamps are taken without taking clock drift into account, a ranging error may be as large as 6cm for initial FTM frames that include 200 bytes.

[00219] For example, according to the above calculation, if the STAs lock their clocks and still have about 4ppm of residual error, the ranging error could be as large as 6mm. [00220] In some use cases, scenarios, and/or implementations, such a ranging error may be too large, and there may be a need to reduce the ranging error, for example, to ~lcm or even less.

[00221] Referring back to Fig. 1, in some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to capture and/or process one or more timestamps, e.g., ToA and/or ToD timestamps, which may be defined with respect to an end portion of a frame, e.g., as described below.

[00222] In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process one or more frames, e.g., FTM frames, including one or more timestamps, e.g., ToA and/or ToD timestamps, which may be defined with respect to an end portion of a frame, e.g., as described below. [00223] In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to determine one or more measurements, e.g., ToF measurements, based on one or more timestamps, e.g., ToA and/or ToD timestamps, which may be defined with respect to an end of a frame, e.g., as described below. [00224] In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more timestamps for a ranging measurement message, e.g., the FTM frame, for example, the ToA and/or ToD timestamps of the ranging measurement message, may be defined with respect to a field or a subfield in the end portion of the ranging measurement message, e.g., as described below.

[00225] In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more timestamps for a ranging measurement message, e.g., the FTM frame, for example, the ToA and/or ToD timestamps of the ranging measurement message, may be defined with respect to an end of a last field of the ranging measurement message, e.g., as described below.

[00226] In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, the end portion of the FTM frame may include, for example, a TRN field, e.g., as described below. [00227] In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more timestamps for an FTM frame, e.g., ToA and/or ToD timestamps of the FTM frame, may be determined based on the TRN field of the FTM message, e.g., as described below.

[00228] In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more timestamps for an FTM frame, e.g., ToA and/or ToD timestamps of the FTM frame, may be defined with respect to an end portion of the FTM frame; and/or one or more timestamps for an ACK to the FTM frame, e.g., ToA and/or ToD timestamps of the ACK to the FTM frame, may be defined with respect to a beginning portion of the ACK, e.g., as described below.

[00229] In some demonstrative embodiments, a measurement of a timestamp, e.g., the ToA and./or ToD timestamps, may be performed at the beginning and/or end of a frame, for example, an OFDM frame or a SC frame, e.g., as described below.

[00230] In some demonstrative embodiments, a beginning of a preamble, e.g., a CE, may be measured, and a correction/calculation may be performed to compute a time of the beginning of the preamble.

[00231] In some demonstrative embodiments, a beginning of the last TRN field of the post- amble may be measured, and a correction/calculation may be performed to compute time of the end, e.g., as described below. [00232] In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 154 and/or positioning component 157 may be configured to control, cause and/or trigger a station implemented by device 140 to perform a role of a ranging responder station, e.g., as described below.

[00233] In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 154 and/or positioning component 157 may be configured to control, cause and/or trigger the station implemented by device 140 to transmit to a second station, e.g., a station implemented by device 102, a first ranging measurement message including a TRN field, according to a ranging protocol, e.g., as described below.

[00234] In one example, the first ranging measurement message may include, for example, an FTM message according to an FTM protocol, for example, the FTM message 334 (Fig. 3), e.g., as described above.

[00235] In some demonstrative embodiments, the first ranging measurement message may include a preamble portion followed by a data portion, and the data portion may be followed by the TRN field. [00236] In one example, the first ranging measurement message may include a DMG PPDU or an EDMG PPDU, e.g., as described above with reference to Fig. 2. For example, the first ranging measurement message may include TRN field 224 (Fig. 2).

[00237] In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 154 and/or positioning component 157 may be configured to control, cause and/or trigger the station implemented by device 140 to determine a ToD of the TRN field, e.g., as described below.

[00238] In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 154 and/or positioning component 157 may be configured to control, cause and/or trigger the station implemented by device 140 to determine a ToA of a beginning portion of an ACK message from the second station, e.g., as described below. [00239] In one example, the ACK message may include, for example, ACK message 336 (Fig. 3), e.g., as described above.

[00240] In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 154 and/or positioning component 157 may be configured to control, cause and/or trigger the station implemented by device 140 to determine the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message by determining a ToA of a preamble of the ACK message, e.g., as described below. [00241] In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 154 and/or positioning component 157 may be configured to control, cause and/or trigger the station implemented by device 140 to transmit a second ranging measurement message to the second station according to the ranging protocol, e.g., as described below. [00242] In one example, the second ranging measurement message may include, for example, an FTM message according to an FTM protocol, for example, the FTM message 338 (Fig. 3), e.g., as described above.

[00243] In some demonstrative embodiments, the second ranging measurement message may include the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message and the To A of the beginning portion of the ACK message, e.g., as described below.

[00244] In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 154 and/or positioning component 157 may be configured to control, cause and/or trigger the station implemented by device 140 to determine the ToD of the TRN field by determining a ToD of a training sequence in the TRN field, e.g., as described below. [00245] In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 154 and/or positioning component 157 may be configured to control, cause and/or trigger the station implemented by device 140 to determine the ToD of the TRN field by determining a ToD of a Channel Estimation (CE) sequence in the TRN field, e.g., as described below.

[00246] In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 154 and/or positioning component 157 may be configured to control, cause and/or trigger the station implemented by device 140 to determine the ToD of the TRN field by determining a ToD of a last subfield in the TRN field, e.g., as described below.

[00247] In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 154 and/or positioning component 157 may be configured to control, cause and/or trigger the station implemented by device 140 to determine the ToD of the TRN field by determining a ToD of an end of the TRN field, e.g., as described below.

[00248] In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 154 and/or positioning component 157 may be configured to control, cause and/or trigger the station implemented by device 140 to transmit the first and second ranging measurement messages over a directional frequency band, for example, over a channel in a frequency band above 45GHz, e.g., as described below. [00249] In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 154 and/or positioning component 157 may be configured to control, cause and/or trigger the station implemented by device 140 to a first Beam Refinement Protocol (BRP) packet including the first ranging measurement message, and to transmit a second BRP packet including the second ranging measurement message, e.g., as described below.

[00250] In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 154 and/or positioning component 157 may be configured to control, cause and/or trigger the station implemented by device 140 to transmit a message including a capability indication to indicate a capability of the station implemented by device 140 to provide the second ranging measurement message including the ToD of TRN field of the first ranging measurement message and the To A of the beginning portion of the ACK message, e.g., as described below.

[00251] In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 154 and/or positioning component 157 may be configured to control, cause and/or trigger the station implemented by device 140 to process a message from the second station including a capability indication to indicate a capability of the second station to determine a ranging measurement based on the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message, e.g., as described below.

[00252] In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 and/or positioning component 117 may be configured to control, cause and/or trigger a station implemented by device 102 to perform a role of a ranging initiator station, e.g., as described below.

[00253] In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 and/or positioning component 117 may be configured to control, cause and/or trigger the station implemented by device 102 to receive from the station implemented by device 140 the first ranging measurement message including the TRN field, according to a ranging protocol, e.g., as described below. [00254] In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 and/or positioning component 117 may be configured to control, cause and/or trigger the station implemented by device 102 to determine a ToA of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message, e.g., as described below.

[00255] In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 and/or positioning component 117 may be configured to control, cause and/or trigger the station implemented by device 102 to transmit the ACK message to the station implemented by device 140, and to determine a ToD of a beginning portion of the ACK message, e.g., as described below. [00256] In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 and/or positioning component 117 may be configured to control, cause and/or trigger the station implemented by device 102 to receive the second ranging measurement message from the station implemented by device 140 according to the ranging protocol. For example, the second ranging measurement message may include the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message.

[00257] In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 and/or positioning component 117 may be configured to control, cause and/or trigger the station implemented by device 102 to determine a ranging measurement corresponding to a range between the devices 102 and 140 based on the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message, the ToA of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message, the ToD of the beginning portion of the ACK measurement message, and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message.

[00258] In some demonstrative embodiments, the ranging measurement may be determined, for example, based on one or more of the following calculations:

RTT= [(T4-T1')-(T3-T2')] (5)

ToF= [(T4-Tl')-(T3-T2')]/2 (6)

[00259] In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 and/or positioning component 117 may be configured to control, cause and/or trigger the station implemented by device 102 to determine the ToA of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message by determining a ToA of a training sequence in the TRN field, e.g., as described below.

[00260] In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 and/or positioning component 117 may be configured to control, cause and/or trigger the station implemented by device 102 to determine the ToA of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message by determining a ToA of a CE sequence in the TRN field, e.g., as described below. [00261] In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 and/or positioning component 117 may be configured to control, cause and/or trigger the station implemented by device 102 to determine the ToA of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message by determining a ToA of a last subfield in the TRN field, e.g., as described below.

[00262] In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 and/or positioning component 117 may be configured to control, cause and/or trigger the station implemented by device 102 to determine the ToA of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message by determining a ToA of an end of the TRN field, e.g., as described below.

[00263] In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 and/or positioning component 117 may be configured to control, cause and/or trigger the station implemented by device 102 to receive the first and second ranging measurement messages over a directional frequency band, e.g., as described below.

[00264] In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 and/or positioning component 117 may be configured to control, cause and/or trigger the station implemented by device 102 to receive a first BRP packet including the first ranging measurement message, and to receive a second BRP packet including the second ranging measurement message, e.g., as described below.

[00265] In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 and/or positioning component 117 may be configured to control, cause and/or trigger the station implemented by device 102 to determine the ToD of the beginning portion of the ACK message by determining a ToD of a preamble of the ACK message, e.g., as described below.

[00266] In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 and/or positioning component 117 may be configured to control, cause and/or trigger the station implemented by device 102 to transmit to the station implemented by device 140 a message including a capability indication to indicate a capability of the station implemented by device 102 to determine the ranging measurement based on the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message, the ToA of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message, the ToD of the beginning portion of the ACK measurement message, and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message, e.g., as described below.

[00267] In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 and/or positioning component 117 may be configured to control, cause and/or trigger the station implemented by device 102 to process a message from the station implemented by device 140, the message including a capability indication to indicate a capability of the station implemented by device 140 to provide the second ranging measurement message including the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message, e.g., as described below.

[00268] Fig. 5 is a schematic illustration of timestamp definitions based on an end of a frame, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments. For example, devices 102 and/or 140 (Fig. 1) may be configured perform communications according to a ranging protocol, e.g., an FTM protocol, for example, utilizing one or more timestamps defined according to Fig. 5.

[00269] In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, devices 102 and/or 140 (Fig. 1) may be configured to perform a ranging measurement according to the FTM protocol of Fig. 3, for example, while utilizing timestamp definitions according to Fig. 5.

[00270] In some demonstrative embodiments, the timestamp definitions of Fig. 5 may be implemented in an RTT protocol for over a directional band, e.g., a DMG band or an EDMG band, and/or any other frequency band.

[00271] In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in Fig. 5, for example, for one or more FTM frames, e.g., FTM messages 334, 338 and/or 342 (Fig. 3), a ToD, denoted Tl', of an FTM frame and/or a ToA, denoted T2', of the FTM frame may be defined to be at the end portion of the frame; and/or a ToD, denoted T3, of an ACK to the FTM frame, and/or a ToA, denoted T4, of the ACK may be defined to be at the beginning portion of the ACK frame.

[00272] In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in Fig. 5, a ToD 510 of an FTM message 510, e.g., FTM message 334, 338 and/or 342 (Fig. 3), may be defined to include a timestamp (Τ ) that represents, for example, the time, with respect to a time base, at which an end portion of the FTM message 402 is transmitted.

[00273] In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in Fig. 5, a ToA 512 of the FTM message 502 may be defined to include a timestamp (Τ2') that represents, for example, the time, with respect to a time base, at which the end portion of the FTM message 502 is received.

[00274] In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in Fig. 5, a ToD 520 of an ACK message 504, e.g., to acknowledge the FTM message 502, may be defined to include a timestamp (T3) that represents, for example, the time, with respect to a time base, at which a beginning portion of the ACK message 504 is transmitted. [00275] In one example, the timestamp (T3) may represent, for example, the time, with respect to a time base, at which the start of the preamble of the ACK message 504 is transmitted. For example, the timestamp T3 may represent a time at which a beginning of an STF, e.g., STF 202 (Fig. 2), for example, a beginning of a first symbol of the STF, of the ACK message 504 is transmitted. [00276] In other embodiments, the timestamp (T3) may relate to transmission of any other beginning portion at the beginning of the ACK message. [00277] In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in Fig. 5, a ToA 522 of the ACK message 504 may be defined to include a timestamp (T4) that represents, for example, the time, with respect to a time base, at which a beginning portion of the ACK message 504 is received.

[00278] In one example, the timestamp (T4) may represent, for example, the time, with respect to a time base, at which the start of the preamble of the ACK message 504 is received. For example, the timestamp T4 may represent a time at which a beginning of an STF, e.g., STF 202 (Fig. 2), for example, a beginning of a first symbol of the STF, of the ACK message 504 is received.

[00279] In other embodiments, the timestamp (T4) may relate to transmission of any other beginning portion at the beginning of the ACK message.

[00280] According to these definitions, for example, a ToD field in an FTM message, e.g., an FTM message subsequent to FTM message 502, may be defined to include a timestamp that represents, for example, the time, with respect to a time base, at which the end portion of the last transmitted FTM message, e.g., FTM message 502, appeared at the transmit antenna connector. [00281] In some demonstrative embodiments, defining the ToD and/or ToA of an outgoing FTM to be at the end portion of the packet, e.g., according to Fig. 5, may provide an improved ToF estimation, for example, compared to a ToF estimation utilizing timestamps defined with respect to the beginning portion of the FTM packet, for example, at least since an effect of clock drift may be reduced, e.g., as described below. [00282] Some demonstrative embodiments are described herein with respect to a ranging measurement using measurements of a ToA and a ToD of a ranging message. However, other embodiments may be implemented for a ranging measurement using measurements of any other additional or alternative parameter corresponding to communication of the ranging message. In one example, the ranging measurement may include measurements of an Angle of Arrival (AoAO and/or an Angle of Departure (AoD) of the ranging message.

[00283] Referring back to Fig. 1, in some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to communicate the ranging measurement messages, e.g., the FTM messages, over a directional frequency band, for example,, over a frequency band above 45GHz, e.g., as described below. [00284] In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to communicate the FTM message as a DMG packet over a DMG band, e.g., as described below. [00285] In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to communicate the FTM message as an EDMG packet over an EDMG band, e.g., as described below.

[00286] In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to communicate the FTM message as part of a DMG PPDU or an EDMG PPDU, e.g., including one or more of the fields of PPDU 200 (Fig. 2).

[00287] In some demonstrative embodiments, the ToD and/or ToA of an FTM message may be measured at the end portion of the FTM message, for example, based on one or more fields of the FTM message, e.g., as described below. [00288] In some demonstrative embodiments, a PPDU, e.g., an DMG PPDU or an EDMG PPDU, including the FTM message may include an optional Training (TRN) field, which may be appended, for example, at the end of the packet, e.g., as described below. For example, the PPDU including the FTM message may include TRN field 224 (Fig. 2),

[00289] In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to measure the ToD and/or ToA of the FTM message based on the TRN field at the end portion of the packet, e.g., as described below.

[00290] In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to measure the ToD and/or ToA of the FTM message based on a TRN sequence in the TRN field.

[00291] In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to measure the ToD and/or ToA of the FTM message based on a last TRN sequence in the TRN field.

[00292] For example, an RTT measurement for DMG or EDMG may use timestamps of a last TRN field, e.g., as described above with referent to Fig. 5.

[00293] In other embodiments, any other subfield or TRN sequence in the TRN field may be used.

[00294] In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to measure the ToD and/or ToA of the FTM message based on any other additional or alternative element in the TRN field.

[00295] In some demonstrative embodiments, a known sequence, e.g., in the form of a Channel Estimation (CE) subfield, may be implemented at the end portion of the packet, for example, to support computing the TOD/TO A, e.g., more accurately. [00296] Reference is made to Fig. 6, which schematically illustrates a TRN field 600, which may be implemented in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments. For example, the TRN field 600 may be appended to a DMG packet including an FTM frame.

[00297] In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 (Fig. 1) may be configured to communicate a ranging measurement message, e.g., an FTM message, in a PPDU, e.g., a DMG PPDU, including the TRN field 600.

[00298] In one example, the PPDU may include a preamble portion, e.g., including fields of non-EDMG portion 210 (Fig. 2), which may be followed by a data portion, and the data portion may be followed by TRN field 600. In one example, TRN field 600 may be configured in compliance with an IEEE 802.1 lad Specification.

[00299] In some demonstrative embodiments, TRN field 600 may include a plurality of TRN units 602.

[00300] In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, TRN field 600 may be, for example, included in a BRP frame. For example, the BRP frame may append an arbitrary number of TRN units 602, which may be defined in a header at the beginning of the BRP frame. In other embodiments, TRN field 600 may be included as part of any other type of frame.

[00301] In some demonstrative embodiments, a TRN unit 602 may include a CE subfield 604 followed by a plurality of TRN subfields 606, e.g., four subfields 606 or any other number of subfields. [00302] In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, CE subfield 604 may include a DMG CEF, which, for example, may be defined as a part of the preamble.

[00303] For example, CE subfield 604 may include a plurality of complementary Golay sequences. In one example, CE subfield 604 may include the Golay sequences Gusn, Gvsn, and -Gbm, e.g., as follows: CEF = {Gusli, Gv5i2, -Gbi₂₈};

Gu5i2 = {-Gbi2₈, -Gai2₈, Gbi₂₈, -Gai₂₈};

Gv5i2 = {-Gbi2₈, Gai2₈, -Gbi₂₈, -Gai₂₈}, (7) where (Gam, Gbm) denotes a Golay complementary pair of length 128.

[00304] In other embodiments, CE subfield 604 may include any other sequences and/or may be configured according to any other format. [00305] In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, TRN subfields 606 may include a plurality of complementary Golay sequences.

[00306] In one example, TRN subfields 606 may include the same Golay complementary sequences. For example, TRN subfields 606 may be defined, e.g., as follows: TRN#n = {+Gai28, -Gbi₂₈, +Gai₂₈, +Gbi₂₈, +Gai₂₈}, n=l:4 (8)

[00307] In one example, the sequences of DMG TRN field 600 may be transmitted using a π/2- BPSK modulation.

[00308] In other embodiments, TRN subfields 606 may include any other sequences and/or may be configured according to any other format. [00309] Reference is made to Fig. 7, which schematically illustrates a TRN field 700, which may be implemented in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments. For example, the TRN field 700 may be appended to an EDMG packet including an FTM frame.

[00310] In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 (Fig. 1) may be configured to communicate a ranging measurement message, e.g., an FTM message, in a PPDU, e.g., an EDMG PPDU, including the TRN field 700.

[00311] In one example, the EDMG PPDU may include a preamble portion, e.g., including fields of non-EDMG portion 210 (Fig. 2), EDMG Header A 208 (Fig. 2), EDMG-STF 212 (Fig. 2), EDMG CEF 214 (Fig. 2), and/or EDMG Header B 216 (Fig. 2), which may be followed by a data portion, e.g., data field 218 (Fig. 2), and the data portion may be followed by TRN field 700. For example, TRN field 224 (Fig. 2) may include TRN field 700, e.g., in compliance with an IEEE 802.11ay Specification.

[00312] In some demonstrative embodiments, TRN field 700 may include a plurality of TRN units 702.

[00313] In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, TRN field 700 may be, for example, included in a BRP frame. For example, the BRP frame may append a plurality of TRN units 702, which may be defined in a header at the beginning of the BRP frame. In other embodiments, TRN field 700 may be included as part of any other type of frame.

[00314] In some demonstrative embodiments, a TRN unit 702 may include a plurality of TRN subfields 706. [00315] In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, TRN subfields 706 may include a plurality of complementary Golay sequences.

[00316] Referring back to Fig. 1, in some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to communicate a ranging measurement message, e.g., an FTM message, including a TRN field, e.g., TRN field 600 (Fig. 6) or TRN field 700 (Fig. 7).

[00317] In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to determine a ToD measurement and/or a ToA measurement corresponding to the ranging measurement message, for example, based on a respective ToA and/or a ToD of the TRN field, e.g., TRN field 600 (Fig. 6) or TRN field 700 (Fig. 7), of the ranging measurement message. [00318] In some demonstrative embodiments, device 140 may be configured to transmit a ranging measurement message, e.g., FTM message 334 (Fig. 3), including a TRN field, e.g., TRN field 600 (Fig. 6) or TRN field 700 (Fig. 7).

[00319] In some demonstrative embodiments, device 140 may be configured to determine a ToD timestamp of the ranging measurement message, e.g., FTM message 334 (Fig. 3), for example, based on a ToD of the TRN field.

[00320] In one example, device 140 may be configured to determine the ToD timestamp of the ranging measurement message, e.g., FTM message 334 (Fig. 3), for example, based on a ToD of CE field 604 (Fig. 6).

[00321] In another example, device 140 may be configured to determine the ToD timestamp of the ranging measurement message, e.g., FTM message 334 (Fig. 3), for example, based on a ToD of a TRN unit 602 (Fig. 6), for example, a last TRN unit 602 (Fig. 6) of TRN field 600 (Fig. 6) or any other TRN unit 602 (Fig. 6) in TRN field 600 (Fig. 6).

[00322] In one example, device 140 may be configured to determine the ToD of the TRN unit 602 (Fig. 6), for example, based on a ToD of a TRN subfield 606 (Fig. 6) in the TRN unit 602 (Fig. 6), for example, a last TRN subfield 606 of the TRN unit 602 (Fig. 6) or any other TRN subfield 606 (Fig. 6) in the TRN unit 602 (Fig. 6).

[00323] In another example, device 140 may be configured to determine the ToD timestamp of the ranging measurement message, e.g., FTM message 334 (Fig. 3), for example, based on a ToD of a TRN unit 702 (Fig. 7), for example, a last TRN unit 702 (Fig. 7) of TRN field 700 (Fig. 7) or any other TRN unit 702 (Fig. 7) in TRN field 700 (Fig. 7). [00324] In one example, device 140 may be configured to determine the ToD of the TRN unit 702 (Fig. 7), for example, based on a ToD of a TRN subfield 706 (Fig. 7) in the TRN unit 702 (Fig. 7), for example, a last TRN subfield 706 of the TRN unit 702 (Fig. 7) or any other TRN subfield 706 (Fig. 7) in the TRN unit 702 (Fig. 7). [00325] In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured to receive a ranging measurement message, e.g., FTM message 334 (Fig. 3), including a TRN field, e.g., TRN field 600 (Fig. 6) or TRN field 700 (Fig. 7).

[00326] In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured to determine a ToA timestamp of the ranging measurement message, e.g., FTM message 334 (Fig. 3), for example, based on a ToA of the TRN field.

[00327] In one example, device 102 may be configured to determine the ToA timestamp of the ranging measurement message, e.g., FTM message 334 (Fig. 3), for example, based on a ToA of CE field 604 (Fig. 6).

[00328] In another example, device 102 may be configured to determine the ToA timestamp of the ranging measurement message, e.g., FTM message 334 (Fig. 3), for example, based on a ToA of a TRN unit 602 (Fig. 6), for example, a last TRN unit 602 (Fig. 6) of TRN field 600 (Fig. 6) or any other TRN unit 602 (Fig. 6) in TRN field 600 (Fig. 6).

[00329] In one example, device 102 may be configured to determine the ToA of the TRN unit 602 (Fig. 6), for example, based on a ToA of a TRN subfield 606 (Fig. 6) in the TRN unit 602 (Fig. 6), for example, a last TRN subfield 606 of the TRN unit 602 (Fig. 6) or any other TRN subfield 606 (Fig. 6) in the TRN unit 602 (Fig. 6).

[00330] In another example, device 102 may be configured to determine the ToA timestamp of the ranging measurement message, e.g., FTM message 334 (Fig. 3), for example, based on a ToA of a TRN unit 702 (Fig. 7), for example, a last TRN unit 702 (Fig. 7) of TRN field 700 (Fig. 7) or any other TRN unit 702 (Fig. 7) in TRN field 700 (Fig. 7).

[00331] In one example, device 102 may be configured to determine the ToA of the TRN unit 702 (Fig. 7), for example, based on a ToA of a TRN subfield 706 (Fig. 7) in the TRN unit 702 (Fig. 7), for example, a last TRN subfield 706 of the TRN unit 702 (Fig. 7) or any other TRN subfield 706 (Fig. 7) in the TRN unit 702 (Fig. 7). [00332] In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to utilize the TRN field, for example, during a Receive-training (R-TRN) and/or a Transmit- training (TRN-T). For example, the TRN field, e.g., TRN field 600 (Fig. 6) or TRN field 700 (Fig. 7), may be appended to the FTM frame, for example, during a beam tracking procedure, e.g., as described below.

[00333] In some demonstrative embodiments, the frame including the ranging measurement message, e.g., the FTM frame, may be treated, for example, as a BRP receive (BRP-RX) packet, e.g., as described below.

[00334] In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more TRN and/or CE subfields, e.g., even all of the TRN and CE subfields, of the packet may be transmitted, for example, using a same Antenna Weight Vector (AWV) as a preamble and/or data field of the packet. [00335] In some demonstrative embodiments, an Ack frame to FTM frame may be transmitted with a same Bandwidth (BW) as the FTM frame.

[00336] Fig. 8 is a schematic illustration of an exchange of messages according to a beam tracking procedure, which may be implemented in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments. [00337] In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 (Fig. 1) may be configured to communicate one or more messages of a ranging protocol, for example, the FTM protocol of Fig. 3, according to the beam tracking procedure of Fig. 8.

[00338] In one example, devices 102 and/or 140 (Fig. 1) may be configured to communicate a ranging measurement message, e.g., FTM message 334 (Fig. 3), and an acknowledgement of the ranging measurement message, e.g., ACK 336 (Fig. 3), in accordance with the beam tracking procedure of Fig. 8.

[00339] In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, device 140 (Fig. 1) may perform a role of a beam tracking responder 801, and/or device 102 (Fig. 1) may perform a role of a beam tracking initiator 803, for example, for a Receive training (TRN-R) procedure. [00340] In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in Fig. 8, beam tracking responder 801 may transmit one or more PPDUs 802 with an appended TRN-R field 804.

[00341] In some demonstrative embodiments, device 140 (Fig. 1) may transmit a PPDU 802 including a ranging measurement message, e.g., FTM message 334 (Fig. 3), with the TRN-R field 804. [00342] In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in Fig. 8, beam tracking initiator 803 may transmit one or more ACKs 806, e.g., in response to the one or more PPDUs 802. [00343] In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 (Fig. 1) may transmit an ACK 804 in response to the PPDU 802 including the ranging measurement message, e.g., FTM message 334 (Fig. 3), with the TRN-R field 804.

[00344] In some demonstrative embodiments, device 140 (Fig. 1) may be configured to determine a ToD of the ranging measurement message, e.g., FTM message 334 (Fig. 3), for example, based on a ToD of TRN-R field 804.

[00345] In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 (Fig. 1) may be configured to determine a ToA of the ranging measurement message, e.g., FTM message 334 (Fig. 3), for example, based on a ToA of TRN-R field 804. [00346] Fig. 9 is a schematic illustration of an exchange of messages according to a beam tracking procedure, which may be implemented in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

[00347] In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 (Fig. 1) may be configured to communicate one or more messages of a ranging protocol, for example, the FTM protocol of Fig. 3, according to the beam tracking procedure of Fig. 9.

[00348] In one example, devices 102 and/or 140 (Fig. 1) may be configured to communicate a ranging measurement message, e.g., FTM message 334 (Fig. 3), and an acknowledgement of the ranging measurement message, e.g., ACK 336 (Fig. 3), in accordance with the beam tracking procedure of Fig. 9. [00349] In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, device 140 (Fig. 1) may perform a role of a beam tracking initiator 903, and/or device 102 (Fig. 1) may perform a role of a beam tracking responder 901, for example, for a Transmit training (TRN-T) procedure.

[00350] In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in Fig. 9, beam tracking initiator 903 may transmit one or more PPDUs 902 with an appended TRN-T field 904. [00351] In some demonstrative embodiments, device 140 (Fig. 1) may transmit a PPDU 902 including a ranging measurement message, e.g., FTM message 334 (Fig. 3), with the TRN-T field 904.

[00352] In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in Fig. 9, beam tracking responder 901 may transmit one or more ACKs 906, e.g., in response to the one or more PPDUs 902. [00353] In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 (Fig. 1) may transmit an ACK 904 in response to the PPDU 902 including the ranging measurement message, e.g., FTM message 334 (Fig. 3), with the TRN-T field 904.

[00354] In some demonstrative embodiments, device 140 (Fig. 1) may be configured to determine a ToD of the ranging measurement message, e.g., FTM message 334 (Fig. 3), for example, based on a ToD of TRN-T field 904.

[00355] In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 (Fig. 1) may be configured to determine a ToA of the ranging measurement message, e.g., FTM message 334 (Fig. 3), for example, based on a ToA of TRN-T field 904. [00356] Referring back to Fig. 1, in some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process an FTM message, e.g., the FTM message 338 (Fig. 3), including at least one timestamp, e.g., a ToD and/or a ToA, and an indication that the at least one timestamp is measured with respect to an end portion of at least one frame, e.g., an and portion of FTM message 334 (Fig. 3). [00357] In some demonstrative embodiments, the FTM message, e.g., FTM message 338 (Fig. 3), may include a bit ("signaling bit") configured to indicate that a timestamp in the FTM message is measured with respect to an end portion of an FTM frame, e.g., FTM message 334 (Fig. 3).

[00358] In some demonstrative embodiments, the signaling bit may be implemented as part of an error field in the FTM message, e.g., as a reserved bit in the error field, as described below.

[00359] In other embodiments, the signaling bit may be implemented in any other portion or field of the FTM message.

[00360] Reference is made to Fig. 10, which schematically illustrates a schematic illustration of a ToD error field 1000, which may be implemented in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

[00361] In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process a ranging measurement message, for example, an FTM message, e.g., message 338 (Fig. 3), including in a ToD field a ToD measurement, e.g., a ToD timestamp, measured with respect to a previous ranging measurement message, for example, a previous FTM message, e.g., FTM message 334 (Fig. 3), e.g., as described above. [00362] In some demonstrative embodiments, the ranging measurement message, for example, an FTM message, e.g., message 338 (Fig. 3), may include the ToD error field 1000, which may be configured to include an indication on whether the ToD measurement is with respect to an end portion of the previous ranging measurement message, for example, the previous FTM message, e.g., the end portion of the FTM message 334 (Fig. 3).

[00363] In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, a bit of a plurality of reserved bits 1002 of the ToD error field 1000 may be configured as a signaling bit to indicate whether the ToD value in the ToD field corresponding to the ToD error field 1000 is measured with respect to an end of the previous ranging measurement frame. [00364] Reference is made to Fig. 11, which schematically illustrates a schematic illustration of a To A error field 1100, which may be implemented in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

[00365] In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process a ranging measurement message, for example, an FTM message, e.g., message 338 (Fig. 3), including in a ToA field a ToA measurement, e.g., a ToA timestamp, measured with respect to a previous ranging measurement message, for example, a previous FTM message, e.g., FTM message 334 (Fig. 3), e.g., as described above.

[00366] In some demonstrative embodiments, the ranging measurement message, for example, an FTM message, e.g., message 338 (Fig. 3), may include the ToA error field 1100, which may be configured to include an indication on whether the ToD measurement is with respect to an end portion of the previous ranging measurement message, for example, the previous FTM message, e.g., the end portion of the FTM message 334 (Fig. 3).

[00367] In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, a bit of a plurality of reserved bits 1102 of the ToD error field 1100 may be configured as a signaling bit to indicate that the ToD value in the ToD field in the FTM message including the ToA error field 1100 is measured with respect to an end of the previous ranging measurement frame.

[00368] Referring back to Fig. 1, in some demonstrative embodiments, an initiator STA, e.g., device 102 (Fig. 1), may be configured to include in a ranging measurement request message, a ranging measurement negotiation message, and/or a ranging measurement initiation message, for example, an FTM message, for example, in an FTM request frame, e.g., FTM message 331 (Fig. 3), an indication that the initiator STA supports an FTM protocol utilizing the definition of one or more timestamps, e.g., ToA and/or ToD, with respect to an end portion of an FTM message. [00369] In one example, the initiating STA may be configured to use a bit, e.g., a Reserved bit, in an FTM request, for example, a reserved bit in a Trigger field of the FTM Request frame 331 (Fig. 3), to indicate its support of the TOD/TOA definition with respect to an end portion of an FTM message. For example, one of 7 reserved bits in the Trigger field may be used. In other embodiments, any other additional or alternative field and/or bit may be utilized to indicate the capability and/or support to utilize the TOD/TOA definition with respect to an end portion of an FTM message.

[00370] In some demonstrative embodiments, defining timestamps of the ranging measurement, e.g., of the FTM protocol of Fig. 3 or any other ranging protocol, to be captured at the end portion of the ranging measurement packets or frames, e.g., as described above with reference to Fig. 5, may allow improved ToF estimation, e.g., with improved accuracy.

[00371] For example, a ToF estimation using the timestamp definitions of Fig. 5 may be determined, e.g., as follows:

TOFJiat = RTT/2=0.5*((T4-T1')-(T3-T2')) (9) [00372] The ToF estimation may be rewritten as follows, for example, based on the clock offset D, between two STAs, e.g., the initiator STA and the responder STA:

T2'=Tl'+D+TOF

T3= T2' +SIFS

T4=T3-D+TOF (10) RTT=(T4-Tl')(l+ppml)-(T3-T2')(l+ppm2)

=(2*TOF+SIFS)(l+ppml)-(SIFS)(l+ppm2)

TOF_hat=(TOF)(l+ppml)+0.5*(SIFS)(ppml-ppm2)

[00373] In some demonstrative embodiments, there may be, for example, two error terms, which may affect an error in a range based on the ToF estimation using the timestamp definitions of Fig. 5.

[00374] In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, for a 50m range, a range dependent error may be ppml *TOF<=20e-6*50/3e8 = 3.3ps = 1mm; and/or a non range dependent error may be 0.5*(SIFS)*(ppml-ppm2).

[00375] In some demonstrative embodiments, the non-range dependent error, e.g., when using the timestamp definitions corresponding to the end portion of he ranging measurement message, e.g., as described above with respect to Fig. 5, may be the same, for example, regardless of how long the FTM frame is. This may be in contrast to the non-range dependent error, e.g., when using the timestamp definitions of Fig. 4, which may depend on the length of the FTM frame.

[00376] In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, in case the initiator STA does not lock its clock before computing its timestamps, and the initiator STA has, for example, a 40ppm residual error with respect to the responder STA, then the resulting error may be 60ps ~ 1.8cm.

[00377] In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, in case the initiator STA has, for example, a 4ppm residual error with respect to the responder STA, then the resulting error may be 6ps ~ 1.8mm.

[00378] In some demonstrative embodiments, when using the timestamp definitions corresponding to the beginning portion of he ranging measurement message, e.g., as described above with respect to Fig. 4, one or more ppm values may be corrected before computing a ToF measurement, and/or short FTM frames may be used, for example, in order to provide a ranging error of less than lcm.

[00379] In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more technical advantages maybe achieved when using the timestamp definitions corresponding to the end portion of he ranging measurement message, e.g., as described above with respect to Fig. 5.

[00380] In one example, when using the timestamp definitions corresponding to the end portion of he ranging measurement message, e.g., as described above with respect to Fig. 5, it may even be possible not to correct one or more ppm values before computing a ToF measurement, and/or an FTM frame length may not have an effect on the ToF result, e.g., as described above.

[00381] In another example, when using the timestamp definitions corresponding to the end portion of he ranging measurement message, e.g., as described above with respect to Fig. 5, a known waveform at an end of a frame, e.g., a BRP frame, may be used, for example, to achieve channel estimation with the timestamp definitions according to Fig. 5.

[00382] Reference is made to Fig. 12, which schematically illustrates a method of a ranging measurement, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments. For example, one or more of the operations of the method of Fig. 12 may be performed by a wireless communication system, e.g., system 100 (Fig. 1); a wireless communication device, e.g., devices 102 and/or 140 (Fig. 1); a controller, e.g., controllers 124 and/or 154 (Fig. 1); a positioning component, e.g., positioning components 117 and/or 157 (Fig. 1); a location estimator, e.g., location estimator 115 (Fig. 1); a radio, e.g., radios 114 and/or 144 (Fig. 1); a message processor, e.g., message processor 128 (Fig. 1) and/or message processor 158 (Fig. 1), a transmitter, e.g., transmitters 118 and/or 148 (Fig. 1); and/or a receiver, e.g., receivers 116 and/or 146 (Fig. 1).

[00383] As indicated at block 1202, the method may include transmitting a first ranging measurement message from a first wireless communication station to a second wireless communication station according to a ranging protocol, the first ranging measurement message including a TRN field. For example, positioning component 157 (Fig. 1) and/or controller 154 (Fig. 1) may control, cause and/or trigger device 140 (Fig. 1) to transmit FTM message 334 (Fig. 3) including a TRN field to device 102 (Fig. 1), e.g., as described above. [00384] As indicated at block 1204, the method may include determining a ToD of the TRN field. For example, positioning component 157 (Fig. 1) and/or controller 154 (Fig. 1) may control, cause and/or trigger device 140 (Fig. 1) to determine the ToD of the TRN field, e.g., as described above.

[00385] As indicated at block 1206, the method may include determining a ToA of a beginning portion of an ACK message from the second wireless communication station. For example, positioning component 157 (Fig. 1) and/or controller 154 (Fig. 1) may control, cause and/or trigger device 140 (Fig. 1) to determine the ToA of the beginning portion of ACK 336 (Fig. 3), e.g., as described above.

[00386] As indicated at block 1208, the method may include transmitting a second ranging measurement message to the second wireless communication station according to the ranging protocol, the second ranging measurement message including the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message. For example, positioning component 157 (Fig. 1) and/or controller 154 (Fig. 1) may control, cause and/or trigger device 140 (Fig. 1) to transmit to device 102 (Fig. 1) the FTM message 338 (Fig. 3) including the ToD of the TRN field of the FTM message 334 (Fig. 3) and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message 336 (Fig. 3), e.g., as described above.

[00387] Reference is made to Fig. 13, which schematically illustrates a method of a ranging measurement, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments. For example, one or more of the operations of the method of Fig. 13 may be performed by a wireless communication system, e.g., system 100 (Fig. 1); a wireless communication device, e.g., devices 102 and/or 140 (Fig. 1); a controller, e.g., controllers 124 and/or 154 (Fig. 1); a positioning component, e.g., positioning components 117 and/or 157 (Fig. 1); a location estimator, e.g., location estimator 115 (Fig. 1); a radio, e.g., radios 114 and/or 144 (Fig. 1); a message processor, e.g., message processor 128 (Fig. 1) and/or message processor 158 (Fig. 1), a transmitter, e.g., transmitters 118 and/or 148 (Fig. 1); and/or a receiver, e.g., receivers 116 and/or 146 (Fig. 1).

[00388] As indicated at block 1302, the method may include receiving at a first wireless communication station a first ranging measurement message from a second wireless communication station according to a ranging protocol, and determining a ToA of a TRN field of the first ranging measurement message. For example, positioning component 117 (Fig. 1) and/or controller 124 (Fig. 1) may control, cause and/or trigger device 102 (Fig. 1) to receive FTM message 334 (Fig. 3) including a TRN field from device 140 (Fig. 1) and to determine the ToA of the TRN field, e.g., as described above.

[00389] As indicated at block 1304, the method may include transmitting an ACK message to the second wireless communication station, and determining a ToD of a beginning portion of the ACK message. For example, positioning component 117 (Fig. 1) and/or controller 124 (Fig. 1) may control, cause and/or trigger device 102 (Fig. 1) to transmit ACK message 336 (Fig. 3) to device 140 (Fig. 1), and to determine a ToD of a beginning portion of the ACK message 336 (Fig. 3), e.g., as described above.

[00390] As indicated at block 1306, the method may include receiving receive a second ranging measurement message from the second wireless communication station according to the ranging protocol, the second ranging measurement message including a ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message and a ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message. For example, positioning component 117 (Fig. 1) and/or controller 124 (Fig. 1) may control, cause and/or trigger device 102 (Fig. 1) to receive from device 140 (Fig. 1) the FTM message 338 (Fig. 3) including a ToD of the TRN field of FTM message 334 (Fig. 3) and a ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message 336 (Fig. 3), e.g., as described above. [00391] As indicated at block 1308, the method may include determining a ranging measurement corresponding to a range between the first and second wireless communication stations based on the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message, the ToA of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message, the ToD of the beginning portion of the ACK message, and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message. For example, positioning component 117 (Fig. 1) and/or controller 124 (Fig. 1) may control, cause and/or trigger device 102 (Fig. 1) to determine a ranging measurement corresponding to a range between devices 102 and 140 (Fig. 1) based on the ToD of the TRN field of FTM message 334 (Fig. 3), the ToA of the TRN field of the FTM message, 334 (Fig. 3) the ToD of the beginning portion of the ACK message 336 (Fig. 3), and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message 336 (Fig. 3), e.g., as described above.

[00392] Reference is made to Fig. 14, which schematically illustrates a product of manufacture 1400, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments. Product 1400 may include one or more tangible computer-readable ("machine readable") non-transitory storage media 1402, which may include computer-executable instructions, e.g., implemented by logic 1404, operable to, when executed by at least one processor, e.g., computer processor, enable the at least one processor to implement one or more operations at device 102 (Fig. 1), device 140 (Fig. 1), controllers 124 and/or 154 (Fig. 1), positioning components 117 and/or 157 (Fig. 1), location estimator 115 (Fig. 1), radios 114 and/or 144 (Fig. 1), message processor 128 (Fig. 1) and/or message processor 158 (Fig. 1), transmitters 118 and/or 148 (Fig. 1), and/or receivers 116 and/or 146 (Fig. 1), and/or to cause device 102 (Fig. 1), device 140 (Fig. 1), controllers 124 and/or 154 (Fig. 1), positioning components 117 and/or 157 (Fig. 1), location estimator 115 (Fig. 1), radios 114 and/or 144 (Fig. 1), message processor 128 (Fig. 1) and/or message processor 158 (Fig. 1), transmitters 118 and/or 148 (Fig. 1), and/or receivers 116 and/or 146 (Fig. 1) to perform one or more operations, and/or to perform, trigger and/or implement one or more operations, communications and/or functionalities described above with reference to Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and/or 13, and/or one or more operations described herein. The phrase "non- transitory machine-readable medium" is directed to include all computer-readable media, with the sole exception being a transitory propagating signal.

[00393] In some demonstrative embodiments, product 1400 and/or storage media 1402 may include one or more types of computer-readable storage media capable of storing data, including volatile memory, non-volatile memory, removable or non-removable memory, erasable or non- erasable memory, writeable or re-writeable memory, and the like. For example, storage media 1402 may include, RAM, DRAM, Double-Data-Rate DRAM (DDR-DRAM), SDRAM, static RAM (SRAM), ROM, programmable ROM (PROM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), Compact Disk ROM (CD-ROM), Compact Disk Recordable (CD-R), Compact Disk Rewriteable (CD-RW), flash memory (e.g., NOR or NAND flash memory), content addressable memory (CAM), polymer memory, phase- change memory, ferroelectric memory, silicon-oxide-nitride-oxide- silicon (SONOS) memory, a disk, a floppy disk, a hard drive, an optical disk, a magnetic disk, a card, a magnetic card, an optical card, a tape, a cassette, and the like. The computer-readable storage media may include any suitable media involved with downloading or transferring a computer program from a remote computer to a requesting computer carried by data signals embodied in a carrier wave or other propagation medium through a communication link, e.g., a modem, radio or network connection. [00394] In some demonstrative embodiments, logic 1404 may include instructions, data, and/or code, which, if executed by a machine, may cause the machine to perform a method, process and/or operations as described herein. The machine may include, for example, any suitable processing platform, computing platform, computing device, processing device, computing system, processing system, computer, processor, or the like, and may be implemented using any suitable combination of hardware, software, firmware, and the like.

[00395] In some demonstrative embodiments, logic 1404 may include, or may be implemented as, software, a software module, an application, a program, a subroutine, instructions, an instruction set, computing code, words, values, symbols, and the like. The instructions may include any suitable type of code, such as source code, compiled code, interpreted code, executable code, static code, dynamic code, and the like. The instructions may be implemented according to a predefined computer language, manner or syntax, for instructing a processor to perform a certain function. The instructions may be implemented using any suitable high-level, low-level, object-oriented, visual, compiled and/or interpreted programming language, such as C, C++, Java, BASIC, Matlab, Pascal, Visual BASIC, assembly language, machine code, and the like.

EXAMPLES

[00396] The following examples pertain to further embodiments.

[00397] Example 1 includes an apparatus comprising logic and circuitry configured to cause a first wireless communication station to transmit a first ranging measurement message to a second wireless communication station according to a ranging protocol, the first ranging measurement message comprising a Training (TRN) field; determine a Time of Departure (ToD) of the TRN field; determine a Time of Arrival (ToA) of a beginning portion of an acknowledgement (ACK) message from the second wireless communication station; and transmit a second ranging measurement message to the second wireless communication station according to the ranging protocol, the second ranging measurement message comprising the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message. [00398] Example 2 includes the subject matter of Example 1, and optionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the first wireless communication station to determine the ToD of the TRN field by determining a ToD of a training sequence in the TRN field.

[00399] Example 3 includes the subject matter of Example 1, and optionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the first wireless communication station to determine the ToD of the TRN field by determining a ToD of a Channel Estimation (CE) sequence in the TRN field.

[00400] Example 4 includes the subject matter of Example 1, and optionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the first wireless communication station to determine the ToD of the TRN field by determining a ToD of a last subfield in the TRN field. [00401] Example 5 includes the subject matter of Example 1, and optionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the first wireless communication station to determine the ToD of the TRN field by determining a ToD of an end of the TRN field.

[00402] Example 6 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-5, and optionally, wherein the first ranging measurement message comprises a preamble portion followed by a data portion, the data portion followed by the TRN field.

[00403] Example 7 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-6, and optionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the first wireless communication station to transmit the first and second ranging measurement messages over a directional frequency band.

[00404] Example 8 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-7, and optionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the first wireless communication station to transmit a first Beam Refinement Protocol (BRP) packet comprising the first ranging measurement message, and to transmit a second BRP packet comprising the second ranging measurement message.

[00405] Example 9 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-8, and optionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the first wireless communication station to determine the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message by determining a ToA of a preamble of the ACK message.

[00406] Example 10 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-9, and optionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the first wireless communication station to transmit a message comprising a capability indication to indicate a capability of the first wireless communication station to provide the second ranging measurement message comprising the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message.

[00407] Example 11 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-10, and optionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the first wireless communication station to process a message from the second wireless communication station comprising a capability indication to indicate a capability of the second wireless communication station to determine a ranging measurement based on the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message.

[00408] Example 12 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-11, and optionally, wherein the ranging protocol comprises a Fine Timing Measurement (FTM) protocol, the first ranging measurement message comprising a first FTM message, and the second ranging measurement message comprising a second FTM message.

[00409] Example 13 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-12, and optionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the first wireless communication station to perform a role of a ranging responder station.

[00410] Example 14 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-13, and optionally, comprising a radio to transmit the first and second ranging measurement messages, and to receive the ACK message.

[00411] Example 15 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-14, and optionally, comprising one or more antennas, a memory and a processor.

[00412] Example 16 includes a system of wireless communication comprising a first wireless communication station, the first wireless communication station comprising one or more antennas; a radio; a memory; a processor; and a controller configured to cause the first wireless communication station to transmit a first ranging measurement message to a second wireless communication station according to a ranging protocol, the first ranging measurement message comprising a Training (TRN) field; determine a Time of Departure (ToD) of the TRN field; determine a Time of Arrival (ToA) of a beginning portion of an acknowledgement (ACK) message from the second wireless communication station; and transmit a second ranging measurement message to the second wireless communication station according to the ranging protocol, the second ranging measurement message comprising the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message. [00413] Example 17 includes the subject matter of Example 16, and optionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the first wireless communication station to determine the ToD of the TRN field by determining a ToD of a training sequence in the TRN field.

[00414] Example 18 includes the subject matter of Example 16, and optionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the first wireless communication station to determine the ToD of the TRN field by determining a ToD of a Channel Estimation (CE) sequence in the TRN field.

[00415] Example 19 includes the subject matter of Example 16, and optionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the first wireless communication station to determine the ToD of the TRN field by determining a ToD of a last subfield in the TRN field. [00416] Example 20 includes the subject matter of Example 16, and optionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the first wireless communication station to determine the ToD of the TRN field by determining a ToD of an end of the TRN field.

[00417] Example 21 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 16-20, and optionally, wherein the first ranging measurement message comprises a preamble portion followed by a data portion, the data portion followed by the TRN field.

[00418] Example 22 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 16-21, and optionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the first wireless communication station to transmit the first and second ranging measurement messages over a directional frequency band.

[00419] Example 23 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 16-22, and optionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the first wireless communication station to transmit a first Beam Refinement Protocol (BRP) packet comprising the first ranging measurement message, and to transmit a second BRP packet comprising the second ranging measurement message.

[00420] Example 24 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 16-23, and optionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the first wireless communication station to determine the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message by determining a ToA of a preamble of the ACK message.

[00421] Example 25 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 16-24, and optionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the first wireless communication station to transmit a message comprising a capability indication to indicate a capability of the first wireless communication station to provide the second ranging measurement message comprising the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message.

[00422] Example 26 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 16-25, and optionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the first wireless communication station to process a message from the second wireless communication station comprising a capability indication to indicate a capability of the second wireless communication station to determine a ranging measurement based on the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message.

[00423] Example 27 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 16-27, and optionally, wherein the ranging protocol comprises a Fine Timing Measurement (FTM) protocol, the first ranging measurement message comprising a first FTM message, and the second ranging measurement message comprising a second FTM message.

[00424] Example 28 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 16-28, and optionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the first wireless communication station to perform a role of a ranging responder station.

[00425] Example 29 includes a method to be performed at a first wireless communication station, the method comprising transmitting a first ranging measurement message to a second wireless communication station according to a ranging protocol, the first ranging measurement message comprising a Training (TRN) field; determining a Time of Departure (ToD) of the TRN field; determining a Time of Arrival (ToA) of a beginning portion of an acknowledgement (ACK) message from the second wireless communication station; and transmitting a second ranging measurement message to the second wireless communication station according to the ranging protocol, the second ranging measurement message comprising the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message.

[00426] Example 30 includes the subject matter of Example 29, and optionally, comprising determining the ToD of the TRN field by determining a ToD of a training sequence in the TRN field.

[00427] Example 31 includes the subject matter of Example 29, and optionally, comprising determining the ToD of the TRN field by determining a ToD of a Channel Estimation (CE) sequence in the TRN field. [00428] Example 32 includes the subject matter of Example 29, and optionally, comprising determining the ToD of the TRN field by determining a ToD of a last subfield in the TRN field.

[00429] Example 33 includes the subject matter of Example 29, and optionally, comprising determining the ToD of the TRN field by determining a ToD of an end of the TRN field. [00430] Example 34 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 29-33, and optionally, wherein the first ranging measurement message comprises a preamble portion followed by a data portion, the data portion followed by the TRN field.

[00431] Example 35 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 29-34, and optionally, comprising transmitting the first and second ranging measurement messages over a directional frequency band.

[00432] Example 36 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 29-35, and optionally, comprising transmitting a first Beam Refinement Protocol (BRP) packet comprising the first ranging measurement message, and transmitting a second BRP packet comprising the second ranging measurement message. [00433] Example 37 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 29-36, and optionally, comprising determining the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message by determining a ToA of a preamble of the ACK message.

[00434] Example 38 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 29-37, and optionally, comprising transmitting a message comprising a capability indication to indicate a capability of the first wireless communication station to provide the second ranging measurement message comprising the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message.

[00435] Example 39 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 29-38, and optionally, comprising processing a message from the second wireless communication station comprising a capability indication to indicate a capability of the second wireless communication station to determine a ranging measurement based on the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message.

[00436] Example 40 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 29-39, and optionally, wherein the ranging protocol comprises a Fine Timing Measurement (FTM) protocol, the first ranging measurement message comprising a first FTM message, and the second ranging measurement message comprising a second FTM message. [00437] Example 41 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 29-40, and optionally, comprising performing a role of a ranging responder station.

[00438] Example 42 includes a product comprising one or more tangible computer-readable non-transitory storage media comprising computer-executable instructions operable to, when executed by at least one processor, enable the at least one processor to cause a first wireless communication station to transmit a first ranging measurement message to a second wireless communication station according to a ranging protocol, the first ranging measurement message comprising a Training (TRN) field; determine a Time of Departure (ToD) of the TRN field; determine a Time of Arrival (ToA) of a beginning portion of an acknowledgement (ACK) message from the second wireless communication station; and transmit a second ranging measurement message to the second wireless communication station according to the ranging protocol, the second ranging measurement message comprising the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message.

[00439] Example 43 includes the subject matter of Example 42, and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the first wireless communication station to determine the ToD of the TRN field by determining a ToD of a training sequence in the TRN field.

[00440] Example 44 includes the subject matter of Example 42, and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the first wireless communication station to determine the ToD of the TRN field by determining a ToD of a Channel Estimation (CE) sequence in the TRN field. [00441] Example 45 includes the subject matter of Example 42, and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the first wireless communication station to determine the ToD of the TRN field by determining a ToD of a last subfield in the TRN field.

[00442] Example 46 includes the subject matter of Example 42, and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the first wireless communication station to determine the ToD of the TRN field by determining a ToD of an end of the TRN field.

[00443] Example 47 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 42-46, and optionally, wherein the first ranging measurement message comprises a preamble portion followed by a data portion, the data portion followed by the TRN field.

[00444] Example 48 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 42-47, and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the first wireless communication station to transmit the first and second ranging measurement messages over a directional frequency band. [00445] Example 49 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 42-48, and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the first wireless communication station to transmit a first Beam Refinement Protocol (BRP) packet comprising the first ranging measurement message, and to transmit a second BRP packet comprising the second ranging measurement message.

[00446] Example 50 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 42-49, and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the first wireless communication station to determine the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message by determining a ToA of a preamble of the ACK message. [00447] Example 51 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 42-50, and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the first wireless communication station to transmit a message comprising a capability indication to indicate a capability of the first wireless communication station to provide the second ranging measurement message comprising the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message.

[00448] Example 52 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 42-51, and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the first wireless communication station to process a message from the second wireless communication station comprising a capability indication to indicate a capability of the second wireless communication station to determine a ranging measurement based on the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message.

[00449] Example 53 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 42-52, and optionally, wherein the ranging protocol comprises a Fine Timing Measurement (FTM) protocol, the first ranging measurement message comprising a first FTM message, and the second ranging measurement message comprising a second FTM message.

[00450] Example 54 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 42-53, and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the first wireless communication station to perform a role of a ranging responder station.

[00451] Example 55 includes an apparatus of wireless communication by a first wireless communication station, the apparatus comprising means for transmitting a first ranging measurement message to a second wireless communication station according to a ranging protocol, the first ranging measurement message comprising a Training (TRN) field; means for determining a Time of Departure (ToD) of the TRN field; means for determining a Time of Arrival (ToA) of a beginning portion of an acknowledgement (ACK) message from the second wireless communication station; and means for transmitting a second ranging measurement message to the second wireless communication station according to the ranging protocol, the second ranging measurement message comprising the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message.

[00452] Example 56 includes the subject matter of Example 55, and optionally, comprising means for determining the ToD of the TRN field by determining a ToD of a training sequence in the TRN field. [00453] Example 57 includes the subject matter of Example 55, and optionally, comprising means for determining the ToD of the TRN field by determining a ToD of a Channel Estimation (CE) sequence in the TRN field.

[00454] Example 58 includes the subject matter of Example 55, and optionally, comprising means for determining the ToD of the TRN field by determining a ToD of a last subfield in the TRN field.

[00455] Example 59 includes the subject matter of Example 55, and optionally, comprising means for determining the ToD of the TRN field by determining a ToD of an end of the TRN field.

[00456] Example 60 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 55-59, and optionally, wherein the first ranging measurement message comprises a preamble portion followed by a data portion, the data portion followed by the TRN field.

[00457] Example 61 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 55-60, and optionally, comprising means for transmitting the first and second ranging measurement messages over a directional frequency band. [00458] Example 62 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 55-61, and optionally, comprising means for transmitting a first Beam Refinement Protocol (BRP) packet comprising the first ranging measurement message, and transmitting a second BRP packet comprising the second ranging measurement message.

[00459] Example 63 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 55-62, and optionally, comprising means for determining the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message by determining a ToA of a preamble of the ACK message. [00460] Example 64 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 55-63, and optionally, comprising means for transmitting a message comprising a capability indication to indicate a capability of the first wireless communication station to provide the second ranging measurement message comprising the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message.

[00461] Example 65 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 55-64, and optionally, comprising means for processing a message from the second wireless communication station comprising a capability indication to indicate a capability of the second wireless communication station to determine a ranging measurement based on the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message.

[00462] Example 66 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 55-65, and optionally, wherein the ranging protocol comprises a Fine Timing Measurement (FTM) protocol, the first ranging measurement message comprising a first FTM message, and the second ranging measurement message comprising a second FTM message. [00463] Example 67 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 55-66, and optionally, comprising means for performing a role of a ranging responder station.

[00464] Example 68 includes an apparatus comprising logic and circuitry configured to cause a first wireless communication station to receive a first ranging measurement message from a second wireless communication station according to a ranging protocol, and determine a Time of Arrival (ToA) of a Training (TRN) field of the first ranging measurement message; transmit an Acknowledgement (ACK) message to the second wireless communication station, and determine a Time of Departure (ToD) of a beginning portion of the ACK message; receive a second ranging measurement message from the second wireless communication station according to the ranging protocol, the second ranging measurement message comprising a ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message and a ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message; and determine a ranging measurement corresponding to a range between the first and second wireless communication stations based on the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message, the ToA of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message, the ToD of the beginning portion of the ACK message, and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message.

[00465] Example 69 includes the subject matter of Example 68, and optionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the first wireless communication station to determine the ToA of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message by determining a ToA of a training sequence in the TRN field.

[00466] Example 70 includes the subject matter of Example 68, and optionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the first wireless communication station to determine the ToA of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message by determining a ToA of a Channel Estimation (CE) sequence in the TRN field.

[00467] Example 71 includes the subject matter of Example 68, and optionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the first wireless communication station to determine the ToA of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message by determining a ToA of a last subfield in the TRN field.

[00468] Example 72 includes the subject matter of Example 68, and optionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the first wireless communication station to determine the ToA of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message by determining a ToA of an end of the TRN field. [00469] Example 73 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 68-72, and optionally, wherein the first ranging measurement message comprises a preamble portion followed by a data portion, the data portion followed by the TRN field.

[00470] Example 74 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 68-73, and optionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the first wireless communication station to receive the first and second ranging measurement messages over a directional frequency band.

[00471] Example 75 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 68-74, and optionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the first wireless communication station to receive a first Beam Refinement Protocol (BRP) packet comprising the first ranging measurement message, and to receive a second BRP packet comprising the second ranging measurement message.

[00472] Example 76 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 68-75, and optionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the first wireless communication station to determine the ToD of the beginning portion of the ACK message by determining a ToD of a preamble of the ACK message. [00473] Example 77 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 68-76, and optionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the first wireless communication station to transmit a message to the second wireless communication station comprising a capability indication to indicate a capability of the first wireless communication station to determine the ranging measurement based on the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message, the ToA of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message, the ToD of the beginning portion of the ACK message, and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message.

[00474] Example 78 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 68-77, and optionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the first wireless communication station to process a message from the second wireless communication station comprising a capability indication to indicate a capability of the second wireless communication station to provide the second ranging measurement message comprising the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message.

[00475] Example 79 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 68-78, and optionally, wherein the ranging protocol comprises a Fine Timing Measurement (FTM) protocol, the first ranging measurement message comprising a first FTM message, and the second ranging measurement message comprising a second FTM message.

[00476] Example 80 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 68-79, and optionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the first wireless communication station to perform a role of a ranging initiator station.

[00477] Example 81 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 68-80, and optionally, comprising a radio to receive the first and second ranging measurement messages, and to transmit the ACK message.

[00478] Example 82 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 68-81, and optionally, comprising one or more antennas, a memory and a processor.

[00479] Example 83 includes a system of wireless communication comprising a first wireless communication station, the first wireless communication station comprising one or more antennas; a radio; a memory; a processor; and a controller configured to cause the first wireless communication station to receive a first ranging measurement message from a second wireless communication station according to a ranging protocol, and determine a Time of Arrival (ToA) of a Training (TRN) field of the first ranging measurement message; transmit an Acknowledgement (ACK) message to the second wireless communication station, and determine a Time of Departure (ToD) of a beginning portion of the ACK message; receive a second ranging measurement message from the second wireless communication station according to the ranging protocol, the second ranging measurement message comprising a ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message and a ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message; and determine a ranging measurement corresponding to a range between the first and second wireless communication stations based on the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message, the ToA of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message, the ToD of the beginning portion of the ACK message, and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message.

[00480] Example 84 includes the subject matter of Example 83, and optionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the first wireless communication station to determine the ToA of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message by determining a ToA of a training sequence in the TRN field.

[00481] Example 85 includes the subject matter of Example 83, and optionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the first wireless communication station to determine the ToA of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message by determining a ToA of a Channel Estimation (CE) sequence in the TRN field.

[00482] Example 86 includes the subject matter of Example 83, and optionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the first wireless communication station to determine the ToA of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message by determining a ToA of a last subfield in the TRN field. [00483] Example 87 includes the subject matter of Example 83, and optionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the first wireless communication station to determine the ToA of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message by determining a ToA of an end of the TRN field.

[00484] Example 88 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 83-87, and optionally, wherein the first ranging measurement message comprises a preamble portion followed by a data portion, the data portion followed by the TRN field.

[00485] Example 89 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 83-88, and optionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the first wireless communication station to receive the first and second ranging measurement messages over a directional frequency band. [00486] Example 90 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 83-89, and optionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the first wireless communication station to receive a first Beam Refinement Protocol (BRP) packet comprising the first ranging measurement message, and to receive a second BRP packet comprising the second ranging measurement message.

[00487] Example 91 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 83-90, and optionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the first wireless communication station to determine the ToD of the beginning portion of the ACK message by determining a ToD of a preamble of the ACK message.

[00488] Example 92 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 83-91, and optionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the first wireless communication station to transmit a message to the second wireless communication station comprising a capability indication to indicate a capability of the first wireless communication station to determine the ranging measurement based on the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message, the ToA of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message, the ToD of the beginning portion of the ACK message, and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message. [00489] Example 93 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 83-92, and optionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the first wireless communication station to process a message from the second wireless communication station comprising a capability indication to indicate a capability of the second wireless communication station to provide the second ranging measurement message comprising the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message.

[00490] Example 94 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 83-93, and optionally, wherein the ranging protocol comprises a Fine Timing Measurement (FTM) protocol, the first ranging measurement message comprising a first FTM message, and the second ranging measurement message comprising a second FTM message. [00491] Example 95 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 83-94, and optionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the first wireless communication station to perform a role of a ranging initiator station.

[00492] Example 96 includes a method to be performed at a first wireless communication station, the method comprising receiving a first ranging measurement message from a second wireless communication station according to a ranging protocol, and determining a Time of Arrival (ToA) of a Training (TRN) field of the first ranging measurement message; transmitting an Acknowledgement (ACK) message to the second wireless communication station, and determining a Time of Departure (ToD) of a beginning portion of the ACK message; receiving a second ranging measurement message from the second wireless communication station according to the ranging protocol, the second ranging measurement message comprising a ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message and a ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message; and determining a ranging measurement corresponding to a range between the first and second wireless communication stations based on the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message, the ToA of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message, the ToD of the beginning portion of the ACK message, and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message. [00493] Example 97 includes the subject matter of Example 96, and optionally, comprising determining the ToA of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message by determining a ToA of a training sequence in the TRN field.

[00494] Example 98 includes the subject matter of Example 96, and optionally, comprising determining the ToA of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message by determining a ToA of a Channel Estimation (CE) sequence in the TRN field.

[00495] Example 99 includes the subject matter of Example 96, and optionally, comprising determining the ToA of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message by determining a ToA of a last subfield in the TRN field.

[00496] Example 100 includes the subject matter of Example 96, and optionally, comprising determining the ToA of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message by determining a ToA of an end of the TRN field.

[00497] Example 101 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 96-100, and optionally, wherein the first ranging measurement message comprises a preamble portion followed by a data portion, the data portion followed by the TRN field. [00498] Example 102 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 96-101, and optionally, comprising receiving the first and second ranging measurement messages over a directional frequency band.

[00499] Example 103 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 96-102, and optionally, comprising receiving a first Beam Refinement Protocol (BRP) packet comprising the first ranging measurement message, and receiving a second BRP packet comprising the second ranging measurement message. [00500] Example 104 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 96-103, and optionally, comprising determining the ToD of the beginning portion of the ACK message by determining a ToD of a preamble of the ACK message.

[00501] Example 105 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 96-104, and optionally, comprising transmitting a message to the second wireless communication station comprising a capability indication to indicate a capability of the first wireless communication station to determine the ranging measurement based on the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message, the To A of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message, the ToD of the beginning portion of the ACK message, and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message.

[00502] Example 106 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 96-105, and optionally, comprising processing a message from the second wireless communication station comprising a capability indication to indicate a capability of the second wireless communication station to provide the second ranging measurement message comprising the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message.

[00503] Example 107 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 96-106, and optionally, wherein the ranging protocol comprises a Fine Timing Measurement (FTM) protocol, the first ranging measurement message comprising a first FTM message, and the second ranging measurement message comprising a second FTM message.

[00504] Example 108 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 96-107, and optionally, comprising performing a role of a ranging initiator station.

[00505] Example 109 includes a product comprising one or more tangible computer-readable non-transitory storage media comprising computer-executable instructions operable to, when executed by at least one processor, enable the at least one processor to cause a first wireless communication station to receive a first ranging measurement message from a second wireless communication station according to a ranging protocol, and determine a Time of Arrival (ToA) of a Training (TRN) field of the first ranging measurement message; transmit an Acknowledgement (ACK) message to the second wireless communication station, and determine a Time of Departure (ToD) of a beginning portion of the ACK message; receive a second ranging measurement message from the second wireless communication station according to the ranging protocol, the second ranging measurement message comprising a ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message and a ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message; and determine a ranging measurement corresponding to a range between the first and second wireless communication stations based on the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message, the ToA of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message, the ToD of the beginning portion of the ACK message, and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message.

[00506] Example 110 includes the subject matter of Example 109, and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the first wireless communication station to determine the ToA of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message by determining a ToA of a training sequence in the TRN field.

[00507] Example 111 includes the subject matter of Example 109, and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the first wireless communication station to determine the ToA of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message by determining a ToA of a Channel Estimation (CE) sequence in the TRN field. [00508] Example 112 includes the subject matter of Example 109, and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the first wireless communication station to determine the ToA of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message by determining a ToA of a last subfield in the TRN field.

[00509] Example 113 includes the subject matter of Example 109, and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the first wireless communication station to determine the ToA of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message by determining a ToA of an end of the TRN field.

[00510] Example 114 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 109-113, and optionally, wherein the first ranging measurement message comprises a preamble portion followed by a data portion, the data portion followed by the TRN field.

[00511] Example 115 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 109-114, and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the first wireless communication station to receive the first and second ranging measurement messages over a directional frequency band. [00512] Example 116 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 109-115, and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the first wireless communication station to receive a first Beam Refinement Protocol (BRP) packet comprising the first ranging measurement message, and to receive a second BRP packet comprising the second ranging measurement message.

[00513] Example 117 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 109-116, and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the first wireless communication station to determine the ToD of the beginning portion of the ACK message by determining a ToD of a preamble of the ACK message.

[00514] Example 118 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 109-117, and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the first wireless communication station to transmit a message to the second wireless communication station comprising a capability indication to indicate a capability of the first wireless communication station to determine the ranging measurement based on the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message, the ToA of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message, the ToD of the beginning portion of the ACK message, and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message.

[00515] Example 119 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 109-118, and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the first wireless communication station to process a message from the second wireless communication station comprising a capability indication to indicate a capability of the second wireless communication station to provide the second ranging measurement message comprising the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message.

[00516] Example 120 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 109-119, and optionally, wherein the ranging protocol comprises a Fine Timing Measurement (FTM) protocol, the first ranging measurement message comprising a first FTM message, and the second ranging measurement message comprising a second FTM message.

[00517] Example 121 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 109-120, and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the first wireless communication station to perform a role of a ranging initiator station.

[00518] Example 122 includes an apparatus of wireless communication by a first wireless communication station, the apparatus comprising means for receiving a first ranging measurement message from a second wireless communication station according to a ranging protocol, and determining a Time of Arrival (ToA) of a Training (TRN) field of the first ranging measurement message; means for transmitting an Acknowledgement (ACK) message to the second wireless communication station, and determining a Time of Departure (ToD) of a beginning portion of the ACK message; means for receiving a second ranging measurement message from the second wireless communication station according to the ranging protocol, the second ranging measurement message comprising a ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message and a ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message; and means for determining a ranging measurement corresponding to a range between the first and second wireless communication stations based on the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message, the ToA of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message, the ToD of the beginning portion of the ACK message, and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message.

[00519] Example 123 includes the subject matter of Example 122, and optionally, comprising means for determining the ToA of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message by determining a ToA of a training sequence in the TRN field. [00520] Example 124 includes the subject matter of Example 122, and optionally, comprising means for determining the ToA of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message by determining a ToA of a Channel Estimation (CE) sequence in the TRN field.

[00521] Example 125 includes the subject matter of Example 122, and optionally, comprising means for determining the ToA of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message by determining a ToA of a last subfield in the TRN field.

[00522] Example 126 includes the subject matter of Example 122, and optionally, comprising means for determining the ToA of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message by determining a ToA of an end of the TRN field.

[00523] Example 127 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 122-126, and optionally, wherein the first ranging measurement message comprises a preamble portion followed by a data portion, the data portion followed by the TRN field.

[00524] Example 128 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 122-127, and optionally, comprising means for receiving the first and second ranging measurement messages over a directional frequency band. [00525] Example 129 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 122-128, and optionally, comprising means for receiving a first Beam Refinement Protocol (BRP) packet comprising the first ranging measurement message, and receiving a second BRP packet comprising the second ranging measurement message.

[00526] Example 130 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 122-129, and optionally, comprising means for determining the ToD of the beginning portion of the ACK message by determining a ToD of a preamble of the ACK message.

[00527] Example 131 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 122-130, and optionally, comprising means for transmitting a message to the second wireless communication station comprising a capability indication to indicate a capability of the first wireless communication station to determine the ranging measurement based on the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message, the ToA of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message, the ToD of the beginning portion of the ACK message, and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message.

[00528] Example 132 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 122-131, and optionally, comprising means for processing a message from the second wireless communication station comprising a capability indication to indicate a capability of the second wireless communication station to provide the second ranging measurement message comprising the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message.

[00529] Example 133 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 122-132, and optionally, wherein the ranging protocol comprises a Fine Timing Measurement (FTM) protocol, the first ranging measurement message comprising a first FTM message, and the second ranging measurement message comprising a second FTM message.

[00530] Example 134 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 122-133, and optionally, comprising means for performing a role of a ranging initiator station. [00531] Functions, operations, components and/or features described herein with reference to one or more embodiments, may be combined with, or may be utilized in combination with, one or more other functions, operations, components and/or features described herein with reference to one or more other embodiments, or vice versa.

[00532] While certain features have been illustrated and described herein, many modifications, substitutions, changes, and equivalents may occur to those skilled in the art. It is, therefore, to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spirit of the disclosure.

Claims

CLAIMS What is claimed is:

1. An apparatus comprising logic and circuitry configured to cause a first wireless communication station to:

transmit a first ranging measurement message to a second wireless communication station according to a ranging protocol, the first ranging measurement message comprising a Training (TRN) field;

determine a Time of Departure (ToD) of the TRN field;

determine a Time of Arrival (ToA) of a beginning portion of an acknowledgement (ACK) message from the second wireless communication station; and

transmit a second ranging measurement message to the second wireless communication station according to the ranging protocol, the second ranging measurement message comprising the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 configured to cause the first wireless communication station to determine the ToD of the TRN field by determining a ToD of a training sequence in the TRN field.

3. The apparatus of claim 1 configured to cause the first wireless communication station to determine the ToD of the TRN field by determining a ToD of a Channel Estimation (CE) sequence in the TRN field.

4. The apparatus of claim 1 configured to cause the first wireless communication station to determine the ToD of the TRN field by determining a ToD of a last subfield in the TRN field.

5. The apparatus of claim 1 configured to cause the first wireless communication station to determine the ToD of the TRN field by determining a ToD of an end of the TRN field.

6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first ranging measurement message comprises a preamble portion followed by a data portion, the data portion followed by the TRN field.

7. The apparatus of any one of claims 1-6 configured to cause the first wireless communication station to transmit the first and second ranging measurement messages over a directional frequency band.

8. The apparatus of any one of claims 1-6 configured to cause the first wireless communication station to transmit a first Beam Refinement Protocol (BRP) packet comprising the first ranging measurement message, and to transmit a second BRP packet comprising the second ranging measurement message.

9. The apparatus of any one of claims 1-6 configured to cause the first wireless communication station to transmit a message comprising a capability indication to indicate a capability of the first wireless communication station to provide the second ranging measurement message comprising the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message.

10. The apparatus of any one of claims 1-6 configured to cause the first wireless communication station to process a message from the second wireless communication station comprising a capability indication to indicate a capability of the second wireless communication station to determine a ranging measurement based on the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message.

11. The apparatus of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the ranging protocol comprises a Fine Timing Measurement (FTM) protocol, the first ranging measurement message comprising a first FTM message, and the second ranging measurement message comprising a second FTM message.

12. The apparatus of any one of claims 1-6 configured to cause the first wireless communication station to perform a role of a ranging responder station.

13. The apparatus of any one of claims 1-6 comprising one or more antennas, a memory and a processor.

14. A method to be performed at a first wireless communication station, the method comprising:

transmitting a first ranging measurement message to a second wireless communication station according to a ranging protocol, the first ranging measurement message comprising a Training (TRN) field;

determining a Time of Departure (ToD) of the TRN field;

determining a Time of Arrival (ToA) of a beginning portion of an acknowledgement (ACK) message from the second wireless communication station; and transmitting a second ranging measurement message to the second wireless communication station according to the ranging protocol, the second ranging measurement message comprising the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message.

15. The method of claim 14 comprising determining the ToD of the TRN field by determining a ToD of a training sequence in the TRN field.

16. The method of claim 14 comprising transmitting a first Beam Refinement Protocol (BRP) packet comprising the first ranging measurement message, and transmitting a second BRP packet comprising the second ranging measurement message.

17. A product comprising one or more tangible computer-readable non-transitory storage media comprising computer-executable instructions operable to, when executed by at least one processor, enable the at least one processor to cause a first wireless communication station to perform the method of any one of claims 14-16.

18. An apparatus comprising logic and circuitry configured to cause a first wireless communication station to:

receive a first ranging measurement message from a second wireless communication station according to a ranging protocol, and determine a Time of Arrival (ToA) of a Training

(TRN) field of the first ranging measurement message;

transmit an Acknowledgement (ACK) message to the second wireless communication station, and determine a Time of Departure (ToD) of a beginning portion of the ACK message; receive a second ranging measurement message from the second wireless communication station according to the ranging protocol, the second ranging measurement message comprising a ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message and a

ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message; and

determine a ranging measurement corresponding to a range between the first and second wireless communication stations based on the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message, the ToA of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message, the

ToD of the beginning portion of the ACK message, and the ToA of the beginning portion of the

ACK message.

19. The apparatus of claim 18 configured to cause the first wireless communication station to determine the ToA of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message by determining a ToA of a training sequence in the TRN field.

20. The apparatus of claim 18 or 19 configured to cause the first wireless communication station to receive the first and second ranging measurement messages over a directional frequency band.

21. The apparatus of claim 18 or 19 configured to cause the first wireless communication station to receive a first Beam Refinement Protocol (BRP) packet comprising the first ranging measurement message, and to receive a second BRP packet comprising the second ranging measurement message.

22. The apparatus of claim 18 or 19 configured to cause the first wireless communication station to transmit a message to the second wireless communication station comprising a capability indication to indicate a capability of the first wireless communication station to determine the ranging measurement based on the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message, the ToA of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message, the ToD of the beginning portion of the ACK message, and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message.

23. The apparatus of claim 18 or 19 comprising one or more antennas, a memory and a processor.

24. A product comprising one or more tangible computer-readable non-transitory storage media comprising computer-executable instructions operable to, when executed by at least one processor, enable the at least one processor to cause a first wireless communication station to: receive a first ranging measurement message from a second wireless communication station according to a ranging protocol, and determine a Time of Arrival (ToA) of a Training

(TRN) field of the first ranging measurement message;

ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message; and

determine a ranging measurement corresponding to a range between the first and second wireless communication stations based on the ToD of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message, the ToA of the TRN field of the first ranging measurement message, the ToD of the beginning portion of the ACK message, and the ToA of the beginning portion of the ACK message.

25. The product of claim 24, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the first wireless communication station to receive a first Beam Refinement Protocol (BRP) packet comprising the first ranging measurement message, and to receive a second BRP packet comprising the second ranging measurement message.