Classifications

• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • F03D—WIND MOTORS
  • F03D17/00—Monitoring or testing of wind motors, e.g. diagnostics
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
  • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
  • F05B2260/00—Function
  • F05B2260/70—Adjusting of angle of incidence or attack of rotating blades
  • F05B2260/74—Adjusting of angle of incidence or attack of rotating blades by turning around an axis perpendicular the rotor centre line
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
  • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
  • F05B2270/00—Control
  • F05B2270/30—Control parameters, e.g. input parameters
  • F05B2270/328—Blade pitch angle

Definitions

• the invention relates to a method for pitch angle measurement and / or construction of a measuring system for pitch angle measurement on a blade root and extending in the direction of a blade longitudinal axis rotor blade of a wind turbine, which rotates with its blade root on a rotatable about a rotor axis or rotor hub Wind turbine is rotatably mounted about the blade longitudinal axis or is, wherein at a distance from the blade root at least one chord direction indicator is firmly connected to the rotor blade, which defines a chord direction indicator direction indicative of a direction of a chord of the rotor blade at the location of the chord direction indicator at least one torsion angle detecting unit
• Torsion angle of the rotor blade is detected, by which the chordwise direction indicator direction is rotated relative to a chord direction indicator reference direction, by means of a blade root angle detection unit, a blade root angle is detected, by which the blade root relative to a
• Leaf root reference position is rotated about the blade longitudinal axis, and determined by means of an evaluation unit based on the torsion angle and the blade root angle, a pitch angle of the rotor blade at the location of the chord direction indicator wherein the rotor blade or at least one rotor blade part of the rotor blade fixedly connected to the chordwise direction indicator is produced in a production form before it is connected to the chordwise direction indicator.
• a rotor blade of a wind turbine forms a slender structure with a blade root and blade cross-sections along a blade longitudinal axis.
• the distance along the blade longitudinal axis, measured from the blade root, is referred to as the distance position.
• Each blade cross-section is associated with a chordal direction represented by a line connecting the leading edge of the blade profile to the trailing edge of the blade profile.
• a representative chord direction for the rotor blade is defined as a chord direction in a predetermined pitch.
• a rotor hub is fixed in a rotationally fixed manner to a rotor shaft of the wind turbine, wherein the rotor shaft rotates relative to a machine carrier and drives an electric generator attached to the machine carrier.
• the rotational movement of the rotor shaft and thus the rotor hub defines a Hauptfitgeschwindig- keitsvektor the wind turbine.
• each rotor blade is rotatably mounted at its blade root by means of a blade bearing on the rotor hub to a rotational movement of the rotor blade relative to the rotor hub to the
• the representative chordwise direction is difficult to detect or detect in practice because the view within the rotor blade is blocked by blade arms, so that unobstructed visual contact between the leading edge and the trailing edge of the blade cross-section is prevented.
• the view within the rotor blade is blocked by blade arms, so that unobstructed visual contact between the leading edge and the trailing edge of the blade cross-section is prevented.
• a blade mark is attached to the rotor blade in the vicinity of the blade root, which makes it possible to mount the rotor blade with the correct rotational orientation relative to the rotor hub by bringing the blade marker into a predetermined position relative to a hub mark provided on the rotor hub is (see, for example, WO 2010/017820 A2).
• a pitch angle encoder is then used to measure subsequent rotations of the rotor blade with respect to the rotor hub.
• the true pitch angle is the angle between the local chord direction and the main speed of rotation vector. Since the rotor blade typically with a predetermined rotation along the Leaf pitch is made, the true pitch angle is not a single value, but rather a function (pitch angle function) of the distance position. However, current wind turbines use only a single value for the pitch angle in their control algorithms per rotor blade. To reduce the pitch angle function to a single value, a representative true pitch angle for the rotor blade is defined by the true pitch angle in the rotor blade
• the representative true pitch angle is defined as the angle between the representative chordwise direction and the main speed of rotation vector.
• the representative true pitch angle is not available in the prior art, so
• a pitch-angle error is both undesirable and potentially harmful to the wind turbine.
• a common pitch-angle error occurs when all rotor blades have the same pitch-angle error, resulting in a
• Pitch angle encoder adjustments made by the manufacturer or due to signal drift, damage or other disturbances of the correct operation of the pitch angle encoder in practical use, and include errors caused during the maintenance of the wind turbine.
• additional pitch-angle errors which do not occur at the blade root, occur due to torsion of the rotor blade over its longitudinal extent, wherein the torsion of the rotor blade both the result of torsional moments caused by wind forces and the result of a structural coupling between a deformation of the rotor Rotor blade in blade longitudinal direction (eg deformation of the
• Wind turbine or manual intervention is required. Furthermore, should
• Pitch angle asymmetries can be detected at an early stage of development before significant, harmful, cyclical loads occur.
• a first aim is thus, in particular, to be able to accurately describe the chord line of a blade cross section in a predetermined distance position, consistently across all rotor blades of the same type.
• a second goal is, in particular, the true pitch angle between the profile line at a preselected distance position and the
• a third goal is in particular to be able to measure the true pitch angle essentially simultaneously in different distance positions.
• a fourth objective is in particular to be able to report the true pitch angle in a predetermined distance position to a control system of the wind turbine, so that more precise wind turbine control algorithms are made possible.
• the invention has for its object to be able to determine a pitch angle of the rotor blade more accurate.
• one or at least one tread direction indicator is fixedly connected to the rotor blade at a distance from the blade root, defining a tread direction indicator direction that is indicative of a direction of a chord of the rotor blade at the location of the chord direction indicator;
• a torsion angle of the rotor blade is detected by means of one or at least one torsion angle detection unit, about which the profile tendon direction indicator direction is rotated relative to a chord direction indicator reference direction,
• a blade root angle is detected by which the blade root is rotated relative to a blade root reference position about the blade longitudinal axis
• the rotor blade or at least one rotor blade part of the rotor blade fixedly connected to the chordwise direction indicator, in particular before it is connected to the chordwise direction indicator, in one or at least one
• chordwise direction indicator in a preferably defined relative to the manufacturing form, position is firmly connected to the rotor blade or rotor blade part, which is defined in particular relative to the manufacturing form.
• the rotor blade or rotor blade part is in a defined state, which is reproducible for any other rotor blade or rotor blade part produced in the mold. Furthermore, this state forms a load-free state of the rotor blade or rotor blade part, which can no longer be achieved in practical terms, when the rotor blade or rotor blade part has been removed from the manufacturing form, since the rotor blade or rotor blade part usually already due to its own weight outside the manufacturing mold a Deformation learns.
• the production form thus forms a reference system in which the rotor blade or rotor blade part which has already been produced but is still in the production mold is in the design position.
• the rotor blade or rotor blade part after it has been removed from the manufacturing form, in the region of the blade root undergoes virtually no or only slight or negligible deformation, even in practical use, can be on the blade root of the rotor blade a clear reference between the rotor blade and the manufacturing form be created.
• chordwise direction indicator reference direction is defined and / or determined.
• This definition and / or determination of the chordwise direction indicator reference direction thus takes place in particular in the load-free state of the rotor blade, so that the torsion angle can be detected with greater accuracy than in conventional solutions.
• the pitch angle can be determined with greater accuracy. A pitch-angle error is therefore avoidable or at least significantly reduced.
• the rotational movement of the rotor hub about the rotor axis defines in particular a main rotational speed vector and / or the rotational movement of the rotor
• Rotor hub about the rotor axis is in particular by the or a
• Main speed of rotation vector defined and / or characterized.
• the rotor blade or rotor blade part is removed after its preparation of the production form and / or separated from it.
• the chordwise direction indicator is firmly connected to the rotor blade or rotor blade part, before the, in particular produced, rotor blade or rotor blade part of the production form is removed and / or separated therefrom.
• the rotor blade or rotor blade part is produced from a rotor blade material comprising a hardenable material.
• the chordal direction indicator is after curing of the curable Material firmly connected to the rotor blade or the rotor blade part.
• the curable material is in particular a plastic and / or synthetic resin, such as epoxy.
• the chordwise direction indicator reference direction is defined and / or determined and / or determined after curing of the curable material.
• Preference is or will be one or at least one
• Profile chord direction indicator is held. For example, the
• Tendon direction indicator or at least one
• Profilseheniquessindikatorhalter preferably in the or one, preferably defined relative to the manufacturing, layer, which is defined in particular relative to the manufacturing form, fixedly connected to the rotor blade or rotor blade part, while, in particular produced, rotor blade or rotor blade part,
• chord direction indicator holder Connecting the chord direction indicator holder with the rotor blade or rotor blade part of the chord direction indicator on the
• Tendon direction indicator holder fastened, preferably during the,
• the position of the chordwise direction indicator is defined relative to the Herstellfornn means of one or at least one tool, which is aligned relative to the manufacturing form.
• the position in which the chordwise direction indicator is fixedly connected to the rotor blade or rotor blade part relative to the production mold can be determined with greater accuracy, which also leads to a greater accuracy of the pitch angle.
• the pitch angle can thus be achieved and / or determined with an accuracy of 0.1 ° or 0.2 °.
• the production form is provided with a plurality of production form markings on which the tool is attached and / or by means of which the tool is aligned relative to the production form. This will be the
• the tool is an assembly tool, wherein the production form markings comprise mounting markings on which the assembly tool is attached and / or by means of which the assembly tool is aligned relative to the production mold. Preference is given by means of
• chordwise direction indicator or the or at least one chordwise direction indicator holder for holding the
• the tool is a measuring tool, wherein the manufacturing form markings comprise measuring markings to which the
• Measuring tool is attached and / or by means of which the measuring tool is aligned relative to the manufacturing form.
• the position of, in particular already firmly connected to the rotor blade or rotor blade part, chordwise direction indicator relative to the manufacturing form preferably optically, detected and / or determined and thus in particular defined.
• the manufacturing form is provided with the one or more mounting marks on which the or one or at least one assembly tool is attached and / or by means of which or one or at least one
• Mounting tool is aligned relative to the manufacturing form.
• the production mold is provided with the one or more measuring markings to which the or one or at least one measuring tool is attached and / or by means of which the or one or at least one measuring tool is aligned relative to the production mold. Preference is given by means of
• Measuring tool the position of, in particular already firmly connected to the rotor blade or rotor blade part, chordwise direction indicator relative to the manufacturing form, preferably optically, detected and / or determined and thus in particular defined.
• the measuring tool preferably has one or at least one optical reference sensor, by means of which the position of the, in particular already firmly connected to the rotor blade or rotor blade part, chordwise direction indicator is optically detected and / or determined relative to the manufacturing form.
• Reference sensor is or comprises e.g. a camera, especially one
• the measuring tool can also be used to calibrate a
• Chordal direction indicator can be used, e.g. with the help of
• Mounting marks and / or the measuring mark engagement elements which, preferably for aligning the tool and / or the mounting tool and / or the measuring tool, with on the tool and / or the
• the engagement elements are e.g. around pins or holes.
• the counter-engagement elements are e.g. around holes or pins. In this case, advantageously, in each case a pin of the engagement element or counter-engagement element can be brought into engagement with a hole of the counter-engagement element or engagement element.
• the chordwise direction indicator reference direction is defined and / or determined and / or determined, while the rotor blade or rotor blade part rests in the production mold.
• the profile line direction indicator reference direction is preferably defined and / or determined and / or determined relative to the production form.
• a unique positional relationship is created between the chordwise direction indicator reference direction and the blade root.
• the chordwise direction indicator is Reference direction indicative of the chordwise direction indicator direction in a non-twisted state of the rotor blade.
• the tread direction indicator reference direction corresponds to the chord direction indicator direction in the unloaded state of the rotor blade or rotor blade part.
• the profile chord direction indicator reference direction corresponds to the chord direction indicator direction when the chord direction indicator is firmly connected to the rotor blade or rotor blade part in the production mold.
• the rotor blade is e.g. manufactured as a one-piece rotor blade and / or in the form of a monolithic unit.
• the rotor blade is composed of two rotor half shells, one of which or at least one in particular forms the rotor blade part.
• chordwise direction indicator is provided with at least two along the chordwise direction indicator direction
• the Torsionswinkeler terminates Maschinenmatasmaschine one or at least one, in particular optical, sensor, by means of which the chordwise direction indicator markers, in particular optically detected.
• the optical sensor is or includes, for example, a camera, in particular a digital camera.
• the Profilsehnenraumsindikator- markers are designed as reflectors or each as a reflector. Vorzugseise
• the torsion angle detection unit comprises a lighting unit, by means of which the chordwise direction indicator markings are or can be illuminated.
• the or at least one chordwise direction indicator is attributed to the Torsionswinkeler terminatesaku.
• the or at least one chordwise direction indicator is attributed to the Torsionswinkeler terminatesaku.
• Torsionswinkeler erasesü the or the at least one chord direction indicator.
• chordwise direction indicator and / or the torsion angle detection unit forms or comprises one or at least one
• the measuring unit which in particular is firmly connected to the chordwise direction indicator or forms this.
• the measuring unit is or in particular comprises an inertial measuring unit.
• the measuring unit is or comprises one or at least one, in particular multi-axis, preferably three-axis, acceleration sensor and / or gyroscopic sensor. In particular, these axes are linearly independent of each other and / or not coplanar.
• the measuring unit comprises one or at least one gyroscope.
• the torsion angle or a representative torsion angle can be detected, which is indicative of the torsion angle.
• the torsion angle detection unit is or is arranged at the location of the chord-direction indicator and / or is firmly connected to the rotor blade at the location of the chordwise direction indicator.
• a root-of-leaf reference frame is defined and preferably assigned to the leaf root, in particular fixed.
• leaf root reference system is in particular a
• the blade root-fixed reference system preferably comprises two or three axes, which in particular are linearly independent of one another and / or not coplanar. Preferably, the axes of the root-of-leaf reference frame are perpendicular to each other.
• the blade root-resistant reference system is defined in particular in the unloaded state of the rotor blade.
• the blade root-fixed reference system is defined when the rotor blade or rotor blade part rests in or at least one production mold.
• the root-root reference system is defined relative to the or at least one manufacturing form.
• the leaf root reference location is or is defined in the or root-to-root reference system.
• chordum direction indicator reference direction is or is preferably defined in the or a root-of-leaf reference frame.
• the torsion angle is detected in the or a root root system.
• the blade root angle is detected in the or a root leaf root reference system.
• the blade root reference position and the chord direction indicator reference direction are or are fixed relative to one another, preferably in or with respect to the or a root-of-leaf reference frame.
• the blade root angle detection unit is or is firmly connected to the rotor blade at or in the area of the blade root.
• the blade root angle detection unit is relative to the
• Torsion angle detection unit stationary.
• the blade root angle detection unit is or preferably comprises an inertial measurement unit.
• the blade root angle detection unit is or comprises one or at least one, in particular multi-axis, preferably three-axis, acceleration sensor and / or gyroscopic sensor.
• the blade root angle detection unit comprises one or
• the leaf root reference position is indicative of a non-twisted state of the leaf root.
• the pitch angle measuring system preferably includes the chordal direction indicator, the torsion angle detecting unit
• the Torsionswinkeler executedsaku and the blade root angle detection unit, in particular electrically and / or optically and / or by radio, with the
• the Torsionswinkeler terminates with the chordal direction indicator.
• the evaluation unit is or preferably comprises a computing unit.
• the arithmetic unit is in particular an electronic arithmetic unit.
• the evaluation unit and / or the computing unit comprises one or at least one digital computer, for example one or at least one microprocessor and / or digital signal processor and / or microcontroller.
• the evaluation unit comprises a memory unit.
• Memory unit is in particular an electronic
• Memory unit a random access memory (RAM) and / or a read only memory (ROM) and / or other electronic memory.
• RAM random access memory
• ROM read only memory
• the invention further relates to a method for pitch angle measurement on a blade root having and in the direction of a blade longitudinal axis
• chord direction indicator is fixedly connected to the rotor blade, defining a chord direction indicator direction indicative of a direction of a chord of the rotor blade at the location of the chord direction indicator;
• a torsion angle of the rotor blade is detected by which the chordwise direction indicator direction is rotated relative to a chordal direction indicator reference direction
• a pitch angle of the rotor blade is determined at the location of the chord direction indicator, wherein
• the rotor blade or at least one rotor blade part of the rotor blade fixedly connected to the chordwise direction indicator, in particular before it is connected to the chordwise direction indicator, in one or at least one
• chord direction indicator in a preferably defined relative to the manufacturing form, position is firmly connected to the rotor blade or rotor blade part, which is defined in particular relative to the manufacturing form.
• FIG. 1 is a partial perspective view of a wind turbine
• FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a cross section of a rotor blade of the wind turbine
• FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of an interior view of the rotor blade seen from the blade root
• FIG. 4 shows a schematic side view of a rotor blade according to a variant with an acceleration sensor
• 5 shows a schematic, perspective view of a rotor blade half shell of the rotor blade and a production mold for producing the rotor blade half shell
• 6 shows a schematic, perspective view of the rotor blade half shell inserted in the production form and of a mechanical reference system according to a first embodiment
• FIG. 7 shows a schematic sectional view of the production mold and the rotor blade half shell, wherein a first assembly step for mounting reflectors is shown
• FIG. 8 is a schematic sectional view of the manufacturing mold and the rotor blade half shell, wherein a second assembly step for mounting the reflectors is shown,
• FIG. 9 is a schematic sectional view of the manufacturing mold and the rotor blade half shell, wherein a third assembly step for mounting the reflectors is shown,
• FIG. 10 is a schematic sectional view of the manufacturing mold and the rotor blade half shell, wherein a fourth assembly step for mounting the reflectors is shown,
• Fig. 1 1 is a schematic sectional view of the manufacturing mold and the
• FIG. 12 is a schematic end view of a rotor blade and a manufacturing mold for producing the or a rotor blade according to an alternative
• Fig. 13 is a schematic end view of the rotor blade and the manufacturing mold of FIG. 12, wherein a subframe is mounted according to a second embodiment of the blade root side end of the manufacturing mold.
• FIG. 1 is a partial perspective view of a wind turbine
• a rotor hub 20 is torsionally rigid with the
• Rotor shaft 30 connected to the rotor axis 35 relative to the
• Machine carrier 10 rotates and drives a fixed to this electric generator 50.
• the rotational movement of the rotor shaft 30 and / or the rotor hub 20 defines a main rotational speed vector 36 (see FIG. 3) of FIG.
• Wind turbine and / or the rotational movement of the rotor shaft 30 and / or the rotor hub 20 is defined by the or a main rotational speed vector 36.
• the main rotational speed vector 36 thus characterizes
• a rotor blade 100 is associated with a blade longitudinal axis 180, along which the rotor blade 100 extends.
• the rotor blade 100 has a blade root 1 14 and is rotatably mounted with this by means of a blade bearing 40 on the rotor hub 20 to a rotational movement of the rotor blade 100 relative to the rotor hub 20 about the longitudinal axis 180 at the blade root 1 14 to allow.
• This rotational movement makes it possible to adjust the angle of attack of the
• Rotor blade 100 attacking and / or acting buoyancy forces
• the rotor blade 100 has a front edge 106 and a trailing edge 107 and is composed of an upper rotor blade half shell 102 and a lower rotor blade half shell 101, wherein the rotor blade half shells 101 and 102 are fixedly connected to each other at the edges 106 and 107.
• Distance along the blade longitudinal axis 180 is referred to in particular as a distance position.
• a location or location that along the blade longitudinal axis 180 has a, in particular predetermined, distance to the blade root 1 14, referred to as the spacing position.
• a blade cross section (blade profile) 105 of the rotor blade 100 can be seen, wherein the blade cross section 105 is associated with a chord formed by a, in particular straight, line (chord line), which extends from the leading edge 106 of the blade profile extends to the trailing edge 107 of the blade profile.
• the chord has a chordal direction defined by one, especially straight, line or straight line connecting the leading edge 106 of the blade profile to the trailing edge 107 of the blade profile and / or the leading edge 106 of the blade profile and the trailing edge 107 of the blade profile extends.
• Chordwise direction particularly characterizes the direction of the profile line. As the blade profile 105 of the rotor blade 100 changes along the longitudinal axis 180, the chordwise direction along the blade longitudinal axis 180 changes as well. Each blade cross section defines a sunk its own chordwise direction. A first chordwise direction 140 for the rotor blade 100 is defined as chordwise direction at a first predetermined pitch.
• FIG. 3 shows a schematic representation of an interior view of the rotor blade 100 as seen from its blade root 14. It becomes a selective one
• Sheet coordinate system ⁇ b1, b2, b3 ⁇ defined and the blade root 1 14 14 fixed, so that the sheet coordinate system ⁇ b1, b2, b3 ⁇ forms a root-of-leaf reference frame.
• the blade coordinate system is or will be uniquely defined with respect to the geometric configuration of the rotor blade 100 when the rotor blade 100 is not subjected to stress. It is preferred without
• the b3-axis starting from the blade root 1 14, along and / or oriented in the direction of the blade longitudinal axis 180.
• the axes b1 and b2 thus in particular span a plane in which either the blade root 1 14 lies or is approximately or which is indicative of a plane in which the blade root 1 14 lies or approximately lies.
• a measuring system for determining the pitch angle ⁇ which here is in particular a true pitch angle, comprises a main measuring unit 460, which has a torsion angle detection unit 450 and a pitch angle
• the torsion angle detection unit 450 is a means for measuring the angular offset of at least the first chordal direction 140 relative to the preselected blade coordinate system ⁇ b1, b2, b3 ⁇ , which is fixed relative to the blade root 14.
• the gyroscope 490 is located near the blade bearing 40 in the region of the blade root 14 of the rotor blade 100, so that the gyroscope 490 experiences substantially no displacement or twist relative to the blade bearing 40 and thus to the preselected blade coordinate system ⁇ b1, b2, b3 ⁇ , if that
• Rotor blade 100 is under load.
• the gyroscope 490 defines three perpendicular axes ⁇ a1, a2, a3 ⁇ (see FIG. 3) and measures the projections of the main rotational velocity vector 36 on these axes ⁇ a1, a2, a3 ⁇ . Without loss of generality, the a3-axis is starting from the blade root 1 14 along and / or in the direction of
• Rotor blade 100 undergoes a rotation about the blade longitudinal axis 180, the
• the main rotational velocity vector 36 does not rotate during this rotation, the aforementioned projections allow the gyroscope 490 to determine a gyro-pitch angle indicative of the rotational angle of the rotor blade 100 about the blade longitudinal axis 180.
• a method for calculating the gyro pitch angle of a rotor blade is e.g. in EP 2 896 827 A1, which hereby by
• the torsion angle detection unit 450 comprises a camera 455, in particular designed as a digital camera, which is fastened to the rotor blade structure and / or to the rotor blade 100 at or in the vicinity of the blade root 14.
• the camera 455 is attached to an end plate 104 of the rotor blade 100.
• Torsionswinkeler linearsaku 450 and the gyroscope 490 rigidly connected to each other, so that the relative orientation of the Torsionswinkeler linearsappel 450 is fixed with respect to the gyroscope 490 and / or constant and / or known.
• the gyroscope 490 is rigidly fixed and / or installed inside a housing of the camera 455.
• the camera 455 is in visual contact with at least two reflectors 420.
• the at least two reflectors 420 are rigidly attached to the rotor blade structure and / or to attached to the rotor blade 100.
• the at least two reflectors 420 together with the rotor blade structure and / or the rotor blade 100 of a
• the camera 455 includes illumination means, such as light emitting diodes (LEDs), to illuminate the reflectors 420.
• illumination means such as light emitting diodes (LEDs)
• the reflectors 420 are positioned at the first predetermined pitch, this pitch being selected such that the reflectors 420 in FIG.
• the first chordal direction 140 is now defined as the chordwise direction of the
• the at least two reflectors 420 define a reflector axis or direction 160.
• this axis 160 is defined by the centers of the reflectors 420, but any other definition is possible if the definition clearly represents an axis with respect to position the reflectors 420 defines.
• An angle ⁇ is defined as the angle between the reflector axis 160 and the first chordal direction 140 when the rotor blade 100 is unloaded. The angle ⁇ is, in particular only once, calculated and / or recorded for the rotor blade 100 and preferably in one
• Arithmetic unit (evaluation unit) of the main measuring unit 460 stored.
• the combination of the reflector axis 160 and the angle ⁇ defines a first one Tendon direction position indicator, in particular because these two sizes, namely the reflector axis and the angle ⁇ , can be combined to the alignment of the first chord direction 140 in the
• the reflector axis 160 describes the local orientation of the rotor blade 100 when the rotor blade 100 undergoes bending and / or torsion due to wind loads.
• the image of the reflectors 420 on a photosensitive element of the camera 455 defines the reflector axis 160 with respect to a camera body of the camera 455.
• the internal orientation between the photosensitive element and the gyroscope axes ⁇ a1, a2, a3 ⁇ becomes, in particular once at the time of mounting the torsion angle detecting unit 450, fixed and / or measured and stored, preferably before the
• Torsionswinkeler linearstician 450 is attached to the rotor blade structure and / or the rotor blade 100. Using this stored and / or measured value of the internal orientation, the orientation of the reflector axis 160 is converted from the photosensitive element to the gyroscope axes ⁇ a1, a2, a3 ⁇ and the value to the arithmetic unit (evaluation unit) of the main measuring unit 460 transfer.
• the computing unit (evaluation unit), which knows both the reflector axis 160 and the main angular velocity vector 36 in the coordinate system ⁇ a1, a2, a3 ⁇ , calculates, in particular in the form of a signal, the angle between the angular velocity vector 36 and the reflector axis 160 With the addition of the stored data on the orientation ⁇ of the reflector direction 160 relative to the first chord direction 140 of the rotor blade 100, a first pitch angle ⁇ of the rotor blade 100 is calculated, preferably instantaneously or substantially instantaneously, and / or determined, in particular a true pitch angle is.
• Reflectors 420 ' are rigidly attached to the rotor blade 100 at the second predetermined spacing position, with the reflectors 420' defining a second reflector axis or reflector direction 160 '.
• the method for determining the first pitch angle ⁇ of the rotor blade 100 is repeated for determining a second pitch angle of the rotor blade 100, which is in particular a true pitch angle. Temporally varying differences between the first and the second pitch angle thereby show the dynamic torsional movement of the rotor blade 100.
• An average of the first and second pitch angles forms an alternative representative pitch angle for the rotor blade 100. Both the dynamic torsional motion and the representative Pitch angles are sent to a central control unit of the wind turbine
• FIG. 4 shows a schematic side view of a rotor blade 100 according to a variant or a second embodiment, wherein the torsion angle detection unit 450 comprises a 3-axis accelerometer 560 which is positioned along the longitudinal extent of the rotor blade 100 at an arbitrary position, in particular significant bends of the rotor blade 100 occur during normal operation, such as in the vicinity of the rotor blade tip 1 15.
• the accelerometer 560 in the or a first
• Accelerometer 560 oriented such that the e3 axis along and / or in the direction of the longitudinal axis 180 of the rotor blade 100 is shown and / or oriented, wherein the e1 axis and the e2 axis in particular a
• centripetal acceleration vector c projects on the cross-sectional plane of the rotor blade 100 spanned by the axes ⁇ e1, e2 ⁇ . Since the orientation of the centripetal acceleration vector c is known, namely perpendicular to the main rotational velocity vector 36, and more particularly, the gravitational acceleration vector in the current azimuth position of the rotor blade 100 from the
• Wind turbine geometry is calculated, the total acceleration vector at the accelerometer 560 is known.
• the azimuth position characterizes the rotational position of the rotor blade 100 relative to the rotor axis 35, preferably with respect to a reference rotational position. Consequently, the
• Torsion angle of or at the location of the accelerometer 560 in particular by an arctangent calculation of the components of
• Sheet coordinate system ⁇ b1, b2, b3 ⁇ be calculated at the leaf root 1 14.
• the torsion angle is thus measured and / or detected and / or determined in particular by a projection of the centripetal acceleration and / or the centripetal acceleration vector c onto the axes ⁇ e1, e2, e3 ⁇ .
• the combination of the accelerometer axes ⁇ e1, e2, e3 ⁇ and the or an angle ⁇ defines the one or a first one
• Tendon directional attitude indicator since the projections of the acceleration on the accelerometer axes ⁇ e1, e2, e3 ⁇ and the angle ⁇ can be combined to the orientation of the first chordwise direction in the Distance position of the reflectors and / or the accelerometer to define.
• a gyroscope 590 is used instead of the accelerometer 560.
• a projection of the angular velocity vector or vectors which is defined in particular by the rotational movement of the rotor blade 100 about the rotor axis 35, is measured and / or detected on the axes ⁇ e1, e2, e3 ⁇ .
• the use of the gyroscope 590 instead of the accelerometer 560 is associated in particular with the advantage that gravity does not matter, so that in determining the torsion angle the gravitational acceleration vector in the current azimuth position of the rotor blade 100 need not be taken into account.
• This direct measurement of the physical pitch angle of the rotor blade 100 is independent of a pitch angle encoder and thus free from its measurement errors.
• the physical pitch angle is preferably measured automatically, ie, without manual intervention, and time continuously during wind turbine operation.
• the physical pitch angle of all rotor blades of the wind turbine preferably continuously, compared and the amount of a physical pitch-angle asymmetry between determined the rotor blades. If this value or amount exceeds a predetermined threshold, in particular an alarm is generated by the measuring system and to the central control unit of the wind turbine, to a
• Threshold can be set sufficiently low to detect pitch-angle asymmetry in its early stage of development, especially before significant, harmful, cyclic loads occur.
• Part 2 The unique marking of the chord line of the rotor blade
• chord line of the rotor blade is determined in particular consistently and individually for each rotor blade of the wind turbine. Due to the smooth, curved surface of the rotor blade 100, it is difficult in practice to mark the chord line with the required accuracy. In practice, an accuracy of 0.5 degrees, preferably 0.1 degrees, is desired. Furthermore, the material of the rotor blade 100 from the
• Rotor blade material typically contains a large amount of epoxy or similar resins.
• the curing of epoxy and / or similar resins is but one exothermic process, which often produces high temperature gradients in the material during rotor blade manufacture and therefore causes stresses that are frozen in each rotor blade due to the gradients in the thermal expansion of the material.
• a unique chord line is defined according to a first embodiment, which is particularly explained with reference to FIGS. 5 to 11, by the use of a mechanical reference system 300, which takes advantage of the geometry of a manufacturing mold 200 in which the rotor blade 100 or a rotor blade portion of the rotor blade 100 is manufactured.
• the geometry of the production mold 200 is a unique and identical and / or constant size, which is invariant over all rotor blades produced by the manufacturing mold 200.
• the mechanical reference system 300 provides a relationship between the rotor blade 100 and the manufacturing mold 200 in a unique and repeatable manner in that this relationship is established when the rotor blade 100 is still in the manufacturing mold 200, after the curing is completed and before the Rotor blade 100 of the
• the rotor blade 100 is made according to the first embodiment of the or a lower half-shell 101 and the or an upper half-shell 102, wherein the half-shells 101 and 102 initially, in particular separately, manufactured and then connected to each other.
• the two half-shells 101 and 102 interconnecting leaf blades 130 are preferably provided and / or mounted.
• the half shells 101 and 102 preferably represent the suction and the pressure side of the rotor blade 100.
• the rotor blade half shells 101 and 102 are formed in particular by intentional cutting of the complete rotor blade 100 substantially along the chord line of the rotor blade cross-section 105, so that the connection between the upper and lower half-shell 101, 102 takes place at the front edge 106 and at the trailing edge 107 of the rotor blade 100.
• Half shell 101 is shown offset from the production form 200 for illustrative purposes.
• the lower half shell 101 comprises a shark skin 1 10 and a spar cap 120.
• the spar cap 120 in particular comprises strong, substantially unidirectional fibers which give the entire rotor blade 100 resistance to bending of the rotor blade 100.
• the production mold 200 has alignment pins 310 for receiving and aligning a bridge component 320 of the mechanical reference system 300 on.
• the mechanical reference system 300 in particular forms
• the alignment pins 310 are referred to in particular as mounting marks.
• the mechanical reference system 300 comprises at least one arm 330 which extends in the direction of the lower half-shell 101 and releasably one
• Reflector base 400 holds, which is apparent from Fig. 7.
• the reflector base 400 is located at a specified, predetermined position relative to the bottom half shell 101, as shown in FIG is.
• the reference mechanical system 300 locates the reflector base 400 in the specified, predetermined position
• the spar cap 120 which consists of a stronger material composition than the shark skin 1 10, undergoes less deformation in the cross-sectional plane when the rotor blade 100 is loaded during operation. Consequently, the torsional movement of the tie-bar 120 is indicative of the average torsional motion of the rotor blade cross-section, such as the shark skin 1 10, when the rotor blade 100 is under load.
• the reflector base 400 in the specified predetermined position of the reflector base 400 above the spar cap 120, there is provided, in particular, a space or gap between the reflector base 400 and the surface of the spar belt 120.
• This space or gap is filled with an adhesive 500, for example with epoxy or a similar resin, which can be seen in FIG. 9.
• the reflector base 400 defines a
• Reference surface 150 which is clearly and firmly and / or rigidly positioned with respect to the local chord line of the rotor blade cross section at the location of the reflector base 400.
• the reference surface 150 is either parallel to the local one
• Chord line or against the local chord line rotationally offset by a predetermined amount.
• the local chord line is selected as the first chord direction.
• the at least one arm 330 here connected in particular by releasable fastening means 345 in the form of screws to the reflector base 400, is detached from the reflector base 400 and removed, and a reflector body 430 comprising one or more reflectors 420 attached to the reflector base 400, which can be seen in FIG.
• At least two reflectors 420 are mounted on the rotor blade half shell 101, so that by a predetermined distance from each other separate centers of the reflectors 420 define a reflector direction 160.
• two reflector feet 400 are used, each of which preferably holds two reflectors 420, so that a reflector pattern of four or more substantially linearly oriented reflectors 420 is provided, wherein the reflector pattern directly or indirectly, for example in the sense least squares defining reflector direction 160.
• Reflector feet 400 and / or the reflector body 430 preferably together, a chordwise direction indicator, which is in particular fixedly connected to the rotor blade 100 or is. Furthermore, the reflector direction 160 and / or the reflector axis 160 in particular forms a chord direction indicator direction.
• the reflectors 420 are preferably mounted on the reflector body 430 prior to any rotor blade mounting activity, and in particular optically calibrated.
• the calibration preferably comprises the optical measurement of the reflector direction 160 and preferably the measurement of the angle between the reflector direction 160 and the reference surface and / or a surface of the reflector body 430 which is connected to the reflector base 400
• predetermined spacing position is used is repeated to mount reflector feet at the second predetermined distance position.
• the upper half-shell 102 is produced by a similar method in a second rotor blade half-mold and / or production mold. In this method, an additional set of reflectors 422 is preferably attached to an upper spar cap 122. If the upper and the lower half shell to
• the complete reflector pattern comprises a plurality of reflectors, which in particular over-determine the chord direction.
• the overdetermination is advantageous because it allows the chordal direction of the rotor blade to be expressed in a more robust manner, e.g. as a means of the upper and lower reflector pattern direction.
• the torsion angle detection unit 450 and / or the chordwise direction indicator predetermines the one at a
• Chordwise direction as well as with respect to the blade root 1 14 is uniquely aligned.
• the entire rotor blade 100 is made as a monolithic unit, e.g. Airbags or similar devices are used which form a core during resin injection and curing and / or occupy the empty interior of the rotor blade.
• Airbags or similar devices are used which form a core during resin injection and curing and / or occupy the empty interior of the rotor blade.
• Reference system 300 in particular not be used.
• the bonding of the reflector body 430 is carried out in particular without closer reference to the production mold 200, which is not visible from the inside of the rotor blade 100 forth.
• the Angle difference between the reflector 160 and the chord direction of the rotor blade 100 not known.
• reference pins 340 are fastened to the production mold 200 and / or provided on a blade root position 210 of the production form assigned to the blade, in particular the blade root.
• the reference pins 340 are used to receive a subframe 240 and to position the subframe 240 uniquely and reproducibly with respect to the form of manufacture 200.
• Reference camera 440 is attached to the subframe 240 at a predetermined location and with a predetermined orientation so that the reference camera 440 has a known, predetermined orientation with respect to the chordal direction of the rotor blade 100.
• the reference camera 440 is also in visual contact with the at least one reflector body 430 and therefore can measure the reflector 160 direction.
• the position of the reference camera 440 relative to the blade root 14 need not be the same as the position of the camera 455 used during wind turbine operation.
• the subframe 240 preferably together with the reference camera 440, forms a measuring tool.
• the reference pins 340 are referred to in particular as measuring markings.

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• Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
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• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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• Length Measuring Devices By Optical Means (AREA)

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• 2016
  • 2016-08-06 EP EP16183144.1A patent/EP3279470B1/de active Active
• 2017
  • 2017-07-26 US US16/317,477 patent/US11067061B2/en active Active
  • 2017-07-26 WO PCT/EP2017/068878 patent/WO2018028987A1/de not_active Ceased
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