WO2018027367A1 - 自动加热的调整方法以及热水器 - Google Patents

自动加热的调整方法以及热水器 Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2018027367A1
WO2018027367A1 PCT/CN2016/093798 CN2016093798W WO2018027367A1 WO 2018027367 A1 WO2018027367 A1 WO 2018027367A1 CN 2016093798 W CN2016093798 W CN 2016093798W WO 2018027367 A1 WO2018027367 A1 WO 2018027367A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
user
water temperature
water
time period
water heater
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CN2016/093798
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
胡明祥
Original Assignee
胡明祥
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by 胡明祥 filed Critical 胡明祥
Priority to PCT/CN2016/093798 priority Critical patent/WO2018027367A1/zh
Publication of WO2018027367A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018027367A1/zh

Links

Classifications

    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24HFLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/10Control of fluid heaters characterised by the purpose of the control
    • F24H15/176Improving or maintaining comfort of users
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24HFLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/10Control of fluid heaters characterised by the purpose of the control
    • F24H15/156Reducing the quantity of energy consumed; Increasing efficiency
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24HFLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/10Control of fluid heaters characterised by the purpose of the control
    • F24H15/174Supplying heated water with desired temperature or desired range of temperature
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24HFLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/20Control of fluid heaters characterised by control inputs
    • F24H15/212Temperature of the water
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24HFLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/20Control of fluid heaters characterised by control inputs
    • F24H15/269Time, e.g. hour or date
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24HFLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/20Control of fluid heaters characterised by control inputs
    • F24H15/281Input from user
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24HFLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/30Control of fluid heaters characterised by control outputs; characterised by the components to be controlled
    • F24H15/355Control of heat-generating means in heaters

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the field of household appliances, and in particular relates to an adjustment method of automatic heating and a water heater.
  • Water heaters have become a must-have home appliance, especially in the cold winter, everyone wants to take a comfortable hot bath. With the development of the water heater market, the types of water heaters have also increased. Common domestic water heaters include gas water heaters, electric water heaters, solar water heaters, and heat pump water heaters.
  • the solar energy Since the solar energy is to be installed on the roof, if the floor is lower, the line is longer, and there is more cold water in the water pipe. When the weather is bad, the water temperature is low, especially in the northern area. Even the cloudy water temperature is not popular. phenomenon. Therefore, solar water heaters are rarely used by residents of high-rise buildings in cities.
  • the most commonly used urban residents are gas water heaters and electric water heaters. These two water heaters are highly versatile. As long as they are continuously gas or electricity, they are basically not affected by the external environment, and they are easy to install and simple to operate. Gas water heaters and electric water heaters are usually operated manually. When the user needs to manually turn on the water heater, the user needs to wait for a certain period of time to the appropriate water temperature. That is, the heating type, when the user opens the hot water tap, the heating device works, but the power is too large, the general household wire can not bear, and the service life is short.
  • the constant temperature water heater guarantees the use of hot water at any time for 24 hours. Generally, it is stored in the regenerative water tank. Because the water temperature in the container is to be guaranteed, as long as the temperature drops, the main burner of the water heater will automatically work and heat, thus wasting energy and increasing The cost of use is not environmentally friendly.
  • the embodiment of the present invention needs to provide a kind of situation that the current water heater has high energy consumption and complicated operation.
  • By recording the user's favorite water temperature in each time period analyzing the user's habit of using the water heater, automatically adjusting the water temperature according to the user's habits, so that the user does not need to frequently switch the water heater, and the water heater keeps standby during the user idle period, thereby reducing energy consumption. It also reduces the cost of living for the user, and can automatically adjust the application of the technology according to the specific usage of the user.
  • An automatic heating adjustment method comprising the following steps:
  • the other water temperature is matched to the time period.
  • the embodiment of the invention further provides a water heater, the water heater comprising:
  • Recording unit statistical unit, setting unit, heating unit, matching unit, wherein:
  • a recording unit for recording a correspondence between a user using a water heater time and a water temperature
  • a statistical unit whose input end is connected to the output end of the recording unit, and is used for counting the water temperature of the user with the most usage times in each time period;
  • a setting unit the input end of which is connected to the output of the statistical unit, for heating the water temperature to the user favorite water temperature before the respective time periods;
  • a heating unit having an input end connected to the output unit of the setting unit for heating the water temperature to the user favorite water temperature before the respective time periods;
  • a matching unit wherein the input end is connected to the heating unit output end, and is configured to match the another water temperature to the time period if the user adjusts the water temperature to another water temperature in a certain period of time.
  • the invention analyzes the user's habit of using the water heater by recording the user's favorite water temperature in each time period, automatically adjusts the water temperature according to the user's habits, so that the user does not need to frequently switch the water heater, and keeps the water heater in standby during the idle period of the user, reducing the energy.
  • the consumption also reduces the cost of living for the user, and can automatically adjust the application of the technology according to the specific usage of the user.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic flow chart of an automatic heating adjustment method according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic structural view of a water heater according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic flow chart of an automatic heating adjustment method according to an embodiment of the present invention. For the convenience of description, only parts related to the embodiment of the present invention are shown.
  • step S100 the correspondence between the user's use of the water heater time and the water temperature is recorded.
  • step S101 the water temperature most frequently used by the user in each time period is counted.
  • the use in a certain time interval can be defined as a time period, for example, the time interval is 2 hours, and the user is At 10:00, 10:20, 15:30, the water heater is used separately, then 10:00, 10:20 is a time period, and 15:30 is a time period.
  • step S102 the water temperature most frequently used by the user in each time period is set as the user preference.
  • step S103 the water temperature is heated to the user preference water temperature before the respective time periods.
  • the time for heating in advance can be determined based on the power of the water heater.
  • step S104 if the user adjusts the water temperature to another water temperature for a certain period of time, the other water temperature is matched with the time period.
  • the invention analyzes the user's habit of using the water heater by recording the user's favorite water temperature in each time period, automatically adjusts the water temperature according to the user's habits, so that the user does not need to frequently switch the water heater, and keeps the water heater in standby during the idle period of the user, reducing the energy.
  • the consumption also reduces the cost of living for the user, and can automatically adjust the application of the technology according to the specific usage of the user.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a water heater according to an embodiment of the present invention, where the water heater includes:
  • a recording unit 21 configured to record a correspondence between a user using a water heater time and a water temperature
  • the output terminal is connected to collect the water temperature with the most users used in each time period;
  • the output terminal is connected to set the water temperature with the most user usage times in each time period as the user preference;
  • Heating unit 24 its input end and the setting unit 23 An output connection for heating the water temperature to the user preference water temperature before the respective time periods;
  • Matching unit 25 its input end and the heating unit output 24 An end connection is used to match the other water temperature to the time period if the user adjusts the water temperature to another water temperature for a certain period of time.
  • the working principle is: the user records the correspondence between the user's use of the water heater time and the water temperature in the recording unit 21, and the statistical unit 22 The water temperature of the user is used most frequently in each time period, and the setting unit 23 sets the water temperature with the most user usage times in each time period as the user preference, and the heating unit 24 The water temperature is heated to the user preference water temperature before the respective time periods, and the matching unit 25 matches the other water temperature to the time period if the user adjusts the water temperature to another water temperature for a certain period of time.
  • the invention analyzes the user's habit of using the water heater by recording the user's favorite water temperature in each time period, automatically adjusts the water temperature according to the user's habits, so that the user does not need to frequently switch the water heater, and keeps the water heater in standby during the idle period of the user, reducing the energy.
  • the consumption also reduces the cost of living for the user, and can automatically adjust the application of the technology according to the specific usage of the user.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Heat-Pump Type And Storage Water Heaters (AREA)

Abstract

本发明属于家电领域,提供了一种自动加热的调整方法以及热水器,所述方法包括:记录用户使用热水器时间以及水温的对应关系;统计各个时间段内用户使用次数最多的水温;将各个时间段内用户使用次数最多的水温设置为用户喜好;在所述各个时间段之前将水温加热到所述用户喜好水温;如果用户在某时段内将水温调整至另一水温,则将所述另一水温与该时段匹配。该发明通过记录用户在各个时间段内用户喜好水温,分析用户的使用热水器的习惯,根据用户习惯自动调节水温,使用户不用频繁的开关热水器,并且使热水器在用户空闲时段保持待机,降低了能耗,也为用户降低了生活成本,同时能够根据用户的具体使用情况,自动调整该项技术的应用。

Description

自动加热的调整方法以及热水器 技术领域
本发明属于家电领域,尤其是涉及一种自动加热的调整方法以及热水器。
背景技术
从小河、澡盆到传统热水器,再到智能热水器,热水器行业产品结构正在经历着深刻的变革。每一种新的沐浴方式都极大的改善了人们的生活质量,特别是从传统热水器到智能热水器的跨越。
热水器现已成为家居必备的家电,尤其是在寒冷的冬季,每个人都想洗个舒服的热水澡。随着热水器市场的发展,热水器的种类也随之增加。常见的家用热水器包括燃气热水器、电热水器、太阳能热水器、热泵热水器四大类。
由于太阳能要装在楼顶,如果楼层较底的话,线路较长,水管里要存凉水较多;天气不好时,水温较低,特别在北方地区,连阴天水温不高是个较普及的现象。因此在城市高层楼房的居民很少使用太阳能热水器。
城市居民最常使用的是燃气热水器、电热水器,这两种热水器通用性强,只要不断燃气或者电,基本不会受外部环境影响,而且安装简便,操作简单。燃气热水器、电热水器通常的工作方式时手动,用户需要时手动打开热水器,用户需等待一定时间至合适水温。即热式,用户打开热水龙头的同时加热设备工作,但是功率太大,一般家庭电线无法承受,并且使用寿命短。恒温热水器保证24小时随时使用热水,一般都是蓄热式水箱储水,由于要保证容器内的水温,只要温度下降,热水器的主燃烧器就会自动工作加热,这样浪费了能源,增加了使用的成本,又不能环保。
在本人的上一个申请《根据时间段自动加热方法以及热水器》中,提出了一个弱人工智能的解决方案,但是该方案仅仅是研发阶段所假设的'用户需求',针对于实际使用情况,尤其针对于特定个体用户,该方案是否具有价值或者能否取悦特定个体用户则根据个体用户的不同有所区别。
综上,需要针对当前热水器能耗高、操作繁琐的情况,需要提供一种 通过记录用户在各个时间段内用户喜好水温,分析用户的使用热水器的习惯,根据用户习惯自动调节水温,使用户不用频繁的开关热水器,并且使热水器在用户空闲时段保持待机,降低了能耗,也为用户降低了生活成本,同时能够根据用户的具体使用情况,自动调整该项技术的应用 。
技术问题
本发明实施例针对当前热水器能耗高、操作繁琐的情况,需要提供一种 通过记录用户在各个时间段内用户喜好水温,分析用户的使用热水器的习惯,根据用户习惯自动调节水温,使用户不用频繁的开关热水器,并且使热水器在用户空闲时段保持待机,降低了能耗,也为用户降低了生活成本,同时能够根据用户的具体使用情况,自动调整该项技术的应用。
技术解决方案
本发明是这样实现的: 一种自动加热的调整方法 ,包括以下步骤:
记录用户使用热水器时间以及水温的对应关系;
统计各个时间段内用户使用次数最多的水温;
将各个时间段内用户使用次数最多的水温设置为用户喜好;
在所述各个时间段之前将水温加热到所述用户喜好水温;
如果用户在某时段内将水温调整至另一水温,则将所述另一水温与该时段匹配。
本发明实施例还提供了热水器,所述热水器包括:
记录单元,统计单元,设置单元,加热单元,匹配单元,其中:
记录单元,用于记录用户使用热水器时间以及水温的对应关系;
统计单元,其输入端与所述记录单元输出端连接,用于统计各个时间段内用户使用次数最多的水温;
设置单元,其输入端与所述统计单元输出端连接,用于在所述各个时间段之前将水温加热到所述用户喜好水温;
加热单元,其输入端与所述设置单元输出端连接,用于在所述各个时间段之前将水温加热到所述用户喜好水温;
匹配单元,其输入端与所述加热单元输出端连接,用于如果用户在某时段内将水温调整至另一水温,则将所述另一水温与该时段匹配。
有益效果
该发明通过记录用户在各个时间段内用户喜好水温,分析用户的使用热水器的习惯,根据用户习惯自动调节水温,使用户不用频繁的开关热水器,并且使热水器在用户空闲时段保持待机,降低了能耗,也为用户降低了生活成本,同时能够根据用户的具体使用情况,自动调整该项技术的应用。
附图说明
图 1 是本发明实施例提供的一种自动加热的调整方法 的流程示意图 ;
图 2 是本发明实施例提供的热水器的结构示意图。
本发明的实施方式
为了使本发明的目的、技术方案及优点更加清楚明白,以下结合附图及实施例,对本发明进行进一步详细说明。应当理解,此处所描述的具体实施例仅仅用以解释本发明,并不用于限定本发明。
图 1 是本发明实施例提供的一种自动加热的调整方法 的流程示意图 ,为了便于说明,只示出了与本发明实施例相关的部分。
在步骤 S100 中 , 记录用户使用热水器时间以及水温的对应关系。
在步骤 S101 中 , 统计各个时间段内用户使用次数最多的水温。
在本实用例中,可以将一定时间间隔内使用定为一个时间段,例如,时间间隔为 2 小时,用户在 10:00,10:20,15:30 分别使用了热水器,则 10:00,10:20 为一个时间段, 15:30 为一个时间段。
在步骤 S102 中 , 将各个时间段内用户使用次数最多的水温设置为用户喜好。
在步骤 S103 中,在所述各个时间段之前将水温加热到所述用户喜好水温。
提前加热的时间可以根据热水器功率来决定。
在步骤 S104 中,如果用户在某时段内将水温调整至另一水温,则将所述另一水温与该时段匹配。
该发明通过记录用户在各个时间段内用户喜好水温,分析用户的使用热水器的习惯,根据用户习惯自动调节水温,使用户不用频繁的开关热水器,并且使热水器在用户空闲时段保持待机,降低了能耗,也为用户降低了生活成本,同时能够根据用户的具体使用情况,自动调整该项技术的应用。
图 2 是本发明实施例提供的热水器的结构示意图,所述热水器包括:
记录单元 21 ,统计单元 22 ,设置单元 23 ,加热单元 24 ,匹配单元 25 ,其中:
记录单元 21 ,用于记录用户使用热水器时间以及水温的对应关系;
统计单元 22 ,其输入端与所述记录单元 21 输出端连接,用于统计各个时间段内用户使用次数最多的水温;
设置单元 23 ,其输入端与所述统计单元 22 输出端连接,用于将各个时间段内用户使用次数最多的水温设置为用户喜好;
加热单元 24 ,其输入端与所述设置单元 23 输出端连接,用于在所述各个时间段之前将水温加热到所述用户喜好水温;
匹配单元 25 ,其输入端与所述加热单元输出 24 端连接,用于如果用户在某时段内将水温调整至另一水温,则将所述另一水温与该时段匹配。
其工作原理是:用户在记录单元 21 记录用户使用热水器时间以及水温的对应关系,统计单元 22 ,统计各个时间段内用户使用次数最多的水温,设置单元 23 将各个时间段内用户使用次数最多的水温设置为用户喜好,加热单元 24 在所述各个时间段之前将水温加热到所述用户喜好水温,匹配单元 25 如果用户在某时段内将水温调整至另一水温,则将所述另一水温与该时段匹配。
该发明通过记录用户在各个时间段内用户喜好水温,分析用户的使用热水器的习惯,根据用户习惯自动调节水温,使用户不用频繁的开关热水器,并且使热水器在用户空闲时段保持待机,降低了能耗,也为用户降低了生活成本,同时能够根据用户的具体使用情况,自动调整该项技术的应用。
以上仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已,并不用以限制本发明,凡在本发明的精神和原则之内所作的任何修改、等同替换和改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (2)

  1. 一种自动加热的调整方法,其特征在于,所述方法包括如下步骤:
    记录用户使用热水器时间以及水温的对应关系;
    统计各个时间段内用户使用次数最多的水温;
    将各个时间段内用户使用次数最多的水温设置为用户喜好;
    在所述各个时间段之前将水温加热到所述用户喜好水温;
    如果用户在某时段内将水温调整至另一水温,则将所述另一水温与该时段匹配。
  2. 一种热水器,其特征在于,所述热水器包括:
    记录单元,统计单元,设置单元,加热单元,匹配单元,其中:
    记录单元,用于记录用户使用热水器时间以及水温的对应关系;
    统计单元,其输入端与所述记录单元输出端连接,用于统计各个时间段内用户使用次数最多的水温;
    设置单元,其输入端与所述统计单元输出端连接,用于在所述各个时间段之前将水温加热到所述用户喜好水温;
    加热单元,其输入端与所述设置单元输出端连接,用于在所述各个时间段之前将水温加热到所述用户喜好水温;
    匹配单元,其输入端与所述加热单元输出端连接,用于如果用户在某时段内将水温调整至另一水温,则将所述另一水温与该时段匹配。
PCT/CN2016/093798 2016-08-06 2016-08-06 自动加热的调整方法以及热水器 WO2018027367A1 (zh)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/CN2016/093798 WO2018027367A1 (zh) 2016-08-06 2016-08-06 自动加热的调整方法以及热水器

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/CN2016/093798 WO2018027367A1 (zh) 2016-08-06 2016-08-06 自动加热的调整方法以及热水器

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2018027367A1 true WO2018027367A1 (zh) 2018-02-15

Family

ID=61160987

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/CN2016/093798 WO2018027367A1 (zh) 2016-08-06 2016-08-06 自动加热的调整方法以及热水器

Country Status (1)

Country Link
WO (1) WO2018027367A1 (zh)

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102230672A (zh) * 2011-06-09 2011-11-02 海尔集团公司 热水器及其控制方法
CN103363670A (zh) * 2012-03-31 2013-10-23 珠海格力电器股份有限公司 空气能热水器及其控制方法和装置
CN203310101U (zh) * 2013-01-30 2013-11-27 美的集团股份有限公司 一种电热水器
CN105066459A (zh) * 2015-08-27 2015-11-18 芜湖美的厨卫电器制造有限公司 热水器及其控制方法

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102230672A (zh) * 2011-06-09 2011-11-02 海尔集团公司 热水器及其控制方法
CN103363670A (zh) * 2012-03-31 2013-10-23 珠海格力电器股份有限公司 空气能热水器及其控制方法和装置
CN203310101U (zh) * 2013-01-30 2013-11-27 美的集团股份有限公司 一种电热水器
CN105066459A (zh) * 2015-08-27 2015-11-18 芜湖美的厨卫电器制造有限公司 热水器及其控制方法

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
CN202698980U (zh) 一种节水淋浴系统
WO2018027368A1 (zh) 根据时间段自动加热方法以及热水器
WO2018027366A1 (zh) 根据用户反馈调整自动加热的方法以及热水器
WO2018027367A1 (zh) 自动加热的调整方法以及热水器
TWI700467B (zh) 熱水智能預熱系統及熱水智能預熱方法
CN201731554U (zh) 电补偿式太阳能采暖热水系统
CN202125999U (zh) 太阳能电即热式热水器综合供暖供热系统
CN109654742B (zh) 一种自学习用户行为的电热水器负荷优化及控制方法
CN203949389U (zh) 节水节能恒温出水的太阳能热水器系统
CN205332337U (zh) 一种新型太阳能地暖系统
CN210951501U (zh) 分体式半导体加热采暖装置
CN207751052U (zh) 一种太阳能供暖装置
CN210087419U (zh) 一种用于热电联产热网侧的节能供热系统
CN113757764A (zh) 电采暖功率分配系统
CN105180456A (zh) 一种远程监控的电热水器及其出水自动控温方法
CN206269238U (zh) 一种超低温三动力加热系统
CN219828961U (zh) 一种家用太阳能节能供暖系统
CN217763604U (zh) 一种多模分布式供热系统
CN109268925A (zh) 一种基于太阳能和空气源热泵的集中热水系统
CN210095579U (zh) 一种智能转换恒温淋浴屏
CN212777572U (zh) 一种多能源多功能安全型热水循环系统
CN104034054B (zh) 节水节能恒温出水的太阳能热水器系统
CN207849548U (zh) 一种新型多功能的供暖节能装置
CN219140873U (zh) 一种多能源互补的供热供暖装置及其节能供热系统
CN114151833A (zh) 一种厨房灶具储热利用系统及控制方法

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application

Ref document number: 16911824

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: DE

122 Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase

Ref document number: 16911824

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1