Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
  • H04L1/0001—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff
  • H04L1/0023—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff characterised by the signalling
  • H04L1/0028—Formatting
  • H04L1/003—Adaptive formatting arrangements particular to signalling, e.g. variable amount of bits
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
  • H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
  • H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
  • H04L27/2602—Signal structure
  • H04L27/2603—Signal structure ensuring backward compatibility with legacy system
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
  • H04L1/0001—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff
  • H04L1/0002—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff by adapting the transmission rate
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
  • H04L1/0001—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff
  • H04L1/0006—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff by adapting the transmission format
  • H04L1/0007—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff by adapting the transmission format by modifying the frame length
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
  • H04L1/0001—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff
  • H04L1/0033—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff arrangements specific to the transmitter
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
  • H04L1/0078—Avoidance of errors by organising the transmitted data in a format specifically designed to deal with errors, e.g. location
  • H04L1/0083—Formatting with frames or packets; Protocol or part of protocol for error control
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
  • H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
  • H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
  • H04L27/2602—Signal structure
  • H04L27/261—Details of reference signals
  • H04L27/2613—Structure of the reference signals
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
  • H04W4/00—Services specially adapted for wireless communication networks; Facilities therefor
  • H04W4/70—Services for machine-to-machine communication [M2M] or machine type communication [MTC]
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
  • H04W84/00—Network topologies
  • H04W84/02—Hierarchically pre-organised networks, e.g. paging networks, cellular networks, WLAN [Wireless Local Area Network] or WLL [Wireless Local Loop]
  • H04W84/10—Small scale networks; Flat hierarchical networks
  • H04W84/12—WLAN [Wireless Local Area Networks]
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
  • H04L5/003—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path
  • H04L5/0058—Allocation criteria
  • H04L5/0062—Avoidance of ingress interference, e.g. ham radio channels
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
  • H04L5/0091—Signalling for the administration of the divided path, e.g. signalling of configuration information

Definitions

• a wireless local area network is used in home, school, office building, store, shopping mall, warehouse, and the like to link two or more devices using wireless connections within a limited area to a network.
• a WLAN is used to provide wireless connections for non-human devices, such as sensors, actuators, and the like in an Internet of things (IoT).
• IoT Internet of things
• aspects of the disclosure provide an apparatus that includes a transceiver circuit and a processing circuit.
• the transceiver circuit is configured to receive a trigger signal this is transmitted by another apparatus.
• the trigger signal triggers transmissions by a first group of apparatuses including the apparatus, and defers transmissions by a second group of apparatuses that interfere the transmissions by the first group of apparatuses.
• the processing circuit is configured to, in response to the trigger signal, generate a frame with a first preamble structure that is different from a second preamble structure that is used by the second group of
• apparatuses and provide the generated frame to the transceiver circuit for transmission.
• the processing circuit is configured to decode, from the trigger signal, one or more transmission control parameters in physical layer that are determined by the other apparatus, use the one or more transmission control parameters for transmission, and simplify the first preamble structure not to indicate the one or more transmission control parameters in the frame for transmission.
• the processing circuit is configured to decode at least one of modulation coding scheme, multiple-input-multiple-output parameters and data unit length from the trigger signal.
• the processing circuit is configured to simplify the first preamble structure to omit a signal field for carrying the one of more transmission control parameters.
• the processing circuit is configured to omit one or more fields of the second preamble structure in the first preamble structure.
• the processing circuit is configured to omit physical layer classification information in the first preamble structure.
• the first preamble structure is configured to include more duplicated patterns in time/frequency domain than patterns in the second preamble structure.
• the processing circuit is configured to select the first preamble structure from a plurality of preamble structures that are supported by the apparatus based on an indication in the trigger signal. In another embodiment, the processing circuit is configured to cause the transceiver circuit to transmit in response to the trigger signal without clear channel assessment. In another embodiment, the processing circuit is configured to select the first preamble structure from a plurality of preamble structures that are supported by the apparatus based on a decision by the apparatus itself. In an example, the processing circuit is configured to select the first preamble structure based on various parameters are available to the apparatus, such as a received signal level of the trigger signal, historical information of preamble structures, location of the other apparatus and the like.
• aspects of the disclosure provide a method of transmission.
• the method includes receiving, by an apparatus, a trigger signal this is transmitted by another apparatus.
• the trigger signal triggers transmissions by a first group of apparatuses including the apparatus, and defers transmissions by a second group of apparatuses that interfere the transmissions by the first group of apparatuses.
• the method includes generating a frame with a first preamble structure that is different from a second preamble structure that is used by the second group of apparatuses and transmitting a signal carrying the generated frame.
• FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a network 100 according to an embodiment of the disclosure
• FIG. 2 shows a flow chart outlining a process 200 according to an embodiment of the disclosure
• FIG. 3 shows examples of frame formats according to embodiments of the disclosure.
• Fig. 4 shows more examples of frame formats according to embodiments of the disclosure.
• Fig. 1 shows a block diagram of a network 100 according to an embodiment of the disclosure.
• the network 100 includes a trigger device 110 and a first group of electronic devices 160A-N in wireless communication.
• the first group of electronic devices 160A-N are configured to perform transmissions that are sensitive to interferences by other devices, such as a second group of electronic devices 150.
• the trigger device 1 10 is configured to generate and transmit a trigger signal to defer transmissions by the other devices.
• the first group of electronic devices 160A-N are configured to perform transmissions with a specific preamble structure to improve immunity to interferences.
• the network 100 includes interconnections that are implemented using any suitable network technology, such wired, wireless, a local area network (LAN), a wireless LAN (WLAN), a cellular network, a fiber optical network, a wide area network (WAN), a peer-to-peer network, the Internet, and the like.
• the trigger device 110, the first group of electronic devices 160A-N and the second group of electronic devices 150 are in a basic service set (BSS) 101 that is implemented using WLAN technology to interconnect the trigger device 1 10 with the first group of electronic devices 160A-N, and the second group of electronic devices 150.
• BSS basic service set
• the network 100 includes other suitable interconnections (not shown), such as a LAN, a fiber optical network, and the like to provide connections for the BSS 101 to be connected to for example Internet.
• suitable interconnections such as a LAN, a fiber optical network, and the like to provide connections for the BSS 101 to be connected to for example Internet.
• the trigger device 110, the first group of electronic devices 160A-N and the second group of electronic devices 150 use other suitable wireless technology, such as cellular network technology for communication.
• the BSS 101 is an infrastructure type basic service set.
• the trigger device 110 is an access point (AP) device
• the first group of electronic devices 160A-N and the second group of electronic devices 150 are station (STA) devices.
• the first group of electronic devices 160A-N and the second group of electronic devices 150 communicate through the trigger device 1 10, and the trigger device 1 10 includes network hardware and software configured to serve as a bridge to allow wireless compliant devices, such as the first group of electronic devices 160A-N and the second group of electronic devices 150 to connect to other part of the network 100.
• the trigger device 1 10 is a STA device configured to receive information, via wireless connection, from one or more of the first group of electronic devices 160A-N and process the information.
• the trigger device 1 10 is a relay device and forwards the received information to another device via wired and/or wireless connection.
• the trigger device 110 is a central controller configured to generate control signals based on the information, and provide the control signals, via wireless connection, to one or more of the first group of electronic devices 160A-N.
• Each of the first group of electronic devices 160A-N and the second group of electronic devices 150 can be any suitable device, such as a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a smart phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smart watch, a smart camera, a smart TV, a smart voice recorder, a wearable device, a sensor device, an actuator device, a plug-in device for a home appliance, a home appliance, a locker, a light bulb, a power switch, and the like.
• PDA personal digital assistant
• the first group of electronic devices 160A-N are configured to communicate through a wireless link with low power, low rate and long range.
• the first group of electronic devices 160A-N are used in Internet of things (IoT).
• IoT Internet of things
• the first group of electronic devices 160A-N are remote sensors and/or smart machines, and are distributed in areas away from traditional infrastructure and a convenient power supply.
• the first group of electronic devices 160A-N are battery powered devices and are expected to transmit small packets of data at a regular interval for years without replacing and/or recharging batteries.
• the first group of electronic devices 160A-N are distributed over a relatively large area, and are expected to transmit over a relatively long range, such as over one or more kilometers.
• the first group of electronic devices 160A-N are configured to perform long range and low power (LRLP) transmission that is sensitive to interference from noise and/or other signals.
• the LRLP transmission arrives at a recipient device, such as the trigger device 1 10, with a very low signal level, such as about the noise floor or below the noise floor.
• the LRLP transmission is vulnerable to channel access contention, for example from legacy devices. For example, an ongoing LRLP transmission is not detected by a legacy device (e.g., a device in the second group of electronic devices 150) due to the low signal level, and then the legacy device performs a transmission without awareness of the ongoing LRLP transmission. The transmission by the legacy device generally overpowers the ongoing LRLP transmission, and interferes the ongoing LRLP transmission.
• the trigger device 110 is configured to generate and transmit a trigger signal to defer transmissions by the other devices.
• the first group of electronic devices 160A-N are configured to perform the LRLP transmissions with a specific preamble structure to improve immunity to interferences.
• the trigger device 110 includes a transceiver circuit 1 13 and a processing circuit 120 coupled together as shown in Fig. 1.
• the transceiver circuit 113 includes a receiving circuit 116 and a transmitting circuit 1 15 that are both coupled to an antenna 114.
• the receiving circuit 116 includes a preamble processing circuit 1 17.
• the processing circuit 120 includes a trigger frame generation circuit 130 configured to generate a trigger frame.
• the transceiver circuit 1 13 is configured to receive and transmit wireless signals.
• the receiving circuit 1 16 is configured to generate electrical signals in response to captured electromagnetic waves by the antenna 1 14, process the electrical signals to extract digital streams from the electrical signals.
• the preamble processing circuit 117 is configured to detect various information from a preamble of a received signal, and use the information for, for example frame detection, automatic gain control (AGC), frequency offset estimation, synchronization, indication of modulation and coding scheme (MCS), channel estimation and the like.
• AGC automatic gain control
• MCS modulation and coding scheme
• the transmitting circuit 115 is configured to receive digital streams, such as management frames, data frames, trigger frames and the like from for example the processing circuit 120, generate radio frequency (RF) signals to cany the digital streams, and emit electromagnetic waves in the air via the antenna 114 to transmit wireless signals that carry the digital streams.
• digital streams such as management frames, data frames, trigger frames and the like from for example the processing circuit 120
• RF radio frequency
• the trigger frame generation circuit 130 is configured to generate the trigger frame that is used for protecting a channel to be used by the first group of electronic devices 160A-N.
• the trigger frame includes a duration field that carries a value corresponding to a time duration for channel protection.
• the second group of electronic devices 150 receive the trigger frame, the second group of electronic devices 150 defer transmissions for a time duration based on the value in the duration field of the trigger frame.
• the trigger frame includes other suitable information that is implicitly indicative of a time duration for the second group of electronic devices 150 to defer
• the trigger frame generation circuit 130 is configured to generate the trigger frame to carry control information for transmissions (uplink LRLP transmission) from the first group of electronic devices 160A-N to the trigger device 110.
• the trigger device 1 10 is a central control device that determines the control information, such as physical layer (PHY) information (e.g., modulation and coding scheme (MCS), multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO), uplink data unit length, PHY classification) and the like, for uplink transmission from the first group of electronic devices 160 A-N to the trigger device 1 10.
• PHY physical layer
• MCS modulation and coding scheme
• MIMO multiple-input-multiple-output
• uplink data unit length PHY classification
• the first group of electronic devices 160 A-N When the first group of electronic devices 160 A-N receive the trigger signal and decode the trigger frame, the first group of electronic devices 160A-N perform uplink transmission according to the determined control information by the trigger device 1 10.
• the trigger device 110 already knows the control information of the uplink transmission, the first group of electronic devices 160A-N have no need to include the control information in the uplink transmission, thus the first group of electronic devices 160A-N use simplified preamble structure in an example.
• the trigger frame generation circuit 130 is configured to generate the trigger frame to carry an indication of a selected preamble structure.
• the trigger device 1 10 receives information of the electronic device 160 A, such as capacity information, location information, signal strength information, distance information, and the like.
• the trigger device 1 10 selects a preamble structure from a plurality of preamble structures based on the information of the electronic device 160A.
• the trigger frame generation circuit 130 then includes an indication that is indicative of the selected preamble structure in the trigger frame.
• the trigger device 1 10 receives information of a plurality of IoT devices, such as the electronic device 160A and the electronic device 160N, that perform multi-user LRLP transmissions.
• the trigger device 110 determines a preamble structure that is supported by the plurality of IoT devices based on the received information.
• the trigger frame generation circuit 130 then includes an indication that is indicative of the determined preamble structure in the trigger frame. It is noted that the trigger device 110 can determines other suitable information, such as resource allocation information for the IoT devices, and the like and include the determined information in the trigger frame.
• the trigger frame can have any suitable format that can be decoded by the first group of electronic devices 160A-N and the second group of electronic devices 150.
• the trigger frame has a format defined by 802.1 la.
• the trigger frame has a format in a mixed mode, such as format structures in Fig. 4.
• the trigger frame can have a specifically defined format that can be decoded by the first group of electronic devices 160A-N and the second group of electronic devices 150.
• the first group of electronic devices 160 A-N are similarly configured.
• the electronic device 160A includes a transceiver circuit 163 and a processing circuit 170 coupled together.
• the transceiver circuit 163 includes a transmitting circuit 165 and a receiving circuit 166 that are both coupled to an antenna 164.
• the processing circuit 170 includes a trigger frame processing circuit 180 and a preamble generation circuit 190.
• Other electronic devices in the first group of electronic devices 160A-N utilize certain components that are identical or equivalent to those used in the electronic device 160A.
• the transceiver circuit 163 is configured to receive and transmit wireless signals.
• the receiving circuit 166 is configured to generate electrical signals in response to captured electromagnetic waves by the antenna 164, process the electrical signals to extract digital streams (e.g., frames) from the electrical signals and provide the digital streams to the processing circuit 170.
• the transmitting circuit 165 is configured to receive digital streams, such as management frames, data frames, and the like from for example the processing circuit 170, generate radio frequency (RF) signals to carry the digital streams, and emit electromagnetic waves in the air via the antenna 164 to transmit wireless signals that carry the digital streams.
• RF radio frequency
• the processing circuit 170 is configured to process received digital streams, and generate digital streams for transmission.
• the trigger frame processing circuit 180 is configured to process a received trigger frame, and determine carried information in the trigger frame.
• the preamble generation circuit 190 is configured to generate a preamble for a frame in the physical layer according to a suitable preamble structure.
• the preamble generation circuit 190 can use a preamble structure in a greenfield mode or a mixed field for frames of uplink LRLP transmission.
• the preamble structure includes fields in the LRLP configuration to enable a receiving device, such as the trigger device 110 to receive frames that are transmitted over a long range and low power.
• the preamble structure includes a first portion of fields in the legacy configuration, and a second portion of fields in the LRLP configuration.
• the second portion of fields can enable a receiving device, such as the trigger device 110 to receive frames that are transmitted over a long range and low power.
• the fields in the legacy configuration include a legacy short training field (L-STF) field, a legacy long training field (L-LTF) field, and a legacy signal field (L-SIG) field.
• L-STF field, the L-LTF field and the L-SIG field are defined and used in transmissions according to legacy protocols (e.g., 802.1 1 a, b and g).
• legacy protocols e.g. 802.1 1 a, b and g.
• the fields in the legacy configuration can be decoded by a legacy device, such as the second group of electronic devices 150 according to the legacy protocols, and are used for protecting channel for LRLP transmission.
• the fields in the LRLP configuration include an LR- STF field, an LR-LTF field, and an LR-SIG field.
• the LR-STF field, the LR-LTF field, and the LR-SIG field are specifically configured in time and/or frequency domain(s) for uplink LRLP transmissions, such as disclosed in Applicant's co-pending application 15/332,531, filed October 24, 2016, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
• the LR-STF field, the LR-LTF field, and the LR-SIG field respectively include patterns that are repeated in time/or frequency domains for more times than corresponding patterns in the legacy configuration.
• the trigger device 110 receives a signal in the uplink LRLP transmission with a signal level that is lower than for example, a lower bound for the capability of the legacy protocols, the trigger device 1 10 can successfully receive and decode the signal in the uplink LRLP transmission based on the fields in the LRLP configuration.
• the preamble generation circuit 190 is configured to select a simplified preamble structure for LRLP transmission.
• the trigger frame serves for channel protection, and the preamble generation circuit 190 uses a preamble structure in the greenfield mode that has no legacy fields.
• the trigger frame processing circuit 180 decodes the PHY information from the trigger frame. The PHY information is then used in uplink LRLP transmission. Further, the preamble generation circuit 190 selects a preamble structure without an SIG field.
• the trigger device 110 determines a preamble structure, and provides an indication that is indicative of the preamble structure in the trigger frame.
• the trigger frame processing circuit 180 detects the indication in the trigger frame.
• the preamble generation circuit 190 determines the preamble structure based on the indication.
• the preamble generation circuit 190 is configured to select a preamble structure from a plurality of preamble structures that are supported by the electronic device 160A. For example, the preamble generation circuit 190 can select the preamble structure based on a few parameters. In an example, the electronic device 160A detects a received signal level of the trigger signal, and dynamically selects one of the preamble structures based on the received signal level of the trigger signal. In another example, the preamble generation circuit 190 selects a preamble structure based on historical information of a plurality of preamble structures. For example, the preamble generation circuit 190 can check the successful rate of certain preamble types, then tradeoff between preamble simplicity and transmission robustness. For example, when a retransmit happens for a preamble structure, the preamble generation circuit 190 can switch to a more robust preamble type.
• the preamble generation circuit 190 tries other types of preamble to figure out whether another type is sustainable for the current link.
• the MAC algorithm implemented inside the electronic device 160A will decide the preamble structure.
• the electronic device 160A uses information on the location of the trigger device 1 10, which can further help to get the accurate path loss between the trigger device 110 and the electronic device 160A.
• the electronic device 160A can decide the preamble structure for different optimization targets: such as simplicity, shorter preamble, link robustness, balance, and the like.
• FIG. 3 Various preamble structures that can be used by the preamble generation circuit 190 are shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4.
• the processing circuit 170 can be implemented using various techniques.
• the processing circuit 170 is implemented using a processor.
• the processor is configured to execute software instructions to perform various functions.
• the processing circuit 170 includes application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) configured to perform certain functions.
• the processing circuit 170 is configured to perform simple media access control (MAC) layer rules, and can be implemented using a relatively simple circuit to reduce cost.
• ASIC application-specific integrated circuit
• MAC media access control
• the trigger signal is used for protecting a communication channel for an uplink LRLP transmission from the electronic device 160A to the trigger device 110.
• the electronic device 160A is configured to omit clear channel assessment (CCA) before the uplink LRLP transmission in response to the trigger signal, and the electronic device 160A can be implemented using simplified circuits to reduce cost.
• the electronic device 160A is configured to perform CCA before the uplink LRLP transmission in response to the trigger signal.
• Fig. 2 shows a flow chart outlining a process 200 according to an embodiment of the disclosure.
• the process 200 is executed by an electronic device in the first group of electronic devices 160A-N, such as the electronic device 160A in the Fig. 1 example.
• the process starts at S201 , and proceeds to S210.
• a trigger signal carrying a trigger frame is received.
• the trigger device 110 determines a time to collect, for example sensed parameters, by the first group of electronic devices 160A-N that are battery-powered remote sensors. At the time, the trigger device 110 generates and transmits a trigger signal that carries a trigger frame. The trigger signal serves for protecting channel of uplink LRLP transmission.
• the second group of electronic devices 150 detects the trigger signal, the second group of electronic devices defer transmissions.
• the transceiver 163 receives the trigger signal, and extracts the trigger frame.
• a preamble is generated based on the trigger signal.
• the trigger frame serves for channel protection, and the preamble generation circuit 190 uses a preamble structure in the greenfield mode that has no legacy fields.
• the trigger frame carries PHY information for uplink LRLP transmission. Then, the preamble generation circuit 190 selects a preamble structure without an SIG field.
• the trigger frame includes an indication of a preamble structure that is determined by the trigger device 1 10. The preamble generation circuit 190 then determines the preamble structure based on the indication.
• the electronic device 160A detects a few parameters, such as a received signal level, the location of the trigger device 110, the historical information of various preamble structures and the like, and select the preamble structure based on the parameters. For example, the electronic device 160A detects a received signal level of the trigger signal, and the preamble generation circuit 190 selects one of the preamble structures based on the received signal level of the trigger signal.
• an uplink frame with the preamble is transmitted in response to the trigger signal.
• the electronic device 160A omits clear channel assessment (CCA), and transmits signals carrying a frame with the preamble in response to the trigger signal.
• the electronic device 160A is configured to perform CCA before transmitting signals carrying a frame with the preamble in response to the trigger signal. Then the process proceeds to S299 and terminates.
• Fig. 3 shows examples of frame formats 310 and 320 according to embodiments of the disclosure.
• the frame formats 310 and 320 can be used by the first group of electronic devices 160A-N to generate frames in the physical layer for uplink LRLP transmissions.
• the frame formats 310 and 320 use the green field mode that omits a legacy portion in the preamble structure.
• the legacy portion in the preamble of a frame in an ongoing transmission enables a legacy device, such as the second group of electronic devices 150, to be aware of the ongoing transmission, and thus the legacy device can defer transmission accordingly and the channel of the ongoing transmission is protected.
• the trigger signal that carries the trigger frame serves as channel protection, and the legacy portion in the preamble is omitted.
• the frame format 310 includes an LR-STF field 312, an LR-LTF field 314 and a data field 316.
• the LR-STF field 312 and the LR-LTF field 314 form the preamble.
• the trigger frame serves as the channel protection, and the trigger frame carries PHY parameters that are determined by the trigger device 1 10, thus an LR-SIG field is omitted.
• the processing circuit 170 generates a frame for uplink LRLP transmission using the frame format 310.
• the frame format 320 includes an LR-STF field 322, an LR-LTF field 324, an LR-SIG field 326 and a data field 316.
• the LR-STF field 322, the LR-LTF field 324, and the LR-SIG field 326 form the preamble.
• the trigger frame serves as the channel protection.
• the electronic device 160A determines one or more PHY parameters, use a signal field (e.g., LR-SIG field) to inform a receiving device, such as the trigger device 110 of the PHY parameters.
• the processing circuit 170 generates a frame for uplink LRLP transmission using the frame format 320.
• Fig. 4 shows examples of frame formats 410-440 according to embodiments of the disclosure.
• the frame formats 410-440 can be used by the first group of electronic devices 160A-N to generate frames in the physical layer for uplink LRLP
• the frame formats 410-440 uses a mixed mode in the preamble structure.
• a preamble structure includes a first portion (e.g., fields in the legacy
• the first portion in a frame of an ongoing transmission enables a legacy device, such as the second group of electronic devices 150, to be aware of the ongoing transmission, and thus the legacy device can defer transmission accordingly and the channel of the ongoing transmission is protected.
• the second portion is configured to assist a receiving device, such as the trigger device 110, to receive the LRLP transmission.
• the frame format 410 includes an L-STF field 41 1, an L-LTF field 412, an L-SIG field 413, an LR-SIG field 414, an LR-STF field 415, an LR-LTF field 416 and a data field 417.
• the L-STF field 41 1 , the L-LTF field 412, and the L-SIG field 413 form the first portion of the preamble structure
• the LR-SIG field 414, the LR-STF field 415, and the LR-LTF field 416 form the second portion of the preamble structure.
• the L-STF field 411 is in the legacy configuration to assist coarse synchronization and setting gain for AGC at a receiving device, such as the trigger device 110;
• the L-LTF field 412 is in the legacy configuration to assist fine synchronization in temporal and frequency domains at a receiving device, such as the trigger device 110;
• the L-SIG field 413 is in the legacy configuration to inform one or more PHY parameters to a receiving device, such as the trigger device 110.
• the LR-STF field 415 is in the LRLP configuration to assist coarse synchronization and setting of gain for AGC at a receiving device, such as the trigger device 1 10;
• the LR-LTF field 416 is in the LRLP configuration to assist fine synchronization in temporal and frequency domains at a receiving device, such as the trigger device 110;
• the LR-SIG field 414 is the LRLP configuration to inform one or more PHY parameters to a receiving device, such as the trigger device 110.
• the data field 417 includes a data unit of the MAC layer.
• the frame format 420 includes an L-STF field 421, an L-LTF field 422, an L-SIG field 423, an LR-SIG field 424, an LR-LTF field 426 and a data field 427.
• the frame format 420 omits an LR-STF field compared to the frame format 410, and the coarse synchronization and setting of gain for AGC at the receiving device are performed based on the L-STF field 421.
• the frame format 430 includes an L-STF field 431 , an L-LTF field 432, an LR- SIG field 434, an LR-STF 435, an LR-LTF field 436 and a data field 437.
• the frame format 420 omits an L-SIG field compared to the frame format 410.
• the LR-SIG field 434 is used to inform the PHY parameters to the receiving device.
• the LR-STF 435 is omitted.
• the frame format 440 includes an L-STF field 441, an L-LTF field 442, an LR- SIG field 444, an LR-STF 444, an LR-LTF field 445, an LR-SIG field 446 and a data field 437.
• the frame format 440 moves the position of the LR-SIG field after the LR-STF and LR-LTF compared to the frame format 410.
• the receiving device is in better synchronization with the signal of the uplink LRLP transmission after the LR-LTF field.
• the frame format 440 enables the receiving device to receive the LR-SIG field with better signal quality compared to the frame format 410.
• the L-SIG 443 field and/or the LR-STF field are/is omitted.
• the hardware may comprise one or more of discrete components, an integrated circuit, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), etc.
• ASIC application-specific integrated circuit

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• Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
• Bidirectional Digital Transmission (AREA)
• Cable Transmission Systems, Equalization Of Radio And Reduction Of Echo (AREA)

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• 2017
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