WO2017210874A1 - Imperfect mofs (imofs) material, preparation and use in catalysis, sorption and separation - Google Patents

Imperfect mofs (imofs) material, preparation and use in catalysis, sorption and separation Download PDF

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WO2017210874A1
WO2017210874A1 PCT/CN2016/085221 CN2016085221W WO2017210874A1 WO 2017210874 A1 WO2017210874 A1 WO 2017210874A1 CN 2016085221 W CN2016085221 W CN 2016085221W WO 2017210874 A1 WO2017210874 A1 WO 2017210874A1
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imofs
metal
material according
defects
zif
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Francis Walter Cornelius Verpoort
Somboon CHAEMCHUEN
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Xia, Ling
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07FACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F3/00Compounds containing elements of Groups 2 or 12 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F3/06Zinc compounds
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/22Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising organic material
    • B01J20/223Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising organic material containing metals, e.g. organo-metallic compounds, coordination complexes
    • B01J20/226Coordination polymers, e.g. metal-organic frameworks [MOF], zeolitic imidazolate frameworks [ZIF]
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/30Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
    • B01J20/32Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/16Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
    • B01J31/22Organic complexes
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    • C07FACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F19/00Metal compounds according to more than one of main groups C07F1/00 - C07F17/00
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2231/00Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2231/30Addition reactions at carbon centres, i.e. to either C-C or C-X multiple bonds
    • B01J2231/34Other additions, e.g. Monsanto-type carbonylations, addition to 1,2-C=X or 1,2-C-X triplebonds, additions to 1,4-C=C-C=X or 1,4-C=-C-X triple bonds with X, e.g. O, S, NH/N
    • B01J2231/3411,2-additions, e.g. aldol or Knoevenagel condensations
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/16Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
    • B01J31/1691Coordination polymers, e.g. metal-organic frameworks [MOF]
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/16Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
    • B01J31/22Organic complexes
    • B01J31/2204Organic complexes the ligands containing oxygen or sulfur as complexing atoms
    • B01J31/2208Oxygen, e.g. acetylacetonates
    • B01J31/2226Anionic ligands, i.e. the overall ligand carries at least one formal negative charge
    • B01J31/223At least two oxygen atoms present in one at least bidentate or bridging ligand
    • B01J31/2239Bridging ligands, e.g. OAc in Cr2(OAc)4, Pt4(OAc)8 or dicarboxylate ligands
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02CCAPTURE, STORAGE, SEQUESTRATION OR DISPOSAL OF GREENHOUSE GASES [GHG]
    • Y02C20/00Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases
    • Y02C20/40Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases of CO2

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the catalytic activity of imperfect MOFs (iMOFs) with defect structures present in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) .
  • the invention relates to the crystal growth-driven creation of defects (amount and type) in metal-organic frameworks using different synthesis procedures resulting in iMOFs.
  • MOFs Metal-organic frameworks
  • MOMs metal organic materials
  • MOFs are the top growing division of novel inorganic-organic materials as they combined the two often-separated disciplines of chemistry; organic and inorganic.
  • the most attractive features of MOFs are their crystalline nature, the high specific surface area (up to 10,400 m 2 g -1 ) , large pore aperture and the low density (0.13 g cm -3 ) .
  • 1 MOFs are solids with permanent porosity which are assembled from metals/cluster nodes bridged with linkers/organic compounds to form three-dimensional (3D) coordination networks (see Fig. 1) .
  • Fig. 1 The MOFs and ZIFs structure comparison; a) The fundamental bridging unit of MOFs frameworks (Left) , bridging angles unit in metal imidazolate of ZIFs (Right) . b) The single unit structure, largest cage of MOFs (Left) and ZIFs (Right) . c) The units linking (b) connect these units such that the cluster adopts an expanded face-cantered-cubic arrangement of MOFs (Left) and ZIFs (Right) . The structure represented via linkers missing (d) and metals missing (e) or defect structure on MOFs (Left) and ZIFs (Right) .
  • SBUs Secondary building units
  • the synthetic method generally consists of mixing two solutions containing the hydrophilic metal and the hydrophobic organic component (organic linker) , using hydrothermal or solvothermal techniques.
  • organic linker usually rigid systems are preferred over flexible ones as they give crystalline, porous, and stable MOFs.
  • Different varieties of organic linkers have been used but mostly polycarboxylic molecules and polyazaheterocycles are used.
  • MOFs are one of the most speedily rising fields in chemical and material sciences, not only due to the beautiful structural topologies but also because of their potential as functional materials in various applications. MOFs are currently eliciting noteworthy attention for their prospective applications in gas storage, purification, molecular sensing, drug delivery, biomedicines, photoluminescence, molecular based magnetisms, and photo catalysis. 3
  • MOF based catalysis depends on the active sites; both metal centers and organic linker contribute to catalytic activity.
  • the organic bridging linkers may be used as scaffolds to which distinct catalytic complexes, bio-molecules, and homogeneous catalysts can be immobilized or encapsulated.
  • the synthetic flexibility of MOF enables considerable control over size and environment of the pores, allowing selectivity to be tuned more effectively.
  • MOF pores can serve as guest hosts for small molecules (active homogeneous catalysts) or as supports for metal or metal oxide nanoparticles and even enzymes.
  • MOFs metal-organic chemical synthesis
  • a wide variety of MOFs have been designed with various transition metals as well as different polytopic ligands and screened in heterogeneous catalysis of organic transformations but still there are hundreds of MOF materials that have not been explored for catalysis. Therefore, the use of MOFs in catalysis is extremely broad and increasing continuously.
  • the chemical industry has emerged as a vibrant part of the world economy. However, the production of chemicals also leads to a massive magnitude of environmentally harmful wastes. Heterogeneous catalysis is playing an increasingly imperative role in chemical manufacturing, often with the result of a major reduction in waste.
  • heterogeneous catalysis is superior to homogeneous for easier separation, reusability, minimized waste, green and, clean products.
  • the high porosity of MOFs allows fast mass transport and/or interactions with substrates.
  • the use of MOFs as heterogeneous catalysts has presented a significance increase in the last two decades as they have been considered as an eco-friendly alternative for catalysis. Separation of the reaction products and the catalyst reusability, less leaching problems make MOFs as an active heterogeneous catalyst.
  • the controllable topology, geometry of framework, and tunable pore functionality render them highly attractive in future to various applications especially in heterogeneous catalysis.
  • MOFs appear as a new opportunist in the field of heterogeneous catalysis and hundred publications of MOF catalysis are reported, there is a need to ensure its stability, activity and selectivity under reaction conditions.
  • MOFs can drastically enhance adsorption of gases such as hydrogen (H 2 ) , methane (CH 4 ) , carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and carbon monoxide (CO) gas, as well as catalytic applications depending on the presence of acid or/and basic sites.
  • gases such as hydrogen (H 2 ) , methane (CH 4 ) , carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and carbon monoxide (CO) gas
  • the metal type and content and the variety of organic ligands in MOFs are a great source of active sites, which can act as reactive centers in many catalytic reactions.
  • Application of MOFs in catalysis is rapidly growing, which is reflected by a wide range of catalyzed reaction such as cyanosilation, isomerization, hydrogenation, oxidation, tran-esterification, photocatalysis etc. 5
  • the advantage of applying MOFs as catalysts is related to their heterogeneous nature, which is superior to homogeneous catalysis because of easier separation,
  • MOFs metal/cluster is usually completely coordinated and blocked by organic linkers 6 Therefore, the design of defect structures in MOFs can possibly enhance the amount of catalytic sites at the nodes of these frameworks.
  • 23 7 Tailoring the defects in MOFs is essential for establishing the structure-property relationships for targeted applications, such as shape-and size-selective adsorption, and complex site-driven catalysis and sensing.
  • the first strategy uses a proper mixture of mono-and/or poly-dentate ligands to create the defects in MOFs.
  • the ratio of linker/metal is crucial in the design and creation of defect structures, however, this is limited to certain MOFs (bearing many linkers in one secondary building unit such as UiO-66 (Zr) or UiO-66 (Hf) ) 11-13
  • the second strategy is focused on the acceleration of synthesis via addition of a strong deprotonating agent resulting in a very fast reaction (kinetically driven process) leading to the creation of defect structures while still retaining the original MOF structure. 14, 15
  • the main objective of the present invention is the creation of iMOF materials via different synthesis procedures as well as the quantitative assessment of the defects in iMOFs which are created via different synthesis procedure.
  • the second objective is the unexpected finding that defect structures are involved in the enhancement of the catalytic activity in a reaction using these materials as catalysts.
  • the advancement and understanding of defect structures certainly will open new opportunities for multipurpose application of MOF materials.
  • the present invention describes procedures to synthesize iMOFs exposing dramatically different properties compared with the same MOFs prepared in a conventional manner.
  • the crystallization rate in various synthesis methods is involved in the structure arrangement and defect structure creation which influences the structure properties, morphologies, porosities and surface chemistry properties etc.
  • These results were deduced and supported from crystal morphologies which are related to the rate of crystallization or crystal growth, from surface and porosity properties evaluation from adsorption measurements, and from temperature decomposition analysis.
  • the crystal framework remains as been proven from the XRD pattern and coordination functional group analysis.
  • the diversity of defect structures correlates with active sites and thus also with the catalytic performance which is confirmed via example of catalytic reactions.
  • the high catalytic performance of iMOFs from this invention is related to the presence of more acid and basic sites occurring on defect structure.
  • TPD applying CO, CO 2 , NH 3 , generate an understanding of the nature and the amount (concentration) of defects. Knowledge of the nature and amount of defects is of utmost importance to decide which imperfect Metal organic framework is suitable for a certain catalytic reaction.
  • the present invention provides a defect structure creating procedure during iMOFs synthesis.
  • the iMOFs in the present invention comprise metal ions and organic ligands.
  • the metal ions used in the invention are those usually employed for the preparation of MOFs, which can be selected from the group consist: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, post-transition metals, lanthanide series and actinide series.
  • the alkali metals can be selected from the group as Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr and mixtures thereof.
  • the alkaline earth metals can be selected from the group as Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra and mixtures thereof.
  • the transition metals can be selected from Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Tc, Re, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, lr, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, Hg and mixtures thereof.
  • the post-transition metals can be selected from the group as Al, Ga, In, Tl, Ge, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Po and mixtures thereof.
  • the lanthanide series can be selected from the group as La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu and mixtures thereof and actinide series, such as Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, Lr and mixtures thereof.
  • the metal for use in the formation of iMOF is a single metal or mixtures thereof.
  • organic ligands or struts applied for building iMOF structures of present invention are mono-, bi-, tri-, tetra-dentate ligands bearing carboxy-, amine-, nitro-groups or a mixture thereof, which can be selected from the group consist:
  • Example 1 solvothermal (SV)
  • Example 2 microwave (MW)
  • Example 3 room temperature (RT)
  • Example 4 spray drying (SP) method.
  • the defect structures in iMOF materials are related to the catalytic performance as evaluated in Example 10: Ring opening polymerization and Example 11: Knoevenagel condensation reaction.
  • Probe molecules applied for temperature program desorption (TPD) are used to understand the active sites in the catalyst (iMOF) and are correlated with the defect structures in the iMOF materials (Example 8) .
  • ZIFs Zeolite Imidazolate Frameworks
  • MOFs Metal nodes
  • IM imidazolate linkers
  • 16 ZIF-8 consists of Zn-ions bridged with 2-methylimidazole (2-IM) and represents a sodalite zeolite-type topology in MOF materials see in figure 1.
  • ZIF-8 of this invention exhibits a very high surface area, its structure is chemically (including water) and thermally stable, and catalytically active, and was therefore used as the criteria for the MOF platform for catalytic applications.
  • ZIF-8 is an ideal candidate for numerous industrial applications among the MOFs. 17 The ZIF-8 series was prepared by using different methods to demonstrate the effect of synthesis procedure on the amount of created defect structures.
  • SEM Scanning Electron Microscopy
  • the rhombic dodecahedron crystals were obtained by using conventional room temperature synthesis (ZIF-8-RT) and the well-defined truncated rhombic dodecahedral crystals were formed during solvothermal synthesis (ZIF-8-SV) . Furthermore, the average size of crystals obtained via room temperature conventional synthesis is much smaller than that for crystals prepared by solvothermal method (ZIF-8-RT: 50 ⁇ m and ZIF-8-SV: 60 ⁇ m) . So, in general the following sequence of crystal size is obtained for the different procedures: ZIF-8-SV > ZIF-8-SP > ZIF-8-MW > ZIF-8-RT.
  • the structure evolution is affected by the preparation procedure a fast crystal growth occurs during spray drying synthesis (SP) , which assures rapid crystallization (small droplets and growth accelerated by short heating time) and a stable cube-shaped morphology.
  • SP spray drying synthesis
  • Longer crystal growth transforms the cube-shaped morphology into a truncated-cube edged morphology, represented by a rhombic dodecahedron.
  • This gradual evolution in the ZIF-8 crystal shape from cubic morphology (spray drying synthesis) to the rhombic dodecahedron morphology is formed respectively under microwave, conventional room temperature and solvothermal conditions.
  • Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis was conducted to evaluate the thermal stability of the ZIF-8 samples obtained by the different procedures (SP, MW, RT, SV) .
  • the TG curves start from room temperature up to 350°C displaying a good thermal stability of the frameworks for all samples.
  • the first thermal event observed from 350 to 450 °C corresponds to the exothermic decomposition of the partial bridging ligand (2-MIM) , which is in a good agreement with literature. 17 It is worth noting that before TG analyses all samples were activated at 200 °C under vacuum for 200 min and as a consequence no solvent molecules and guest molecules were detected in the thermogram. For the ZIF-8-SP sample the highest weight loss was observed during 350 –400 °C.
  • Synthetic polymers have been up-scaled in industry since the 1940s, while nowadays, environment friendly procedures are of interest in polymer synthesis, manufacturing.
  • Biodegradable polymers have been considered as alternative polymers having unique environmental friendly properties. Moreover, non-toxic compounds are released during hydrolysis of biodegradable plastics in physiological media applied in biomedical devices.
  • the cyclic lactone monomer or lactide (LA) is one of the monomers used for the synthesis of a biodegradable polymer via the ring opening polymerization.
  • the catalyst is the major parameter in this polymerization. Accordingly, there is still a need for new catalysts that are environmental friendly and harmless.
  • MOFs e.g. ZIF-8, Zn-DABCO, MOF-5
  • ZIF-8 Zn-DABCO
  • MOF-5 heterogeneous catalyst for the ring opening polymerization of L-lactide.
  • the Knoevenagel condensation reaction is very important in the context of the pharmaceutical industry. This reaction is a classic C-C bond formation between aldehydes or ketones and malonnitril.
  • 4-bromobenzaldehyde and malononitrile are used as substrates and ZIF-8 series (SP, MW, RT, SV) as catalyst for the Knoevenagel reaction. It was observed that ZIF-8-SP demonstrated the highest catalytic performance followed by, ZIF-8-MW, ZIF-8-RT and ZIF-8-SV respectively.
  • ZIF-8 has strong Lewis acid sites (in particular Zn 2+ species) together with basic ones (2-methylimidazolate, ligands) using FT-IR CO adsorption analyses combined with DFT calculations. 21 Moreover, in general for many catalytic reactions it is reported that acidic and basic sites are reactive centers in catalytic reactions to obtain a good catalytic performance. 22 This assumption confirmed that those sites are present and are represented by the “defects” of ZIF-8. The amount of these reactive centers depends on the synthesis procedure e.g. SP, MW, SV, RT and a correlation can be made between the amount of defects and the catalytic performance (the higher the amount of defects the better the catalytic performance) .
  • probe molecules are important to elucidate the nature of defects, defects amounts (concentration) and also to investigate the modified adsorption or reactive properties of defect structures.
  • the use of various probe molecules has been reported including CO, CO 2 , CD 3 CN etc.
  • CO as probe is generally used to investigate the active site in heterogeneous catalysts.
  • Recently, the application of CO as probe molecule combined with FTIR to observe the exposed defect structures on Cu species in HKUST-1 have been reported 4, 24-26 However, this technique is limited since it can only collect information of the surface and of the presence of defect structures (qualitative) .
  • the coordination phenomenon of adsorption was illustrated by interaction of adsorbate (CO molecule) with the defect site.
  • adsorbate CO molecule
  • the coordination numbers of real material may vary because of different crystallographic faces, edges, steps, point defects and dislocations. However, the most common interaction is the 1: 1 stoichiometry formation.
  • MOFs obtained by spray drying display the highest adsorption of CO molecules by CO-TPD (Fig. 5a, b) , indicating a high contribution from defect structures in the material and thus representing a large amount of active sites (a large amount of acid sites observed in NH 3 -TPD and a large amount of basic site observed in CO 2 -TPD) .
  • FIG. 1 The MOFs and ZIFs structure comparison; a) The fundamental bridging unit of MOFs frameworks (Left) , bridging angles unit in metal imidazolate of ZIFs (Right) . b) The single unit structure, largest cage of MOFs (Left) and ZIFs (Right) . c) The units linking (b) connect these units such that the cluster adopts an expanded face-cantered-cubic arrangement of MOFs (Left) and ZIFs (Right) . The structure represented via linkers missing (d) and metals missing (e) or defect structure on MOFs (Left) and ZIFs (Right) .
  • Figure 2 The synthesis ZIF-8 by different procedure (Spray drying: ZIF-8-SP, Microwave: ZIF-8-MW, Room temperature: ZIF-8-RT, Solvothermal: ZIF-8-SV) and their accompanying XRD patterns
  • MOF Metal Organic Framework
  • the synthesized ZIF-8 sample obtained using different procedure all show the same XRD pattern. The same is true for other MOF-types e.g. MOF-5, Zn-DABCO.
  • Figure 3 The N 2 adsorp-desorption isotherm of ZIF-8 series. The linear portion of the plot between 0.02-0.06 is used to calculate a surface area (S BET and Langmuir) .
  • Temperature program desorption profiles a) NH 3 -TPD, b) CO 2 -TPD.
  • the peak integration of temperature program desorption using CO 2 and NH 3 as a probe gas which represent the quantity of the acid value (NH 3 -TPD) , base value (CO 2 -TPD) and defect value (CO-TPD) on ZIF-8 series which are prepared by different procedure.
  • Temperature program desorption profile a) CO-TPD, b) The integration values of the peak area of temperature program desorption using CO 2 , NH 3 and CO as probe gas representing the quantitative amounts of acid (NH 3 -TPD) , base (CO 2 -TPD) and defects (CO-TPD) on ZIF-8 series prepared by different procedure.
  • the ZIF-8-SV synthesis was adapted of previously literature report 30 .
  • the metal source 0.42g (1.606 mmol) of Zn (NO 3 ) ⁇ 4H 2 O and 0.12g (1.462 mmol) 2-methylimidazole or 2-MIM were dissolved in 32 ml of DMF.
  • the solution was transferred to Teflon-lined stainless-steel autoclave (35ml) and heated in programmable oven at 5°C/min to 140°C and held for 24 h.
  • the light yellow solid product separated from mother liquor and was washed with DMF for three times, immerse in methanol for 3 day and drying at room temperature under vacuum for 12h.
  • the Zn-DABCO was synthesized according to our previous reported. 31 A solution of Zn(NO 2 ) 3 ⁇ 6H 2 O (1.609g, 5.41mmol) and terephthalic acid (0.83g, 5 mmol) in DMF (30ml) and 1,4-Diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octane (0.28g, 2.5mmol) in 30 ml of DMF were mixed in Teflon-line autoclave (100 ml) under stirred for 10 min. The mixture was transferred to Teflon-line autoclave and placed in an oven and heated program using a heating program of 1°C/min to 120°C and held for 24 h. The obtained white solid product was then filtered and washed thoroughly with DMF to remove unreacted reagents followed by drying at room temperature (25-30°C) under vacuum overnight. The dried material was transferred into a vacuum desiccator for further use.
  • the MOF-5 was synthesized according to the literature. 32
  • the Zn (NO 3 ) 2 ⁇ 6H 2 O (0.4399g, 1.4789 mmol) , terephthalic acid (0.1843g, 1.11mmol) were solved in solvent mixture of DMF (10ml) and small amount H 2 O (180 ⁇ l) .
  • the mixture was stirred in a Teflon-lined autoclave and heated for 120°C for 48h.
  • the obtained crystals were washed with DMF and dried at 150°Cfor 12h. The crystal was carefully stored under inert atmosphere.
  • the MOF-5 synthesis was adapted from the literature. 34
  • the terephthalic acid (5.065 g, 30.5 mmol) and triethylamine (8.5 mL) were dissolved in 400 mL of DMF.
  • Zn (OAc) 2 ⁇ 2H 2 O (16.99 g, 77.4 mmol) was dissolved in 500 mL of DMF.
  • the zinc salt solution was added to the organic solution with stirring over 15 min, forming a precipitate, and the mixture was stirred for 2.5 h.
  • the precipitate was filtered and immersed in DMF (250 mL) overnight. It was then filtered again and immersed in CHCl 3 (350 mL) .
  • the product was evacuated overnight at 120 °C under vacuum for 6 h.
  • the microwave-assistant synthesis of ZIF-8 was prepared from mixture of Zn (OAc) 2 ⁇ 2H 2 O (1.756 g, 8 mmol) and of 2-methylimidazole 0.66g (8 mmol) in 30 ml of DMF as solvent. The mixtures was transferred in in Teflon liner reactor and heated to 130°C under a microwave power of 400W for 30 min. After cooling to room temperature the solid product was washed by DMF for 3 times then immersed in methanol for 3 days. The solid products filtrated and dried at room temperature under vacuum for overnight.
  • the Zn-DABCO was synthesized from a solution of Zn (NO 2 ) 3 ⁇ 6H 2 O (1.609g, 5.41mmol) , terephthalic acid (0.83g, 5 mmol) in DMF (30ml) and a solution of 1, 4-Diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octane (0.28g, 2.5mmol) in 30 ml of DMF.
  • the two solutions are mixed and transferred to a Teflon-liner reactor (100 ml) .
  • the mixture was heating to 120 °C under microwave power 400W for 30 min.
  • the white solid product was filtered and washed thoroughly with DMF to remove unreacted reagents followed by drying at room temperature (25-30°C) under vacuum overnight. The dried material was transferred into a vacuum desiccator for further use.
  • the white powder was collected and washed following a two-step centrifugation/re-dispersion process with methanol for three day. Finally, the wet product was dried at room temperature under vacuum for 12h thereafter the temperature was raised to 60°C for 6h. The final product was corrected and kept in desiccator.
  • Example 5 The crystal and structure characteristics of MOFs prepared by different procedures
  • the crystals were analyzed by powder X-Ray Diffraction. Data were collected in 2 ⁇ ranging from 3-30°, with a scanning rate of 5 (°) /mim.
  • MOF metal-organic fluoride
  • the synthesized ZIF-8 sample obtained using different procedure (Spray drying: SP, Microwave: MW, Room temperature: RT, Solvothermal: SV) all show the same patterns as presented in Fig. 2. The same is true for each MOF-type e.g. MOF-5, Zn-DABCO.
  • Fig. 2 The synthesis ZIF-8 by different procedure (Spray drying: ZIF-8-SP, Microwave: ZIF-8-MW, Room temperature: ZIF-8-RT, Solvothermal: ZIF-8-SV) and their accompanying XRD patterns
  • MOF Metal Organic Framework
  • the synthesized ZIF-8 sample obtained using different procedure all show the same XRD pattern. The same is true for other MOF-types e.g. MOF-5, Zn-DABCO.
  • MOF-5 MOF-5, Zn-DABCO.
  • (c) The crystal morphology evolution with rate of crystallization influenced by the procedure in MOFs synthesis from rapid to slow growth (top to down direction) presented by the cube shape to the rhombic dodecahedron shape.
  • Fig. 3 The N 2 adsorp-desorption isotherm of ZIF-8 series. The linear portion of the plot
  • Table 1 The properties of ZIF-8 series in surface area, porosity and gas uptake for different gases.
  • the chemisorption and temperature program desorption (TPD) technique have been used to evaluate the chemical properties in heterogeneous catalyst. Temperature program desorption using NH 3 (NH 3 -TPD) and CO 2 (CO 2 -TPD) as probe gas molecules to evaluate the acid and basic site, respectively, has been performed on the ZIF-8 series.
  • the samples were pretreated at 250°C under carrier of He gas for 1h., then cooled down to the adsorption temperature at 25 °C.
  • NH 3 and CO 2 as a probe gas were introduced to the sample by continuous flow.
  • the probe gas was adsorbed to saturation at adsorption temperature of 25 °C which can be observed from the stable TCD detector signal.
  • the physically adsorbed gas on the samples was then removed by flushing the samples with He gas till a stable TCD signal was obtained.
  • the temperature programmed desorption was measured using a TCD detector, temperature rising to 270 °C at a rate of 10 °C/min.
  • the NH 3 -TPD peak patterns were similarly for the ZIF-8 series as shown in fig. 4a.
  • the results clearly show two peaks at about 70 and 250°C, representing the amount weak acid sites (low temperature peak) and strong acid sites (high temperature peak) , respectively.
  • the basic properties on materials were performed by CO 2 -TPD, applying similar conditions as for the NH 3 -TPD analysis.
  • For the CO 2 desorption (CO 2 -TPD) two peak at about 100°C and 270 °C were observed. From the peak area integration the basic values were found, displaying a similar trend as for the acid properties and thus the amount of basic sites is the highest for ZIF-8-SP >ZIF-8-MW, ZIF-8-RT > ZIF-8-SV, respectively.
  • Temperature program desorption profiles a) NH 3 -TPD, b) CO 2 -TPD.
  • the peak integration of temperature program desorption using CO 2 and NH 3 as a probe gas which represent the quantity of the acid value (NH 3 -TPD) , base value (CO 2 -TPD) and defect value (CO-TPD) on ZIF-8 series which are prepared by different procedure.
  • the CO-TPD plots obtained from the different samples exhibited a difference in the CO desorption.
  • the peak area showed the following trend from high to low: ZIF-8-SP > ZIF-8-MW > ZIF-8-RT > ZIF-8-SV, respectively, see fig. 5a. Integration of the peak area of the adsorbed CO gas can be related to the quantity of defect structures of which the calculated results are presented in fig. 5b.
  • Temperature program desorption profile a) CO-TPD, b) The integration values of the peak area of temperature program desorption using CO 2 , NH 3 and CO as probe gas representing the quantitative amounts of acid (NH 3 -TPD) , base (CO 2 -TPD) and defects (CO-TPD) on ZIF-8 series prepared by different procedure.
  • Example 9 Effect of synthesis procedure on the thermal stability on MOFs such as ZIF-8 series.
  • the thermal stabilities of the MOFs were tested by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) from room temperature up to 800°C with heating rate 10°C/min under Ar atmosphere (20 cc/mim) . All the ZIF-8 samples were activated at 200°C under vacuum for 3h before TGA analysis see Fig. 6.
  • Example 10 The Polymerization reaction using MOFs as a catalyst
  • L-lactide polymerization was carried out by solvent-free bulk polymerization method (results in Table 2) .
  • ZIF-8 Prior to use, ZIF-8 was activated at 200 °C for 3 h with a temperature rate 1 °C/min under vacuum.
  • a mixture of freshly prepared ZIF-8 (10 mg) and L-lactide (633 mg) were charged into a dry Schlenk flask in glove box.
  • the Schlenk flask was sealed and then immersed in the oil bath at 160 °C for 3 h.
  • the reaction was terminated by cooling the flask in an ice bath (0 °C) . After cooling to ambient temperature, the crude polymer was dried in vacuo.
  • Gel Permeation Chromatography tetrahydrofuran was used to determine the molecular weights (Mn and Mw) of as-prepared polylactide.
  • Mn and Mw molecular weights
  • Example 11 The Knoevenagel condensation reaction using MOFs as a catalyst

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Abstract

A creation of defects (defect structures) in Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) which generates imperfect MOFs (iMOFs) and the quantization of the defects in iMOFs are disclosed. The catalytic activity of iMOFs is also disclosed. In particular, the crystal growth-driven creation of defects (amount and type) in metal-organic frameworks which result in iMOFs are disclosed by using different synthesis procedures. The type of synthesis procedure, such as solvothermal, room temperature, microwave or spray drying, affects the crystal growth of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and specifically the structure, morphology and other properties of iMOFs such as crystal size, particle shape, surface area, defect structures (defects) and gas adsorption capacity and affinity toward N 2, CO 2, CH 4 etc. Moreover, high performance of MOFs in various catalytic reactions can be correlated to the higher amount of defect structures because defects can possibly display acid and/or basic properties. The amount of generated defects depends on the synthesis procedure of iMOFs. While studies of MOF crystallinity confirmed that for a given type of MOF different synthesis methods generated samples of similar crystal structures their morphologies were different due to the differences in the crystallization rates associated with these methods.

Description

[Title established by the ISA under Rule 37.2] Imperfect MOFs (iMOFs) material, preparation and use in catalysis, sorption and separation FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to the catalytic activity of imperfect MOFs (iMOFs) with defect structures present in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) . In particular, the invention relates to the crystal growth-driven creation of defects (amount and type) in metal-organic frameworks using different synthesis procedures resulting in iMOFs.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are an important class of new materials in the vast field of metal organic materials (MOMs) . MOFs are the top growing division of novel inorganic-organic materials as they combined the two often-separated disciplines of chemistry; organic and inorganic. The most attractive features of MOFs are their crystalline nature, the high specific surface area (up to 10,400 m2 g-1) , large pore aperture 
Figure PCTCN2016085221-appb-000001
 and the low density (0.13 g cm-3) . 1 MOFs are solids with permanent porosity which are assembled from metals/cluster nodes bridged with linkers/organic compounds to form three-dimensional (3D) coordination networks (see Fig. 1) .
Fig. 1 The MOFs and ZIFs structure comparison; a) The fundamental bridging unit of MOFs frameworks (Left) , bridging angles unit in metal imidazolate of ZIFs (Right) . b) The single unit structure, largest cage of MOFs (Left) and ZIFs (Right) . c) The units linking (b) connect these units such that the cluster adopts an expanded face-cantered-cubic arrangement of MOFs (Left) and ZIFs (Right) . The structure represented via linkers missing (d) and metals missing (e) or defect structure on MOFs (Left) and ZIFs (Right) .
Secondary building units (SBUs) are molecular entities in which ligand coordination modes and metal coordination environments can provide the transformation of these components into extensive porous networks in combination with poly-topic linkers. 2 The synthetic method generally consists of mixing two solutions containing the hydrophilic metal and the hydrophobic organic component (organic linker) , using hydrothermal or solvothermal techniques. Large varieties of metal atoms in their stable oxidation states, i.e., alkaline, alkaline earth, transition metal, and rare earth elements have been successfully used in the  synthesis of MOFs. In case of the organic linker, usually rigid systems are preferred over flexible ones as they give crystalline, porous, and stable MOFs. Different varieties of organic linkers have been used but mostly polycarboxylic molecules and polyazaheterocycles are used.
MOFs are one of the most speedily rising fields in chemical and material sciences, not only due to the fascinating structural topologies but also because of their potential as functional materials in various applications. MOFs are currently eliciting noteworthy attention for their prospective applications in gas storage, purification, molecular sensing, drug delivery, biomedicines, photoluminescence, molecular based magnetisms, and photo catalysis. 3
One of the most distinct areas of MOF’s research is heterogeneous catalysis. MOF based catalysis depends on the active sites; both metal centers and organic linker contribute to catalytic activity. Especially, the organic bridging linkers may be used as scaffolds to which distinct catalytic complexes, bio-molecules, and homogeneous catalysts can be immobilized or encapsulated. The synthetic flexibility of MOF enables considerable control over size and environment of the pores, allowing selectivity to be tuned more effectively. MOF pores can serve as guest hosts for small molecules (active homogeneous catalysts) or as supports for metal or metal oxide nanoparticles and even enzymes. These properties can be changed via chemical synthesis, which distinguish MOFs from other nanoporous materials such as zeolites and activated carbons. A wide variety of MOFs have been designed with various transition metals as well as different polytopic ligands and screened in heterogeneous catalysis of organic transformations but still there are hundreds of MOF materials that have not been explored for catalysis. Therefore, the use of MOFs in catalysis is extremely broad and increasing continuously. The chemical industry has emerged as a vibrant part of the world economy. However, the production of chemicals also leads to a massive magnitude of environmentally harmful wastes. Heterogeneous catalysis is playing an increasingly imperative role in chemical manufacturing, often with the result of a major reduction in waste. For economic and environmental reasons, there is a huge incentive to replace homogeneous by green and efficient heterogeneous catalytic systems. Heterogeneous catalysis is superior to homogeneous for easier separation, reusability, minimized waste, green and, clean products. The high porosity of MOFs allows fast mass transport and/or interactions with substrates. The use of MOFs as heterogeneous catalysts has presented a significance increase in the last two decades as they have been considered as an eco-friendly alternative for catalysis. Separation of the reaction products and the catalyst reusability, less leaching problems make MOFs as an active heterogeneous catalyst. The controllable topology,  geometry of framework, and tunable pore functionality render them highly attractive in future to various applications especially in heterogeneous catalysis.
Although, MOFs appear as a new opportunist in the field of heterogeneous catalysis and hundred publications of MOF catalysis are reported, there is a need to ensure its stability, activity and selectivity under reaction conditions.
Ideal MOFs are marked by a perfect crystal structure in which the cell unites are faultless arranged, however, this ideal MOF structure is an utopian model. The real crystal structure always deviates from the perfect or ideal structure due to the presence of un-uniformed structures which are called “defects structure” and are homogeneously spread in these materials. 4 These defects give rise to specific MOF properties and can be tailored for specific applications for a variety of applications. For example in gas storage and separation, sensing, drug delivery etc. Generally, defect structures present in solid materials significantly affect their physical and chemical properties such as the spin frustration in cooperative paramagnets, thermoelectric parameters, and formation of polar nanodomains in relax or ferroelectrics structures and particularly for surface active sites in sensing, catalysis applications. Also, the defect structures in MOFs can drastically enhance adsorption of gases such as hydrogen (H2) , methane (CH4) , carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) gas, as well as catalytic applications depending on the presence of acid or/and basic sites. The metal type and content and the variety of organic ligands in MOFs are a great source of active sites, which can act as reactive centers in many catalytic reactions. Application of MOFs in catalysis is rapidly growing, which is reflected by a wide range of catalyzed reaction such as cyanosilation, isomerization, hydrogenation, oxidation, tran-esterification, photocatalysis etc. 5 Notably, the advantage of applying MOFs as catalysts is related to their heterogeneous nature, which is superior to homogeneous catalysis because of easier separation, reusability, minimized waste, green and, clean products.
Regardless the well-defined structure of MOFs, their catalytic applications are largely hampered because the metal/cluster is usually completely coordinated and blocked by organic linkers6 Therefore, the design of defect structures in MOFs can possibly enhance the amount of catalytic sites at the nodes of these frameworks. 23 7 Tailoring the defects in MOFs is essential for establishing the structure-property relationships for targeted applications, such as shape-and size-selective adsorption, and complex site-driven catalysis and sensing. Until today, two strategies have been applied and investigated for the generation of defect  structures. The first strategy uses a proper mixture of mono-and/or poly-dentate ligands to create the defects in MOFs. 8-10 Similarly, the ratio of linker/metal is crucial in the design and creation of defect structures, however, this is limited to certain MOFs (bearing many linkers in one secondary building unit such as UiO-66 (Zr) or UiO-66 (Hf) ) 11-13 The second strategy is focused on the acceleration of synthesis via addition of a strong deprotonating agent resulting in a very fast reaction (kinetically driven process) leading to the creation of defect structures while still retaining the original MOF structure. 14, 15
While variations of these synthesis routes are well-known in the area of MOFs, however, so far the relation between various synthesis procedures and defect creation in MOFs has not been studied yet. Since the synthesis procedure determines often if the crystal growth is thermodynamically or kinetically driven, in this invention we proved that it has a pronounced effect on the creation of defect structures within MOF frameworks generating iMOFs. We proved that a proper selection and/or modification of the synthesis procedure can markedly affect the morphology and properties of MOFs, since the crystallization rate is essential in the crystal growth process and formation of defect structures, which have a pronounced effect on the adsorption and catalytic properties of these materials. However, the available literature on the formation of defect structures during growth of MOF crystals is extremely rare and the relation between these defects and the catalytic activity is still poorly understood.
For the above reason there is still an urgent need for procedures allowing creation of iMOFs in a straightforward and controllable manner and for a relationship between the amount of defects and the catalytic performance of iMOFs in specific catalytic reactions, gas adsorption and separation.
OBJECTIVE OF THE INVENTION
The main objective of the present invention is the creation of iMOF materials via different synthesis procedures as well as the quantitative assessment of the defects in iMOFs which are created via different synthesis procedure. The second objective is the unexpected finding that defect structures are involved in the enhancement of the catalytic activity in a reaction using these materials as catalysts. Finally, the advancement and understanding of defect structures certainly will open new opportunities for multipurpose application of MOF materials.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention describes procedures to synthesize iMOFs exposing dramatically different properties compared with the same MOFs prepared in a conventional manner. The crystallization rate in various synthesis methods is involved in the structure arrangement and defect structure creation which influences the structure properties, morphologies, porosities and surface chemistry properties etc. These results were deduced and supported from crystal morphologies which are related to the rate of crystallization or crystal growth, from surface and porosity properties evaluation from adsorption measurements, and from temperature decomposition analysis. Furthermore, the crystal framework remains as been proven from the XRD pattern and coordination functional group analysis. The diversity of defect structures correlates with active sites and thus also with the catalytic performance which is confirmed via example of catalytic reactions. The high catalytic performance of iMOFs from this invention is related to the presence of more acid and basic sites occurring on defect structure. The use of TPD applying CO, CO2, NH3, generate an understanding of the nature and the amount (concentration) of defects. Knowledge of the nature and amount of defects is of utmost importance to decide which imperfect Metal organic framework is suitable for a certain catalytic reaction.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a defect structure creating procedure during iMOFs synthesis. The iMOFs in the present invention comprise metal ions and organic ligands. The metal ions used in the invention are those usually employed for the preparation of MOFs, which can be selected from the group consist: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, post-transition metals, lanthanide series and actinide series.
The alkali metals can be selected from the group as Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr and mixtures thereof. The alkaline earth metals can be selected from the group as Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra and mixtures thereof. The transition metals can be selected from Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Tc, Re, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, lr, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, Hg and mixtures thereof. The post-transition metals can be selected from the group as Al, Ga, In, Tl, Ge, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Po and mixtures thereof. The lanthanide series can be selected from the group as La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu and mixtures thereof and actinide series, such as Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, Lr and mixtures thereof.
Preferably the metal for use in the formation of iMOF is a single metal or mixtures thereof.
The organic ligands or struts applied for building iMOF structures of present invention are mono-, bi-, tri-, tetra-dentate ligands bearing carboxy-, amine-, nitro-groups or a mixture thereof, which can be selected from the group consist:
oxalic acid, ethyloxalic acid, fumaric acid, 1, 3, 5-bezene tribenzoic acid (BTB) , benzene tribiphenylcarboxylic acid (BBC) , 1, 4-benzene dicarboxylic acid (BDC) , 2-amino-1, 4-benzene dicarboxylic acid (NH2-BDC) , 4, 4'-dicarboxylic acid, cyclobutyl-1, 4-benzene dicarboxylic acid, benzene tricarboxylic acid, 2, 6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid (NDC) , 1, 1'-biphenyl-4, 4'-dicarboxylic acid (BPDC) , 2, 2'-bipyridyl-5, 5'-dicarboxylic acid, adamantine tetracarboxylic acid (ATC) , biphenyltetracarboxylic acid (BPTC) , tetrahydropyrene-2, 7-dicarboxylic acid (HPDC) , dihdroxyterephthalic acid (DHBC) , pyrene-2, 7-dicarboxylic acid (PDC) , pyrazine dicarboxylic acid, tetratopic-, 3, 6, 8- (p-benzoate) pyrene (TBAPy) , tetracarboxylic acid phenyl porphyrine (TCPP) , octacarboxylic acid phenyl porphyrine (OCPP) , acetylene dicarboxylic acid (ADC) , imidazole, 2-methylimidazolate, 1, 4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octane (DABCO) and derivatives and substituted derivates thereof.
While variations of routes to synthesize MOFs are well-known, however, procedures related to implement defect structures has never been described till now. Because the synthesis procedure is the determining factor, which contribute to the structure during crystal growth of iMOFs, changing the synthesis procedure can markedly affect the morphology and properties of these materials, since the crystallization rate or structure growth is involved to organize the crystal structure including the defect structures of these materials.
Till today, commonly used procedures to synthesize MOFs are described in Example 1: solvothermal (SV) , Example 2: microwave (MW) , Example 3: room temperature (RT) and Example 4: spray drying (SP) method. The defect structures in iMOF materials are related to the catalytic performance as evaluated in Example 10: Ring opening polymerization and Example 11: Knoevenagel condensation reaction. Probe molecules applied for temperature program desorption (TPD) are used to understand the active sites in the catalyst (iMOF) and are correlated with the defect structures in the iMOF materials (Example 8) . These experimental techniques can demonstrate the relative concentration of defects in the iMOF materials. Furthermore, more series of iMOFs and reactions were used to investigate that the amount of defect structures differs according the applied synthesis procedure. Accordingly,  depending on the applied procedure, various defect concentrations can be generated that are involved as active sites in catalytic performance of iMOFs.
Zeolite Imidazolate Frameworks (ZIFs) belong to a subclass of MOFs having metal nodes (Zn, Co) coordinated with imidazolate linkers (IM) that form porous structures similar to zeolites. 16 ZIF-8 consists of Zn-ions bridged with 2-methylimidazole (2-IM) and represents a sodalite zeolite-type topology in MOF materials see in figure 1. ZIF-8 of this invention, exhibits a very high surface area, its structure is chemically (including water) and thermally stable, and catalytically active, and was therefore used as the criteria for the MOF platform for catalytic applications. ZIF-8 is an ideal candidate for numerous industrial applications among the MOFs. 17 The ZIF-8 series was prepared by using different methods to demonstrate the effect of synthesis procedure on the amount of created defect structures.
Powder X-ray diffraction was used to determine the crystallinity in ZIF-8 obtained via different synthesis methods. The XRD patterns of the ZIF-8 samples obtained by different methods show only small differences in the normalized intensities using the [011] reflection plane. From this normalization it was found that for different synthesis procedures of ZIF-8 the patterns remain unchanged and are in excellent agreement with the simulated pattern between 2θ values of 5 and 30°. These results confirm that ZIF-8 crystals obtained via different synthesis procedures are isostructural with the simulated pattern and the high intensity revealed high crystallinity.
Comparison was made between the FTIR spectra of the ZIF-8 series (obtained via different synthesis procedures) , with 2-methylimodazole (ligand) The two bands at 3135 and 2928 cm- 1 present the stretching frequencies of the aromatic C-H and aliphatic C-H bonds respectively, and the band at 1606 cm-1 is related to the C=C stretch. In the region between 1100 -1400 cm-1 the C-N adsorption bands can be found. The absorption band at 421 cm-1 represents the Zn-N stretching mode and is in good agreement with the reported literature. 18 Several FTIR bands significantly changed after the ZIF-8 generation evidencing the establishment of the coordination between metal ions/nodes and organic ligands and thus forming the frameworks.
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the crystal morphology and to estimate the average crystal size. The SEM images reveal different morphologies and sizes of the crystals depending on the synthesis procedure. The cube shape was observed for the ZIF-8 sample obtained by spray drying method (ZIF-8-SP) , while the microwave-assisted  synthesis produced more spherical-like crystals (ZIF-8-MW) but with smaller particle size (particle sizes of ZIF-8-SP and ZIF-8-MW were ~3μm and 0.2μm, respectively) . The rhombic dodecahedron crystals were obtained by using conventional room temperature synthesis (ZIF-8-RT) and the well-defined truncated rhombic dodecahedral crystals were formed during solvothermal synthesis (ZIF-8-SV) . Furthermore, the average size of crystals obtained via room temperature conventional synthesis is much smaller than that for crystals prepared by solvothermal method (ZIF-8-RT: 50ηm and ZIF-8-SV: 60μm) . So, in general the following sequence of crystal size is obtained for the different procedures: ZIF-8-SV > ZIF-8-SP > ZIF-8-MW > ZIF-8-RT.
Recently, the mechanism of structure evolution as a function of time for crystallization of ZIF-8 under solvothermal conditions was established on the basis of the in-situ EDXRD and SEM studies17-19. It was shown that in the case of solvothermal synthesis of ZIF-8 the evolution of crystals started with a cube-shaped crystal morphology in the initial stage and ended with a rhombic dodecahedral shape in the final product. 19 Similar results were observed for MOF-14 by Millange and co-worker. 20 The aforementioned works are useful to explain the results of this invention. The structure evolution is affected by the preparation procedure a fast crystal growth occurs during spray drying synthesis (SP) , which assures rapid crystallization (small droplets and growth accelerated by short heating time) and a stable cube-shaped morphology. Longer crystal growth transforms the cube-shaped morphology into a truncated-cube edged morphology, represented by a rhombic dodecahedron. This gradual evolution in the ZIF-8 crystal shape from cubic morphology (spray drying synthesis) to the rhombic dodecahedron morphology is formed respectively under microwave, conventional room temperature and solvothermal conditions.
Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis was conducted to evaluate the thermal stability of the ZIF-8 samples obtained by the different procedures (SP, MW, RT, SV) . The TG curves start from room temperature up to 350℃ displaying a good thermal stability of the frameworks for all samples. The first thermal event observed from 350 to 450 ℃, corresponds to the exothermic decomposition of the partial bridging ligand (2-MIM) , which is in a good agreement with literature. 17 It is worth noting that before TG analyses all samples were activated at 200 ℃ under vacuum for 200 min and as a consequence no solvent molecules and guest molecules were detected in the thermogram. For the ZIF-8-SP sample the highest weight loss was observed during 350 –400 ℃. For the ZIF-8-SP sample the highest weight loss was observed at 350 –400 ℃ and could be assigned to the defect structures (missing coordination) between ligands and metal clusters (nodes) , which weakens interactions and  consequently, results in higher weight loss. Similar effects were also observed on the TG profiles for UiO-66 bearing defect structures (missing link) . The sharp weight loss observed in the second step starting around 600 ℃ (except for ZIF-8-RT around 350 ℃) indicates the decomposition of the ZIF-8 framework and finally produces ZnO.
The comparison in surface area and porosity of these materials were investigated by N2 adsorption experiments. The N2 adsorption results display an isotherm Type I containing micro-pore structures which is also supported by the pore size distribution. The surface area, and porosity properties were calculated applying Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and Langmuir models. From these calculations it is clear that ZIF-8-RT possess the highest surface area and largest porosity (pore volume and pore size) . The following trend could be observed in the samples: ZIF-8-RT > ZIF-8-MW > ZIF-8-SP > ZIF-8-SV (smallest) . Furthermore, a small hysteresis loop on the N2 isotherm for ZIF-8-MW (P/P0 > 0.9) and a larger one on the isotherm for ZIF-8-RT indicates some secondary porosity between agglomerated ZIF-8 crystals. Additionally, the surface area and pore volume obtained for ZIF-8-RT are in an excellent agreement with analogous data reported in literature. 17 These results suggest the presence of two pore types (micro-and meso-pores) in the materials. These two samples (ZIF-8-RT and ZIF-8-MW) possess a higher surface area and this could be explained by the presence of the two types of pores but also by their crystal size (SEM) , both samples have a smaller crystal size. The combination of the mixed pores with the smaller crystal size results in a higher surface area of these two samples.
In order to investigate the relation between the amount of defect structures with the chemical properties of these MOFs, some catalytic reactions were selected as indicators to probe the catalytic activity of the MOFs. There are three possible hypotheses to describe the nature of the catalytic site within the MOF; a) the apparently saturated nod, b) the temporarily de-coordination to allow the creation of transient species and c) irregular frameworks or defect structures which are expected to have a high potential for catalytic active site. 21, 22The defect structures are effectively involved in the activity of catalytic reaction as shown in Example 10 and 11.
Synthetic polymers have been up-scaled in industry since the 1940s, while nowadays, environment friendly procedures are of interest in polymer synthesis, manufacturing. Biodegradable polymers have been considered as alternative polymers having unique environmental friendly properties. Moreover, non-toxic compounds are released during  hydrolysis of biodegradable plastics in physiological media applied in biomedical devices. The cyclic lactone monomer or lactide (LA) is one of the monomers used for the synthesis of a biodegradable polymer via the ring opening polymerization.
The catalyst is the major parameter in this polymerization. Accordingly, there is still a need for new catalysts that are environmental friendly and harmless. Here we report for the first time the use of MOFs, e.g. ZIF-8, Zn-DABCO, MOF-5, as heterogeneous catalyst for the ring opening polymerization of L-lactide. After screening of the efficiency of the catalyst (ZIF-8) the following performance sequence was observed from high to low: SP > MW > RT > SV. Moreover, the same performance sequence was obtained using Zn-DABCO as a catalyst (obtained via different procedures; SP, MW, SV) .
The Knoevenagel condensation reaction is very important in the context of the pharmaceutical industry. This reaction is a classic C-C bond formation between aldehydes or ketones and malonnitril. In this study 4-bromobenzaldehyde and malononitrile are used as substrates and ZIF-8 series (SP, MW, RT, SV) as catalyst for the Knoevenagel reaction. It was observed that ZIF-8-SP demonstrated the highest catalytic performance followed by, ZIF-8-MW, ZIF-8-RT and ZIF-8-SV respectively.
To find a reasonable explanation for the high activity of the spray dried ZIF-8 sample temperature programmed desorption (TPD) analyses were performed. After integration of the peak of NH3 desorption (NH3-TPD) starting from room temperature up to 270℃ (and holding the temperature constant) an approximate value of the acid sites (Lewis and 
Figure PCTCN2016085221-appb-000002
 ) can be found, see figure 4a and 5b. It was clearly demonstrated that ZIF-8 synthesized by spray drying (ZIF-8-SP) possesses the highest value of acid sites followed by ZIF-8-MW, ZIF-8-RT and ZIF-8-SV, respectively. These results correlate perfect with the observed trend in catalytic performance of the ZIF-8 samples generated via different procedures.
Furthermore, CO2-TPD analyses were performed in order to investigate the basic properties of the different ZIF-8 samples. Also here the ZIF-8 synthesized by spray drying (ZIF-8-SP) possesses the highest value of basic sites followed by ZIF-8-MW, ZIF-8-RT and ZIF-8-SV, respectively (Fig. 4b and 5b) . These results are in excellent agreement with the observed trends in acid sites and catalytic performance of the different ZIF-8 samples (SP, MW, RT, SV) .
The acid and basic properties of ZIF-8 have been investigated and reported in previous work of Chizallet. 21 They demonstrated that ZIF-8 has strong Lewis acid sites (in particular Zn2+ species) together with basic ones (2-methylimidazolate, ligands) using FT-IR CO adsorption analyses combined with DFT calculations. 21 Moreover, in general for many catalytic reactions it is reported that acidic and basic sites are reactive centers in catalytic reactions to obtain a good catalytic performance. 22 This assumption confirmed that those sites are present and are represented by the “defects” of ZIF-8. The amount of these reactive centers depends on the synthesis procedure e.g. SP, MW, SV, RT and a correlation can be made between the amount of defects and the catalytic performance (the higher the amount of defects the better the catalytic performance) .
The obtained results from different catalytic reactions applying MOFs prepared via different procedures (SP, MW, SV, RT) , although the MOFs have the same crystal structure (confirmed by XRD) they demonstrate that the catalytic activity is related to the amount of defects (acid and basic sites) which on its turn is related to the synthesis procedure. SP introduces more defects in the MOF structure and as a consequence the spray dried MOF displays a higher catalytic activity. 23 To investigate MOF materials on their defect structure on a molecular level, using suitable characterization methods with existing techniques is still a bottle-neck. Most techniques used to identify defects are based on imaging such as AFM, SEM, TEM, FMM etc, weight loss of missing linker or guest molecules (TGA, MS etc. ) and patterns and/or lattice information (XRD) . One technique to investigate defect structures in MOFs applies probe molecules. The probe molecules are important to elucidate the nature of defects, defects amounts (concentration) and also to investigate the modified adsorption or reactive properties of defect structures. The use of various probe molecules has been reported including CO, CO2, CD3CN etc. CO as probe is generally used to investigate the active site in heterogeneous catalysts. Recently, the application of CO as probe molecule combined with FTIR to observe the exposed defect structures on Cu species in HKUST-1 have been reported4, 24-26 However, this technique is limited since it can only collect information of the surface and of the presence of defect structures (qualitative) . The occupation of defect sites by CO molecules is thermodynamically favored over the occupation of regular lattice sites. 25, 26 Furthermore, Wenge et al. reported that the CO molecules could coordinated on the open metal-site, which is one type of the defect structures, in the HKUST-1.27 A direct method to identify defect structures and the quantitative data is still missing till today. Therefore, as we reasoned that there is a direct relation between amount of defects and catalytic performance we hypothesized that applying the chemi-physical adsorption or temperature program desorption using CO molecules as  probe gas (CO-TPD) to investigate the defect structures on MOFs could provide us with the quantitative amount of defects which is related to the catalytic sites.
The coordination phenomenon of adsorption was illustrated by interaction of adsorbate (CO molecule) with the defect site. There are three adsorption possibilities: i) a 1: 1 stoichiometry in which one defect is coordinated with one adsorbate molecule, ii) a n : 1 stoichiometry, n >1 means one adsorbate coordinates to more than one defect, iii) a 1 : m stoichiometry, m >1 in which one defect coordinates more than one adsorbate. The coordination numbers of real material may vary because of different crystallographic faces, edges, steps, point defects and dislocations. However, the most common interaction is the 1: 1 stoichiometry formation. 28 This result further confirms that MOFs obtained by spray drying (e.g. ZIF-8-SP) display the highest adsorption of CO molecules by CO-TPD (Fig. 5a, b) , indicating a high contribution from defect structures in the material and thus representing a large amount of active sites (a large amount of acid sites observed in NH3-TPD and a large amount of basic site observed in CO2-TPD) .
The above-mentioned characterization and catalytic performance results highlight the impact of synthesis procedure of MOFs, with the unexpected behavior attributed to the defect structures (defects) . Furthermore, this is a totally different approach then the in literature described method to create defects via addition of a ligand having one functionality less than the strut ligand, for example, a carboxylate group, etc. 29 The formation of the later is often affected by synthetic conditions. In this invention it was found that the growth rate of crystallization in crystal materials such as MOFs is an important parameter and significantly create defect structures in the material. The different methods to synthesize MOFs have been used to create varies defect structure densities of which their properties were investigated and showed different catalytic activities. This catalytic performance is a measure of defects. Using CO-TPD is a new and sensitive tool for the detection of defects in MOFs.
Finally, high concentrations of defects can result in the formation of correlated or large-scale defects through clustering of point defects. Correlation here means that the probability of forming a defect at a certain location in the crystal lattice depends on the presence of defects in the vicinity of this location. In essence, such large-scale defects present that: a) might greatly affect mass-transport pathways (important in sorption and catalysis) , b) could reduce network rigidity and density, c) bring out unique electronic, magnetic, and optical functionalities and anomalous mechanical properties (e.g. negative thermal expansion, pressure-induced softening, and crystalline–amorphous switching) d) may bring benefits to  realize complex catalytically active sites, for example, rearranged coordinated unsaturated sites (CUSs) that can operate in a cooperative manner, for targeted catalytic reactions.
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Figure PCTCN2016085221-appb-000005
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BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention is described further with reference to the following non-limiting examples and the accompanying drawings.
Figure 1 The MOFs and ZIFs structure comparison; a) The fundamental bridging unit of MOFs frameworks (Left) , bridging angles unit in metal imidazolate of ZIFs (Right) . b) The single unit structure, largest cage of MOFs (Left) and ZIFs (Right) . c) The units linking (b) connect these units such that the cluster adopts an expanded face-cantered-cubic arrangement of MOFs (Left) and ZIFs (Right) . The structure represented via linkers missing (d) and metals missing (e) or defect structure on MOFs (Left) and ZIFs (Right) .
Figure 2 The synthesis ZIF-8 by different procedure (Spray drying: ZIF-8-SP, Microwave: ZIF-8-MW, Room temperature: ZIF-8-RT, Solvothermal: ZIF-8-SV) and their accompanying XRD patterns (a) For one type of MOF, e.g. ZIF-8, the synthesized ZIF-8 sample obtained using different procedure all show the same XRD pattern. The same is true for other MOF-types e.g. MOF-5, Zn-DABCO. (b) The crystal morphology, shape and size investigated by  SEM technique. (c) The crystal morphology evolution with rate of crystallization influenced by the procedure in MOFs synthesis from rapid to slow growth (top to down direction) presented by the cube shape to the rhombic dodecahedron shape.
Figure 3 The N2 adsorp-desorption isotherm of ZIF-8 series. The linear portion of the plot between 0.02-0.06 is used to calculate a surface area (SBET and Langmuir) .
Figure 4 Temperature program desorption profiles a) NH3-TPD, b) CO2-TPD. The peak integration of temperature program desorption using CO2 and NH3 as a probe gas which represent the quantity of the acid value (NH3-TPD) , base value (CO2-TPD) and defect value (CO-TPD) on ZIF-8 series which are prepared by different procedure.
Figure 5 Temperature program desorption profile a) CO-TPD, b) The integration values of the peak area of temperature program desorption using CO2, NH3 and CO as probe gas representing the quantitative amounts of acid (NH3-TPD) , base (CO2-TPD) and defects (CO-TPD) on ZIF-8 series prepared by different procedure.
Figure 6 Effect of synthesis procedure on the thermal stability of ZIF-8 series.
Figure 7 The catalytic activity of MOFs (ZIF-8) obtained via different synthesis procedure; The Knoevenagel condensation reaction, condensation was conducted for 0.5 and 2 h at room temperature and isolated yields of 2- (4-bromobenzylidene) malononitril. (Synthesis procedure: SV = Solvothermal or conventional, RT = Room temperature, SP = Spray drying, MW = Microwave) .
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
EXAMPLES
Example 1 The conventional/solvothermal synthesis (SV) of MOFs
ZIF-8
The ZIF-8-SV synthesis was adapted of previously literature report30. The metal source 0.42g (1.606 mmol) of Zn (NO3) ·4H2O and 0.12g (1.462 mmol) 2-methylimidazole or 2-MIM were dissolved in 32 ml of DMF. The solution was transferred to Teflon-lined stainless-steel autoclave (35ml) and heated in programmable oven at 5℃/min to 140℃ and held for 24 h.
The light yellow solid product separated from mother liquor and was washed with DMF for three times, immerse in methanol for 3 day and drying at room temperature under vacuum for 12h.
Zn-DABCO
The Zn-DABCO was synthesized according to our previous reported. 31 A solution of Zn(NO23·6H2O (1.609g, 5.41mmol) and terephthalic acid (0.83g, 5 mmol) in DMF (30ml) and 1,4-Diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octane (0.28g, 2.5mmol) in 30 ml of DMF were mixed in Teflon-line autoclave (100 ml) under stirred for 10 min. The mixture was transferred to Teflon-line autoclave and placed in an oven and heated program using a heating program of 1℃/min to 120℃ and held for 24 h. The obtained white solid product was then filtered and washed thoroughly with DMF to remove unreacted reagents followed by drying at room temperature (25-30℃) under vacuum overnight. The dried material was transferred into a vacuum desiccator for further use.
MOF-5
The MOF-5 was synthesized according to the literature. 32 The Zn (NO32·6H2O (0.4399g, 1.4789 mmol) , terephthalic acid (0.1843g, 1.11mmol) were solved in solvent mixture of DMF (10ml) and small amount H2O (180μl) . The mixture was stirred in a Teflon-lined autoclave and heated for 120℃ for 48h. The obtained crystals were washed with DMF and dried at 150℃for 12h. The crystal was carefully stored under inert atmosphere.
Example 2 The room temperature synthesis MOFs
ZIF-8
The room temperature synthesis of ZIF-8 followed the previous reported procedure. 33 A solution of 1.756g (5.9 mmol) Zn (NO32·6H2O in 11g of methanol and a solution of 0.66g (8 mmol) 2-methylimidazole in 11g of methanol were mixed under vigorous stirring for 24 h at room temperature. The white particles were corrected by centrifugation at 7000 rmp for 5 min and wash with methanol several times. The write solid product was dried at room temperature under vacuum for overnight.
MOF-5
The MOF-5 synthesis was adapted from the literature. 34 The terephthalic acid (5.065 g, 30.5 mmol) and triethylamine (8.5 mL) were dissolved in 400 mL of DMF. Zn (OAc) 2·2H2O (16.99  g, 77.4 mmol) was dissolved in 500 mL of DMF. The zinc salt solution was added to the organic solution with stirring over 15 min, forming a precipitate, and the mixture was stirred for 2.5 h. The precipitate was filtered and immersed in DMF (250 mL) overnight. It was then filtered again and immersed in CHCl3 (350 mL) . The product was evacuated overnight at 120 ℃ under vacuum for 6 h.
Example 3 The microwave synthesized MOFs
ZIF-8
The microwave-assistant synthesis of ZIF-8 was prepared from mixture of Zn (OAc) 2·2H2O (1.756 g, 8 mmol) and of 2-methylimidazole 0.66g (8 mmol) in 30 ml of DMF as solvent. The mixtures was transferred in in Teflon liner reactor and heated to 130℃ under a microwave power of 400W for 30 min. After cooling to room temperature the solid product was washed by DMF for 3 times then immersed in methanol for 3 days. The solid products filtrated and dried at room temperature under vacuum for overnight.
Zn-DABCO
The Zn-DABCO was synthesized from a solution of Zn (NO23·6H2O (1.609g, 5.41mmol) , terephthalic acid (0.83g, 5 mmol) in DMF (30ml) and a solution of 1, 4-Diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octane (0.28g, 2.5mmol) in 30 ml of DMF. The two solutions are mixed and transferred to a Teflon-liner reactor (100 ml) . The mixture was heating to 120 ℃ under microwave power 400W for 30 min. The white solid product was filtered and washed thoroughly with DMF to remove unreacted reagents followed by drying at room temperature (25-30℃) under vacuum overnight. The dried material was transferred into a vacuum desiccator for further use.
Example 4 The Spay drying synthesis MOFs
ZIF-8-SP
For the spray drying synthesis of ZIF-8-SP a AF-88 labs Spray dryer, AFIND Scientific instrument CO. LTD. was applied. A solution of Zn (OAc) 2·2H2O (1.765 g, 8.04 mmol) in water (25ml) mixed with a solution of 2-methylimodazolate (0.66 g, 8 mmol) in water (25ml) . The white suspension solution was used as the feed for the spray-dry machine using a spray nozzle 8 mm, at a feed rate of 300 ml/h, a flow rate of 160 m3/h and an inlet temperature of  180℃. The white powder was collected and washed following a two-step centrifugation/re-dispersion process with methanol for three day. Finally, the wet product was dried at room temperature under vacuum for 12h thereafter the temperature was raised to 60℃ for 6h. The final product was corrected and kept in desiccator.
Zn-DABCO
For the synthesis of Zn-DABCO the same procedure was used as for the synthesis of ZIF-8. A solution of Zn (NO32·6H2O (0.362g, 1.22 mmol) , terephthalic acid (0.415g, 2.5 mmol) in DMF (15 ml) and a solution of 1, 4-Diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octane (0.14 g, 1.15 mmol) in DMF (15 ml) were mixed and used as feed solution for spray-drying (similar conditions as for ZIF-8 spray drying synthesis) .
MOF-5
For the synthesis of MOF-5 the same procedure was used as for the synthesis of ZIF-8. A solution of Zn (OAc) 2·2H2O (1.1 g, 5 mmol) in DMF (25 ml) and a solution of terephthalic acid (0.33g, 2 mmol) in DMF (25 ml) were mixed and used as feed solution for spray-drying (similar conditions as for ZIF-8 spray drying synthesis) .
Example 5 The crystal and structure characteristics of MOFs prepared by different procedures
The crystals were analyzed by powder X-Ray Diffraction. Data were collected in 2θ ranging from 3-30°, with a scanning rate of 5 (°) /mim. For one type of MOF, e.g. ZIF-8, the synthesized ZIF-8 sample obtained using different procedure (Spray drying: SP, Microwave: MW, Room temperature: RT, Solvothermal: SV) all show the same patterns as presented in Fig. 2. The same is true for each MOF-type e.g. MOF-5, Zn-DABCO.
Fig. 2 The synthesis ZIF-8 by different procedure (Spray drying: ZIF-8-SP, Microwave: ZIF-8-MW, Room temperature: ZIF-8-RT, Solvothermal: ZIF-8-SV) and their accompanying XRD patterns (a) For one type of MOF, e.g. ZIF-8, the synthesized ZIF-8 sample obtained using different procedure all show the same XRD pattern. The same is true for other MOF-types e.g. MOF-5, Zn-DABCO. (b) The crystal morphology, shape and size investigated by SEM technique. (c) The crystal morphology evolution with rate of crystallization influenced by the  procedure in MOFs synthesis from rapid to slow growth (top to down direction) presented by the cube shape to the rhombic dodecahedron shape.
From this analysis it is demonstrated clearly that the synthesis procedure has a big influence on the crystal morphology. This has been verified for several different types of MOFs e.g. ZIF-8; MOF-5 and mixed ligand MOFs e.g. Zn-DABCO to proof that this is not limited to a certain MOF type and is a general property.
Example 6 Effect of the synthesis procedure of MOFs on their physical properties.
All gas adsorptions were measured by ASAP 2020 (Micromeritics) apparatus. The BET and Langmuir surface area were calculated at P/Po = 0.01-0.05 of nitrogen isotherm. The data of pore volume and pore size were estimated from H-K equation at the relative pressure of P/Po = 0.5. All the MOF samples were activated before analyses. The obtained results of ZIF-8 are depicted in Fig. 3. A comparison of the different physical properties obtained from the samples prepared via different synthesis procedures is given in Table 1.
Fig. 3: The N2 adsorp-desorption isotherm of ZIF-8 series. The linear portion of the plot
between 0.02-0.06 is used to calculate a surface area (SBET and Langmuir) .
Table 1. The properties of ZIF-8 series in surface area, porosity and gas uptake for different gases.
Figure PCTCN2016085221-appb-000008
1Using the H-K method to calculate
2The particle size evaluated on the SEM picture
3The adsorption condition at 273K and pressure up to 1 atm.
Example 7 The chemical properties: acid and basic values
The chemisorption and temperature program desorption (TPD) technique have been used to evaluate the chemical properties in heterogeneous catalyst. Temperature program desorption using NH3 (NH3-TPD) and CO2 (CO2-TPD) as probe gas molecules to evaluate the acid and basic site, respectively, has been performed on the ZIF-8 series.
The samples were pretreated at 250℃ under carrier of He gas for 1h., then cooled down to the adsorption temperature at 25 ℃. NH3 and CO2 as a probe gas were introduced to the sample by continuous flow. The probe gas was adsorbed to saturation at adsorption temperature of 25 ℃ which can be observed from the stable TCD detector signal. The physically adsorbed gas on the samples was then removed by flushing the samples with He gas till a stable TCD signal was obtained. The temperature programmed desorption was measured using a TCD detector, temperature rising to 270 ℃ at a rate of 10 ℃/min.
The NH3-TPD peak patterns were similarly for the ZIF-8 series as shown in fig. 4a. The results clearly show two peaks at about 70 and 250℃, representing the amount weak acid sites (low temperature peak) and strong acid sites (high temperature peak) , respectively. The basic properties on materials were performed by CO2-TPD, applying similar conditions as for the NH3-TPD analysis. For the CO2 desorption (CO2-TPD) two peak at about 100℃ and 270 ℃ were observed. From the peak area integration the basic values were found, displaying a similar trend as for the acid properties and thus the amount of basic sites is the highest for ZIF-8-SP >ZIF-8-MW, ZIF-8-RT > ZIF-8-SV, respectively. The result revealed the applied synthesis procedure strongly influences the surface chemistry properties of MOFs such as ZIF-8 series shown in Fig. 4b.
Fig. 4 Temperature program desorption profiles a) NH3-TPD, b) CO2-TPD. The peak integration of temperature program desorption using CO2 and NH3 as a probe gas which represent the quantity of the acid value (NH3-TPD) , base value (CO2-TPD) and defect value (CO-TPD) on ZIF-8 series which are prepared by different procedure.
Example 8 Effect of synthesis procedure for MOFs on the amount of defect structure in MOFs
Investigation of the defects in MOFs using temperature program desorption of CO as a probe gas (CO-TPD) was used in this example. The samples were pretreated at 250℃ under carrier of He gas for 1h, then cooled to 25 ℃, the adsorption temperature. The CO probe gas was introduced to the sample using a continuous flow. The probe gas was adsorbed to saturation at the adsorption temperature of 25 ℃ which was observed from the stable signal of the TCD detector. Thereafter, the physically adsorbed probe gas was removed by flushing the samples with He gas till a stable TCD signal was obtained. The temperature programmed desorption was measured with a TCD detector, temperature rising to 270 ℃ at a rate of 10 ℃/min.
The CO-TPD plots obtained from the different samples exhibited a difference in the CO desorption. The peak area showed the following trend from high to low: ZIF-8-SP > ZIF-8-MW > ZIF-8-RT > ZIF-8-SV, respectively, see fig. 5a. Integration of the peak area of the adsorbed CO gas can be related to the quantity of defect structures of which the calculated results are presented in fig. 5b.
Fig. 5 Temperature program desorption profile a) CO-TPD, b) The integration values of the peak area of temperature program desorption using CO2, NH3 and CO as probe gas representing the quantitative amounts of acid (NH3-TPD) , base (CO2-TPD) and defects (CO-TPD) on ZIF-8 series prepared by different procedure.
Example 9 Effect of synthesis procedure on the thermal stability on MOFs such as ZIF-8 series.
The thermal stabilities of the MOFs were tested by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) from room temperature up to 800℃ with heating rate 10℃/min under Ar atmosphere (20 cc/mim) . All the ZIF-8 samples were activated at 200℃ under vacuum for 3h before TGA analysis see Fig. 6.
Fig. 6 Effect of synthesis procedure on the thermal stability of ZIF-8 series.
Example 10 The Polymerization reaction using MOFs as a catalyst
L-lactide polymerization was carried out by solvent-free bulk polymerization method (results in Table 2) . Prior to use, ZIF-8 was activated at 200 ℃ for 3 h with a temperature rate 1  ℃/min under vacuum. A mixture of freshly prepared ZIF-8 (10 mg) and L-lactide (633 mg) were charged into a dry Schlenk flask in glove box. The Schlenk flask was sealed and then immersed in the oil bath at 160 ℃ for 3 h. The reaction was terminated by cooling the flask in an ice bath (0 ℃) . After cooling to ambient temperature, the crude polymer was dried in vacuo. The monomer conversion was determined by 1H-NMR spectroscopy (integration of methine resonances at δ = 5.05 ppm for the monomer vs. δ = 5.16 ppm for the polymer) . Gel Permeation Chromatography (tetrahydrofuran) was used to determine the molecular weights (Mn and Mw) of as-prepared polylactide. A dichloromethane solution of the reaction mixture was filtered to remove ZIF-8 catalyst, and the filtrate was collected and evaporated to dryness. The pure polymer was precipitated from methanol and washed repeatedly with methanol, then dried in vacuo to a constant weight.
Table 2. The summarized results ring opening polymerization of L-lactide
Figure PCTCN2016085221-appb-000009
Example 11 The Knoevenagel condensation reaction using MOFs as a catalyst
4-Bromobenzaldehyde (0.0925 g, 0.5 mmol) was dissolved in 5 mL of toluene, the ZIF-8 catalyst series (9.2 mg, 0.04 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred for 5 min. Malononitrile was then injected (0.189 mL, 3 mmol) and the reaction was conducted with glove box of Ar gas the mixture for 5 h at room temperature. After centrifugation and concentration of the toluene phase, the crude reaction mixtures were analyzed by 1H NMR. (500 MHz, CDCl3) to determine the yield-%, see Fig. 7.
Fig. 7 The catalytic activity of MOFs (ZIF-8) obtained via different synthesis procedure; The Knoevenagel condensation reaction, condensation was conducted for 0.5 and 2 h at room temperature and yields of 2- (4-bromobenzylidene) malononitril. (Synthesis procedure: SV = Solvothermal or conventional, RT = Room temperature, SP = Spray drying, MW = Microwave) .

Claims (32)

  1. An imperfect metal organic frameworks (iMOFs) material containing defect structures (defects) .
  2. The iMOFs material according to claim 1, wherein the imperfect metal organic frameworks are ideal MOFs containing defect structures which are selected from uncoordinated metal sites and/or from acidic defects and basic defects wherein,
    acidic defects are identical or different and selected from Lewis acids and
    Figure PCTCN2016085221-appb-100001
    acids
    basic defects are identical or different and selected from Lewis bases and
    Figure PCTCN2016085221-appb-100002
    bases.
  3. The iMOFs material according to claim 1 and 2, wherein the iMOFs structure consist of an un-perfect structure in which metals or metal clusters and/or ligand linkers are missing which represent the defects in the frameworks of these materials.
  4. The iMOFs material according to claim 1 and 2, wherein the iMOF material is constructed from at least one metal ion, metal oxide, metal cluster or metal oxide cluster building unit and at least one or more organic species as a ligand (L) for bridging metals or cluster nodes forming the framework structure.
  5. The iMOFs material according to claim 4, wherein the metal ion, metal oxide, metal cluster or metal oxide cluster building unit is selected from the group consisting of a transition metal, post-transition metals, alkaline metal, alkaline metal earth, lanthanide and actinide or mixtures thereof.
  6. The iMOFs material according to claim 5, wherein the transition metal can be selected from the group Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Tc, Re, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, lr, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, Hg and mixtures thereof.
  7. The iMOFs material according to claim 5, wherein the post-transition metals can be selected from the group Al, Ga, In, Tl, Ge, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Po and mixtures thereof.
  8. The iMOFs material according to claim 5, wherein the alkaline metals can be selected from the group Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr and mixtures thereof.
  9. The iMOFs material according to claim 5, wherein the alkaline earth metals can be selected from the group Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra and mixtures thereof.
  10. The iMOFs material according to claim 5, wherein the lanthanide and actinide can be selected from the group La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Ac, Th, Pa, U and mixtures thereof.
  11. The iMOFs material according to claim 5, wherein the metal ion, metal oxide, metal cluster or metal oxide cluster are selected from the corresponding metal salts (nitrate, acetate, chloride, oxide, sulphide) , from their complexes and from mixtures thereof.
  12. The iMOFs material according to claim 1-4, wherein the materials are constructed by coordination of at least one or more organic species as a ligand (L) for bridging metals or cluster nodes forming the framework structure wherein L is a mono-, bi-, tri-, tetra-dentate organic ligand or molecule containing carboxylate-, amine-, nitro-, phosphonate-, azide-, cyanide-, squaryl-, imidazole-groups or heteroatoms, and mixtures thereof.
  13. The iMOFs material according to claim 12, wherein the materials are constructed from at least one organic ligand wherein the organic species (L) is oxalic acid, ethyloxalic acid, fumaric acid, 1, 3, 5-bezene tribenzoic acid (BTB) , benzene tribiphenylcarboxylic acid (BBC) , 1, 4-benzene dicarboxylic acid (BDC) , 2-amino-1, 4-benzene dicarboxylic acid (NH2-BDC) , 4, 4'-dicarboxylic acid, cyclobutyl-1, 4-benzene dicarboxylic acid, benzene tricarboxylic acid, 2, 6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid (NDC) , 1, 1'-biphenyl-4, 4'-dicarboxylic acid (BPDC) , 2, 2'-bipyridyl-5, 5'-dicarboxylic acid, adamantine tetracarboxylic acid (ATC) , biphenyltetracarboxylic acid (BPTC) , tetrahydropyrene-2, 7-dicarboxylic acid (HPDC) , dihdroxyterephthalic acid (DHBC) , pyrene-2, 7-dicarboxylic acid (PDC) , pyrazine dicarboxylic acid, tetratopic-, 3, 6, 8- (p-benzoate) pyrene (TBAPy) , tetracarboxylic acid phenyl porphyrine (TCPP) , octacarboxylic acid phenyl porphyrine (OCPP) , acetylene dicarboxylic acid (ADC) , imidazole, 2-methylimidazolate, 1, 4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octane (DABCO) and derivatives and substituted derivates thereof.
  14. The iMOFs material according to claim 1-13, wherein the iMOFs are constructed using a ligand mixture and/or a metal mixture.
  15. The method for synthesizing the iMOFs material according to any one of claims 1-14, wherein the different synthetic processes are used to provide a variation in the number of defects in these iMOFs, wherein the processes can be selected from solvothermal process, room temperature process, microwave assisted process, spray dry process, electrochemical process, sonochemical and mechanochemical process.
  16. The method for synthesizing the iMOFs material according to claim 15, wherein the solvothermal process is applied succeeding the subsequent steps: firstly, dissolving the metal precursor and ligand in a single solvent or solvent mixture; secondly, transferring the obtained solution in to Teflon-lined stainless-steel autoclave followed by heating using an oven with heating program; thirdly, the obtained solid product is separated from the mother liquor, washed and immersed in appropriate solvent; fourthly, the obtained iMOFs are dried at room temperature under vacuum and stored in a vacuum desiccator for further use.
  17. The method for synthesizing the iMOFs material according to claim 16, wherein the heating program temperature is between 60-250 ℃, and the time between 1-7 days under autogenic pressure.
  18. The method for synthesizing the iMOFs material according to claim 15, wherein the microwave process is applied succeeding the subsequent steps: firstly, dissolving the metal precursor and ligand in a single solvent or solvent mixture; secondly, transferring the obtained solution in to Teflon-lined stainless-steel autoclave followed by heating using a microwave; thirdly, the obtained solid product is separated from the mother liquor, washed and immersed in appropriate solvent; fourthly, the obtained iMOFs are dried at room temperature under vacuum and stored in a vacuum desiccator for further use.
  19. The method for synthesizing the iMOFs material according to claim 18, wherein the heating program temperature is between 60-250 ℃, and the time between 1-360 minutes using a microwave power between 100-1600 W.
  20. The method for synthesizing the iMOFs material according to claim 15, wherein the spray drying process is applied succeeding the subsequent steps: firstly, dissolving the metal precursor and ligand in a single solvent or solvent mixture; secondly, using the obtained mixture as the feed for the spray-dry machine under spray-dry conditions (spray nozzle, feed rate, flow rate and in-and outlet temperature) ; thirdly, the obtained solid product is separated  from the mother liquor, washed with appropriate solvent; fourthly, the obtained iMOFs are dried at room temperature under vacuum and stored in a vacuum desiccator for further use.
  21. The method for synthesizing the iMOFs material according to claim 20, wherein the inlet temperature is between 100-250 ℃ and outlet temperature between 100-200 ℃, the feed solution containing both at least one metal precursor and at least one organic ligand (L) is sprayed into the spray dryer resulting in dried metal organic frameworks in a single step.
  22. The method for synthesizing the iMOFs material according to claim 20, wherein the inlet temperature is between 100-250 ℃ and outlet temperature between 100-200 ℃, the feed solution exist of two liquid solutions, one containing at least one metal ion and another containing at least one organic ligand (L) are simultaneously sprayed using a double-inlet spray nozzle into the spray dryer resulting in dried metal organic frameworks in a single step.
  23. The method for synthesizing the iMOFs material according to claim 15, wherein the room temperature process is applied succeeding the subsequent steps: firstly, dissolving the metal precursor and ligand in a single solvent or solvent mixture; secondly, vigorous stirring of the solution for the synthesis time at room temperature; thirdly, the obtained solid product is separated from the mother liquor, washed and immersed in appropriate solvent; fourthly, the obtained iMOFs are dried at room temperature under vacuum and stored in a vacuum desiccator for further use.
  24. The method for synthesizing the iMOFs material according to claim 23, wherein the comprising adding together an metal precursor solution and ligand solution at ambient temperature conditions under vigorous mixing during a time period of 1 to 48 h under on ambient air or inert atmosphere.
  25. The method for synthesizing the iMOFs material according to claim 15, wherein the mechanochemical process is applied the contact between the contact between metal precursor and ligand is carried out using a mechanical process selected from mixing, stirring, milling, grinding, intensive mixing, speed-mixing, jet-milling, extrusion and kneading. A product synthesis succeeding the subsequent steps: firstly, the metal precursor and ligand are mixed without solvent and transferred to the reactor for periods of synthesis time; secondly, the obtained iMOFs are collected at room temperature and stored in a vacuum desiccator for further use.
  26. The method for synthesizing the iMOFs material according to claim 25, wherein the comprising bringing together a metal precursor and ligand precursor at ambient temperature under solvent free conditions and mixing during a time period of 10-600 min under ambient air or inert atmosphere.
  27. A use of the iMOFs material according to claims 1 and 2 in catalysis, adsorption and separation applications.
  28. The use of the iMOFs material according to claims 27, wherein the material is applicable as heterogeneous catalysts suitable for but not limited to petrochemical reactions and organic reactions.
  29. The use of the iMOFs material according to claims 27, wherein the material is applicable as adsorbents suitable for but not limited to adsorption of gases, liquids (solvents) , molecules and ions.
  30. The use of the iMOFs material according to claims 27, wherein the material is suitable for but not limited to the separation of single and multiple phase of liquids, gases, molecules and ions.
  31. The application of materials according to claims 1 and 2, in composites with textile, cellulose and derivatives thereof, polymers, resins, inorganic materials based on silica, alumina, titanium, zirconia, zeolites, carbon nano tubes, and future materials supported.
  32. The method for disclosing the iMOFs according to claim 1 and 2, wherein the defects can be qualitatively and quantitatively determined using adsorption/desorption techniques in combination with probe molecules suitable for the different defects and are selected from NH3, pyridine, substituted pyridines CO2, CO and H2.
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