WO2017206965A1 - 一种四极杆质量分析器的分析方法 - Google Patents

一种四极杆质量分析器的分析方法 Download PDF

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WO2017206965A1
WO2017206965A1 PCT/CN2017/090104 CN2017090104W WO2017206965A1 WO 2017206965 A1 WO2017206965 A1 WO 2017206965A1 CN 2017090104 W CN2017090104 W CN 2017090104W WO 2017206965 A1 WO2017206965 A1 WO 2017206965A1
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quadrupole
voltage
mass
excitation
frequency
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丁传凡
米哈伊⋅苏达科夫
许崇晟
徐福兴
丁航宇
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Fudan University
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01JELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J49/00Particle spectrometers or separator tubes
    • H01J49/26Mass spectrometers or separator tubes
    • H01J49/34Dynamic spectrometers
    • H01J49/42Stability-of-path spectrometers, e.g. monopole, quadrupole, multipole, farvitrons
    • H01J49/4205Device types
    • H01J49/421Mass filters, i.e. deviating unwanted ions without trapping
    • H01J49/4215Quadrupole mass filters
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01JELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J49/00Particle spectrometers or separator tubes
    • H01J49/26Mass spectrometers or separator tubes
    • H01J49/34Dynamic spectrometers
    • H01J49/42Stability-of-path spectrometers, e.g. monopole, quadrupole, multipole, farvitrons

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  • the invention belongs to the technical field of mass analysis, and particularly relates to a method for analyzing a quadrupole mass analyzer, which achieves higher quadrupole mass spectrometry mass resolution by using a new operating voltage applied to a quadrupole.
  • V(t) +(U+VCos ⁇ t)
  • the radio frequency (RF) voltage is connected to one of the electrodes, and the output is:
  • the radio frequency (RF) voltage is connected to another pair of electrodes, where U represents a DC voltage, V represents an AC voltage, and ⁇ is the angular frequency of the RF power source.
  • the quadrupole and the operating power source used should be such that the electric field generated by the central region of the quadrupole is as close as possible to the pure quadrupole electric field distribution, as shown in the following equation:
  • r 0 is the minimum distance from the surface of the quadrupole to the central axis of symmetry, also known as the electric field radius of the quadrupole electrode system.
  • the ion beam enters the quadrupole electrode along the central axis of the quadrupole system. Since the spatial electric field distribution described by equation (1) is independent of the axial direction z of the ion motion, the ions move in the axial direction after entering the quadrupole electrode system, and the ions are in the other two directions, ie The motion in both the x and y directions is determined by Newton's law. By solving the Newton's equation of motion, the Mathuw equation, two important parameters can be obtained as follows:
  • M and e represent the ion mass number and charge, respectively.
  • the stable motion of ions in a quadrupole system means that the radius of motion of the ions is smaller than the field radius (r 0 ) of the quadrupole electrode system, ie the movement of ions in the entire quadrupole electrode system does not cause them to hit four. The pole disappeared.
  • the stability or instability of ions in a quadrupole field can be represented in a two-dimensional "stability map" with coordinates a and q.
  • the stable motion of ions means that the movement of ions in both the X and Y directions is stable. Mathematically, ions can have many stable regions, and the most commonly used stable region is the first stable region, as shown in Figure 2.
  • the quadrupole mass analyzer performs mass analysis, it is necessary to sweep the scan line at a position slightly below the apex (as shown in Figure 2). In this case, only ions in a very low mass range, for example from M low to M high , correspond to q values corresponding to regions that are stable in both the X and Y directions.
  • the working process of the quadrupole mass analyzer includes the following steps:
  • the quality resolution capability can also be obtained directly from q according to formula (2), ie
  • C is a constant related to the calculation of mass resolution at a peak height of a mass spectrum, for example, when mass resolution is measured at a peak height of 10%, C ⁇ 20.
  • Equation (5) gives the mass resolution that can be obtained under normal operation of the quadrupole.
  • the maximum mass resolution that can be obtained with ions running at 100 RF cycles is around 500.
  • the first method is to lengthen the quadrupole, but this method is limited by electrode processing accuracy and assembly accuracy in actual production.
  • the four-stage poles with electric field radius ranging from 4mm to 6mm are generally 150mm-300mm in length.
  • the second method is to reduce the radial velocity of the ion beam.
  • many ions have a divergence of energy of several eVs, it becomes difficult to reduce the radial velocity of the ion beam to below 10 eV. For example, ions with a mass of 609 move in a quadrupole.
  • the radio frequency (RF) voltage is 1 MHz
  • the ion beam energy is 12 eV
  • the ions will run for 100 RF cycles.
  • the maximum mass resolution that can be obtained is 500.
  • the analysis method of the quadrupole mass analyzer is to load a certain working voltage on the quadrupole to achieve higher quadrupole mass spectrometry mass resolution.
  • the invention optimizes the stability diagram of the quadrupole system by loading the working voltage on the quadrupole, facilitating the passage of ions and blocking excess unwanted ions, thereby improving the mass resolution while maintaining the ion transport efficiency.
  • nonlinear field distortion can degrade the performance of the quadrupole, and the present invention can block unwanted ions more quickly and mitigate the effects of field distortion.
  • the present invention uses electronics to eliminate the need for complex high precision machining and assembly.
  • the analysis method of the quadrupole mass analyzer provided by the present invention, wherein the structure of the quadrupole mass analyzer comprises:
  • a first AC alternating current power supply for providing an RF voltage between two pairs of electrode poles having an amplitude of V and a frequency of ⁇ ;
  • a second AC power source for providing a first AC excitation voltage between the two pairs of electrode poles.
  • the voltage amplitude is less than V, denoted as V ex1
  • the frequency is different from ⁇ . Recorded as ⁇ ex1 ;
  • a third AC power source for providing a second AC excitation voltage between the two pairs of electrode poles, which is different from the first and second AC power sources, the voltage amplitude of which is less than V, denoted as V ex2 , the frequency and the ⁇ Not the same, recorded as ⁇ ex2 ;
  • the two AC excitation voltages cause the stability map to change, correspondingly creating an unstable band near the apex of the stable region.
  • the stable region is split into a narrow and long stable band which is almost perpendicular to the scanning line, so that the appropriate ion filtration conditions can be determined according to the speed of mass selection. Therefore, the resolution is greatly improved without losing the ion passage efficiency.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic diagram showing the structure of a quadrupole electrode system and its power connection.
  • Figure 2 is a schematic view of the first stable zone.
  • Figure 3 is a stable island (gray) affected by a single AC excitation voltage with a frequency of 0.95.
  • the main stable islands are labeled A, B and C.
  • Figure 4 is a stability diagram near the apex when the AC excitation frequency is 0.05 and 0.95.
  • Figure A shows that the two AC excitation voltages are in phase.
  • Figure B shows the inversion of the two AC excitation voltages.
  • Fig. 6 shows the difference in peak shape in the case of different ion beam energies and scanning X-bands.
  • Figure 7 shows the relationship between mass resolution and the square of the period of periodic motion in two modes.
  • Figure 8 is an illustration of the DC delay technique. On the left is the normal quadrupole and on the right is the quadrupole with the pre-bar.
  • the upper diagram is a schematic diagram of entering the quadrupole, and the middle plot is a variation of the high order fields a and q along the z-axis of the quadrupole.
  • the bottom plot is the steady plot change indicated by the arrow under the same parameters. The figure assumes that the parameters in the quadrupole with the pre-rod are consistent.
  • Figure 3 is a stable island (gray) affected by a single AC excitation voltage with a frequency of 0.95.
  • the main stable islands are labeled A, B and C.
  • V(t) U+VCos ⁇ t+V ex1 Cos( ⁇ ex1 t+ ⁇ 1 )+V ex2 Cos( ⁇ ex2 t+ ⁇ 2 ).
  • is the RF frequency
  • ⁇ ex1 and ⁇ ex2 are the frequencies of the two AC excitation voltages
  • ⁇ ex1 ⁇ ex2 is defined.
  • V ex1 and V ex2 are amplitudes of the first AC excitation voltage and the second AC excitation voltage, respectively, and ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 are their initial phases, respectively.
  • the first stable zone boundary is X and The ion motion is formed in the direction of Y. Under the influence of the AC excitation voltage, the unstable band is formed near the boundary, and as a result, the stable map is split into "stability islands".
  • Figure 4 is a stability diagram near the apex when the AC excitation frequency is 0.05 and 0.95.
  • the stable motion region is indicated by gray
  • the thick black line indicates the boundary of the original stable region
  • A indicates that the two AC excitation voltages are in phase
  • B indicates that the two AC excitation voltages are in phase.
  • a stable map containing motion in both X and Y directions is indicated by a gray area.
  • Fig. 4(a) shows the case where the boundary splits when the motion in the Y direction is not affected. It can be seen from the figure that a long and narrow stable zone appears on the right side of the original stable zone, which we call "X-band".
  • the AC excitation voltage frequency is the same as that of Fig. 4(a), but the phases are opposite (q ex2 is a negative value).
  • the X-direction motion is not affected, and a long and narrow stable belt appears on the left side of the original stable zone, which we call "Y-band".
  • Y-band As can be seen from the scan line in the figure, the X band is better than the Y band.
  • the scan line passes through the stabilizing strip almost vertically, so small deviations due to instability of the RF/DC power supply can cause changes in ion stability.
  • Another reason is attributed to the relative position of the scan line to the stabilizing band, which makes the unstable movement of the excess ions aggravate along the scan line, and the ion separation effect is better.
  • Figure 4 shows the stable band when q ex1 and q ex2 of the excitation voltage are at a specific frequency, and correspondingly, when the q ex2 /q ex1 ratio is constant (the ratio in Figure 4(a) is 2.94), Similar results. As the excitation voltage increases, the X-band becomes narrower and shifts to a higher q value. Next, the change of the X-band in the case where the value of q ex1 is changed and q ex2 remains unchanged will be discussed.
  • the periodic function in equation (5) has a common period of ⁇ P, and the equation can be transformed into a Hill equation (ie, a second-order linear differential equation with periodic coefficients).
  • the matrix method can be applied (eg [Konenkov, NV; Sudakov, MY; Douglas, DJ Matrix Methods for the Calculation of Stability Diagrams in Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. / / J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.
  • the present invention can also generate an X-band by offsetting the unstable motion in the Y direction by selecting other excitation frequencies.
  • q ex2 /q ex1 3.12
  • Table 1 shows other examples and related ratios. As described above, when q ex2 /q ex1 is sufficiently small, these ratios are independent of v.
  • the slope of the scan line is fixed, and in the absence of the AC excitation voltage, the ions do not have a stable trajectory.
  • the 609Da ion can obtain 10,000 masses. Resolve.
  • the quadrupole is operated by scanning RF and DC voltages. From the RF voltage, the nominal mass of the ions can be obtained. Therefore, compared with the real experiment, the peaks of the low mass and high quality numbers in this simulation will appear.
  • the mass resolution is 11000, which is better than the theoretical value due to the improvement of the tailing phenomenon.
  • the unstable motion of the unstable moving ions near the X-band of the boundary of the stable zone is higher than that of the conventional mode, and disappears faster when it hits the quadrupole.
  • the frequency v is low
  • the effective value after expanding 400 times at this time is 2.72, which also corresponds to the region where the q value is high in the Matthew equation. Therefore, the degree of unstable ion motion is more severe, and ions can be separated by only a few RF cycles [Wci Chen, BA Collings, and DJ Douglas, High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry with a Quadrupolc Operated in thc Fourth Stability Region, //Anal.Chem .2000, 72, 540-545]. In the simulation, the unstable ions hit the quadrupole at only 100RF cycles and disappeared, achieving higher resolution. Therefore, the X band is similar to the region where the q value is high when the frequency v is low.
  • the high-order field occupies 5% of the entire length, that is, for ions with a motion time of 100 RF cycles, they will experience 5 cycles in a high-order field. Caused the loss of ions.
  • the same motion time is resolved by only 500.
  • the X-band is scanned, high-quality resolution is obtained even during the exercise time of 100 RF cycles. Since the change is only made at the apex of the stable zone, as in the conventional mode, the ion transport of this method is also lost.
  • Figure 8 Description of the DC delay technique. On the left is the normal quadrupole and on the right is the quadrupole with the pre-bar.
  • the upper diagram is a schematic diagram of entering the quadrupole, and the middle plot is a variation of the high order fields a and q along the z-axis of the quadrupole.
  • the bottom plot is the steady plot change indicated by the arrow under the same parameters. The figure assumes that the parameters in the quadrupole with the pre-rod are consistent.
  • the high-order field of the pre-rod RF electric field is gradually increased from 0, and the ion undergoes an electric field containing a DC component only after entering the main quadrupole. Therefore, the parameters a and q will remain stable in the first segment, minimizing ion dispersion in the high-order field.
  • Shown in Figure 8 is the DC delay technique. Unlike the conventional method of scanning a stable region with a high q value, the X-band is more advantageous because the ions are still in the stable region. The ions pass through a very narrow, unstable band only when they are very close to the apex. This occurs at the end of the high-order field and takes a very short time to produce no severe ion beam dispersion.
  • Another significant advantage of scanning the X-band for ion separation is that the ions only change in the X direction.
  • the movement in the Y direction along the scanning line ions remains stable.
  • the scan line sweeps across the apex of the stable region, and the low-mass side has a high q value, which causes unstable motion in the X direction.
  • the high-quality side produces unstable motion in the Y direction.
  • the sensitivity of the quadrupole is that the movement of ions in any direction of X or Y is less than r. 0 ⁇ 2 .
  • this is also related to the ion separation of Stable Island A.
  • the ion transport loss is too much, so the conventional mode is limited in practical applications.
  • the X-band limitation is only in one direction of X, while the Y-direction motion remains stable.
  • the mass of the quadrupole can be resolved more than 10,000, and there is no significant ion transmission loss for the following reasons:
  • q ex2 /q ex1 is the amplitude ratio of two AC AC power sources. As shown in Table 2, the value is 3.12. If we choose q ex1 to be 0.001, q ex2 is 0.00312. At this time, the unstable motion in the Y direction is cancelled, and the X band is generated; if q ex1 is 0.003, q ex2 is 0.00936 at this time, and the unstable motion in the Y direction is also cancelled, and the X band is generated. However, when q ex1 is 0.003, the X band will become narrower due to the higher amplitude, and move to a higher value of the stable graph q.
  • Table 2 shows the simulation of the quadrupole in the scanning X-band and normal mode, respectively. All amplitudes are zero peaks.
  • DC RF AC-1 AC-2 Frequency, KHz 0 1000 50 950 Regular mode 184.531V 1099.507V 0 0 Scanning X band 184.554V 1099.507V 10.590V 31.135V

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Abstract

一种关于四极质量分析器的分析方法,其属于质量分析领域。该方法使用加载在四极杆上的工作电压技术实现更高的四极质谱质量分辨能力,即除了传统四级杆上的DC直流电压和RF射频电压外,四极杆上还施加了两个AC激发电压,相应地在稳定区的顶点附近产生了不稳定带,继而有效地优化了峰形,提高了质量分辨和测量的可靠性。通过扫描稳定带,可以使得四级杆的质量分辨超过10000,而且没有显著的离子传输损失。

Description

一种四极杆质量分析器的分析方法 [技术领域]
本发明属于质量分析技术领域,具体涉及一种四极质量分析器的分析方法,它通过使用新的加载在四极杆上的工作电压实现更高的四极质谱质量分辨能力。
[背景技术]
用四极杆电极系统构建四极质量分析器,是上世纪中叶由Paul等人发明的一项很成熟的技术,例如,在美国专利U.S.Pat.No.2,939,952中,发明人给出了使用平行于一个中心轴固定的四根电极杆,将其中相对称的二个电极杆分别连接在一起,将输出为:
V(t)=+(U+VCosΩt)
的射频(RF)电压连接到其中的一对电极上,而将输出为:
-V(t)=-(U+VCosΩt)
的射频(RF)电压连接到其中的另外一对电极上,此处U代表直流电压,V代表交流电压,Ω为RF电源的角频率。
根据这个发明,四极杆及其所使用的工作电源应该使得四极杆中心区域所产生的电场尽量接近于纯的四极电场分布,如下式所示:
Figure PCTCN2017090104-appb-000001
这里r0为四极杆表面到中心对称轴的最小距离,也称之为四极杆电极系统的电场半径。
四极杆电极系统的结构及其电源连接方式示意图如图1所示。
在四极质量分析器中,离子束是沿着四极杆系统的中心轴方向进入四极杆电极中的。由于方程(1)所描述的空间电场分布与离子运动的轴线方向z无关,故离子在进入四极杆电极系统后,它们在轴线方向上的速度不变,而离子在其它二个方向,即x和y二个方向上的运动由牛顿定律决定。通过求解离子的牛顿运动方程-马修(Mathiuw)方程,可以得到二个重要的参数如下:
Figure PCTCN2017090104-appb-000002
Figure PCTCN2017090104-appb-000003
此处M和e分别表示离子质量数和电荷。
马修方程描述了离子在四极电场的复杂运动轨迹,离子的这些运动轨迹又可分为稳定和不稳定的二种。离子在四极杆系统中的稳定运动是指离子的运动范围半径小于四极杆电极系统的场半径(r0),即离子在整个四极电极系统中的运动都不会导致它们碰到四极杆上而消失。离子在四极场中的稳定或不稳定可以 在以a、q为坐标的二维“稳定图”中表示出来。离子的稳定运动是指离子在X和Y方向上的运动都稳定。数学上,离子可以有很多个稳定区域,最常用的稳定区为第一稳定区,如图2所示。
方程(2)给出了对应于不同质荷比的离子的a、q的同一条扫描线a=2λq,其中λ=U/V与离子质量无关。较小质量的离子具有较大的q值,而同时较大离子则位于扫描线靠近原点的一侧。
具有理想四极电场分布的四极杆系统的第一稳定区的顶点坐标位于a1=0.236994和q1=0.705996处。当四极杆质量分析器进行质量分析时,需要使得扫描线以略低于顶点的位置扫过(如图2所示)。在此情况下,只有很低质量范围内的离子,例如从Mlow到Mhigh,它们所对应的q值对应于X和Y方向上都稳定的区域。
四极质量分析器的工作过程包括以下步骤:
(1)让离子源产生的离子由沿着四极杆的轴向进入四极杆质量分析系统;
(2)加载具有交流V和直流U成分的射频RF电源至四极杆电极上;
(3)保持直流U和交流V的比值略低于λ1=a1/2q1=0.167852;
(4)逐渐升高U和V的值并保持其比值不变,测定通过四极杆电极系统的离子。
记录离子信号强度与对应的RF电压V的关系,根据下列公式(3),即可得到所需要的质谱图:
Figure PCTCN2017090104-appb-000004
理论上,质量分辨能力也可以根据公式(2)由q直接得到,即
R=q1/Δq,(4)
此处,Δq=qmax-qmin表示扫描线与稳定区两个交点之间的距离。
实际上,理论分辨能力只有当离子在四极杆电极系统中运行了足够长的时间才是正确的。
实验结果表明,[参考:Dawson P.H.Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry and its Applications.American Institute of Physics,Woodbury,NewYork,1995]由于离子在四极杆电极系统中的运动时间总是有限的,假如用离子在四极杆电极系统中的周期运动的周期数n来表示,则获得的最大质量分辨能力为:
Figure PCTCN2017090104-appb-000005
此处,C为与在某质谱峰高处计算质量分辨能力有关的常数,例如,当在10%峰高处测量质量分辨时,C≈20。
方程(5)给出了四极杆正常运行情况下所能获得的质量分辨能力。例如,离子运行100RF周期情况下所能获得的最大质量分辨为500左右。
提升离子在四极杆中运动时间的方法有很多。第一种方法是把四极杆拉长,但是这种方法在实际生产中会受到电极加工精度和组装精度的限制。目前,电场半径范围在4mm-6mm的四级杆,长度一般为150mm-300mm。第二种方法是减小离子束的径向速度,然而,由于许多离子都带有几个eV的能量发散,因此将离子束的径向速度减到10eV以下就变得比较困难。比如,质量数为609的离子在四级杆中运动,当四极杆长度为200mm,射频(RF)电压频率为1MHz,离子束能量为12eV时,离子将运行100RF周期,而此情况下我们所能获得的最大质量分辨为500。第三种方法,需要增大RF频率以提高离子运动周期。这个方法在实际应用中也有限制。根据方程(2),将RF频率增大2倍就要将RF电压提高到原来的4倍,这样才能保证相同质量数的离子都位于稳定区的顶点,因此质量范围就会受到最大电压的限制。此外,即使提升了离子在四极杆中的运动时间,但离子在高阶场中的运动时间也随之增加。在四极杆的两端,电场与方程(1)中的电场差别很大,会导致离子束分散和离子传输的损失。综上可知,很难找到在提高质量分辨力的同时又不牺牲离子传输效率的方法。
[发明内容]
本发明的目的在于提供一种既能确保离子传输效率,又能提高质量分辨能力的四极杆质量分析器的分析方法。
本发明提供的四极杆质量分析器的分析方法,是在四极杆上加载一定的工作电压,实现更高的四极质谱质量分辨能力。本发明通过在四极杆上加载工作电压,对四极杆系统的稳定图进行了优化,便于离子通过,并阻挡多余不需要的离子,从而在保持离子传输效率的情况下是升质量分辨能力。通常来说,非线性场畸变会使四极杆的工作性能降低,而本发明能够更快速地阻挡不需要的离子,减轻场畸变带来的影响。本发明使用电子学手段,无需进行复杂的高精度机械加工和装配。
本发明提供的四极杆质量分析器的分析方法,其中,四极杆质量分析器的结构包括:
(1)第一对电极杆子,沿中心轴放置在第一个平面内;
(2)第二对电极杆子,沿中心轴放置在第二个平面内,并与第一个平面垂直;
(3)一个DC直流电源,用于提供两对电极杆子之间的电势差U;
(4)三个AC交流电源,其中:
第一AC交流电源,用于提供两对电极杆子之间的RF电压,其幅值为V,频率为Ω;
第二AC交流电源,用于提供两对电极杆子之间的第一AC激发电压,它与第一AC交流电源不同,其电压幅值小于V,记为Vex1,频率与Ω也不一样,记为ωex1
第三AC交流电源,用于提供两对电极杆子之间的第二AC激发电压,它与第一和第二AC交流电源不同,其电压幅值小于V,记为Vex2,频率与Ω也不一样,记为ωex2
进行质量分析的操作步骤如下:
(1)导引离子束沿中心轴进入四极杆系统;
(2)打开第一AC交流电源,即施加幅值为V、频率为Ω的交流电压;打开DC直流电源,在两对电极杆子之间提供电势差U;
(3)保持U/V在λ1=a1/2q1=0.167-0.168之间;a1和q1分别为四级杆系统第一稳定区的顶点坐标;
(4)打开第二AC交流电源和第三AC交流电源,即分别在两对电极杆子之间施加幅值为Vex1和Vex2、频率为ωex1和ωex2的交流电压;
(5)保持RF幅值比,保持第一AC激发电压和第二AC激发电压处于特定的比例(见表1中qex2/qex1的数值),使得两个AC激发电压之间相位相干;
(6)增加以上三个AC交流电源电压,即从低电压到高电压线性扫描,收集离子信号。
两个AC激发电压(具有合适的激发频率和幅值)会使稳定图发生变化,相应地在稳定区的顶点附近产生了不稳定带。这时稳定区会分裂成一条窄长的稳定带,它几乎与扫描线相垂直,于是,可以根据质量选择的速度来确定合适的离子滤过条件。因此,在不损失离子通过效率的前提下,分辨力得到了大幅提高。
[附图说明]
图1为四极杆电极系统的结构及其电源连接方式示意图。
图2为第一稳定区示意图。
图3为受到频率为0.95的单一AC激发电压影响的稳定岛(灰色)。主要的稳定岛标记为A,B和C。粗实线标出了第一稳定区的边界,扫描线(细实线)斜率为λ=0.168。
图4为当AC激发频率为0.05和0.95时顶点附近的稳定图,稳定运动区域用灰色表示,粗黑线表示原稳定区的边界,扫描线穿过稳定区顶点:λ=a1/2q1=0.167852。A图表示两个AC激发电压同相。B图表示两个AC激发电压反相。
图5为理论质量分辨相对于第一AC激发频率的关系图,扫描X带,频率为v=0.05。不同的曲线在表1中也有表示。此时第二AC激发频率设为固定值。
图6为在不同的离子束能量、扫描X带的情况下,峰形不同。
图7为两种模式下,质量分辨与周期运动周期数平方的关系。
图8为DC延迟技术的说明。左边是正常的四级杆,右边是含有预杆的四级杆。上部图是进入四级杆的示意图,中间图是沿四级杆z轴经过高阶场a和q的变化。底部图是在相同参数下,通过箭头表示的稳定图变化。图中假定含预杆的四级杆中参数保持一致。
[具体实施方式]
下面通过对比和模拟,并结合附图,进一步说明本发明方法。
在质量滤过阶段使用附加激发电压是很普遍的行为。例如,美国专利U.S.Pat.No.5,227,629(K.Miseki)描述了一种四极杆,除了正常的DC和RF电压外,四极杆上还施加了一个很小的AC电压VexCosωext(AC激发电压)。与RF频率为Ω不同,AC激发电压频率为ωex,相应地在稳定区的顶点附近产生了不稳定带,继而有效地优化了峰形,提高了质量分辨和测量的可靠性。附加激发电压的问题,已经在理论和实验中详细研究过了[Konenkov N.V,Cousins L.M.,Baranov V.I.,Sudakov M.Yu.,Quadrupole mass filter operation with auxiliary quadrupolar excitation:theory and experiment//Int.J.Mass Spectrom.,2001,v.208,p.17-27]。文中显示,AC激发电压会使第一稳定区分裂成数个稳定岛,如图3所示。实验表明,由于多余离子的快速消失,可以使在稳定岛中扫描的灵敏度提升两个量级。从图中可以看出,由于只有一个变量影响(变量只在X方向,Y方向的运动在稳定岛两侧保持稳定),稳定岛C中可以获得最好的离子分离效果。但是使用单一AC激发电压的弊端在于,扫描线穿过稳定岛C时,也穿过了稳定岛B。本发明使用两个AC激发电压,克服了这个问题。
图3为受到频率为0.95的单一AC激发电压影响的稳定岛(灰色)。主要的稳定岛标记为A、B和C。粗实线标出了第一稳定区的边界,扫描线(细实线)斜率为λ=0.168。
根据传统方法,含DC、RF和两个AC激发电压的方程符合:
V(t)=U+VCosΩt+Vex1Cos(ωex1t+α1)+Vex2Cos(ωex2t+α2)。
这里,Ω是RF频率,ωex1和ωex2是两个AC激发电压的频率,并且定义ωex1<ωex2。Vex1和Vex2分别是第一AC激发电压和第二AC激发电压的幅值,α1和α2分别是其初始相位。考虑到无穷小时间变量ξ=Ωt/2,离子在四级杆中的横向运动方程为:
Figure PCTCN2017090104-appb-000006
Figure PCTCN2017090104-appb-000007
在这里,可以得到参数:
Figure PCTCN2017090104-appb-000008
即便是很小的AC激发电压都会使得稳定图发生很大变化。图2中可以看到,第一稳定区边界由X和 Y的方向上离子运动构成。在AC激发电压影响下,不稳定带在边界附近形成,结果就是稳定图分裂成“稳定岛”。
图4为当AC激发频率为0.05和0.95时顶点附近的稳定图,稳定运动区域用灰色表示,粗黑线表示原稳定区的边界,扫描线穿过稳定区顶点:λ=a1/2q1=0.167852。其中,A表示两个AC激发电压同相,B表示两个AC激发电压反相。
两个AC激发电压的应用展示出了新的性能。选择合适的激发频率ωex1、ωex2(如表1)和幅值Vex1、Vex2,在X或Y方向上的不稳定运动区域得到抵消,相应的稳定区的边界没有变化,而其他部分发生分裂,在稳定区上方也出现了长条状的稳定带。这些现象在图4(a)和4(b)中已用计算阐述。稳定图中靠近顶点的一小块区域用含a和q两个参数的坐标标示出来。在两个AC激发电压存在的情况下(频率为v1=0.05,v2=0.95),含X和Y两个方向运动的稳定图用灰色区域标示。为简便运算,两个AC激发电压初始相位都设为0,即α1=α2=0。图4(a)显示了当Y方向运动不受影响时,边界分裂的情况。从图中可以看出,一条长窄的稳定带在原稳定区右侧出现,我们称之为“X带”。图4(b)中,AC激发电压频率与图4(a)相同,但是相位相反(qex2为负值)。此时X方向运动不受影响,一条长窄的稳定带在原稳定区左侧出现,我们称之为“Y带”。从图中扫描线可以看出,X带要优于Y带。一个原因是,扫描线几乎垂直穿过稳定带,因此由于RF/DC电源不稳定导致的微小偏差会使离子稳定性发生改变。另一个原因归结于扫描线与稳定带的相对位置,这使得多余离子的不稳定运动沿着扫描线而加剧,离子分离效果更好。
以上实例展示了使用两个AC激发电压产生的新性能。在进入实际应用之前,还需要进行一些讨论。图4显示了当激发电压的qex1和qex2处于特定频率时的稳定带,相应的,即当qex2/qex1比值一定的时候(图4(a)中比值为2.94),也可以得到类似的结果。当激发电压强度增加,X带变得更窄,会往q值更高的地方偏移。接下来,将就改变qex1值而qex2保持不变的情况下X带的变化展开讨论。
两个AC激发电压频率可以表示成单一频率:v1=v和v2=1-v,如图1中v=0.05。假定v=K/P,K和P是整数,方程(5)中的周期函数共同周期为πP,且方程可转化为希尔方程(即含周期系数的二阶线性微分方程)。这时就可以应用矩阵方法(例[Konenkov,N.V.;Sudakov,M.Y.;Douglas,D.J.Matrix Methods for the Calculation of Stability Diagrams in Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry.//J.Am.Soc.Mass Spectrom.2002,13,597-613]等数学方法。图4中结果显示,在一个完整周期πP中,将方程(4)中的两个独立解进行数值计算后,可以推导出单值矩阵和离子的稳定运动。如果选择其他值v=K/P,也可以得到接近于图4的结果。毫无疑问,对于不合理的v值,只能使用近似法,才可以得到相似的结果。必须指出的是,对于导致X带产生的比值qex2/qex1来说,而当qex2/qex1=0~0.2时,此比值与频率v无关。
本发明也可以通过选取其他的激发频率,抵消掉Y方向的不稳定运动,产生X带。例如,在qex2/qex1=3.12时,v1=v和v2=1+v也可以得到类似于图4(a)的结果。表1展示了其他的例子和相关比值。如上文所述,当qex2/qex1充分小,这些比值与v无关。
图4显示了穿过稳定区顶点的扫描线位置a=2qλ。在常规模式下,四极杆的质量分辨由扫描线的斜率λ=U/V决定。当扫描稳定带时,将扫描线斜率固定,在没有AC激发电压的情况下,离子不具备稳定的轨迹。此时四级杆的质量分辨由稳定带宽度决定。因此理论质量分辨为R=qcentre/Δq,这里Δq=qmax-qmin,表示扫描线与稳定区两个交点之间的距离,qcentre是指中间值。图5显示理论质量分辨与第一AC激发电压qex1的关系,其中qex1的六种情况在表1中已经表示过。从图中可看出,激发电压频率处于高频时(此时相对于RF还是很小的,大概是0.7),频率的变化要更大才可达到相同的分辨,即对应曲线III-VI,此时qex2/qex1对应表1中较大的数值,在曲线III-VI中操作可更好地控制稳定性,达到更好的效果。
根据图5,扫描X带可以得到非常高的质量分辨,但这只是理论上。在实际应用中,如前述,质量分辨首先受到离子在四级杆中运动时间的限制。对四级杆进行模拟是最便捷的检验方式。现在,使用电场半径为r0=5mm,长度为200mm的四级杆进行模拟。在这一阶段,先不考虑场畸变带来的影响,因此在两端的高阶场可以忽略。设定沿四级杆电场为纯四级场(双曲面电极),四级杆在RF频率为1MHz的条件下工作,理论上,不考虑离子运动时间的影响,609Da的离子可以获得10000的质量分辨。相应的电源按照表2中的条件设置。在新的操作模式下,选取表1中的条件I,AC激发电压的幅值在表2中表示,这样的条件下,质量分辨也为10000(qex1=0.0068,qex2=0.02)。
相似质量数离子构成的离子束在四级杆中运动时,在横向运动上会有0.1mm左右的随机分布。由于所有离子沿四级杆方向运动的能量一致,它们的运动时间也一样。设定离子进入四级杆中的时间在0-20us间均匀分布,所以离子进入四级杆中的时候不仅仅位于所有可能的RF相位,而且也位于AC激发电压的所有相位。最终离子会达到正态分布,其中横向能量标准偏差为0.025eV,相当于离子在320K下的热运动能量。每一次模拟中,设定10000个相同质量数和相同能量的离子,对于其他条件我们进行随机选择,当它们撞到四级杆上消失,或传输到四级杆的另一端时,模拟停止。然后记录下传输完成的离子数目,再设定另一个质量数的离子进行模拟,直到形成不同峰形(如图6中所示)。在实际应用中,四级杆是通过扫描RF和DC电压进行工作。从RF电压中,可以获得离子的标称质量。因此,与真实实验相比,本文模拟中低质量数和高质量数的峰都会出现。
从图6中还可以看出,即便是在最高的离子传输效率情况下,还是有91%的离子损失掉了。这是由离 子速度和位置的初始分布导致的。扫描X带时,离子传输的峰值并不是609Da,而是596.56Da,这是因为X带向q值更大处偏移导致的。图6也证实了离子运动时间的影响。当离子束能量为48eV时,大概相当于50个RF周期的运动时间,峰会出现拖尾将质量分辨减小到3000。当离子束能量为12eV时,相当于100个RF周期的运动时间,质量分辨为9000,接近于理论值。当离子束能量为3eV时(200个RF周期的运动时间),由于拖尾现象的改善,质量分辨为11000,比理论值还要好。在这里,质量分辨根据标称质量与峰宽的比值(峰宽按照10%峰高处计算),从峰形中直接算出R=M/ΔM10%
在常规模式(即没有AC激发电压)下模拟时,当离子达到最大通过效率,理论质量分辨是10000,但是质量分辨受离子运动时间的影响更大。由于众所周知的原因,由于它在高质量数一侧有非常严重的拖尾,这种模式下的峰形并未在此展示。从方程(5)可以得到最大质量分辨。图7中表示了模拟的结果,其中质量分辨与周期运动周期数平方成正比。常规模式下,当在100个RF周期时质量分辨只有500。与之相比,使用X带进行扫描可以得到9000的质量分辨。
这里做一下解释。显然,相比于常规模式,在稳定区边界X带附近的不稳定运动离子的不稳定运动速率更高,撞到四级杆上消失地更快。在频率v较低时,两个频率为v1=v和v2=1-v的AC激发电压对离子轨迹有调制作用,这会导致X带外X方向上运动的不稳定。方程(6)中也使用了RF频率Ω和参数qex1和qex2与q作比较。如果使用较小的频率v替代Ω,qex1和qex2会变得更大。模拟中v=0.05,因此qex1的有效值会扩大400倍。即当qex1=0.0068,此时扩大400倍后的有效值为2.72,这也对应了马修方程中q值高的区域。因此离子不稳定运动程度更为剧烈,只需要很少的RF周期即可将离子分离[Wci Chen,B.A.Collings,and D.J.Douglas,High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry with aQuadrupolc Operated in thc Fourth Stability Region,//Anal.Chem.2000,72,540-545]。在模拟中,仅仅100RF周期即可将不稳定离子撞到四级杆上消失,获得更高的分辨。因此,X带即类似频率v较低时q值高的区域。
当然,扫描q值高的稳定区时,可以获得14000的质量分辨,然而由于灵敏度太低,在实际应用中没有获得广泛应用。在常规模式下,由于在四级杆引入端的存在高阶场,这种方法离子的损失太多。在四级杆的引入端,DC和RF的含量比四级杆内部要少,离子运动变得更不稳定。但是由于横向运动的存在,离子跨越高阶场需要经历很大的分散。在四级杆内部,高阶场沿四级杆呈指数降低,在一段距离内保持2r0(四级杆电场半径)。对于电场半径为5mm,长度为200mm的四级杆来说,高阶场占整个长度的5%,即对于运动时间为100RF周期的离子来说,它们会在高阶场中经历5个周期,造成了离子的损失。在常规模式下,相同运动时间的分辨只有500。想要更高的质量分辨,就要增加离子的运动时间,而此时在高阶场中的时间也会相应增加,就会导致灵敏度的降低。此时若扫描X带,即便是在100RF周期的运动时间下,也会获得高质量分辨。由于只是在稳定区顶点处做了改变,因此,跟常规模式一样,这种方法的离子传输 也会有损失。
图8,DC延迟技术的说明。左边是正常的四级杆,右边是含有预杆的四级杆。上部图是进入四级杆的示意图,中间图是沿四级杆z轴经过高阶场a和q的变化。底部图是在相同参数下,通过箭头表示的稳定图变化。图中假定含预杆的四级杆中参数保持一致。
可以看出,当要求高分辨时,高阶场带来了一个很大的问题。为了克服这个问题,人们发明了DC延迟技术[W.M.Brubaker,D.Burnham,and G.Perkins,J.Vac.Sci.Technol,8(1971),273-274]。在这种技术中,需要在四级杆前端额外放置一小段杆子(称为“预杆”)。主四级杆RF和DC都有,但是预杆只有RF电压。因此离子束进入预杆的时候是没有DC成分的。预杆RF电场的高阶场由0逐渐增大,只有进入主四级杆中后,离子才经历含DC成分的电场。因此参数a和q在第一段区域会保持平稳,将高阶场中的离子分散减到最小。图8中表示的就是DC延迟技术。与常规方法扫描q值高的稳定区不同的是,X带更具优势,因为此时离子还在稳定区中。只有在非常靠近顶点的时候,离子才会经过非常窄的不稳定带。这发生在高阶场的末端,经历时间非常短,不会产生严重的离子束分散。
扫描X带进行离子分离的另一个显著优势是,离子只在X方向上变化。如前所述,在X带附近,沿扫描线离子的Y方向运动保持稳定。在常规模式下,扫描线扫过稳定区的顶点,低质量数一侧q值高,在X方向上会产生不稳定运动。同时高质量数一侧在Y方向上会产生不稳定运动。考虑到一台质谱仪的灵敏度是由离子的初始位置、初始能量以及传输到检测器的时间决定,而四级杆对灵敏度的要求是,在X或Y任意方向上离子的运动都要小于r0Ω2。从图3中可以看出,这也与稳定岛A的离子分离有关。但是由于X和Y方向上离子的不稳定运动,离子传输损失太多,所以常规模式在实际应用中受到了限制。相比之下,扫描X带的限制仅仅在X一个方向上,而Y方向运动保持稳定。
实验表明,当四级杆施加AC激发电压时产生的场畸变要小很多。纯四级电场(图1)是由理想对称和平行的双曲面杆子在无限长度上形成的。但是在实际中这是不可能的,为加工方便,四级杆也常常被加工成圆柱杆子。在常规模式下,杆子的半径R与电场半径r0的比值一般为1.12-1.13,抵消了场畸变带来的影响,同时有较好的性能。尽管非线性场畸变很小,但是还是会严重影响四级杆性能,会带来峰形畸变、拖尾和离子传输的损失。当四级杆在高分辨情况下工作时,这些问题就变得更加严重。其他的畸变比如杆子错位、杆子弯曲、杆形状畸变、表面不平整或者是表面污染等等会带来更多难以预测的影响。当施加了附加AC激发电压时,这中间的很多影响就减弱很多甚至是消失了。有关这方面的实验[X.Zhao,Z.Xiao and D.J.Douglas,“Overcoming field imperfections of quadrupole mass filters with mass analysis in islands of stability”,Anal.Chem.81,5806,(2009)]证实,当四级杆在稳定岛工作时,质量分辨会超过2000。而在常规模式下,使用相同的四级杆达到100的质量分辨都很难。
上文中提到,随着AC激发电压的施加,稳定岛得以出现,也可以实现快速的离子质量分离。当使用 低频的AC激发电压,只需要几个周期即可使不稳定的离子撞到四级杆上而消失。常规模式下,需要超过100RF周期,而且还有非线性场畸变带来的影响。采用稳定岛就不会产生这样的影响。本文也阐述了根据本发明施加两个AC激发电压形成稳定带的方法。
综上所述,根据本发明扫描稳定带,可以使得四级杆的质量分辨超过10000,而且没有显著的离子传输损失,原因如下:
(1)更快的离子质量分离,使用低频的AC激发电压,只需要几个周期即可使不稳定的离子撞到四级杆上消失。而且可以得到超过10000的质量分辨。
(2)离子质量分离只发生在一个方向上,提高了灵敏度。
(3)用于离子质量分离的不稳定带只出现在第一稳定区顶点附近,因此可以使用DC延迟技术提高灵敏度。
(4)附加AC激发电压的施加不受非线性场畸变带来的影响。
本文中所有实例和计算都在比较符合实际情况的频率v=0.05下进行,即100RF周期中含有5个低频激发周期。表1中也显示,当频率值都在0-0.2的范围内,而且激发电压幅值的比值相等情况下,得到的结果是相似的。上文中也提及,四级杆可以使用表1中两个AC激发电压的值,在实际应用中,也可以引入其他手段,施加不止两个AC激发电压,或者是对RF电源做出改进,与AC激发电压进行组合。
表1,导致X带产生的AC激发频率组合及其幅值比值
  I II III IV V VI
v1 v v 1-v 1-v 1+v 1+v
v2 1-v 1+v 2-v 2+v 2-v 2+v
qex2/qex1 2.94 3.12 7.41 9.09 6.90 8.33
             
根据表1中的结果,qex2/qex1为两个AC交流电源的幅值比,如表2中所示,其值为3.12,假如说我们选择qex1为0.001,此时qex2为0.00312,此时会抵消Y方向上的不稳定运动,产生X带;假如qex1为0.003,此时qex2为0.00936,此时也会抵消Y方向上的不稳定运动,产生X带。但是在qex1为0.003下,由于幅值更高,X带会变得更窄,向稳定图q值更高处移动。
表2,分别在扫描X带和常规模式下对四级杆进行模拟。所有的幅值都是零峰值。
  DC RF AC-1 AC-2
频率,KHz 0 1000 50 950
常规模式 184.531V 1099.507V 0 0
扫描X带 184.554V 1099.507V 10.590V 31.135V

Claims (2)

  1. 一种四极杆质量分析器的分析方法,其中,四极杆质量分析器的结构包括:
    (1)第一对电极杆子,沿中心轴放置在第一个平面内;
    (2)第二对电极杆子,沿中心轴放置在第二个平面内,并与第一个平面垂直;
    (3)一个DC直流电源,用于提供两对电极杆子之间的电势差U;
    (4)三个AC交流电源,其中:
    第一AC交流电源,用于提供两对电极杆子之间的RF电压,其幅值为V,频率为Ω;
    第二AC交流电源,用于提供两对电极杆子之间的第一AC激发电压,它与第一AC交流电源不同,其电压幅值小于V,记为Vex1,频率与Ω也不一样,记为ωex1
    第三AC交流电源,用于提供两对电极杆子之间的第二AC激发电压,它与第一和第二AC交流电源不同,其电压幅值小于V,记为Vex2,频率与Ω也不一样,记为ωex2
    其特征在于进行质量分析的操作步骤如下:
    (1)导引离子束沿中心轴进入四极杆系统;
    (2)打开第一AC交流电源,即施加幅值为V、频率为Ω的交流电压;打开DC直流电源,在两对电极杆子之间提供电势差U;
    (3)保持U/V在0.167-0.168之间;
    (4)打开第二AC交流电源和第三AC交流电源,即分别在两对电极杆子之间施加幅值为Vex1和Vex2、频率为ωex1和ωex2的交流电压;
    (5)保持RF幅值比,保持第一AC激发电压和第二AC激发电压处于特定的比例,使得两个AC激发电压之间相位相干;
    (6)增加以上三个AC交流电源电压,即从低电压到高电压线性扫描,收集离子信号。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的四极杆质量分析器的分析方法,其特征在于选择激发频率ωex1、ωex2如表1中v1和v2,幅值Vex1、Vex2如表1中qex1和qex2,在X或Y方向上的不稳定运动区域得到抵消,产生X带;
    根据离子在四级杆中的横向运动方程:
    Figure PCTCN2017090104-appb-100001
    Figure PCTCN2017090104-appb-100002
    在这里,得到参数:
    Figure PCTCN2017090104-appb-100003
    表1,AC激发频率组合及其幅值比值
    Figure PCTCN2017090104-appb-100004
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