WO2017177021A1 - Method of treating early stage dupuytren's disease - Google Patents
Method of treating early stage dupuytren's disease Download PDFInfo
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- WO2017177021A1 WO2017177021A1 PCT/US2017/026382 US2017026382W WO2017177021A1 WO 2017177021 A1 WO2017177021 A1 WO 2017177021A1 US 2017026382 W US2017026382 W US 2017026382W WO 2017177021 A1 WO2017177021 A1 WO 2017177021A1
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
- C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
- C07K16/24—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against cytokines, lymphokines or interferons
- C07K16/241—Tumor Necrosis Factors
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
- A61K39/395—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
- A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
- A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
Definitions
- Dupuytren's disease also known as palmar fibromatosis (or in its established disease state Dupuytren's contracture) is a disease associated with the buildup of extracellular matrix materials such as collagen on the connective tissue of the hand (the palmar fascia) causing it to thicken and shorten with the result that the fingers curl into the palm.
- Dupuytren' s disease is a common fibrotic disorder (Hindocha, 2009) . The mean age of treatment for the disease is 63 years (Chen, 2011) . It exhibits a strong hereditary basis (Hurst, 2009) .
- Dupuytren's disease causes the fingers to curl irreversibly into the palm, leading to significant impairment of hand function. There is no approved treatment for early disease.
- Intralesional steroid injection and radiotherapy are two possible treatments for early Dupuytren' s disease.
- Intralesional steroid injection has been proposed based on a retrospective, uncontrolled and unblinded study of 63 patients with early Dupuytren' s disease treated with steroid injection into the nodules at 6 week intervals (Ketchum, 2000) . However, this treatment has found limited acceptance. Radiotherapy has also been used and there is no clear evidence for efficacy (Ball 2016) .
- the subject invention provides a method of treating an individual afflicted with early stage Dupuytren' s disease characterized by the presence of one or more nodules on the individual's hand which comprises injecting into each nodule a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of an anti- human TNF antibody or fragment thereof effective to treat the individual, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of a liquid and between 0.1 ml and 0.6 ml of the composition is injected into each nodule.
- the subject invention also provides a pre-filled syringe which comprises : a) a pharmaceutical composition in the form of a liquid comprising in a volume between 0.1 ml and 1.0 ml, an amount of an anti-human TNF antibody or fragment thereof effective to treat an individual afflicted with early stage Dupuytren' s disease characterized by the presence of one or more nodules on the individual's hand and b) a fine needle on the syringe, the size of which is equal to or greater than 25 gauge.
- the subject invention also provides a method of treating an individual afflicted with early stage Dupuytren' s disease characterized by the presence of one or more nodules on the individual's hand which comprises injecting into each nodule a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of a soluble TNF receptor effective to treat the individual, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of a liquid and between 0.1 ml and 0.6 ml of the composition is injected into each nodule.
- Figure 1 (A) Gray scale ultrasound image of a patient with early stage Dupuytren' s disease showing a well-defined hyopechoeic nodule.
- Figure 2 Flow cytometric analysis of cells isolated from freshly disaggregated Dupuytren' s nodular tissue. Intracellular a-SMA-positive (myofibroblasts; mean ⁇ SD: 87 ⁇ 6.1%), cell surface CD68-positive CD163-negative (classically activated Ml macrophages; mean ⁇ SD: 4.8 ⁇ 2.2%), and CD68- positive CD163-positive (alternatively activated M2 macrophages; mean ⁇ SD: 1.8 ⁇ 1.0%) cells were quantified.
- Figure 3 Serial histological sections of Dupuytren' s nodular tissue stained for -SMA+ (myofibroblasts) and CD68+ (monocytes) cells. (Scale bar 100 ⁇ )
- FIG. 4 Cytokines released by freshly isolated nodular cells in monolayer culture using electrochemiluminescence . All data shown are from >10 patient samples.
- Figure 5 TGF- ⁇ led to increased contractility of all three types of fibroblasts.
- Figure 7 Dose-response of Dupuytren' s myofibroblast contraction to golimumab, an anti-TNF agent.
- Figure 8 Immunofluoresence staining of Dupuytren' s myofibroblasts seeded in 3D collagen matrices. Treatment with anti-TNF resulted in disassembly of the a-SMA fibers.
- FIG. 10 Baseline gene expression of TNFR1 and TNFR2 was significantly higher in myofibroblasts and PF-D compared with both PF-N and NPF-D. In Dupuytren' s myofibroblasts (MF-D) , TNFR2 expression was significantly greater than TNFR1. Fold change was normalised to the baseline expression of NPF-D.
- Figure 11 Comparison of current anti-TNF preparations approved by FDA for subcutaneous administration on the contractility of Dupuytren' s myofibroblasts. Doses calculated based on 25% of recommended dose in rheumatoid arthritis (certolizumab 200 mg in 1 mL every 2 wk, etanercept 50 mg in 1 mL every week, adalimumab 40 mg in 0.8 mL every 2 wk, golimumab 50 mg in 0.5 mL every 4 wk) .
- Figure 13 Downregulation of the a-SMA protein. Box and whiskers plot of a-SMA protein concentration by treatment received. The box represents the inter-quartile range (IQR) and whiskers extend to 1.5 relevant IQR (Tukey boxplot) . Data beyond the end of the whisker are plotted and the letter R is adjacent to these data points.
- IQR inter-quartile range
- Figure 14a-14g Box and whiskers plots of log RNA concentration by treatment received.
- Y axis is RNA concentration (Log copy number/5 ) .
- Each figure is a separate plot for a gene assessed.
- the box represents the inter ⁇ quartile range (IQR) and whiskers extend to 1.5 relevant IQR (Tukey boxplot) . Data beyond the end of the whisker are plotted and the letter R is adjacent to these data points.
- IQR inter ⁇ quartile range
- whiskers extend to 1.5 relevant IQR (Tukey boxplot) . Data beyond the end of the whisker are plotted and the letter R is adjacent to these data points.
- Figure 15 Scatter plot of a-SMA protein concentration by treatment received. Each group represents one patient analyzed in duplicate on 3 plates. Only one of the patients in the 40mg cohort failed to respond.
- Figure 16 Representative images for immunohistochemical staining for a-SMA. This is consistent with the significant decrease in a-SMA protein observed in the 40 mg adalimumab dose group (see Figure 13) .
- the subject invention provides a method of treating an individual afflicted with early stage Dupuytren' s disease characterized by the presence of one or more nodules on the individual's hand which comprises injecting into each nodule a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of an anti- human TNF antibody or fragment thereof effective to treat the individual, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of a liquid and between 0.1 ml and 0.6 ml of the composition is injected into each nodule.
- the pharmaceutical composition is administered using a syringe with a fine needle, the size of which is equal to or greater than 25 gauge.
- between 0.2 ml and 0.5 ml, between 0.2 and 0.4 ml, or between 0.3 ml and 0.5 ml of the composition is injected. Specifically, 0.3 ml, 0.4 ml or 0.5 ml of the composition is injected.
- the size of the needle is equal to or greater than 20 gauge, equal to or greater than 22 gauge, equal to or greater than 25 gauge, or equal to or greater than 34 gauge. Specifically the size of the needle may be 25 gauge.
- the injection is repeated one or more times at a time interval of no less than six weeks. In alternative embodiments the injection is repeated one or more times at a time interval of no less than 3 months, no less than 4 months, no less than 6 months or no less than 1 year.
- the anti-human TNF antibody or fragment is golimumab, adalimumab, certolizumab pegol or infliximab.
- the anti-human TNF antibody or fragment is golimumab and the amount of golimumab injected into each nodule at any one time is between about 1 mg and about 40 mg.
- the amount of golimumab injected into each nodule at any one time is between about 2 mg and about 40 mg, between about 5 mg and about 40 mg, between about 10 mg and about 40 mg, or between about 20 mg and about 40 mg.
- the amount of golimumab injected into each nodule at any one time is about 40 mg or about 20 mg.
- the maximal dosage of golimumab with other site injections is up to about 90 mg.
- a second pharmaceutical composition comprising an anti-human TNF antibody or fragment thereof is administered by subcutaneous injection.
- the second anti-human TNF antibody or fragment thereof is the same as the anti-human TNF antibody or fragment thereof injected into the nodule or nodules on the patient suffering from Dupuytren' s disease.
- the amount of the anti-human TNF antibody or fragment thereof in the second pharmaceutical composition is about 50 mg.
- the anti-human TNF antibody or fragment is adalimumab and the amount of adalimumab injected into each nodule at any one time is between about 5 mg and about 100 mg. In alternative embodiments the amount of adalimumab injected into each nodule at any one time is between about 5 mg and about 40 mg, or between about 10 mg and about 30 mg. Specifically, the amount of adalimumab injected into each nodule at any one time is about 40 mg or about 20 mg. In one embodiment, the anti-human TNF antibody or fragment is certolizumab pegol and the amount of certolizumab pegol injected into each nodule at any one time is between about 50 mg and about 200 mg. In another embodiment, the amount of certolizumab pegol injected into each nodule at any one time is between about 50 mg and about 130 mg.
- the anti-human TNF antibody or fragment is infliximab and the amount of infliximab injected into each nodule at any one time is between about 50 mg and about 300mg. In another embodiment, the amount of infliximab injected into each nodule at any one time is between about 50 mg and about 100 mg.
- the method also comprises administering to the individual an amount of one or more human matrix metalloproteinases selected from the group consisting of human metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), human metalloproteinase-2 (MMP- 2), human metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3), human metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7), human metalloproteinase-8 (MMP- 8), human metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) , human metalloproteinase-10 (MMP-10), human metalloproteinase-11 (MMP-11), metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12, and human metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) wherein the amount of such one or more human matrix metalloproteinase when taken together with the amount of the anti-human TNF antibody or fragment increases the effectiveness of treating the individual.
- the amount of such one or more human matrix metalloproteinases is between 0.01 mg and 10 mg or between 0.01 mg and 2
- the amount of the one or more human matrix metalloproteinase and the amount of the anti-human TNF antibody or fragment are administered adjunctively and/or concomitantly. In another embodiment, the amount of the one or more human matrix metalloproteinase and the amount of the anti-human TNF antibody are administered sequentially up to 48 hours apart, preferably between 1 hour and 24 hours apart. In one embodiment, the one or more human matrix metalloproteinase is human metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) .
- MMP-1 human metalloproteinase-1
- the method further comprises administering to the individual an amount of collagenase comprising Xiaflex, wherein the amount of collagenase comprising Xiaflex when taken together with the amount of the anti-human TNF antibody or fragment increases the effectiveness of treating the individual .
- the method further comprises administering to the individual an amount of bacterial collagenase comprising Xiaflex, wherein the amount of bacterial collagenase when taken together with the amount of the anti- human TNF antibody or fragment increases the effectiveness of treating the individual.
- the method further comprises administering to the individual an amount of a human Cathepsin L, wherein the amount of human Cathepsin L when taken together with (i) the amount of the anti-human TNF antibody or fragment and/or (ii) the amount of one or more human matrix metalloproteinases increases the effectiveness of treating the individual.
- the Cathepsin L is HTI-501.
- the pharmaceutical composition is free of citrate .
- the subject invention provides a pre-filled syringe which comprises : a) a pharmaceutical composition in the form of a liquid comprising in a volume between 0.1 ml and 1.0 ml, an amount of an anti-human TNF antibody or fragment thereof effective to treat an individual afflicted with early stage Dupuytren' s disease characterized by the presence of one or more nodules on the individual's hand and b) a fine needle on the syringe, the size of which is equal to or greater than 25 gauge.
- the volume is between 0.1 ml and 0.6 ml, between 0.2 ml and 0.6 ml, between 0.2 ml and 0.5 ml, between 0.2 ml and 0.4 ml, or between 0.3 ml and 0.5 ml. Specifically, the volume is 0.3 ml, 0.4 ml or 0.5ml.
- the size of the needle is equal to or greater than 22 gauge, equal to or greater than 25 gauge, or equal to or greater than 34 gauge. The size of the need may be 25 gauge.
- the anti-human TNFa antibody or fragment is golimumab, adalimumab, certolizumab pegol or infliximab.
- the anti-human TNF antibody or fragment is golimumab and the amount of golimumab is between about 1 mg and about 40 mg. In alternative embodiments the amount of golimumab is between about 2 mg and about 40 mg, between about 5 mg and about 40 mg, between about 10 mg and about 40 mg, or between about 20 mg and about 40 mg. Specifically, the amount of golimumab is about 40 mg or about 20 mg.
- the anti-human TNF antibody or fragment is adalimumab and the amount of adalimumab is between about 5 mg and about 100 mg. In alternative embodiments the amount of adalimumab is between about 5 mg and about 40 mg, or between about 10 mg and about 30 mg. Specifically, the amount of adalimumab is about 40 mg or about 20 mg.
- the anti-human TNF antibody or fragment is certolizumab pegol and the amount of certolizumab pegol is between about 50 mg and about 200 mg. In another embodiment, the amount of certolizumab pegol is between about 50 mg and about 130 mg. In one embodiment, the anti-human TNFa antibody or fragment is infliximab and the amount of infliximab is between about 50 mg and about 300 mg. In another embodiment, the amount of infliximab is between about 50 mg and about 100 mg.
- the pharmaceutical composition further comprises one or more human matrix metalloproteinases selected from the group consisting of human metalloproteinase-1 (MMP- 1), human metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), human metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3), human metalloproteinase-7 (MMP- 7), human metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), human metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) , human metalloproteinase-10 (MMP- 10), human metalloproteinase-11 (MMP-11), metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12, and human metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) .
- the amount of such one or more human matrix metalloproteinases is between about 0.01 mg and about 10 mg or between about 0.01 mg and about 2 mg.
- This invention also provides a therapeutic package for dispensing to, or for use in dispensing to, an individual afflicted with early stage Dupuytren' s disease, Peyronie's disease and/or frozen shoulder, which comprises:
- each such unit dose comprising:
- an anti-human TNF antibody or fragment thereof and/or a soluble TNF receptor ii) an amount of a collagenase preferably Xiaflex
- a finished pharmaceutical container therefor said container containing said unit dose or unit doses, said container further containing or comprising labeling directing the use of said package in the treatment of said subject.
- the pharmaceutical composition is free of citrate.
- the subject invention also provides a method of treating an individual afflicted with early stage Dupuytren' s disease characterized by the presence of one or more nodules on the individual's hand which comprises injecting into each nodule a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of a soluble TNF receptor effective to treat the individual, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of a liquid and between 0.1 ml and 0.6 ml of the composition is injected into each nodule.
- the soluble TNF receptor is a soluble p75 receptor, for example, etanercept.
- the TNF antagonist is abatacept or ORENCIA®. In another embodiment, the TNF antagonist is tocilizumab or ACTEMRA®. In another embodiment, the TNF antagonist is tofacitinib or XELJANZ®. In another embodiment, the TNF antagonist is fostamatinib . In another embodiment, the TNF antagonist is remicade.
- the TNF antagonist is a small molecule TNF inhibitor .
- the antagonist is Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor.
- the Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor is baricitinib.
- the antagonist is a PDE-4 inhibitor. In another embodiment, the PDE-4 inhibitor is apremilast.
- the antagonist is GSK1995057. In another embodiment, the antagonist is mapatumumab In another embodiment, the antagonist is sirukumab. In another embodiment, the antagonist is vercirnon. In another embodiment, the antagonist is ofatumumab or ARZERRA®. In another embodiment, the antagonist is belimumab or BENLYSTA®. In one embodiment, the antagonist is a human anti-IFN monoclonal antibody. In another embodiment, the human anti- IFN-alpha monoclonal antibody is MEDI-545.
- the antagonist is a humanized monoclonal antibody.
- the humanized monoclonal antibody is epratuzumab.
- the pharmaceutical composition is effective to treat the individual with early stage Dupuytren' s disease but not effective to treat an individual with established disease state Dupuytren' s disease.
- early stage Dupuytren' s disease is defined by the presence of cellular nodules.
- the one or more nodules comprise an aggregate of myofibroblasts and inflammatory cells. In one embodiment, the one or more nodules are clinically apparent or detectable by (i) visualization by naked eye; (ii) palpation; and/or (iii) an ultrasound scan.
- the invention further comprises treating an individual afflicted with Peyronie's disease or frozen shoulder .
- each embodiment disclosed herein is contemplated as being applicable to each of the other disclosed embodiments.
- the elements recited in the packaging and pharmaceutical composition embodiments can be used in the method and use embodiments described herein.
- anti-TNF antibody or fragment would only be effective during the cellular phase, i.e. the period when there are aggregates of myofibroblasts and inflammatory cells. It is currently not contemplated that an injection of anti-TNF antibody or fragment would be effective on the late, relatively acellular phase, of the disease.
- An inventive step of the present invention is that anti-TNF would only work during the cellular phase, when there are aggregates of myofibroblasts and inflammatory cells. Anti-TNF would not work on the late, relatively acellular phase of the disease .
- an amount effective to achieve an end means the quantity of a component that is sufficient to yield an indicated therapeutic response without undue adverse side effects (such as toxicity, irritation, or allergic response) commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio when used in the manner of this disclosure.
- an amount effective to treat Dupuytren' s disease is administered to the patient.
- the specific effective amount will vary with such factors as the particular condition being treated, the physical condition of the patient, the type of mammal being treated, the duration of the treatment, the nature of concurrent therapy (if any), and the specific formulations employed and the structure of the compounds or its derivatives.
- an “amount” of a compound as measured in milligrams refers to the milligrams of compound present in a preparation, regardless of the form of the preparation.
- An “amount of compound which is 40 mg” means the amount of the compound in a preparation is 40 mg, regardless of the form of the preparation.
- the weight of the carrier necessary to provide a dose of 40 mg compound would be greater than 40 mg due to the presence of the carrier.
- to "treat” or “treating” encompasses, but is not limited to inducing inhibition, regression, or stasis of the disorder and/or disease.
- “inhibition” of disease progression, disease symptoms or disease complications in a subject means preventing, reducing or reversing the disease progression, disease symptoms and/or disease complications in the subject.
- Xiaflex is a formulation of two collagenase enzymes co- expressed and harvested from anaerobic fermentation of a phenotypically selected strain of Clostridium histolyticum bacterium. It is understood that where a parameter range is provided, all integers within that range, and tenths thereof, are also provided by the invention. For example, “20-40 mg” includes 20.0 mg, 20.1 mg, 20.2 mg, 20.3 mg, etc. up to 40.0 mg.
- the TNF antagonist may be an antibody, such as a monoclonal antibody or fragment thereof; a chimeric monoclonal antibody (such as a human-murine chimeric monoclonal antibody) ; a fully human monoclonal antibody; a recombinant human monoclonal antibody; a humanized antibody fragment; a soluble TNF antagonist, including orally available small molecule TNF blocking agents such as thalidomide or analogues thereof or PDE-IV inhibitors; a TNF receptor or a TNF receptor fusion protein, e.g.
- the TNF antagonist is a functional fragment or fusion protein comprising a functional fragment of a monoclonal antibody, e.g. of the 15 types mentioned above, such as a Fab, F(ab')2, Fv and preferably Fab.
- the fragment may be pegylated or encapsulated (e.g. for stability and/or sustained release) .
- a TNF antagonist is provided as a bi-functional (or bi-specific) antibody or bi-functional (or bi-specific) antibody fragment.
- the bifunctional TNF antagonist antibody or fragment thereof may be, for example, an antibody, such as a monoclonal antibody or fragment thereof, a chimeric monoclonal antibody (such as a human-murine chimeric monoclonal antibody) , a fully human monoclonal antibody, a recombinant human monoclonal antibody, a humanized antibody fragment.
- the TNF antagonist comprises a bifunctional antibody fragment or portion, it is preferably a bi-functional F(ab')2 fragment or divalent ScFv, e.g. a bi-specific tandem di-ScFv.
- the bifunctional (or bi-specific) antibody or fragment thereof may comprise as one variable domain (e.g. antigen binding portion), a TNF antagonist (e.g. a TNFa antagonist portion of Infliximab, Adalimumab, Certolizumab, Golimumab, pegol or Etanercept) and as the other variable domain (e.g. antigen binding portion) a second variable domain other than TNFa antagonist.
- the second variable domain may comprise an antibody mobility inhibitor, which may be, for example a domain which binds to an extracellular matrix, e.g. a collagen binder.
- the second variable domain may comprise a DAMP antagonist (such as an antagonist for S100A8 and/or S100A9, e.g. as described in US- B-7553488, or HMGB1 antagonist) or an AGE inhibitor (e.g. being variable domains of DAMP antagonist antibody or AGE inhibitor antibody) .
- DAMP antagonist such as an antagonist for S100A8 and/or S100A9, e.g. as described in US- B-7553488, or HMGB1 antagonist
- an AGE inhibitor e.g. being variable domains of DAMP antagonist antibody or AGE inhibitor antibody
- the anti-human TNFa antibody or fragment may be selected, for example, from one or a combination of golimumab, infliximab, adalimumab, or certolizumab pegol or functional fragment thereof. Most preferably, the anti-human TNF antibody is golimumab .
- TNF antagonists are disclosed in Tracey, 2008, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Although some TNF antagonists are optimized for oral administration, they could also be injected with appropriate formulated forms and/or be used orally with collagenase treatment.
- the human matrix metalloproteinase is a collagenase.
- human matrix metalloproteinase refers to both natural forms, forms produced by recombinant DNA technology, which is understood by a person with ordinary skill in the art, and mutated forms having analogous activity.
- human matrix metalloproteinase can be as found in nature as in Gross, 1962, or it can be in mutated form as in Paladini, 2013, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
- Human matrix metalloproteinase produced by DNA technology can be made using prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells or other host systems known to those skilled in the art of protein expression, that yield functional enzyme.
- mutated human matrix metalloproteinase such as mutated MMP-1
- the activity can be modulated by the concentration of Ca2+.
- This can give the ability to control the in vivo activity of the mutated human matrix metalloproteinase, such as mutated MMP-1.
- the following chart identifies and briefly describes the different human matrix metalloproteinase .
- Interstitial Substrates include Col I, II,
- Gelatinase-A, 72 Substrates include Gelatin, Col
- Substrates include Col II, IV,
- fibronectin examples include: fibronectin, laminin, Col IV, gelatin
- Substrates include Col I, II,
- Gelatinase-B, 92 Substrates include Gelatin, Col
- Substrates include Col IV,
- MMP-11 shows more similarity to the MT-MMPs, is convertase- activatable and is secreted
- Substrates include Col IV, fibronectin, laminin, aggrecan
- Macrophage Substrates include Elasin,
- Substrates include Col I, II,
- Dupuytren' s disease is characterized by the pathological production of collagen and other matrix components that when they contract, lead to flexion deformities of the digits.
- the cell responsible for the contraction in Dupuytren' s disease and matrix deposition is the myofibroblast.
- Myofibroblasts characteristically express -smooth muscle actin (oi-SMA) (Skalli 1 98 6 ; Darby, 2 01 6 ) , which is the actin isoform typical of vascular smooth muscle cells, in addition to the ⁇ - and ⁇ -cytoplasmic actins that are traditionally found in fibroblasts.
- oi-SMA smooth muscle actin
- Stage I Early. Clinically the disease is characterized by the presence of nodules on the palmar aspect of the hand but lack of flexion deformities of the digits. Histologically, mitotic figures are seen, indicating the cells are actively proliferating;
- Stage II Active. This stage is characterized by increasing flexion deformity of the digit (s) but not necessarily with the presence of clinically detectable nodules. Histologically the tissue has a fibrocellular appearance characterized by high cellularity but absence of mitoses, indicating that the cells are not dividing; and Stage III. Advanced disease. Clinically the condition is long-standing condition and has not deteriorated over recent months. At the histological level the cord appears fibrous, mainly composed of collagens, with relatively few cells.
- Lam This was extended by Lam to include the relative proportion of type III collagen based on the finding that earlier lesions have a higher proportion of type II collagen and this changes to a greater proportion of type I collagen at the later stages of the disease:
- Stage III ⁇ 20% type III collagen.
- the natural history of Dupuytren' s is well known, with early palmar nodules progressing to clinically detectable cords that result in increasing flexion deformities of the digits.
- the majority of authors have based their classification on histological examination of excised tissue.
- the staging described is to some extent based on extrapolation .
- One of the few groups to study tissues collected at all clinical stages of the disease also classified the disorder into 3 stages (Chiu 1978) :
- Stage I Early disease. These specimens comprised nodules from patients with no digital contracture. The tissue comprised proliferating spindle shaped cells that were surrounded by fine granulofibrillary material but there was no increased collagen deposition in the nodule.
- Stage II Active disease. Clinically these patients presented with palmar thickening with associated joint contracture, which on average occurred over 3 years. The nodules comprised mainly of myofibroblasts with very little intervening collagen. The myofibroblasts were characterized by bundles of microfilaments and prominent intercellular junctions. The nodules were associated with cords, which were relatively acellular Stage III. Advanced disease. These patients had progressive joint contracture for more than 3 years. Microscopic examination revealed relatively few cells that were elongated and embedded in stroma comprising a large amount of mature collagen fibres.
- the Chiu stages I and II (for practical purposes patients with nodules detectable clinically or by ultrasound scan and flexion deformities of up to 30 degrees at the metacarpophalangeal joint and or the proximal interphalangeal joint) can be included in the group defined as early disease.
- the locally produced TNF in the nodules leads to the differentiation of myofibroblasts (Verjee 2013) . Furthermore, these myofibroblasts communicate via intercellular junctions and act as a syncytium (Verhoekx 2013) . Anti-TNF led to inhibition of the myofibroblasts phenotype, manifest as reduced contractility, disassembly of -SMA fibres and reduced expression of the a-SMA protein (Verjee 2003) . Anti-TNF inhibits the differentiation of myofibroblasts and also inhibits the activity of existing myofibroblasts.
- FIG. 1 shows an ultrasound image of a patient with early stage Dupuytren' s disease showing a well- defined hyopechoeic nodule. Palmar nodules are composed mainly of myofibroblasts. Even in the later stages with digital contractures, the myofibroblasts remain aggregated in histological nodules (Verjee, 2009) . It has been shown that scattered throughout the nodules are immune cells, including macrophages and mast cells that secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines.
- Anti-TNFs such as adalimumab can be accurately delivered into the nodule to the target cells. It is also demonstrated that Dupuytren' s myofibroblasts function as a syncytium (Verhoekx, 2013) . Hence, in the event there is incomplete penetration of the adalimumab throughout the nodule, downregulation of the contractility of some cells will indirectly but profoundly affect their neighbors. This effect will be magnified since in the absence of tension, myofibroblasts disassemble their a-SMA stress fibres within minutes (Hinz, 2001) .
- Dupuytren' s disease is a localized inflammatory condition and macrophages that secrete the TNF responsible for the development and contractility of myofibroblasts are co-located in the nodules ( Figures 2 and 3) (Verjee, 2013) .
- TGF- ⁇ is known to drive the development of myofibroblasts and cultured myofibroblasts upregulate its production in an autocrine manner. Previous studies were only based on cells cultured up to passage 4. However, inventors demonstrated that cells cultured to passage 2 secreted very little TNF (4 ⁇ 4pg/ml) but produced nearly three times more TGF- ⁇ ( 654 ⁇ 158pg/ml ) than fresh tissue.
- TGF- ⁇ increased the contractility of all 3 types of fibroblasts at concentrations of 1-10 ng/mL, which is in excess of the range in fresh tissue ( Figure 5) .
- Global inhibition of TGF- ⁇ is undesirable due to its role in a wide range of physiological processes (Varga, 2009) and increased inflammation, tumor promotion, and cardiac toxicity seen in animal studies (Budd, 2012) .
- TGF- ⁇ inhibition has not been effective in clinical late phase trials for fibrotic disorders (Varga, 2009; Hawinkels, 2011) .
- TNF converted only PF-D into myofibroblasts whereas NPF-D and PF-N became less contractile (Figure 5) .
- the optimal dose for conversion of palmar fibroblasts from Dupuytren' s patients was 50-100 pg/ml, similar to the amount found in Dupuytren' s tissue (78126 pg/ml) . Therefore, TNF therapy in the claimed methods specifically target the cells responsible for Dupuytren' s disease.
- adalimumab or golimumab were the most effective in downregulating Dupuytren' s myofibroblast phenotype ( Figure 11) (Verjee, 2013) .
- Golimumab led to dose-dependent inhibition of myofibroblast contractility ( Figure 7) with disassembly of their contractile apparatus ( Figure 8) .
- TNF inhibition also reduced expression of the myofibroblast marker a-SMA ( Figure 9) (Verjee, 2013) .
- TNF directly controls myofibroblast differentiation via the Wnt/ ⁇ -catenin signaling pathway (Verjee, 2013) .
- GWAS genome-wide association study
- Wnt signaling is involved in Dupuytren' s disease
- the reason for the selective effect of TNF on palmar fibroblasts from Dupuytren' s patients may in part be due to their higher expression of TNF receptors, in particular TNFR2 ( Figure 10) .
- TNFR2 Figure 10
- Global increase was not observed in TNFR1/2 in Dupuytren' s patients, with non-palmar fibroblasts exhibiting levels similar to those from individuals without Dupuytren' s disease ( Figure 10) .
- TNF is a valid therapeutic target for downregulating the phenotype of existing myofibroblasts and preventing the development of new myofibroblasts.
- adalimumab or golimumab were highly effective in vitro
- a-SMA mRNA is used as the primary outcome measure of efficacy adalimumab in downregulating myofibroblast activity. This is a reliable measure of myofibroblasts phenotype ( Figure 9) (Verjee, 2013) . It has the additional advantage of enabling the use of primary cells from the excised nodules, without the need for expansion in cell culture. In the same patients nodule hardness is quantified by tonometry and nodule size and vascularity using ultrasonography ( Figure 1A, B) .
- a-SMA Expression of a-SMA was measured using Western blotting. In vitro it was found that treatment with 10 ⁇ g/ml of anti-TNF led to reduction in the expression of a-SMA.
- Example 2 A randomized trial in patients with Dupuytren' s disease is performed. It is determined that direct injection of adalimumab resulted in a significant (p ⁇ 0.05) dose-dependent down regulation of a-SMA protein by myofibroblasts. Outcome measures
- Additional clinical outcome measures - are obtained before injection and immediately before surgery include patient reported outcome measure of hand function (Michigan Hand Questionnaire - MHQ) and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) . Utilities are assessed using EQ-5D-5L. The choice of the clinical outcome measures used is based on a systematic review of the literature (Ball, 2013) .
- adalimumab for patients with rheumatoid arthritis is 40mg in 0.8ml or 0.4ml, depending on the formulation, administered subcutaneously every 4 weeks. This may be increased to 80mg, with 40mg injected at separate anatomical sites.
- adalimumab is injected into the most prominent nodule in the palm preferably identified clinically by an ultrasound scan.
- patients were randomized 4:1 to receive an equivalent volume of saline.
- Applicants found that 40mg (0.4ml) of golimumab can be reliably injected into the nodules without significant spillover into the surrounding tissue.
- injection of 0.7ml was associated with significant egress out of the nodule into the surrounding tissues.
- Dupuytren' s tissue 0.4ml can be reliably injected into a nodule without significant spill over into the surrounding tissues.
- between 0.1 ml and 0.6 ml can be injected into each nodule or between 0.2 ml and 0.4 ml can be injected into each nodule or between 0.2 ml or 0.3 ml can be injected into each nodule or 0.3 ml can be injected into each nodule without significant spill over into the surrounding tissue.
- the lowest dose minimizes the risk of adverse events as well as reduces the cost of the therapy in the long term. Furthermore, spill over into the surrounding tissues was associated with lack of efficacy.
- volumes of adalimumab or saline greater than 0.3-0.4ml were associated with less pain than the larger volume of 0.7ml and therefore is likely to be more acceptable to patients, especially if repeated injections are required.
- the preparation of adalimumab where excipients including citrate were absent (40mg in 0.4ml) was associated with significantly less pain. This would be consistent with previously published findings that subcutaneous injection of citrate containing solutions is more painful (Laursen 2006) .
- a first control group is injected with 0.3ml of saline into the most prominent nodule in the palm.
- a second control group is injected with 0.7ml of saline into the most prominent nodule in the palm.
- a third control group is injected with 0.4ml of saline into the most prominent nodule in the palm.
- a control is used to ensure that injecting fluid into the nodule in itself does not affect outcome. Therefore, patients in the placebo group are injected with the equivalent amount of saline solution (a randomization of 1 control : 4 active treatment) .
- the injections are preferably administered either in a vial and transferred to a syringe or in a prefilled syringe under ultrasound guidance and are blinded regarding the injection agent and whether the patient is receiving a subcutaneous inj ection .
- the excised tissue is collected at surgery 2 weeks after injection. Patient's nodules are removed by surgery in all patient groups. The nodule is dissected, frozen and homogenized and assayed for total a-SMA protein expressed as ⁇ iq per mg of total protein. Total copy numbers of the respective mRNA were also determined and normalized to two house keeping genes (B2M and GAPDH) .
- Table 2 shows a summary of the schedule for Example 2.
- the participant may enter the trial if:
- participant is willing and able to give informed consent for participation in the study
- participant is Male or Female, aged 18 years or above;
- participant is diagnosed with DD affecting the fingers resulting in flexion deformities of >30° at the metacarpophalangeal joint and or the proximal interphalangeal joint with impaired hand function and awaiting surgery; • the DD nodule to be treated is be distinct and identifiable;
- Acceptable methods of contraception include: a combination of male condom with either cap, diaphragm or sponge with spermicide (double barrier methods), injectables, the combined oral contraceptive pill (at a stable dose for at least 3 months before entering the study) , an intrauterine device, vasectomised partner, or true sexual abstinence (when this is in line with the preferred and usual lifestyle of the participant) ;
- participant obtains results from safety screening tests within normal ranges within 8 weeks of enrolment, with the exception that an earlier clear CXR result may be used where this is in accordance with the time frames of local standard procedures for anti-TNF screening;
- participant is able (in the Investigators opinion) and willing to comply with all study requirements;
- participant is willing to allow his or her general practitioner to be notified of participation in the study.
- participant has sufficient language fluency to ensure informed consent is obtained and to complete the questionnaires pertaining to hand function.
- the participants selected for this trial were chosen as they would be eligible for surgery but were nonetheless representative of early stage disease as they all had easily identifiable nodules which contained substantial numbers of cells .
- the participant may not enter the trial if any of the following apply:
- participant has previously had fasciectomy, dermofasciectomy, needle fasciotomy, collagenase injection, steroid injection or radiotherapy to treat Dupuytren' s disease in the digit concerned;
- participant has been diagnosed with cancer, is terminally ill or is inappropriate for placebo medication
- participant has a systemic inflammatory disorder such as RA or inflammatory bowel disease;
- participant has any other significant disease or disorder which, in the opinion of the Investigator, may either put the participants at risk because of participation in the study, or may influence the result of the study, or the participant's ability to participate in the study; participant has participated in another research study involving an investigational medicinal product in the past 12 weeks;
- participant has known allergy to any anti-TNF agent, participant has HIV or hepatitis B or C;
- T Tuberculosis
- MS Multiple Sclerosis
- participant has history of local injection site reactions ;
- participant has moderate or severe heart failure
- coumarin anticoagulants such as warfarin
- participant has known lung fibrosis (thickening of lung tissue) ;
- participant has received a live vaccine within the previous 4 weeks. Participants may receive concurrent vaccinations but must avoid the use of live vaccines for 12 weeks after their last injection;
- a clinical trial was performed.
- the patients in this trial were (1) afflicted with relatively early stage Dupuytren' s disease, (2) had at least one distinct nodule, and (3) were already scheduled for surgical excision of the diseased tissue.
- Each patient's nodule was identified clinically and also by ultrasound scan.
- the patients were randomized to 3 cohorts including 6 treatment groups. The age, severity and duration of disease was similar in all treatment groups. Each patient was injected with a solution comprising adalimumab and carrier or saline. Specifically, one nodule on each patient was injected with one of the formulations.
- the cohorts and treatment groups are as follows:
- treatment groups 1 and 3 an adalimumab formulation comprising 40mg adalimumab in 0.8ml of carrier from AbbVie® was used.
- treatment group 5 an adalimumab formulation comprising 40mg adalimumab in 0.4ml of carrier from AbbVie® was used.
- Treatment groups 2, 4, and 6 were the placebo groups .
- Figure 15 shows a breakdown of patient level data showing that all but one of the 6 patients in treatment group 5 (the 40mg adalimumab cohort) responded.
- Treatment group 5 Patients receiving the 40mg adalimumab preparation (treatment group 5) and lower volumes (treatment groups 1, 2 and 6) reported lower pain scores after the injection ( Figure 12) .
- Treatment group 5 Patients receiving 40mg of the new adalimumab formulation (treatment group 5) demonstrated a significant down regulation of alpha-smooth muscle protein levels (Figure 13) .
- An analysis showed significant differences between treatment group 5 and the placebo group (saline) and other dose cohorts. Compared to placebo, the protein levels decreased by approximately 27% in the 40mg of adalimumab treatment group (treatment group 5) .
- Dupuytren' s disease is a localized inflammatory disease, unlike other indications for anti-TNF therapy e.g. inflammatory arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. This data shows that anti-TNF would only be effective for early stage Dupuytren' s disease if injected directly into the nodule but not if administered systemically .
- the 40mg adalimumab in 0.4ml preparation is available in pre- filled syringe from AbbVie®.
- the diameter of the needle, which is welded to the syringe barrel, is very fine, presumably to reduce pain associated with subcutaneous injection.
- the needle diameter was too small to allow effective administration of adalimumab through the relatively dense tissue of the Dupuytren' s nodule. This was because, inter alia, very high pressure was required, which risks denaturing the antibody. The high pressure was also associated with increased pain in the patient. It was found that a 25 gauge needle is ideal for injecting an adalimumab solution into Dupuytren' s nodular tissue.
- adalimumab The intralesional 15mg dose of adalimumab was not effective in down regulating the myofibroblast phenotype.
- adalimumab During injection of 35mg in 0.7ml of solution it was apparent that some of the preparation was spilling out of the nodule into the subcutaneous tissues. Therefore, it is likely that the local drug levels were insufficient to have an effect.
- 40mg of adalimumab in 0.4ml solution (treatment group 5) remained confined to the nodule and effectively down regulated the myofibroblast phenotype as shown by expression of -SMA protein .
- 138 patients with early progressive Dupuytren' s disease with a distinct visible/palpable nodule are randomized 1:1 to receive either 40 mg of adalimumab in 0.4ml total solution or a placebo (0.4ml of saline) .
- the adalimumab or saline solution is injected directly into the nodule (as discussed in Example 3) at 3 month intervals over 12 months. Patients are then followed for an additional 6 months.
- Nodule hardness and size is assessed using tonometry and ultrasound scans respectively, and disease progression is monitored. Health economic analysis assesses whether adalimumab injections are a cost effective means for preventing the progression of early stage Dupuytren' s disease.
- Treatment with adalimumab as described in this example shows improved nodule hardness and size. Additionally, treatment with adalimumab as described in this example slows disease progression compared to patients treated with placebo. Treatment with adalimumab as described in this example is a cost effective means for preventing the progression of early stage Dupuytren' s disease.
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WO2017177021A9 (en) | 2018-04-26 |
US11613570B2 (en) | 2023-03-28 |
CA3020327A1 (en) | 2017-10-12 |
US20230220060A1 (en) | 2023-07-13 |
AU2017248273A1 (en) | 2018-11-08 |
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EP3439701A4 (en) | 2019-12-11 |
US20220235125A1 (en) | 2022-07-28 |
AU2017248273B2 (en) | 2024-03-14 |
EP3439701A1 (en) | 2019-02-13 |
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